非谓语动词讲义

这是一份非谓语动词讲义，共11页。
形式：不定式、动名词、分词
非谓语所作成分：主、宾、定、状、补 (表)
（一）定语
1. 不定式---将来 （t d/ t be dne)
（1）t d
① 与the first/next/nly/last连用
She is always the first (ne) t cme and the last t leave.
② 如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词.
Let's first find a rm t live in / t put the things in.
We have nthing t wrry abut.(=There is nthing fr us t wrry abut.)
③ “有...要... ”用主动表被动.
I have a lt f things t d tday.
Have yu gt anything t say at the meeting?
（2）t be dne
表将要被
Here is a letter t be taken t Mr. Li.
The meeting t be held next week is really imprtant.
分词
（1）ding---主动进行
D yu knw the by talking ( = wh is talking ) t the teacher?
Did yu ntice the by sitting ( = wh was sitting ) at this desk yesterday?
The man shaking ( = wh is nw shaking ) hands with Mr. Li visited ur class yesterday.
（2）dne---被动、完成
He is a student lved by all the teachers.
The material discvered almst by accident,has greatly changed the wrld.
（3）being dne---正在被
The building being built will be the third Teaching Building f ur schl.
The meeting being held is really imprtant.
辨析：dne, being dne, t be dne（表被动的后置定语）
A building ________ (build) last year is ur library.
A building ________ (build) nw is ur library.
A building ________ (build) next year is ur library.
小试牛刀
The Twn Hall ______ in the 1800’s was the mst excellent building at that time.
A. t be cmpleted B. having been cmpleted
C. cmpleted D. being cmpleted
2. Can thse ____ at the back f the classrm hear me?
A. sat B. sit C. t sit D. sitting
3. The trees _____ in the strm have been mved ff the rad.
A. being blwn dwn B. blwn dwn
C. blwing dwn D. t blw dwn
4. The play_____ next mnth aims mainly t reflect the lcal culture.
A. prduced B. being prduced
C. t be prduced D. having been prduced
5. We are invited t a party _________in ur club next Friday.
A. t be held B. held C. being held D. hlding
6. I have a lt f readings _____ befre the end f this term.
A. cmplete B. t cmplete C. cmpleted D. cmpleting
状语
不定式
t d
作目的状语: in rder t d / s as t d
He gt up early in rder t catch the first bus.
T get a gd result, she wrked very hard.
He went t France t learn French.
They std by the radside t talk abut the plan．
作结果状语: nly t d / have n chice but t d/ can d nthing but d/ +enugh t d
He hurried t the statin nly t find the train gne.
We have n chice but t wait.
He wants t d nthing but play cmputer games.
His family was t pr t supprt him．
He is ld enugh t g t schl.
作原因状语: 表示引起这种情绪变化的原因。
I’m srry nt t have cme n Tuesday.
I am very glad t see yu.
She was very happy t get the first prize.
I feel it an hnr t be invited t the party.
t be dne ---为了被
T be praised by his mther, the girl studied very hard.
分词
ding--主动
Hearing the nise, I turned rund. （时间）
Reading attentively, he frgt the time fr lunch．（原因）
Reading carefully, yu'll learn smething new．（条件）
They std by the radside, talking abut the plan．(伴随)
dne--被动
Given mre attentin, the trees culd have grwn better. （条件）
Faced with difficulties, we must try t vercme them.（时间）
Punished by the teacher, the by felt depressed. （原因）
having dne--主动+先后关系
Having finished the hmewrk, Jane went t bed.
Having wrked all night, she lks tired.
having been dne--被动+先后关系
Having been punished by the teacher, the student realized his fault.
Having been deserted by his guide, he culdn't find his way thrugh the jungle.
辨析：ding, dne, having dne, having been dne
________(see) frm the tp f the muntain, we fund the city beautiful.
________(see) frm the tp f the muntain, the city was beautiful.
________(finish) their wrk, they had a rest.
________(teach) many times, he still made the same mistake.
注意事项
分词和分词短语作状语，通常可转换为相应的状语从句
例1： Seeing the teacher entering the rm, the students std up.
=When the students saw the teacher entering the rm, they std up.
例2： Heated, ice will be changed int water.
=When it is heated, ice will be changed int water.
例3： Knwing all this, they made me pay fr the damage.
=Althugh they knw all this, they made me pay fr the damage.

分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句中的主语保持一致
Entering the rm, I fund the walls newly-painted．（对）
Entering the rm, the first thing that met eyes was the newly-painted walls．（错）
Badly wunded , the sldier was sent t hspital at nce．（对）
Badly wunded, we sent the sldier t hspital at nce．（错）
Being very busy, I culd nt affrd the time t g t the cinema．（ )
Being very busy, the film tickets were given t thers．（ ）
Led by the Party, we are making great prgress in ur wrk．（ ）
Led by the Party, great prgress in ur wrk is being made．（ ）
Written in haste, the letter had sme mistakes．（ ）
Written in haste, he made sme mistakes in the letter．（ ）
Running after each ther in the street, the tw bys were kncked dwn by a bike．（ ）
Running after each ther in the street, a bike kncked dwn the tw bys．（ ）
如果分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语不是句中的主语，分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作独立主格。有时也可用“with(或withut)+名词(或代词宾格)+分词”的结构，表示伴随情况。
The prfessr entered the lab, his students fllwing him．
A few secnds later, he was lking at the screen again with the machinery turned n．
The day being very wet, Mary wre her new mackintsh．
The authrities having arrived and taken the seats reserved fr them, the ceremny began．
Weather permitting, the ship will leave the harbur at dawn．
He lay n his back, his knees drawn up．
The rain having stpped, the sldiers cntinued their match.
The bys returned, their face cvered with sweat.
小试牛刀
____________ (encurage) by his heric deeds, they wrked harder.
____________ (lse) in thught, he almst ran int a pst.
____________ (frighten) by the big frest fire, the animals all ran away.
____________ (nt knw) her address, we culdn't get in tuch with her.
______ with a difficult situatin, Arnld decided t ask his bss fr advice.
A. T face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
6. ______, the ld man is living a happy life.
A. Taking gd care B. Taken gd care
C. Having taken gd care D. Taken gd care f
（三）主语
动名词
Reading is my hbby.
读书是我的爱好。
Cllecting infrmatin abut children’s health is his jb.
Spending time with friends is relaxing.
形式主语
（1）It’s n gd / n use/ n fun/ useless ding.
It’s a waste f time ding
（3）It’s wrthwhile ding.
It’s n use ________ (quarrel) abut it.
It’s a waste f time ________(argue) abut it.
It’s wrthwhile ________(d) the jb.
不定式
T say is a thing, t d is anther.
说是一回事，做是另一回事。
T finish the task will take a lng time.
T smke t much is nt gd fr yu.
形式主语
（1）It’s difficult (imprtant, necessary) fr sb. t d
（2）It’s kind (friendly, plite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, flish, brave)f sb. t d.
It’s imprtant fr us ________(learn) English well.
It’s kind f yu ________(help) me s much.
（四）宾语
动名词
enjy, finish, suggest, avid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be wrth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think f, dream f, be fnd f...
不定式
want, wish, hpe, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, lng, ffer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, rder, cause, affrd, beg, manage, agree, prmise...
形式宾语
S + find/ think/ feel/ cnsider +it+adj +t d
I find it difficult t understand him.
X+ 不定式/ 动名词
frget, remember, regret, stp, g n, try, mean, can’t help
例1：He frgt t tell me t pst the letter.
I shall never frget finding that rare stamp n an rdinary envelpe.
例2：Remember t write t us when yu get there. 。
I dn’t remember meeting him.
例3：I regret t tell yu that I can’t g t yur birth-day party.
They regretted agreeing t the plan.
例4：He tried t pretend t share in the pleasure with his friend.
She tried reading a nvel, but that culdn’t make her frget her srrw.
例5：I didn’t mean t hurt yu.
A friend indeed means helping thers fr nthing in return.
动名词作need, want, require, be wrth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。
e.g. The washing-machine needs repairing. = needs t be repaired.
例：The pint wants referring t.
This English nvel is wrth reading.
The situatin in Russian required studying.
表语
不定式
My jb is t sweep the flr.
The questin is hw t find a way t slve the prblem.
T see is t believe.
动名词
His hbby is painting.
Seeing is believing.
分词
（1）现在分词做表语相当于形容词，常用于表示主语所具有的特征。
The speech is really bring.
The mvie is very mving.
（2）有些过去分词做表语实际上已经构成固定短语，如be interested in, be satisfied with, be cvered with, be dressed in, be seated, be lcked等，能用这些分词做表语的系动词有be, get, remain, stay等。
The dr remained lcked.
Please remain seated, the winner f the prize will be annunced sn.
宾补
1、不定式
ask, tell, beg, allw, want, like, hate, frce, invite, persuade, advise, rder, cause, encurage, wait fr, call n, permit, frbid...
The dctr advised him t stay in bed fr anther few days.
We wish him t remain and accept the pst.
有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“t“的不定式：
使役动词let/ make/ have / get / help sb. d
I will have him ________(cme) and help yu.
我会叫他来帮助你。
(2) 感官动词see, watch, ntice, bserve, hear, feel, find...+ sb.+ d
I saw her ________(clean) the classrm yesterday.
我昨天看到她打扫教室了。
2.分词
常接宾补的动词有see, lk at, watch, bserve, ntice, hear, listen t, feel, have, get, leave, keep等。
现在分词做补语表示动作正在进行。
We heard him________(sing) a sng when we came in.
I saw them ________(play) basketball when I passed by the playgrund yesterday.
（2）过去分词做补语表示动作被动完成，且往往已经构成固定短语。
I had my leg________(break) last week.
I had my hair ________(cut) last night.
t d
ding
dne
主动式
被动式
主动式
被动式
一般式
t d
t be dne
ding
being dne
完成式
t have dne
t have been dne
having dne
having been dne
进行式
t be ding
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主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
补语
t d
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ding（动名词）
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√
√
√
ding（现在分词）
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dne
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