2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第19讲 考纲词汇&summary 六选四&综合运用【学案】

这是一份2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第19讲 考纲词汇&summary 六选四&综合运用【学案】，共17页。
2021-2022学年高一升高二英语暑期讲义（上海通用版）
第19讲 考纲词汇&summary 六选四&综合运用 学生版
教学内容

一、 上次课考纲词汇默写
高考英语单词测验8(P85—96)
1. vt.使失望，使扫兴
2. adj.有效果的
3. n.戏剧；剧本
4. n.疾病
5. n.玩具娃娃
6. adj.哑的;无言的
7. n.不利条件；不利地位
8. n.经济；节约
9. adj.杂乱的，混乱的
10. n.药房
11. vt.发现
12. n.地震
13. n.寝室，宿舍
14. adj.残疾的；丧失能力的
15. adj.受过良好教育的；有教养的
16. adj.钝的；迟钝的;乏味的
17. adv.往（在）楼下
18. n.盘装菜肴；盘,碟；餐具
19. vt. 打扰;扰乱;使不安
20. vi.消失.
21. n.龙
22. adj.隔壁的
23. vt.不服从；不遵守
24. n.灾难
25. n.绞子；汤团
26. adj.效率高的;能干的
27. n.图画，素描
28. donation n.
29. distant adj.
30. discount n.
31. domestic adj.
32. direct vt.
33. distrust vt./n.
34. edit vt
35. undoubted adj.
36. discipline n.
37. dizzy adj.
38. diplomatic adj.
39. dismiss vt.
40. dominate v.
41. edge n.边，
42. dirt n.
43. discourage vt.
44. distinct adj.
45. divorce v. /n.
46. disapprove v.
47. earnest adj.
48. diploma n.
49. drunken adj.
50.


高考英语词组测验8(P85—96)
1. 对…有影响/效果 have an effect/ effects on
2. 令某人失望的是 to one's disappointment
3. 毫无疑问 There is no doubt that... =No/Without/Beyond doubt...
4. 把…分成… divide... into
5. 晚礼服 evening dress
6. 在…上做得好/不好 do well/badly in
7. 对…置若罔闻 turn a deaf ear to
8. 讨论某事物 have a discussion about/ on sth. = discuss sth.
9. 实现某人的梦想 realize/achieve one's dream
10.因果（关系）cause and effect
11. (使)干涸 dry up
12. 在远处 in the distance
13. take drugs 吸毒
14. 究竟，到底 on earth
15. 餐厅 dining room/hall
16. 为…举杯祝贺 drink to
17. 教育某人做 educate sb. to do
18. 尽职 do one's duty/part
19. 容易地 with ease
20. 生效；奏效 take effect
21. 看医生 see a doctor
22. 由于…病倒了 be down with
23. 顺便拜访某人drop in on sb.
24. 遵照指示、说明 follow the directions instructions
25. 经济型车，廉价实用的汽车economical car
26. 开车送某人回家/去… drive sb. home/to...
27. 捐赠…给… donate... to
28. (介)由于 due to
29. 安逸的（地）at ease
30. (药物等的）副作用side effect
31. 挨家挨户 from door to door
32. 使某人博得（名声、赞赏等）earn sb. sth.
33. 极大地消耗了… be a great drain on
34. domestic animals 家畜
35. 渴望某物 be eager for sth.
36. 按打/小时计算 by the dozen/hour
37. 诊所 the doctor's
38. 值班/不值班on/off duty
39. 溺水儿童 drowning child
40. 穿着… be dressed in
41. 陈列着，展览着on display
42. 说比做容易 Easier said than done.
43. 接受高等教育，接受大学教育receive higher/college education
44. 几十个 dozens of
45. 不遗余力做某事 make every effort to do sth. = spare no effort to do sth.
46. 区别 A 与 B distinguish A from B
47. 在商业区，在市中心 in the downtown area
48. 把…分给… divide... between/among
49. 对…感到失望 be disappointed with/ to do/that
50. 梦见；梦想 dream of






C字母重难点梳理
翻译同步练习：
1.高频单词(circumstances)
1.任何情况下父母都不能强迫孩子去做超出他们能力范围的事情。(circumstances) （16年杨浦二模）




2.高频单词concern
1.如今人们越来越关注食品安全。（concern）(11奉贤一模)



2.应该更多地关心父母远在他乡打工的孩子们。(concern) (12浦东一模)



3.如今人们非常关注的是食品安全和空气质量。(concern) （14长宁一模）




4.我们非常关心食品质量，因为它与每一个人的健康都息息相关。(concern)


5.人工智能程序AlphaGo打败顶级职业选手的消息引起了全世界的关注。(concern)（16年杨浦二模）


3.高频单词consult
1.在西方国家，有心理问题去咨询心理医生是很普遍的。（consult）(11普陀一模)



2.如果你有什么问题，你可以向这些专家请教。（consult）(11卢湾一模)



3.你在决定哪所大学最合适你之前应该征询父母的意见。(consult) （12普陀一模）




4.如果压力过大影响了睡眠，最好还是咨询心理老师；不然的话，你可能会有麻烦。（consult）(15青浦一模)




4.高频单词consider
1.人们认为信心和耐心是成功的关键。（consider）(11徐汇、松江一模)



2.请你在旅游期间顾及一下你周围的人和环境。（consideration）（13青浦一模）



5.高频单词(convenient)
1. . 你方便的话，放学后请帮我把上周借的书还到图书馆去。(convenient) （16年闵行二模）


6.高频单词come
1.即使朝鲜半岛（Korean Peninsula）能实现和平，仍然有许多问题有待解决。（come to）(11长宁一模)



2.谈到向别人表达感谢时，除了“谢谢”外，还有许多更有创意的方式。(come) (2015宝山一模)



3.你认为人类定居另一颗行星的梦想会实现吗? (come true) (15崇明一模)



7.高频单词contribute
1.诚实加勤奋有助于成功和幸福。（contribute）（13嘉定一模）



2.毫无疑问在如今这个充满竞争的社会，保持幽默有助于减少压力并促进创造性思维。（contribute）(15奉贤一模)



8.高频单词curious
1孩子们总是对周边的一切都非常好奇。(curious) （14普陀一模）




2.孩子们总是对对圣诞节的礼物充满好奇。(curious) (15普陀一模)


9.其他高频单词
1.对自己有信心是获取成功的第一步。( confidence ) （13宝山一模）



2.对于一再挑战极限的人来说，冒险是一种生活方式。(challenge) (15宝山一模)



3.你能告诉我你热衷于网络游戏的原因吗？(crazy) (15宝山一模)


4.那只迷路的猴子得到了村民们的精心照顾。(care)  (15虹口一模)



5.在场的大学生都希望演说者不要离题。（confine himself to）(11普陀一模)



6.她昨晚已恢复了知觉，但是可能还要很长一段时间才能重拾网球拍。（consciousness）（13普陀一模）



7.沪杭高铁线使旅途缩短到一个小时。（cut）(11杨浦一模)



8.据报道这次地震给当地居民造成了重大损失。(cause)(11徐汇区二模)



9.百思买(Best Buy)突然关闭在中国队所有门店，让人非常吃惊。（close）(11长宁区二模)



10.为了赶上其他同学，他正在努力改正自己学习中的坏习惯。(cure) （12宝山一模）



11.请尽快对我们的计划作出评论。(comment) (12崇明一模)



12.他感到遗憾的是为了完成这个研究，他连陪女儿的时间都没有。(company) (12崇明一模)



13.与去年同期相比，今年的出口总量增长了两倍。（compare）(12奉贤一模)



14. 这种药品不如广告上说得那么有效，因为他服了药后，远没有缓解他的咳嗽。(claim) （12静安一模）



15. 如今，很多机场使用电子设备来检查旅客携带的行李中的违禁物品。（check）(12闸北一模)



16.来信要求对这一案件进行进一步的调查。(call for) （12长宁一模）



17.林书豪（Jeremy Lin），美籍华人，哈佛大学的毕业生，创造了NBA历史上的奇迹。(create)



18.应该给予孩子们更多心理上的抚慰。(comfort) （13长宁一模）


19这本杂志花了我20多元。（cost）（10年上海高考真题）


20对父母而言，没有什么能与孩子的身心健康相比。 (compare) （11年上海高考真题）


21舅舅昨天寄给我一张卡片，祝贺我18岁生日。(congratulate) （13年上海高考真题）


22现在就预订展览会的门票，你将有机会欣赏到众多的艺术作品。(chance) （14年黄浦二模）


23就你的观点，缺少均衡饮食以及室外运动会有怎样的负面结果？(consequence) （14年普陀二模）


24.正是高三的学习经历使我们相信无论过程多么艰难，我们的努力终将会得到回报。(convince, pay off)（2015年奉贤二模）


25. 汉语是世界上最难的语言之一，学习这种语言的人很快就会发现自己遇到了挑战。（challenge）（2015年静安青浦宝山二模）


26.仔细检查作文的话，许多拼写错误是可以避免的。（check）（2015年杨浦二模）

(A)
Fable of the Hedgehog
It was the coldest winter ever. Many animals died ___25___ cold was the biggest enemy for the animals living in the forest. Many animals tried their best to get warm.
The Hedgehogs, ____26____ (realize) the situation, decided to group together to keep warm. This way they covered and protected themselves; but they forgot one important fact __27___when they got together to warm each other, the quills（ 刚毛） of each one wounded their closest companions. 
After a while, they began to bleed, and they __28___ no longer bear the pain. They had no other good ideas, so they decided to distance __29_____ one from the other. Under the cold circumstance, they began to die, alone and frozen. Day after day, more and more hedgehogs died in this cold winter. So they had to make ___30___ choice; either accept the quills of their companions or disappear from the Earth. 
Wisely, they decided to go back to being together. They learned to live with the little wounds ___31___ (cause) by the close relationship with their companions in order to receive the heat that came from the others. This way they were able to survive.
The best relationship is not the one that brings together perfect people, but when each individual learns to live with the imperfections of others and can admire the other person's good qualities.

(B)
Facebook’s Safety Check Lets Users Know About Friends After Paris Terror Attacks
Facebook managed to put its vast number of user data to good use after Friday’s tragic terror attacks in Paris: the social network customized(定制)its safety check feature to let users know ____32___ their friends and loved ones in Paris are safe.
Users in the area ______33__ (alert) by Facebook’s mobile apps, asking them whether they are safe, and offering to check on any of their friends. The app has also been sending out alerts to anyone who has friends in Paris, ___34_ Facebook’s website lets anyone check on the status and whereabouts of their friends as well.
It is probably the first time that most people __35_____(see) Facebook’s safety check today, but the company actually launched it in response to the Nepal earthquake ____36___(early) this year. At the time, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg wrote: “When disasters happen, people need ___37__ (know) their loved ones are safe. At moments like this, ___38___ (be) able to connect really matters.”
Facebook wasn’t the only tech company to directly reach out to its users in Paris after the terror attacks. AirBnB sent its customers in Paris an email____39__ advised them to stay in place and follow the directions from local authorities. Paris-based Twitter users took initiative into their own hands and quickly established a hash tag —#PorteOuverte, which translates to “open door — to open up their homes __40___ temporary shelters to others caught up in the chaos.




(A)
Different forms of hospitality (好客)
I am a British woman social anthropologist (人类学家). I once spent a year in Moldova, in Eastern Europe, (25) (study) everyday life in the country. I stayed with a Moldovan family to see from the inside how people managed their lives. I had a wonderful time and made many new friends. What I observed is of course based on my own experience at a particular place and time.
I often found (26) surprisingly difficult to see life there through the eyes of a Moldovan. This was (27) the people I met were extremely hospitable and I was treated as an honored guest at all times. As my hosts, they wanted me to enjoy myself, and not to get (28)___ (involve) in shopping, cooking, or other domestic jobs. Most mornings I was encouraged to go out to explore the city, or carry out my research, and I returned later to find that my elderly landlady and her sister had travelled across the city on buses to the central market (29)__ (bring) back heavy loads of potatoes, a whole lamb, or other large quantities of products..
I was often invited to people’s homes, and was always offered food on entering. Most of the adults I met enjoyed inviting friends, family, neighbors, colleagues and even strangers into their homes, (30) they treat them to food, drink, and a lively hospitable atmosphere. Hosts hurried to serve guests as well and as quickly as possible. (31)________ a household was expecting guest, large amounts of food were prepared in advance, usually by the women. Wine had already been made, generally by the men, (32) were also responsible for pouring it. Unexpected visitors were still offered as much food and drink as the household (33) ___________ provide in the circumstances.

B
How English family life has evolved since the eighteenth century
The majority of English families of the pre-industrial age, roughly until the mid-eighteenth century, lived in a rural location. Many of them owned or had the use of a small piece of land , and actually all family members were busy with agricultural work in one form or another, usually (34)________ (grow) food for their own consumption and sometimes also producing food or other goods for sale.
The labor was controlled by the husband, (35) ________ ________ his wife and children, too, had an economic value as their contributions to the family income were likely to make the difference starvation and survival.
Children worked from an early age, girls helping their mothers, and boys their fathers. School was an occasional factor in their lives. Instead, children learned by doing (36) ________ their parents showed them .Knowledge of caring (37)________ animals, sewing was handed down from parent to child.
Also most people engaged in handicraft production in the home, and the family (38) ________ (pay)to work with cloth, wood or leather. In general, this work could be put aside and taken up again when there was a break such as agricultural work.
The process of industrialization in the second half of the eighteenth centre and during the nineteenth transformed life for the majority of the population .It was the use of steam to power machinery (39) ________ required large buildings, and it resulted in the construction of numerous factories in many towns and cities. These in turn (40) ________ (encourage) migration from the countryside in search of work. If electricity had preceded steam, domestic industry might have survived more fully.

You are what you eat and fats are a main food for Asia’ fast-food generation. Dr. Chang, director of the Department of Food Nutrition, says children are consuming more meat and soft drinks. That is a thorough departure from the traditional diet of vegetables and rice and little meat. “They like big pieces of fried meat with a soft drink. So although they may eat the same volume of food, their calorie intake has increased. Now about 40 to 45 percent of their calories come from fat,” says Chang.
Although on the whole Asians tend towards thinness, culture---namely Asians’ hospitality --- is a reason for the fatness of today’s generation, according to Chang. “Asian people love food,” she says. “Eating and drinking are important social and family functions.” In the past, however, big meals were only hosted on special occasions as people were more careful with money. In today’s climate of wealth and remarkable consumption, 10-course meals are no longer reserved for significant occasions.
“In the past people had four or more children—now, they have one or two, so they tend to spoil them”. Says Chang. “The easiest way is to give them ‘quality food’. Parents think feeding them well is showing their love. They feel bad when their children look thin.”
When describing the physical condition of most overweight Asian children, Chang says “There is a clear relationship between fatness and indoor play. Children get fat because they don’t move, and eventually, they don’t want to move because they are fat.”
Thanks to technology, a growing army of children prefer video games to old outdoor sports. “What do children do when watching TV or sitting in front of the computer playing video games? They eat chocolate and drink Coke,’ says Chang.

答案：










Have you ever heard the old saying, “Never judge a book by its cover”? This is a good rule to follow when trying to judge the intelligence of others.
Some people have minds that exist only in certain situations. A young man with an unusual gift in creative writing may find himself speechless in the presence of a pretty girl. He fumbles for words and talks in a halting manner. But don’t make the mistake of thinking him stupid. With a pen and paper, he can express himself eloquently.
Other people may fool you into overestimating their intelligence by putting up a good front. A student who listens attentively and takes notes is bound to make a favorable impression on his teachers. But when it comes to exams, he may score near the bottom of the class.
It all boils to this---you can’t judge someone by appearances. The only way to determine a person’s intelligence is to get to know him. Then you can observe how he reacts to different situations. The more situations you observe, the more accurate your judgment is likely to be.












Learning another language is an exciting trip into a new world, and it can take some time
and effort to get there. Luckily, there are a few easy ways to make your adventure go a lot
more smoothly.
Learn a little every day.
One of the keys to learning another language is practicing a little bit every day. 3 6
Studying for long periods can wear you out and limit your focus. Starting with small but
regular sessions is the best way to keep your grammar and vocabulary fresh in your mind.
Practice out loud.
37 Pronunciation is key to learning another language and to making yourself understood by
native speakers. Read sentences aloud from books or magazines in the language you' re
studying, or just read over your grammar exercises while you're practicing. You'll start to get
used to the way the new words sound and feel.
Close the books.
From films to international websites, there are dozens of ways to encounter（遇到）other
languages in the real world. 38
Listen to international radio stations-many of them are streaming over the Internet-or
look up the websites of newspapers in the language you're studying. You can keep learning
another language while surfing the web or having a movie night with your friends!
39
Learning another language takes determination and perseverance, so keep practicing!
Remember to review the basics as well as new vocabulary and grammar, since everything you
learn will build on the foundation you start with.
Luckily, you have a great reason to keep up the hard work.
A. Be optimistic.
B. Keep it up.
C. Eventually, they'll just come naturally.
D. Remember to explore some of them when you're learning another language.
E.Reserve an hour to practice each day and stick to your schedule.
F. Get a feel for the language by saying words and phrases out loud while you practice.



The seven Cs of a good letter
What is the secret of writing a good letter? Here are two main ones. Don’t try to be complicated. Don’t try to impress your reader. You will be successful if you follow these seven Cs.
Clear. Use short, direct sentences. 1 Just imagine that the reader is right there with you .Above all, don’t use an introduction.
Correct.Make sure what you say is correct.Don’t guess, even for spelling. Refer to your dictionary. If you need to , check a reference book too. Use them as much as you need to.
Complete. Don’t scatter our points. 2: This is good organization too.
Courteous. Be friendly rather than overly casual. Present your information nicely even if you are complaining about something . In all letters, treat others as you want them to treat you.
Concise. Make each point as clearly and briefly as you can.
Conversational. This is really the secret of good writing.3 . Such a letter has a natural, friendly tone. Let your personality come through naturally.
Considerate. 4 Write about what you believe the reader needs or wants to know. Try to be helpful. This will build good feeling towards you.
The seven Cs are about writing letters. But how about school papers? Use the seven Cs. Write as if you are talking to your teacher or professor. You’ll be surprised. You’ll almost instantly become a good writer. And you might even enjoy writing from now on.

A. Just “talk”to the person
B.Think of the readers’point of view as you write.
C.Make them easy to understand.
D.Include long sentences in your letter.
E.Finish one point completely before going on to the next.
F.Writing should not be taken too seriously.






课后作业
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
At 1:30 p.m. on March 31, 1981, John Hinckley Jr. stepped from a crowd of onlookers and tried to kill Ronald Reagan, the president of the United States. Although he failed, he did cause injury to the president The crime was committed in clear view of many people. 51 , at the end of his trial, Hinckley was found not 52 by reason of insanity (精神失常). Instead of prison, Hinckley was sent to a mental hospital, where he remains.
The judgment in Hinckley's case did more than annoy a few people. It 53 a nationwide debate about whether people accused of a crime can claim they were insane when they did it. If they were capable of 54 and then committing a crime, how could they later claim to have been insane? One starting point is to identify what insane means in a U.S. court of law.
Very young children cannot be 55 if they do not know right from wrong, because they cannot be held morally responsible for their actions. For most people, moral responsibility comes with age and maturity. Psychologists, however, say that there are some adults who cannot recognize right from wrong. Since these adults cannot tell the 56 , they should not be held morally responsible for their actions. In a U.S. court of law, an adult like this may be considered insane. Hinckley was judged insane because 57 determined that his mind was not functioning like a(n) 58 adult's so he had no idea what he was doing. Instead of spending the rest of his life in prison, Hinckley would be committed to a mental hospital, where he could be treated for his illness.
People who are against the use of an insanity defense say that criminals like Hinckley do know what they are doing. 59 of the insanity defense say that everyone who commits a serious crime like Hinckley's could be said to be mentally ill. Otherwise, the person would not commit the crime 60 There are many people who struggle with severe mental illness who do not commit crimes. The illnesses should not be used as a(n) 61 for violent behavior.
People who 62 the insanity defense believe that mental illnesses are not always treatable. Psychologists have been able to detect patterns of behavior. These mental detectives have 63 evidence that a person can be insane but seem normal Hinckley and others with 64 conditions suffer from delusions (错觉). Even though people with delusions may seem normal, the world does not appear to them as it does to other people. Therefore, experts say, such people cannot be held to the rules of behavior other people are held to. Their punishments should be 65 .
51. A. Therefore B. However C. Otherwise D. Moreover
52. A. hurt B. healthy C. safe D. guilty
53. A. kicked off B. cleared up C. let out D. put away
54. A. confessing B. starting C. planning D. discovering
55. A. sentenced B. punished C. annoyed D. defended
56. A. insanity B. truth C. responsibility D. difference
57. A. judges B. psychologist C. experts D. detectives
58. A. mature B. independent C. normal D. capable
59. A. Opponents. B. Onlookers C. Victims D. Researchers
60. A. on the contrary B. by this means C. in the first place D. at the same time
61. A. example B. excuse C. defense D. idea
62. A. study B. refuse C. transform D. support
63. 63. A. destroyed B. compared C. examined D. gathered
64. A. realistic B. ordinary C. similar D. treatable
65. A. severe B. negotiable C. acceptable D. legal


Rudolph Valentino was a famous movie actor in America in the 1920s. He acted in silent movies. One day in 1922 Valentino went to a jeweler's shop to buy a ring. He saw a beautiful silver ring in the shop but the jeweler was very reluctant to sell it to him.
“It will bring you bad luck,” the jeweler said. “It had a curse on it.”
“I don't believe you,” Valentino replied. “I don't believe in bad luck.” He bought the ring and put it on.
In the same year, Valentino made a movie called the young Rajah. For the first time in his career he made a movie that few people liked. Valentino put the ring away for several years. His next two movies did well and Valentino forgot about the ring’s curse. Then in 1926 he put the ring onagain. Immediately he fell ill and, a few hours later he died. Valentino left the ring to a friend in his will. She became sick as soon as she put the ring on. She passed the ring on to an artist called Russ Colombo and she immediately got better. However Mr. Colombo died when his car was involved in an accident. He was wearing the ring at the time.
Then a thied stole the ring. A policeman witnessed the crime and shot his gun into the air to frighten the thief, but he accidentally shot and killed him. By now many people believed that the ring was dangerous and no one wanted to wear it. So the ring was put in a bank. Although the bank had never had a robbery before, it was robbed twice just after the ring arrived. In one robbery, several people died.
No one knows where the ring is now. No one wants to know!

答案：











Paris is renowned for having one of the world's most recognizable landmarks , the Eiffel tower. It stand in the Champ de Mars, a park near the Seine River. It is 300 metres tall and was designed and built by Alexander Gustavo for the Paris universal Exposition in 1889. Expositions are places where people can see new inventions, new kinds of art and new kinds of food.
Because the tower was so tall, Effiel wanted to make it easy for people to get to the top. He wanted to use an elevator, which was a very new invention at the time, so he asked the Otis elevator company of the United States to design one for the tower. Unfortunately the French government did not approve the first design and would not hear of them of putting elevator in. Instead, the first visitors had to climb hundreds of stairs to the top. The Otis company later modified their design and the government allowed them to build elevators for the tower.
The Eiffel tower cost more than US $1 million to build. The people who invested in the building were worried that they would not get their money back. However, they got much more than investment back in the first year. Thousands of tickets were sold to people who wanted to go up and look at the view from the top.
The opening of the Eiffel tower took place on June 10, 1889. Eiffel himself lived in the tower where he had had his own apartment. While Eiffel designed the tower for people to visit, it was also used for scientific experiments. Nowadays the towergets twice as many visitors as the other famous building in Paris, the Louvre.
The Irish writer Oscar Wilde said that he liked the Eiffel tower because it was the only place in Paris from which he could no see the Eiffel tower.




Lots of people get nervous when talking in front of the class or get laughed at if they make a mistake in front of an audience. __1____ At times, your body produces “stress hormones(荷尔蒙)” that can actually help you focus.
But when worry and stress about performing get to be too much, these hormones give people that “red alert (紧急状态)” feeling ----the one that causes you to feel cold or sweaty, or get butterflies in your stomach.__2___
Be prepared. __3__ Rehearse (排练) as much as you can and practice in front of others at every opportunity. Most of all, think positively. Tell yourself “I’ll be OK” or “I can do this” even if you are not 100% sure of it.
Look after yourself. Before big performances, it’s easy to forget to take care of yourself   because you spend too much time on rehearsals and practice.You’ll look and feel your best if you get enough sleep and eat healthy meals before your performance.
 Exercise can also help you feel good, and along with sleep and nutrition, it is an excellent way of keeping those stress hormones from getting out of control.
Find out what the experts do. You can find books, DVDs, and online information about how to give your best when you perform, depending on what type of performance you’re preparing for. __4__ Or ask the cast(演员) of your school play or your drama or music teacher how they beat stage fright. And if your parents or grandparents ever performed, they may have their own secrets to share.
A. Confidence helps beat stress hormones.
B. The following tips can help you avoid that feeling.
C. You’re less likely to freeze up if you’re well prepared.
D. You can do this whether you’re performing alone or as part of a group.
E. Check out stories about Olympic gymnasts or your favorite star to get their tips.
F. In fact, feeling nervous before a performance is part of your body’s way of helping you do your best.


There is distinction between reading for information and reading for understanding. Thus, we can employ the word reading in two distinct senses.
The first sense is the one in which we read newspapers, magazines, or anything else. __67__ Such materials may increase our store of information, but they cannot improve our understanding. And clearly we don’t have any difficulty in gaining the new information, for our understanding was equal to them before we started. Otherwise, we would have felt the shock of puzzlement.
The second sense is the one in which we read something that at first we do not completely understand. Here the thing to be read is at the first sight better or higher than the reader. The writer is communicating something that can increase the reader’s understanding. __68___ Otherwise one person could never learn from another. Here ―learning means understanding more, not remembering more information.
What are the conditions in this kind of reading? First, there is inequality in understanding. __69__ Besides, his book must convey something he possesses and his potential readers lack. Second, the reader must be able to overcome this inequality in some degree. And he should always try to reach the same level of understanding with the writer. If the equality is approached, success of communication is achieved.
__70__ It is the least demanding and requires the least amount of effort. Everyone who knows how to read can read for entertainment if he wants to. In fact, any book that can be read for understanding or information can probably be read for entertainment as well.
A. The writer should have a better communicating skill.
B. Such communication between unequals must be possible.
C. We can get access to the content of those materials easily.
D. The writer must be superior to the reader in understanding.
E.Besides gaining information and understanding, there’s another goal of
reading—entertainment.
F. Reading for entertainment is capable of increasing our understanding for information.