中考英语复习学案——冠词和名词（无答案）

这是一份中考英语复习学案——冠词和名词（无答案），共8页。学案主要包含了冠词，Christmas等内容，欢迎下载使用。
一、冠词在句中的位置及分类
冠词主要放在名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或物，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种：a和an为不定冠词，the为定冠词。
二、冠词的泛指和特指用法
泛指是指首次提到的、不限定的人或物。特指是指上文已提到的人或物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或物，也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特定的人或事物。冠词的特指和泛指用法可归纳为下表：
泛指单一，每一，任一事物
a(n)
指类别
上文提到过的人或事物
可数名词前一定要用冠词 被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物
特指 说话双方所默认的人或事物
世上独一无二的事物
the
指类别
上文提到的人或事物
the特指 被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物
复数可数名词 说话双方所默认的人或事物
不可数名词前
泛指人或事物
零冠词 指类别
一、不定冠词a / an的区别
a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前，an用在以元音音素开头的单词前，判断一个单词是元音开头，还是辅音开头，要根据其读音，而不是根据字母。
a university(虽然u 是元音字母，但不读元音), an hur (虽然h 不是元音，但单词读音是元音开头)
There is an “f” in the wrd “five.”
二、单数名词前加定冠词、不定冠词，复数名词前不加冠词都可以表示“一类”。
三、有定冠词和无定冠词的区别
g t schl上学 (是学生) g t the schl 到学校去 (不一定是学生)
四、序数名词前用定冠词与不定冠词的区别
“the+序数词”表示“第几……”；“a+序数词”表示“又一，再一”。
The cake is delicius, and I wuld like a secnd ne. 蛋糕很好吃，我想再吃一块。
五、a number f, the number f
a number f意思是“许多”，相当于a lt f；the number f意思是“……的数目，……的数量”，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。
A number f students like playing cmputer games. 许多学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。
The number f the students is abut 1, 500 in ur schl. 我们学校学生的人数大约是1500。
六、当名词被其他词修饰时，不定冠词a或an的位置应注意：
1. 当名词被such, half, what, many等修饰时，不定冠词被放在这些词之后。
He left in such a hurry that he frgt t clse the dr. 他离开地如此匆忙以至于忘了关门。
2. 当名词前面的形容词前有s，hw，t等词时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。
Hw nice a film this is! 这是多么好的一部电影啊！
3. 当名词前面有形容词和quite, rather或very时，不定冠词置于quite或rather之后，very之前。
quite a gd bk 一本十分好看的书
rather a useful tl 一种相当有用的工具
[题组训练] 将下列句子改成同义句。
1. This bk is s interesting that I can’t stp reading.
This is __________ __________ __________ bk that I can’t stp reading.
2. The swimming pl is fifty metres lng.
This is a __________ swimming pl.
3. There are abut 1,200 wrkers in the factry.
__________ __________ __________ the wrkers in the factry is abut 1,200.
4. If yu exercise mre, yu’ll be healthier.
__________ __________ yu exercise, __________ __________ yu’ll be.
常考点清单二 名词
一、名词的分类：名词分为专有名词和普通名词。
1、专有名词：个人，地方,机构等专有名称，如：China, Shanghai, Li lei 等。专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体说来，它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如：Jim 吉姆 China 中国 July 七月Friday 星期五 Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语
2、普通名词：指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。
1）个体名词：某类人或东西中的个体，如 fighter, gun, cuntry，cup, desk, student 等。一般可数，有单复数形式。
2）集体名词：若干个体组成的集合体，如 family, team, plice, class 等。一般可数，有单复数形式
3）物质名词：无法分为个体的实物，如 cttn，tea, air 等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。
4）抽象名词：动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness，lve, wrk, life 等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。
二、名词的数：可数名词都有单数和复数之分；不可数名词没有复数形式。 【重点】
1、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则：
1）一般情况加 –s ：bks，muths，huses，girls 等。
2）以 s，sh，ch，x 结尾的加 –es：classes，bxes，matches 等。
3）辅音字母 + y 结尾的变 y 为 ies：cities，cuntries，parties，factries 等。
4）以 结尾的词 +es：heres，Negres，tmates，ptates 等。
以 结尾 +s：radis，zs，bambs，pians，kils，phts 等。
5）以 f，fe 结尾的多数 +es：leaves，lives，wives，knives，halves，wlves 等。
直接 + s 的名词：rfs prfs, gulfs, beliefs 等。
2、 不规则的可数名词的变化规则： 【难点】
1）改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。 如： man men, wman wmen, tth teeth, ft feet, muse mice, child，children 等。
2）单复数形式相同。如：sheep, deer, fish 等，以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如：yuan.另外以-ese 或-ss 结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如：Chinese, Japanese,等。
以-an 结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如：Americans, Asians, Russians,Australians, Italians, Germans 等。 注意：Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen.
3）单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, wrks.
[说明] A. fish 如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是 fishes： There are many kinds f fishes in that lake. B. 以 man, wman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.
man servant—men servants. (by/girl students) wman dctr—wmen dctrs.
3、复合名词的复数形式: sn-in-law---sns-in-law , lker-n—lkers-n, 主体名词变化
4、字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加 “ ’s ”或 “ s”： There are tw l’s in the wrd “ all ”.
Yur 7’s and 9’s lk alike. It happened in the 1960’s /1960s. I will nt accept yur if’s and but’s.
5、物质名词一般没有复数，但如下情况除外：
A. 用复数形式表示不同种类： wheats, fruits, vegetables.
B. 表示比原文更广的词义： wd—wds, water—waters, sand—sands.
6、定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人：the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs.
7、集体名词 peple, plice 总是作复数： Several plice were n duty.
8、集体名词 class, public, family, ppulatin, team, crew 等单复数都有，但意义不同：
The class is big.---- The class are taking ntes in English.
The ppulatin in China is larger.---- 80% f the ppulatin in China are peasants.
9、hair 表示总体时是不可数： His hair is grey
如果表示若干根头发可以加复数词尾。 He had a few white hairs.
10、以 s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。mathematics , physics, plitics 等；news 也是如此。
11、glasses， trusers， 等常用复数；但如果这些词前用 a pair f …// this pair f…//that pair f…等修饰时谓语动词有 pair 来决定：Where are my glasses ？My new pair f trusers is t lng. Here are sme new pairs f shes.
12、不可数名词没有复数形式，如果表示“一个”的概念，可用单位词：
a piece f news / infrmatin / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / cal a bttle f ink,
a grain f rice
【重点】 13、中考常考不可数名词：infrmatin, weather, news, advice, fun 等。
[说明]：可数名词和不可数名词之间并没有截然的界限；可数名词可以转变为不可 数名词 ，同样不可数名词也可以转变为可数名词，要看清整个上下文的具体内容。
一、名词的各种分类
单、复数的用法及单数名词变复数名词的方式，包括可数名词的复数的变化规则，少数不规则名词的复数形式及部分单复、数同形的名词。
1.There is gd_________ fr yu. I've fund yur lst watch.
A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thughts
2.My uncle will cme t my huse fr dinner．I want t buy sme ___t make a vegetable salad fr him．
A．meat B．tmates C．apple juice
3.The teacher said we needed t chse three ______ fr the schl cncert.
A. farmers B. dctrs C. drivers D. singers
4.At night the kala bear gets up and eats___________．
A．leaf B．leaves C． leafs
5.The PLA man saved three ____lives in the accident．
A．children’s B．children C．child D．childs'
6.Cme n，children．Help yurselves t sme_________ if yu like．
A．fish and chicken B．fishes and chicken C．fish and chickens D．fishes and chickens
7.All the ____teachers enjyed themselves n March 8th，because it was their wn hliday．
A．man B．men C．wman D．wmen
二、不可数名词数量的表达法
用“数词或冠词＋量词＋f＋不可数名词”这样的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但 f 后面的名词只能用单数。
1.Mr Smith always has _________t tell us．
A．sme gd pieces f news B．sme pieces f gd news
C．sme gd piece f newes D．sme piece f gd newes
2.—Wuld yu like t have a lk at sme pants?They may fit yu well．
一 Well，I'd like t try thse blue__________.
A．pairs B．ne C．pant D．pair
3.Wuld yu like sme___ drinks, bys? ―Yes, , please.
A. sme ranges B. tw bxes f chclates C. sme cakes D. tw bttles f range
4.________exciting news! We will have ___ lng hliday after the exam.
A. What an, a B. What, a C. Hw an, the D. Hw, the
三、名词的所有格：
1、's 所有格：
1）构成：
A. 一般词尾+ ’s.：the teacher’s ffice, Xia Li’s sister’s husband’s mther.
B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+“’ ” ： wrkers’ rest rm.
C. 不以 s 结尾的复数名词加’s： children’s tys.
D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加 ’s： my sister-in-law’s brther.
E. 表示共同所有的几个名词，只在最后一个词的后面加’s：This is Tm, James and Dick’s rm.
F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词，在每个名词后分别加’s：
Jenny’s, Jean’s and Mary’s rms face t the suth.
G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加 ’s： a quarter f an hur’s talk.
2）用法：
A. 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词，表示所属关系： Lei Feng’s dairy.
B. 用于表示时间的名词： tday’s paper. an hur’s drive. Friday’s wrk.
C. 用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词： the cuntry’s plan. the farm’s fruit. China’s ppulatin.
D. 用于表示由人组成的集体名词： ur party’s stand
E. 用于表示度量、价值的名词： tw dllars’ wrth f bks. a pund’s weight.
2、f 所有格：
1）凡不能用’s 属格的情况可用 f 属格表示所属关系：
the City f New Yrk， a map f China.
2）下列情况通常要用 f 属格：
A. 当名词有较长的定语时：
the name f the girl standing at the gate.
Have yu read the articles f the students wh were with us yesterday.
【难点】3、双重所有格：
当 f 前面的名词有不定冠词、 指示代词、 疑问代词、 不定代词或数词如 a, an, this, that, these, thse, tw,three, fur, any, sme, several, n, few ,anther 等修饰时，用双重 所有格，双重所有格只用于表示人的名词并且都是特指的：
a pem f Lu Xun’s . a friend f his/hers .
【难点】4、几种特殊情况：
the key t the dr. answers t the questin the entrance t the statin / cinema
tickets fr the film / mvie a check fr $1500.
【考点诠释】
三、名词所有格及其用法
以-s 结尾的单数名词加“’”或“’s”构成所有格；以-s 或-es 结尾的复数名词只加“’”；不规则复数名词在词尾加“’s”；两者或两者以上共同所有，把“’s”加在最后的名词上；表示各自拥有某件东西时，每个名词都要用所有格形式。
1._________fathers are bth scientists．
A．Jim's and Bb B．Jim's and Bb's C．Jim and Bb's D．Jim and Bb
2._____rm is big and bright．They like it very much．
A．Tm and Sam B．Tm's and Sam C．Tm and Sam's D．Tm's and Sam's
3.―Hw’s Jy’s skirt? ―Her skirt is mre beautiful than___ .
A. her sister’s and Kate B. her sister and Kate
C. her sister and Kate’s D. her sister’s and Kate’s
四、 表示时间、 距离、 国家、 城市、 团体、 机构等无生命东西的名词， 也可以加
's来构成所有格。 如： tday's newspaper． ten minutes，walk，China's industry
1.—Excuse me, is the supermarket far frm here?
—N, it’s abut _______.
A. 7 minutes walk B. 7 minute walk C. 7 minutes’ walk D. 7 minute’s walk
2.——Cme and see me in ___ ．
——With pleasure．That’s what I'm expecting．
A．tw r three days' B．tw r three day's time C．tw r three days' time
3.I'm ging n hliday n the 12th．I have t be back at wrk n the 26th.S I've gt tw_______ hliday．
A．weeks B．week's C．weeks' D．week
五、名词作主语时的主谓一致
主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式，主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数；主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么谓语动词 要用复数形式；主语形式上是复数形式但表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数形式；谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定。
六、语境中名词的选择
根据语境确定名词的词义，再根据句法进一步确定词形。
Studying in a freign cuntry is a different _____and yu can learn a lt．
A．event B．exercise C．experience D．exhibitin
2.---Wuld yu like sme_________?
---N, thank yu. I'm nt hungry at all.
A. tea B. water C. bread D. cffee
3.It's cmmn ____that the Japanese eat Sushi．
A．infrmatin B．knwledge C．directin D．instructin
4.The thing that ____is nt whether yu fail r nt，but whether yu try r nt．
A．minds B．cares C．matters D．cnsiders
5.——I dn't knw hw t use this machine．
一 It desn't matter．Here is the____．
A．instructin B．directin C．infrmatin D．advertisement
6.——What d yu knw abut____?
——Line drawings that shw hw smething wrks．
A．pictures B.．diagrams C．prgrammes D．paintings
七、易混名词的区别
主要是要求区别一些常见的容易混淆的名词的用法。
1.---Lk, the tall building lks very mdern.
---Yes, and there is a garden n its ___________. A garden in the air!
A. tp B. grund C. side D. flr
2.一 Hw can I tell ne tree frm anther?
一 Yu can mstly tell them by the _________f their leaves．
A．shape B size C．age D clr
3.---Oh! There isn't enugh _________ fr us in the bus.
---N hurry. Let's wait fr the next.
A. place B. land C.rm D. flr
4.0ur schl held an activity called “Recmmend Bks t Yur Teachers” ．The students made a
____f 1 000 bks．
nte B．line C．menu D．list“
中考英语冠词名词专项练习题
一. 单项填空
( ) 1. It takes us _________ hur r mre t g t my hme twn by _________ train.
A. an; a B. a; an C. an; / D. a; /
( ) 2. –In which class is _________ by in white? --He’s in Class 4.
A. the B. an C. a D. /
( ) 3. –By the way, have yu gt _________ E-mail address?
--Oh yes, it’s rggren@ htmail. cm.
A. the B. an C. a D. /
( ) 4. Have yu seen such big ________?
A. a tmat B. tmat C. tmates D. tmats
( ) 5. Several _________ are talking under the tree.
And their ________ are swimming in the lake.
A. wman; children B. wman; child C. wmen; children D. wmen; child
( ) 6. –What wuld yu like,Madam?
–I’d like ________, please.
A. tw bttles f range B. tw bttles f ranges
C. tw bttle f ranges D. tw bttle f range
( ) 7. The little baby has tw ________ already.
A. tth B. tths C. teeth D. teeths
( ) 8. –Which _________ f Shanghai d yu cme frm?
--Let me shw yu n the map.
A. city B. village C. cuntry D. part
( ) 9. “What _________ d yu like best?” “Ftball.”
A. fd B. subject C. sprt D. music
( ) 10. Abut _________ films were shwn during the 5th Internatinal Film Festival.
A. tw hundred f B. tw hundreds f C. tw hundred D. tw hundreds
( ) 11. This is an ld pht f mine when I ________.
A. have shrt hairs B. had shrt hairs C. have shrt hair D. had shrt hair
( ) 12. Mre cllege graduates wuld like t wrk in ________ west part f
ur cuntry ________ next year.
A. the; the B. /; / C. /; the D. the; /
( ) 13. Can yu see _________ sun in the day-time?
A. a B. the C. an D. /
( ) 14. The singer usually sings while playing ________ guitar.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
( ) 15. I’ve gt ___ infrmatin fr all the cmputers nw.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
( ) 16. It wuld be ________ waste f mney t buy such a small dictinary.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
( ) 17. ________ gd news we’re gt!
A. What a B. Hw a C. What D. Hw
( ) 18. Because f the unhealthy diet, many peple in Africa die at _______
early age frm terrible illnesses.
A. the B. / C. a D. an
( ) 19. –Hw sn shall we start the bicycle trip? -- _________.
A. In five day’s time B. In five days’ time
C. In five days time D. Fr five days
( ) 20. I dn’t think men and wmen are equal in _________ cuntryside at present.
A. the B. / C. a D. an
( ) 21. There’s _________ umbrella behind the dr.
A. the B. / C. a D. an
( ) 22. ________ went t Japan yesterday.
A. The White’s B. The Whites C. The White D. The White family
( ) 23. Jhn Smith wrks in ________ big hspital in Hangzhu.
A. the B. / C. a D. an
( ) 24. Lk, five _________ are feeding n the hill.
A. sheeps B. sheep C. a sheep D. the sheep
( ) 25. Several years later, Jhn’s aunt made ________ secnd trip t China.
A. the B. ne C. a D. an
( ) 26. –Yu needn’t wait fr Tm any lnger. He must be having supper at ________.
A. the Tell’s B. the Tells’ C. the Tells D. Tells
( ) 27. This tree has green ________ thrughut the year.
A. leaf B. leafs C. leave D. leaves
( ) 28. At the age f eight, Mary jined a grup f ________.
A. children dancers B. child dancers C. child dancer D. children’s dancers
( ) 29. –Mary, it’s ging t rain. Better take ________ raincat with yu.
--Well, but I can’t find ________ raincat I put yesterday.
A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the
( ) 30. In western cuntries, ________ are thrwn away each day.
A. muntains f rubbish B. muntains f rubbishes
C. a lt f rubbish D. a lt f rubbishes
( ) 31. He is trying t explain hw ________ began n the earth.
A. life B. lives C. the life D. a life
( ) 32. Lk, the plice ________ cming.
A. is B. were C. are D. was
( ) 33. Writing cmpsitins in English is nt ________.
A. easy jb B. an easy wrk C. an easy jb D. the easy wrk
( ) 34. China was the earliest ________ center fr ________.
research’s; agriculture B. research; agriculture
C. research’s; agricultures D. researches; agricultures
35.These _________ have saved many children’s lives.
A. wman dctrs B. wmen dctr C. wmen dctrs D. wman dctr
二. 根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释，写出所缺单词。
1. We’ve gt a lt f new ________(杂志) in ur schl library.
2. Please turn t anther _______（频道）, I dn’t like this shw.
3. Yesterday the _________(航班) t Lndn was put ff because f the bad weather.
.4. Autumn is my favurite(季节)
5. ---Hw many _______(小刀) d yu have?---Three.
6. __________ are widely used in the mdern wrld.
7. June 1st is __________(儿童) Day.
8. Mary, wuld yu please tell me yur new ________(地址) s that I can write t yu.
9.May 12th is the Internatinal _______(护士) Day. Let’s say “ Thanks” t them fr their wrk.