2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第4讲 考纲词汇&名词性从句&阅读【学案】

这是一份2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第4讲 考纲词汇&名词性从句&阅读【学案】，共18页。
2021-2022学年高一升高二英语暑期讲义（上海通用版） 第4讲 考纲词汇&名词性从句&阅读 学生版
教学内容

一、 上次课考纲词汇默写
1. 准许…进入… 2. 反对；违背；违反
3. 担任，充当 4. 听从某人的建议
5. 把…考虑在内 6. 就…达成共识
7. 增加，增添 8. 相册/集邮簿
9. 有能力做某事 10. 买得起；承担得起
11. 采取行动 12. 在…前面；胜过a
13. 根据 14. 最重要的是
15. 预先，事先 16. 在机场
17. 全神贯注于…
18. 害怕… 19. 除…之外(还)
20. 一条建议 21. 偶然地，意外地
22. 旅行社/新闻社 23. 酸雨
24. 再三地，反复地
25. (充分)利用 26. 不在…；自…缺席
27. 允许某人做 28. 合计达
29. 瞄准；目标在于 30. 习惯于…
31. 私事/家事/外交事务
32. 在/超过/不到…岁
33. 毕竟，终究，归根结底
34. 可接近；可进入;可利用
35. 因…钦佩某人 36. 达成协议
37. 对…起作用；按照…行动 38. 火警警报(器)
39. 由于 40. 对…的优势
41. 追赶；追求 42. 急救
43. 建议某人做 44. 适应
45. 承认做过 46. 交通事故/车祸
47. 总共
48. 在…中取得巨大成就
49. 为征求…登广告 50. 开户头
二、
高考英语单词测验2(P13-24)

1. n. 出现; 外貌 appearance 13. n.大气；气氛 atmosphere
2. n.宇航员 astronaut 14. n.到达 arrival
3. adj.吸引人的 attractive 15. adv.总共 altogether
4. adv.不管怎样，无论如何 anyhow/anyway 16.阿司匹林(药片）aspirin
5. n.业余爱好者 amateur 17. n. 申请（表）；应用 application
6. n.运动员；田径运动员 athlete 18. n.公寓 apartment
7. n.怒气，愤怒 anger 19. vt.引起(兴趣、好奇心等）arouse
8. adj. 全神贯注的 attentive 20. n.救护车 ambulance
9. n. 争论；论据 argument 21. 出席，参加 attend
10. n.文章；物品 article 22. automatic adj.自动的；不自觉的
11. n. author 23. artificial adj.人工的，人造的；做作的
12. adj.古代的 ancient 24. architecture n.建筑(学)
25. analyze vt.分析 26. antipollution n,防止（环境）污染
27.apparent adj.显然的 28. ambition n.志向；强烈欲望
29.annual adj.每年的 30. appreciation n.感激；欣赏，赏识；鉴赏(力)
31. assignment n.任务；作业 32.anxiety n,焦虑；渴望
33. approve vt.批准；赞成 34. amusement n.乐趣；娱乐(活动)
35. assumes. 假定，承担 36. alter v.改变
37. applaud u (向)鼓掌 38. audio-visual adj. 视听的
39. annoying adj.恼人的，讨厌的 40. angle n.角度
41. authority 权力,权威;(用 authorities)当局，官方
42. amazing adj. 惊人的，令人惊奇的
43. approachable adj.可接近的；易亲近的 44. assist z；.协助，帮助
45. announce vt.宣布；通告 46. appealing adj.吸引人的
47. ancestor n.祖先 48. appropriate adj.合适的，适当的
49. association n. 联系；联合；协会 50. appoint vt.任命，委任



Step1.名词性从句的梳理
一．名词性从句分类：
名词性从句包括___主语从句___, _表语从句___, _宾语从句__, _ 同位语从句__。
二． 名词性从句关联词





不缺：
1. 从属连词 that / if / whether. that 无词义，在句中不担任成分；if / whether 有词义，但在句中也不担任成分。
2.连接副词 when / where / why / how / （w）h-ever有词义.
缺：
1.连接代词 who / whom / whose / what / which/ wh-ever 有词义，并在句中担任主语、表语、宾语或定语等成分。
三. 主语从句
1. 主语从句基本知识




种类

关联词
例 句
说 明


主


语


从


句
从属
连词

that
That he will come and help you is certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。
that不可省去

whether
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。
连接
代词

who,
what,
which, wh-ever
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般
连接
副词

when
where
why
how
wh-ever
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词"it"来作形式主语。
注：以it作形式主语，把主语从句后置的常用的句型有：
（1）It + be + 形容词 + that从句：It is strange that he knows nothing about it.
（2）It + be + 名词词组 + that从句：It is a pity that they have failed in the match.
（3）It + be + 过去分词 + that从句：It is believed that she is the best in her class
（4）It seem, happen等不及物动词 + that从句：It occurred to me that I had once been there./ It appears / happens that…
且it做形式主语时，真正的主语从句可以用if引导。
2. 主语从句练习题
l It is not immediately clear _______ the financial crisis will soon be over.
l _____golf was first played in Scotland in the 15th century is generally agreed.
l _____ those boys called the grey-headed gentleman really made the old man frustrated.
l It happened once, however, some seventy years ago, ______ the gold cup was stolen a few days before the race!
l _____ gets home first is to cook supper for our big family.
l —It's reported that a new underground line has been completed．
—Yes, but it hasn't been made clear _ it's to be open to traffic.
l ____ is believed to be the most excellent in all aspects will win a scholarship. (青浦区)
l It remains a mystery _____ the world is going to end on Dec. 21st, 2012, which seems to be the end of the Mayan calendar. (杨浦区)
l It's reported _________ some 100,000 college graduates will be chosen to assume village officials across the country in 5 years.
l It is an interesting fact ______ men and women usually do the same things in different ways.
l It has been proved ______eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life.
l _______ does something good will be praised by the teacher.
‚．宾语从句
一． 宾语从句基本知识
种类
关联词
例 句
说 明

陈述意义

that

I believe (that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。
We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.
that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省。
宾
疑问意义

if/whether
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思。
He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day. 他不在乎天气是否好。

Whether若与or not连用时，不能用if代替。
作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。
从句是否定句时一般用if引导。
语
特殊疑问意义
who, whom, whose, which, what, when, where, why,
how, wh-ever,
Please tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什么？
She always thinks of how she can work well.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。
从
注1

We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。
如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将从句后置。
句
注2

We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so.我相信他不会这样做。
think, believe, imagine, suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移动主句中。
注：宾语从句that 常可以省略，并且注意时态呼应，当主句为过去时时，从句时态一定往前推移，不可出现现在时或现在完成时。
The teacher told us that Tomo had left us for America．
二． 宾语从句练习题
1) As a new diplomat. he often thinks of ______ he can react more appropriately on such occasions.
2) When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know which lane he _______(enter) is
3) The poor young man is ready to accept ________ help he can get.
4) The travelers encouraged each other to go on ____ difficulties they met.
5) Yesterday evening the board had a discussion regarding ______ they should set up more scholarships to meet the increasing demands.
6) Despite a lot of research, scientists can not figure out ___________quite a number of insects, birds and animals are dying out.
7) A free gift will be given to _____ completes the questionnaire before the activity begins.
8) Many people in the city wonder _____the city officials have the information they need to solve the problem.
9) Many people firmly believed ______ a healthy lifestyle can improve the quality of life.
ƒ.表语从句
² 表语从句基本知识
种类
关联词
例 句
说 明

表
连词
that
whether
as if
The problem is that they can’t get here early enough. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。
It looks as if it’s going to rain. 看起来天要下雨。
在正式的文体中that不可省去。
语

从
连接代词
who
what
which
wh-ever
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。
表语从句位于主句系动词之后
句
连接副词
when
where
why
how
wh-ever
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。

注：主语是 reason时，表语要用that引导而不是because．
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
2.表语从句题目练习
1) What she couldn’t understand was ______ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
2) If money is ______ one wants most in his life, he is very likely to be unhappy.
3) One advantage of eating a balanced breakfast is it can keep you energetic throughout the day.
4) Many experts believe that teachers’ development is _______ the key to better education lies.
5) What really worries us is _____ the explorers can accurately locate themselves with the old device in case of bad weather.
6) If you often feel tired out and can't focus your attention, that is you have to stop working and to have a rest. (浦东新区)
④.同位语从句
1. 同位语从句基本知识
种类
关联词
例 句
说 明
同
位
语
从
句
由连词that引导，不担任成分，也可由when, how, where等引导。
The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。
I have no idea when he will come back home.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.
他想到可能玛丽生病了。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news,idea,hope,thought, question,order,fear,doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。
2. 同位语从句题目练习
1. There is some evidence _____ a small amount of alcohol is good for you.
2. News came from Europe _____ Amy and Laurie, the grandson of a wealthy family, had planned to be married soon.
3. The possibility never occurred to me _______ I would unexpectedly enter such a big bank and work in Wall Street.
4. The question _____ should do the work requires further discussion in the next meeting.
5. The question came up at the meeting ______ we had enough money for our research.
四．哪些情况下，只能用whether，不能用if表示“是否”
1.主语从句：Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
（it做形式主语时，真正的主语从句可以用if引导）
2.表语从句：The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
3.同位语从句：Answer my question whether you are coming.
即if只能用在特定情况下的宾语从句中
4.介词之后(介词往往可省略)：It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
5.后面直接跟动词不定式：He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.
6.后面紧跟or not时：We didn’t know whether or not she was ready.
7.用if会引起歧义时：Please let me know if you like it.
8.句型“名词+as to+ whether”: There is some question as to whether the public should be told about the accident.
题目练习
1. We haven’t settled the question _____ it is necessary for him to study abroad.
2. _____ air pollution will rebound (反弹) in the coming years remains a great concern not only for the government, but also for local residents.
3. Mother made a promise ____ I passed the college entrance examination she would buy me a mobile phone.
4. Don’t you think citizens are increasingly concerned about_____ the estate prices will keep rising next season?

五. 哪些情况下，名词性从句的谓语要用虚拟语气
一个坚持：____________,
两个命令：____________,、____________,
三条建议：____________,、____________,、____________,
四项要求：____________,____________,、____________,____________,
(一个坚持：insist
两个命令：order、command
三条建议：suggest、advise、propose
四项要求：ask、request、require、demand

其基本句型如下：
Mother insisted that John go to bed at 9 o’clock.（宾语从句）
We suggested that the meeting should not be held.
It was required that the crops should be harvested at once.（主语从句）
The suggestion that he be invited was rejected.（同位语从句）
That is their demand that their wages be increased.（表语从句）
注意：在这种句子中绝不出现“would” “must” “could”等。


(2016·浙江高考)I made up my mind I would find out________ was good in my present situation.
2．(2016·浙江高考)College is________you meet your bridesmaids，neighbors，and potential bosses.
3．(2016·江苏高考)It is often the case ________anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
4．(2016·天津高考)The manager put forward a suggestion ________ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
5．(2016·北京高考)Your support is important to our work.________you can do helps.
6．(2016·北京高考)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ________one can be entirely dust.
7．(2016·四川高考)Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds，see through walls，or have superhuman strength may sound silly，but it actually gets to the heart of ________ really matters in your life.
8．(2016·全国Ⅰ)We now realize ________ important family is and how important to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.
9．(2016·全国Ⅱ)Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops.________ finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.
10．(2016·全国Ⅱ)The journey was intended to achieve more than ________Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.
11．(2016·四川)Scientists are still not exactly sure ________genes influence aging, but they believe that they do.

1．(2015·江苏高考)________ Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some won’t accept it.
2．(2015·湖南高考)You have to know ________ you’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.
3．(2015·北京高考)I truly believe ________ beauty comes from within.
4．(2015·北京高考)________ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
5．(2015·浙江高考)If you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate ________ is below the water surface.Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.
6．(2015·重庆高考)We must find out ________ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.
7．(2015·陕西高考)Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for ________Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.
8．(2015·四川高考)The exhibition tells us ________ we should do something to stop air pollution.
9．(2015·安徽高考)A ship in harbor is safe, but that’s not ________ ships are built for.
10．(2015·福建高考)—I wonder ________ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.
—By working out every day.
Section B (8%)
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word. For the other blanks, fill in each blank with one proper word. Make sure that your answers are grammatically correct.

My local supermarket is always busy. The first parking space I found was convenient, but I'd noticed a woman in a blue car circling for a while. (25) _____ I was in a good mood, I let her have it. On the edge of the car park I backed into the next available spot—it was a tight fit.
Pretty soon I'd made my way through the supermarket and was back in the fresh air. Feeling good, I (26) _____(empty) my purse change into the hands of a homeless man and helped a struggling woman reverse park（倒车）.
Just as I approached my car, 1 saw the woman I'd let have my car space earlier. She was giving me (27) _____ odd look—half puzzled, half intent (热切的). I smiled and wished her a pleasant day. As I squeezed back into my car, I spotted the same lady (28) _____ (look) in at me. "Hello," she said, hesitantly. "This (29) _____ sound crazy but I was on my way to drop some of my mother's things off at the charity bins." You are just so much (30) _____ her." You helped those people, I noticed, and you seemed so happy." She looked at me meaningfully and passed a box in through the window. "I think she would like you to have it." (31) _____(shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.
After a pause, I opened the box. Inside was a beautiful gold necklace with a large grey pearl. It was (32) _____(nice) gift I'd ever received, and it was from a complete stranger. The necklace was around my neck, a warm reminder of human kindness.


Section B (10%)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. handle B. training C. available D. persuaded E. contributing F. bullied
G. influence H. concentrate I. challenge J. solution K. concerned

Students often meet with questions as follows:___33___ by someone, worried about a weak subject, puzzled by family problems or ___34____ about pets at home.All the questions above may make you not __35_____ on your study.Who can you turn to if you are such an unlucky student?A great person to share your thoughts and feelings with is your school counselor
　　Add school counselors to the list of people you can turn to when you need help.They know how to listen and can help kids with life's __36____.Counselors have special ____37___ in how to help kids solve problems, make decisions, and stand up for themselves.That doesn't mean your counselor will wave a magic wand(魔杖) and the problem will go away.But it does mean he or she will help you cope with it.Coping is an important word to know.Sometimes, kids and grown-ups have difficult problems.Coping means that someone is trying to __38____ these problems and make things better.
　　Your school counselor is ____39____ for you and wants to make your school experience the best it can be.The counselor's job is to take your problem seriously and help you find a __40____.The counselor also wants to help you learn as much as you can in class, be a ___41___ member of the school community, and be a positive ____42____ on your environment.


III. Reading Comprehension.
Section A (15%)
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.






Psychologists in Britain have said that the last full week of January is the most depressing time of year and labeled next Monday "Blue Monday".
Mondays are ___43____ seen as the worst day of the week because people feel bad-tempered and tired at having to go back to work after a weekend with a different ____44___.
There are various reasons why more people feel depressed at this time of year. Many people have ____45___ credit card bills for the Christmas presents they bought, and pay day is often not until the end of the month.
As the party season is over, people feel ___46____ because they have to go back to real life---work; and they may be unhappy with their body ___47____ after having too much wine, chocolates, and other food at Christmas-time.
People may have already failed in their New Year's resolutions(决定), ___48___giving up smoking. The bad weather in January can also ____49____ people feeling fed up.
Some companies are taking this quite seriously and offering counseling for any staff who are feeling depressed. They hope that helping people as soon as there are ___50___ of depression will avoid frequent absence from work.
____51___, it's not all bad! Many people feel optimistic at this time, that things can only get ____52____. Psychologists offer suggestions of how to avoid feeling blue. These include spending 15 minutes doing a "gratitude exercise" thinking about and writing down what you are ____53__ for, such as health, family, friends and so on.
____54____ a new hobby, doing some exercise, going to bed earlier, eating a healthy breakfast,  and listening to some uplifting music, are all __55____ as ways to feel more cheerful.
To avoid feeling blue next January, experts say that the best things to do is to ___56___ better next December. Spend less on presents, eat and drink less over the festive period, and make more ____57____ New Year's resolutions.

43. A.regularly B generally C. continuously D. obviously
44. A.sleep pattern B. hair style C. working time D. food supply
45. A. unseen B. unpaid C. unguarded D. untouched
46. A. complicated B. stressed C . excited D. guilty
47. A. temperature B. language C. health D. image
48. A. instead of B. in spite of C . such as D. because of
49. A. result from B. devote to C. slow down D. lead to
50. A. sighs B. signals C. signs D. symbols
51. A. Therefore B. Otherwise C. Moreover D. However
52. A. worse B. better C. greater D. tougher
53. A. responsible B. critical C. grateful D. enthusiastic
54. A. Taking up B. Getting over C.Adding to D. Making up
55. A. recommended B. explained C. estimated D. involved
56. A. plan B. predict C. bargain D. broadcast
57. A. ambitious B. artificial C. creative D. realistic



课后作业
名词性从句A卷
1. ____ matters most in learning English is enough practice.
2. One advantage of playing the guitar is ____ it can give you a great deal of pleasure.
3. Everyone should obey the school rule _____ all the students should wear uniform to school.
4. Before the sales start, I make a list of ___ my kids will need for the coming seasons.
5. Many workers were organized to clear away _____ remained of the World Trade Center.
6. The Foreign Ministry said,”______ is our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”
7. My happiest moment was _____ I met my favorite author in a bookstore.
8. In order to search for the escaped prisoner, the police decided to question ___ came along the road.
9. The order was sent to us _____ we should keep guard over the room.
10. People in Shanghai are proud of _____ they have achieved over the past decade.
11. ____ we are sure about is the need to prevent children from being spoiled.
12. When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know _____ lane he is entering
13. Having your own apartment means that you can decorate it in _____ style you like.
14. Look out! Some of the insects are dangerous. Be careful ____ you put your hands.
15. He is about to leave. Conditions here are not ____ she’s accustomed to.
16. The news saddened all the football fans ___ their beloved Chinese football team list the game in Doha.
17. He didn’t make ____ clear when and where the meeting would e held.
18. ____ she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.
19. I can’t make up my mind about _____ should be asked to take up the job.
20. What the doctors really doubt is _____ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
21. Please remind me ____ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.
22. Choosing the right dictionary depends on ____ you want to use it for.
23. ____ you read or watch should be healthy for kids.
24. It worried her a bit _____ her hair was turning grey.
25. I have no idea _____ the journalist could have got his information from.
26. At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see _______ it would get any better.
27. We have just heard a warning on the radio _____ a tornado is likely to come.
28. From ______ I stand, quality is more important than quantity.
29. As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about _____ he will do or drink.
30. Along with the letter was his promise _____ he would visit me this coming Christmas.
31. The little white wooden house smells ____ ______ it hasn’t been lived in for ages.
32. We should consider the students’ request ____ the school library provide more books on popular science.
33. We will be for _____ promises to volunteer to help us solve the puzzling problem.
34. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ________ it is.
35. --- Is there any chance _________ you could pick me up at the airport?
--- No problem.
36. ________ is believed that drinking a glass of milk just before you go to bed helps you to sleep well.
37. ________ surprised their parents most was that they got married after two months’ dating..
38. ---I drove to California for the air show last week.
--- Is that _________ you had a few days off?
39. His grandfather was among the first to settle in __________ is now the famous holiday place.
40. _________ the students are able to perform well in school depends mainly on their parental cooperation with teachers.
41. Our factory is much more productive now. This year’s output is five times _________ it was ten years ago.
42. No one can be sure ___________ man will look like in a million years.
43. The question came up at the meeting __________ we had enough money for our research.
44. The government has promised to do ___________ helps to solve the problem of unemployment.
45. I won’t consider_________ a so-called pity that I didn’t attend the concert with him last night.
46. __________ is known to us all is that the 2010 World Expo is taking place in Shanghai.
47. It was Isaac Newton who first realized the apple’s fall ___________ everybody attracts every other body.
48. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That’s __________ the best jobs are.
49. The fact has worried may scientists__________ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.
50. We should respect food and think about the people who don’t have _____________we have here and treat food nicely.


Section B
Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.  For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. 
A
     A report, published in last week's Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. Indeed, a l6-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal (致命) accident as a teenager driving alone. By contrast, the risk of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger.
     The author also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically after 10 p. m., and especially after midnight. With passengers in the car, the driver was even more likely to die in a late-night accident.
     Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with "really stupid behavior" than with just a lack of driving experience. "The basic thing," he says, "is that adults who are responsible for issuing (发放) licenses fail to recognize how skilled a task driving is."
     Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to reduce the harm is to have so-called graduated licensing systems,in which getting a license is a slower process. A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving at night with a limited number of passengers before graduating to get a full driving license.
     Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes,according to recent studies. About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have number limitation on passengers. California is the strictest, with a new driver prohibited from  carrying any passenger under 20 for the first six months.
58.Which of the following situations is most dangerous according to the passage?
A. Adults giving a lift to teenagers on the highway after l0 p.m.
B. A teenager driving after midnight with passengers in the car.
C. Adults driving with three or more teenage passengers late at night.
D. A teenager getting a lift from a stranger on the highway at midnight.
59. According to Robert Foss,the high death rate of teenage drivers is mainly due to ________.
A. Their stupid talking with passagers
B. their improper way of driving
C. their lack of driving experience
D. their breaking the traffic regulation
60.Which of the following statements is true according to Paragraph 3?
A. Driving is a skill too difficult for teenagers to learn.
B. The graduated licensing systems are welcomed by teenagers and their parents
C. Califonia is the state with the lowest rate of traffic accident
D. People issuing license are partly responsible for the accidents.

B
Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not ,as legend would have it ,look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations（创新）almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal-and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done.” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best – known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
61．What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph?
       A．An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.
       B．A person who has had no education.
       C．A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
D．A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
62．According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from noninnovators?
       A．The way they present their findings.
       B．The way they deal with problems.  
C．The intelligence they possess.
D．The variety of ideas they have                     
63．The phrase “march to a different drummer” （the last line of the passage） suggests that highly creative individuals are ______.
        A．unwilling to follow common ways of doing things
B．working hard at following their goals
       C.concerned about the advance of society
D．devoted to the progress of science
64． The most suitable title for this passage might be
A.The relationship between creation and dilligence
B.To be a creative expert in the study of human creativity
C.What are so special about creative individuals
DDiscoveries and innovations
C
In the more and more competitive service industry, it is no longer enough to promise customer satisfaction. Today, customer “delight” is what companies are trying to achieve in order to keep and increase market share. 
It is accepted in the marketing industry, and confirmed by a number of researchers, that customers receiving good service will promote business by telling up to 12 other people; those treated badly tell tales of woe to up to 20 people. Interestingly, 80 percent of people who feel their complaints are handled fairly will stay loyal. 
New challenges for customer care have come when people can obtain goods and services through telephone call centers and the Internet. For example, many companies now have to invest (投资) a lot of money in information technology and staff training in order to cope with the “phone rage”---- caused by delays in answering calls, being cut off in mid-conversation or left waiting for long periods.
“Many people do not like talking to machines,” says Dr, Storey, Senior Lecturer in Marketing at City University Business School. “Banks, for example, encourage staff at call centers to use customer data to establish instant and good relationship with then. The aim is to make the customer feel they know you and that you can trust them – the sort of comfortable feelings people have during face-to-face chats with their local branch manager.”
Recommended ways of creating customer delight include: under-promising and over-delivering (saying that a repair will be carried out within five hours, but getting it done within two) replacing a faulty product immediately; throwing in a gift voucher (购物礼券)as an unexpected “thank you” to regular customers; and always returning calls, even when they are complaints.
Aiming for customer delight is all very well, but if services do not reach the high level promised, disappointment or worse will be the result. This can be eased by offering an apology and an explanation of why the service did not meet usual standards with empathy (for example, “I know how you must feel”), and possible solutions (replacement, compensation or whatever fairness suggests best meets the case).
Airlines face some of the toughest challenges over customer care. Fierce competition has convinced them at that delighting passengers is an important marketing tool, while there is great potential for customer anger over delays caused by weather, unclaimed luggage and technical problems.
For British Airways staff, a winning telephone style is considered vital in handling the large volume of calls about bookings and flight times. They are trained to answer quickly, with their names, job title and a “we are here to help” attitude. The company has invested heavily in information technology to make sure that information is available instantly on screen.
British Airways also says its customer care policies are applied within the company and staff are taught to regard each other as customers requiring the highest standards of service.
Customer care is obviously here to stay and it would be a foolish company that used slogans such as “we do as we please”. On the other hand, the more customers are promised, the greater the risk of disappointment.
65. The writer mentions “phone rage”(Paragraph 3)to show that ________.
A. customers often use phones to express their anger
B. people still prefer to buy goods online
C. customer care becomes more demanding
D. customers rely on their phones to obtain services
66. Customer delight is important for airlines because ________.
A. their telephone style remains unchanged
B. they are more likely to meet with complaints
C. the services cost them a lot of money
D. the policies can be applied to their staff
67. Which of the following is conveyed in this article?
A. Face-to –face service creates comfortable feelings among customers.
B. Companies that promise more will naturally attract more customers.
C. A company should promise less but do more in a competitive market.
D. Customer delight is more important for air lines then for banks.
译
72. 不要打扰他，他正忙着做作业（disturb)

73. 我竭力劝说他不要赌博，但他根本听不进去（persuade)

74. 说实话，我真后悔失去了获得奖学金的机会

75. 出生于贫穷家庭，他总是感到比别的学生低人一等（inferior,非谓语作状语）

76. 身患那种奇怪的病多年了，他说话有很大困难（suffe,difficulty)