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2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第8讲 考纲词汇翻译&新题型与阅读【教案】
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这是一份2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第8讲 考纲词汇翻译&新题型与阅读【教案】，共16页。教案主要包含了文章大意，答案与解析等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2021-2022学年高一升高二英语暑期讲义（上海通用版） 第8讲 考纲词汇翻译&新题型与阅读 教师版
教学内容
社会生活类阅读理解分类词汇
Ø 购物消费
Ø Shopping center 购物中心区 Supermarket 超市
Ø Mall 购物中心 Grocery 杂货店
Ø Chain store 连锁店 Convenience store 便利店
Ø Department store 百货大楼 Salesman 售货员
Ø Customer 顾客 Complaint 投诉
Ø Display 展示 Counter 柜台
Ø Trolley 小推车 Catalog 商品目录
Ø Famous brands 名牌 Luxurious items 奢侈品
Ø Hit 畅销品 Electronic products 电子类产品
Ø Laptop computer 笔记本电脑 Women’s wear 女士服装
Ø Men’s wear 男士服装 stationery 文具 cosmetics 化妆品
Ø Sports goods 体育用品 tinned/canned food 灌装食品
Ø Shopping list 购物单 price tag 价格标签
Ø pay by installment 分期付款 deposit 押金
Ø Discount 折扣 bargain 便宜货 n; 讨价还价 v
Ø Cash/crasher's desk 收银处 cut prices 砍价，削价销售
Ø Sell out 售完 be out of stock 没货，脱销
Ø Be in stork 有现货，有库存 deliver 送货
Ø Closing time 停止营业时间，打烊时间
Ø be in season 正和时令，当季
Ø Be out of season 过季
Ø Past the prime （水果等）过了最好的时候
Ø 居家琐事
Ø Housework 家务事 housekeeper 管家 housemaid 女仆，女佣
Ø Housewife 家庭主妇 laundry 洗衣店，要洗的衣服
Ø Iron 熨斗 fix the dinner 摆下饭桌 clean up 清理
Ø Mop 拖地 at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟的
Ø A real dump 脏乱的地方 messy 凌乱的，杂乱的
Ø Be in chaos 乱的 neat 整洁的 In a mess 乱的
Ø Hoover 吸尘器 vacuum cleaner 真空吸尘器
Ø Cleaning and washing 洗洗刷刷
Ø Keep an eye on sb./sth 照料某人/某物
Ø Trivial affairs 日常琐事 household expense 家庭开支
Ø Keep down the cost 降低开支 budget 预算
Ø Balance 余额，结余 economical 经济的，节俭的
Ø Open an account 开账户 deposit 存款 withdraw （取钱）
Ø Interest rate 利率 exchange rate 汇率 debt 债务
Ø Pay off 还清 addresser 寄信人 addressee 收信人
Ø Parcel 包裹 postage 邮费 registered letter 挂号信
Ø Zip /postal code 邮政编码
Ø 日常交往
Ø Leisure time 闲暇时间 date 约会 chat 聊天
Ø Next-door neighbour 隔壁邻居 call on sb. 拜访某人
Ø Drop by/round 突然造访
Ø Drop into someplace/in on sb 拜访某地或某人（常指突然来访）
Ø Run into sb 偶然遇见某人 take a message 捎口信
Ø Keep contact 保持联系 hospital 好客的 invitation 邀请
Ø Make yourself at home不要客气 telephone booth公用电话亭
Ø Pay phone 投币式公用电话 long-distance call 长途电话
Ø Hang up 挂断电话 operator 接线员
Ø 休闲娱乐
Ø Recreational activities 娱乐活动 entertainment industry 娱乐行业
Ø Have a picnic 野餐 barbecue 烧烤 hobby 爱好 keep pets 养宠物
Ø Tame dogs 养宠狗 gardening 园艺 play chess下象棋
Ø play cards打牌 computer games 电脑游戏 camera 照相机
Ø DV (digital video) 数码摄像机 focus 焦距 lens 镜头
Ø Flashlight 闪光灯 press the shutter 按快门
Ø take a picture 拍照片 a roll of film 一卷胶卷
Ø Develop the film 冲胶卷，洗胶卷 photo studio 照相馆
Ø Gossip 闲话，爱说长道短的人 TV channels 电视频道
Ø Broadcast 广播，播放 live broadcast 现场直播
Ø Programme 电视节目 documentary 纪录片
Ø Commercial advertisement 商业广告
Ø TV theatre 电视剧场 tennis court 网球场
Ø Football match 足球比赛 the World Cup 世界杯
Ø Rock climbing 攀岩 performance 表演 violence movie 暴力片
Ø Comedy 喜剧 tragedy 悲剧 horror movie 恐怖片
Ø Plot 情节 entertaining 有趣的，愉快的
Ø Enthusiastic 热情的 clap/applaud 拍掌，鼓掌
Ø 外出就餐
Ø Join in sb for dinner 与.....共进晚餐
Ø Reservation 预定 treat 款待，宴请
Ø go dutch 各付各的，AA制
Ø Waiter/waitress 服务员 napkin 餐巾 tip 小费
Ø order 点菜 menu 菜单 snack 快餐
Ø Specialty/special dishes 特色菜
Ø Main dish 主菜 French cuisine 法国菜 buffet 自助餐
Ø Course 一道菜 main course 主菜 desert 甜点
Ø appetizer 开胃菜 red wine 红酒 yogurt 酸奶
Ø Soft drink 软饮料 green salad 蔬菜沙拉
Ø toast 考面包，吐司 roast 烤肉 mutton 羊肉 pork 猪肉
Ø Beef steak 牛排 rare 半熟的 medium 中等熟的
Ø Done 老的，煮熟了的 sour/sweet/bitter/hot 酸/甜/苦/辣
Ø Seasoning/flavoring/dressing 调料 bland 味道淡的
Ø Tangy 味道浓烈的 sauce 调味汁，酱 vinegar 醋
Ø Soy sauce 酱油 sugar 糖 pepper powder 胡椒粉
Ø Junk food 垃圾食品 fatty food 油腻食品
Ø Fattening food 令人发胖的食品 healthy food 健康食品
Ø Organic food 有机食品 a light meal 一顿清淡的饭菜
Ø a square meal 一顿丰盛的饭菜 delicious 美味的
Ø Disgusting 令人作呕的
课堂练习1：
Diana Jacobs thought her family had a workable plan to pay for college for her 21-year-old twin sons: a combination of savings, income, scholarships, and a modest amount of borrowing. Then her husband lost his job, and the plan fell apart.
“I have two kids in college, and I want to say ‘come home,’ but at the same time I want to provide them with a good education,” says Jacobs.
The Jacobs family did work out a solution: They asked and received more aid form the schools, and each son increased his borrowing to the maximum amount through the federal loan (贷款) program. They will each graduate with $20,000 of debt, but at least they will be able to finish school.
With unemployment rising, financial aid administrators expect to hear more families like the Jacobs. More students are applying for aid, and more families expect to need student loans. College administrators are concerned that they will not have enough aid money to go around.
At the same time, tuition（学费）continues to rise. A report from the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education found that college tuition and fees increased 439% from 1982 to 2007, while average family income rose just 147%. Student borrowing has more than doubled in the last decade,
“If we go on this way for another 25years, we won’t have an affordable system of higher education,” says Patrick M. Callan, president of the center. “The middle class families have been financing it through debt. They will send kids to college whatever it takes, even if that means a huge amount of debt.”
Financial aid administrators have been having a hard time as many companies decide that student loans are not profitable enough and have stopped making them. The good news, however, is that federal loans account for about three quarters of student borrowing, and the government says that money will flow uninterrupted.
66. According to Paragraph 1, why did the plan of Jacobs family fail?
A. The twins wasted too much money.
B. The father was out of work.
C. Their saving ran out.
D. The family fell apart.
67. How did the Jacobs manage to solve their problem?
A. They asked their kids to come home.
B. They borrowed $20,000 from the school.
C. They encouraged their twin sons to do part-time jobs.
D. They got help from the school and the federal government.
68. Financial aid administrators believe that _______.
A. more families will face the same problem as the Jacobuses
B. the government will receive more letters of complaint
C. college tuition fees will double soon
D. America’s unemployment will fall
69.What can we learn about the middle class families from the text?
A. They blamed the government for the tuition increase.
B. Their income remained steady in the last decade.
C. They will try their best to send kids to college.
D. Their debts will be paid off within 25 years.
70.According to the last paragraph, the government will .
A. provide most students will scholarships
B. dismiss some financial aid administrators
C. stop the companies from making student loans
D. go on providing financial support for college students
【文章大意】随着失业的增加，很多家庭已经无力供孩子上大学，由于无利可图，很多商业银行也终止了相关的贷款。不过政府的资金资助项目仍在进行，这无疑对那些资金紧张而又想让孩子上大学的中产阶级家庭提供了有力的支持。
66.B
【解析】考查细节理解。该段的最后一句话告诉我们他们计划失败的原因：Then her husband lost his job，也就是B项所说的：The father was out of work。
67.D
【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The Jacobs family did work out a solution: They asked and received more aid from the schools, and each son increased his borrowing to the maximum amount through the federal loan (贷款) program.”，可知选D项。
68.A
【解析】考查细节理解。由第四段的第一句话可知，随着失业的增加，资金援助管理人员认为：很多家庭都有Jacobs家那样的情况。由此可知答案为A项。
69. C
【解析】考查细节理解。由倒数第二段中的最后两句“They will send kids to college whatever it takes, even if that means a huge amount of debt.”无论需要什么他们都会送孩子去上大学，即使那意味着大笔的债务。可知，中产阶级不惜任何代价送他们的孩子上大学。由此可知C项正确。
70.D
【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段的最后一句话可知，政府将继续向大学生提供资金援助（go on providing financial support for college students）。
题精讲
社会生活类阅读理解特点：
社会生活类阅读文章在高考中出现的频率较高。它涉及人们衣、食、住、行等方面的社会万象，生活经历、饮食与健康、休闲与娱乐、生态旅游等内容。这类文章读起来感觉轻松，试题做起来也比较得心应手。
在高考阅读理解题中，这类文章属搭配类材料，所以，它的命题多数属于中低等难度的送分题，如事实细节题、计算题、识图题等。此类文章的命题多以事实细节题为主。
I hated dinner parties.But I decided to give them another shot because I’m in London.And my friend Gallery invited me.And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York.There，“I’m having a dinner party” means “I’m booking a table for 12 at a restaurant you can’t afford and we’ll be sharing the check evenly，no matter what you eat.”
Worse，in Manhattan there is always someone who leaves before the bill arrives.They’ll throw down cash，half of what they owe，and then people like me，who don’t drink，end up paying even more.But if I try to use the same trick，the hostess will shout“Where are you going？”And it’s not like I can say I have somewhere to go：everyone knows I have nowhere to go.
But in London，dinner parties are in people’s homes.Not only that，the guests are an interesting mix.The last time I went to one，the guests were from France，India，Denmark and Nigeria；it was like a gathering at the United Nations.In New York，the mix is less striking.It’s like a gathering at Bloomingdale’s，a wellknown department store.
For New Yorkers，talking about other parts of the world means Brooklyn and Queens in New York.But at Callery’s，when I said that I had been to Myanmar recently，people knew where it was.In New York people would think it was a usual new club.
( )1. What does the word “shot” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. Choice. B. Try. C. Style. D. Goal.
( )2. What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York?
A. There is a strange mix of people. B. The restaurants are expensive.
C. The bill is not fairly shared. D. People have to pay cash.
( )3. What does the author think of the parties in London?
A. A bit unusual. B. Full of tricks.
C. Less costly. D. More interesting.
( )4.What is the author’s opinion of some New Yorkers from her experience?
A. Easygoing. B. Selfcentered.
C. Generous. D. Conservative.
( )5.What is the main idea of this article?
A．I hated dinner parties.
B．I prefer dinner parties in London to those in New York.
C．The difference between London and New York.
D．Mallory invited me to a party.
【文章大意】 文章主要通过作者的经历来介绍伦敦和纽约的不同的社会生活方式。
1. B 词义猜测题。从第一句的hated，到But意义上的转折，说明尽管不喜欢，还是要“尝试一下”，所以try的意思更接近shot。
2. C 细节理解题。根据第一段中“They'll throw down cash, half of what they owe, and then people like me, who don't drink, end up paying even more.”可知类似作者这样的人在纽约吃饭吃亏，因为付钱多。故C项意思正确。
3. D 推理判断题。根据第二段和其中的句子Not only that, the guests are an interesting mix.可以推断伦敦的party要比纽约有趣。
4. B 推理判断题。从最后一段的talking about other parts of the world means Brooklyn and Queens in New York.和In New York people would think it was a usual new club 可以推断，作者对一些纽约人的看法是“以自我为中心的”。
5．B 主旨大意题。A、D都不全面，C 范围扩大。由伦敦和纽约的dinner parties间的不同扩大到两座城市所有的不同。整篇文章都是在比较两个城市间的“dinner parties”的不同之处，同时也表达了作者对纽约聚会的诸多不满，和对伦敦parties的喜欢。
1、专题特点：
这部分阅读涉及到广泛的话题，日常生活中对于衣食住行等话题多加关注，有利于增加这部分阅读理解题的了解；此外，做好这类题要对细节题做题技巧有较好的掌握；同时也要加强练习和总结经验。
2、 解题方法：
做题时，要先从题干中找到关键性词语，然后快速在文章中寻找相关细节，细心比较所给选项与文中细节的区别，在准确理解了细节的前提下，最终确定最佳答案。
3、注意事项：
由于这类阅读理解主要考细节题，所以在做题时需要切题找答案，不可断章取义及单纯地根据自己的主观观点进行做题。
技巧提炼
只要灵活处理好以下几个方面的关系，这个问题便可迎刃而解：
1．正确处理好“快”与“准”的关系
2．正确处理好复杂句式、生词和选择答案的关系
3．正确处理好所需信息与剩余信息的关系
Speaking and writing
Guided Writing （25分）
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
请结合下图谈谈你对雾霾问题(haze)的看法，你的文章必须包括：
1、简要描述图片；
2、你对雾霾问题的看法和建议。
关于 雾霾 的英语作文（篇1）
Recently,haze weather has become a daily one right here in large part of China.People are forced to wear the mask to avoid breathing poisonous air.So it is necessary to find out the reason why leads to that and work out the resolution.If we trace the cause for haze weather ,the main points are as follows ,first,china 's air quality standards are rather lax and evaluation factors are limited,so you will see that current air appraisal system has defects.Second,some people just go for economic interests instead of turning out products according to relevant law and regulations.They tend to use obsolete equipment in which they are high likely to emit a great deal of wasted air.
Third,across our society ,relevant protection awareness has not built up so that people havent formed a habit of using green product and saving energy as much as possible.Just for the sake of convience to go out,people rely more and more on travelling and working by car while car is the main cause for the haze weather
To settle this problem,a series of meaures should be taken as follows.First ,we should strengthen air monitor to lower the levels of small particulate pollutants.Second,we should enact more strict laws and regulations and keep perfecting our current law on environmental protection to regulate people 's daily action and the industrial production and punish those factories that ignore the protection and keep emitting dangerous material that cause haze.
Third,we should develop green and energy-saving energy to lower the emission of haze and improve air quality.As far as i am concerned ,if we work together to be able to do such measures ,our environment will getting better and better and haze weather will vanish completely.
关于 雾霾 的英语作文（篇2）
Dear Bill,
I’m glad to receive your letter,thank you for your caring for the weather and my health.Now I’d like to tell you something about the smog.
Since the winter last year,the smog has occurred a lot of times.it has done great harm to our daily life.many traffic accidents happened just because of the heavy smog weather,more and more people have to go to see the doctor because the serious disease caused by the smog,quite a lot of flights have to be put off,a great number of people have to stay at home for fear of the poisonous air caused by the smog.
People have realized the great harm caused by the smog and the importance of protecting the environment.people all over the country are taking measures to reduce the smog weather.the government suggests people go to work or school with the public traffic, such as the bus and the underground.Also we should plant more trees.
According to me, I will go to school by bike or on foot, and I won’t throw the waste anywhere.in addition, I will tell the people I meet to protect the environment as possible as they can.would you like to tell me some good ideas?i’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
Bonus(奖金) culture has become the subject of many studies nowadays. Many people have been angered by the way some bankers and high officials seem to have been rewarded for failure. Others find the idea of offering many-million-dollar bonuses morally disgusting.
But few have asked whether performance-related bonuses really do improve performance. The answer seems so obvious that even to ask the question can appear ridiculous. Indeed, in spite of all the complaints about them, financial encouragements continue to be introduced in more and more areas, from healthcare and public services to teaching and universities.
So it may come as a shock to many to learn that paying for results can actually make people perform badly in many circumstances, and that the more you pay, the worse they perform.
No one is arguing that bonuses can help companies and institutions attract and keep the best staff. Nor does anyone argue against the idea that you can encourage people to do specific tasks by linking payments to those tasks. Rather, the point is about how to get the best out of people. Do employees really perform better if you promise to pay them more for getting results?
There are some obvious reasons why such payments can fail. It has been argued, for instance, that cash bonuses contributed to the financial crash, because traders had little enthusiasm to make sure that their companies enjoyed long-term survival.
Most bonus projects are poorly designed, says Professor Malcolm Diggs. He thinks the reason is that organization try to keep bonus arrangements simple. Nevertheless, he thinks bonus projects can work as long as they link the interests of individual employees with the long-term goals of a business.
Bonuses can also encourage cheating. “Once you start making people’s rewards dependent on outcomes rather than behaviors, the evidence is people will do whatever they can to get those outcomes,” says Professor Edward Dec i. “In many cases the high officials simply lied and cheated to make the stock (股票) price go up so they got huge bonuses.”
But the work of Deci and others suggests the problem with bonuses runs far deeper than poor design or cheating. In 1971, he asked students to solve puzzles, with some receiving cash prizes for doing well and others getting nothing. Deci found those offered cash were less likely to keep working on puzzles after they had done enough to get paid.
These studies suggest that offering rewards can stop people doing things for the pure joy of it. This was the basis for a series of books by Kohn in which he argues that rewarding children, students and workers with grades, scholarships and other “bribes” (贿赂) leads to low-quality work in the long run.
Those who believe in the power of bonuses fail to distinguish between inner drive and outside pressure — wanting to do something because you like it for itself in contrast to doing something because you want the reward, Kohn says. “It’s not just that these two are different, it’s often that the more you reward people for doing something, the more their inner drive tends to decline.”
A “do this and get that” approach might improve performance in the short term, but over longer periods it will always fail, Kohn says. People who receive bonus will naturally play safe, become less creative, cooperate less and feel less valued, he adds. What’s more, the studies also suggest that offering rewards can also stop people taking responsibility.
1. The effect of performance-related bonuses has not been well studied because people _______.
A. take the function of bonuses for granted
B. see that bonus offering is done everywhere
C. think financial encouragement is disgusting
D. are shocked by the practice of rewarding for failures
2. According to Malcolm Higgs, designs that _________ are the good ones.
A. drive people to finish short-term tasks
B. help to attract and keep good employees
C. link financial rewards with the quality of the outcomes
D. connect individual interests with long-term business goals
3. If a person plays safe to get a bonus, he is probably being ________.
A. more enthusiastic B. more risk-taking
C. less daring D. less responsible
4. Which of the following do you think the author would most probably agree with?
A. Companies should make their bonus projects simple.
B. The benefit of bonus helps to get the best out of people.
C. The biggest problem with bonus is it creates cheating.
D. Bonus offering can stop people doing things for pure joy.
5. Which do you think is the best title of the passage?
A. What Is Bonus? B. Does Bonus Work?
C. Why Bonus Offered? D. How Bonus Works?
【答案与解析】依据表现发奖金己为世人接受，似乎无可厚非。作者却反弹琵琶，条分缕析，阐述了奖金的弊端。
1.A推理判断题。第二段的前半部分提到几乎没有人质疑过根据表现发奖金是否真的可以提升表现，答案看起来如此明显以至于询问这样问题似乎很荒谬，由此可推断人们想当然地肯定了奖金的功能。
2.D细节理解题。，根据第六段后半部分的内容可知这位教授认为良好的奖金设汁是把员工的个人兴趣和公司的长期目标结合在一起。
3．D细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句话可知，奖金会使人们不愿承担责任，故选D项。
4．D作者态度题。作者在第二段中提出了自己的观点，指出了奖金的弊端，下文则进行详细的剖析。根据倒数第三段第一句中的内容可知作者认为发奖金会阻止人们在做事过程中享受纯粹的快乐。
5 B主旨人意题。前两段是引题，概述的是人们对奖金的世俗看法，第二段则提出了相反的观点，下文则进行了深入的阐述，所以B项最能概括文章大意。
“Children should not be left unsupervised(无人监督的) to play with a dog.”say experts in this week's British Medical Journal. Their advice is part of a review aimed at doctors who deal with dog bites.
“Dog bites and maulings are a worldwide problem, particularly in children.” write Marina Morgan and John Palmer. Every year 250,000 people who have been bitten by dogs attend minor injuries and emergency units in the United Kingdom, and half of all children are reportedly bitten by dogs at some time, boys more than girls.
Accurate death figures are difficult to obtain, but in the past five years, two to three cases a year have made news headlines.
Based on the latest medical evidence, they advise doctors how to examine and treat a patient presenting with a dog bite. They discuss the risk of infection and when to refer to specialist care. For travelers bitten abroad, they suggest assessing the risk of rabies(狂犬病).
In terms of prevention, they suggest that children should be taught to treat dogs with respect, avoid direct eye contact, and not tease them. They should be taught not to approach an unfamiliar dog; play with any dog unless under close supervision; run or scream in the presence of a dog; pet a dog without first letting it sniff you; or disturb a dog that is eating, sleeping, or caring for puppies.
“Dog owners also need to change their behavior”, says Rachel Besser, a children's doctor and lifetime dog owner, in an article.
“It is clear that not all dog owners appreciate that children should not be left unsupervised with a dog”, she says. Just as some parents are obliged to take parenting classes, she would like to see compulsive classes for expectant dog owners to teach them about the responsibilities of dog ownership. Educational programs are also needed to teach children about some precautionary behaviors around dogs.
Finally, she would like to see vets advising dog owners about bite prevention, and doctors promoting bite prevention when treating patients who have been bitten by dogs.
66. Dog biting studied by the experts is a problem ____________.
A. doctors dealing with dog bites should pay attention to
B. happening only to a few children of the world
C. only boys may meet with
D. about which experts get accurate statistics from the news headlines
67. The underlined word “they” in paragraph 4 refers to “____________ ”.
A. doctors B. parents C. experts D dog owners
68. To avoid dog bites, a child should ____________.
A. treat dogs with respect and direct eye contact B. approach an unfamiliar dog
C. run or scream in the presence of a dog D. leave a dog feeding itself
69. What are Rachel Besser’s words mainly about ?
A. All the dog owners would like children not to be left unsupervised with a dog.
B. All the dog owners have a correct behavior toward dogs.
C. Not all dog owners appreciate that children should be left with dogs under supervision.
D. Not all dog owners should attend classes about the responsibilities of dog ownership.
70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. Dogs, Dangerous To Children
B. Children Should Know Behaviors Around Dogs.
C. Doctors, Treat Dog Bites Correctly.
D. Never Leave Children Unsupervised With Dogs
语篇解读：狗咬人，尤其是狗咬小孩的现象尤其需要引起关注，为此，需要采取一定的措施。
66. A. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Their advice is part of a review aimed at doctors who deal with dog bites.”可知，专家所研究的狗咬人的问题也应该是相关医生应给予重视的问题，故答案选A项。
67. C. 词义猜测题。第四段共有三句，其主语均为“they”，应指同样的人，根据“Based on the latest medical evidence”再结合第一段专家的讲话可推断，他们就指研究狗咬人这一问题的专家们，故选C项。
68. D. 细节理解题。根据第五段“They should be taught not to approach an unfamiliar dog; play with any dog unless under close supervision; run or scream in the presence of a dog; pet a dog without first letting it sniff you; or disturb a dog that is eating, sleeping, or caring for puppies.”可知，为了避免狗咬，小孩应该让狗自己吃，而不要云打扰它，故选D项。
69. C. 细节理解题。根据第七段“It is clear that not all dog owners appreciate that children should not be left unsupervised with a dog”可知，雷切尔医生认为，并非所有的狗的主人都认为孩子们和狗在一起的时候要有大人的照看。由此判断选C项。
70. D. 主旨大意题。狗咬人，尤其是狗咬小孩的现象比较严重，那么如何避免狗咬小孩呢？这才是本文的写作重点，而只有D项更能说明此问题，故正确答案选D项。
课后作业
Test 04
Direction: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A
A.additional
B.excluded
C.producing
D.regular
E.predicted
F.identified
G.atmosphere
H.matched
I.reducing
J.carried
K.increase
Forests in the northern half of the globe could be growing faster now than they were 200 years ago as a result of climate change, according to a study of trees in eastern America.
The trees appear to have faster growth rates due to longer growing seasons and higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the ___1___.
Geoffrey Parker, a scientist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Centre in Edgewater. Maryland, said that the increase in the rate of growth was unexpected and might be ___2___ to the higher temperatures and longer growing seasons documented in the region. The growth may also be influenced by the significant ___3___ in atmospheric CO2, he said.
"We made a list of reasons these forests could be growing faster and then ____4____ half of them, " Dr. Parker said. Their study suggests that northern forests may become increasingly important in ___5___ the influence of man-made CO2 on the climate.
Dr. Parker and his colleagues have ___6___ out a detailed record of the trees on a(n) ___7___ basis since 1987. They calculated that due to the global warming the forest is producing ___8___ tons of wood each year.
The scientists ___9___ the land with trees at different stages of growth and found that both young and old trees were showing increased growth rate. More than 90 per cent of the tree groups had grown by between two and four times faster than the scientists had ___10___ from estimates of the long-term rates of growth.
GHKBI JDAFE
B
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller__1__, faces practically every company trying to __2__ new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know. While banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally __3__ to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in __4__ for a share in future profits. This they do by __5__ stocks and shares in the business through the Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of __6__ and organizations, both at home and overseas.
When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. __7__, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to __8__ his money.
Many of the __9__ needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not __10__. All these require __11__ spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries __12__ frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to the Stock Exchange.
There is __13__ a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not __14__ the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange __15__ to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.
1.
A. level
B. extent
C. scale
D. basis
2.
A. programme
B. provide
C. develop
D. prepare
3.
A. unexpected
B. unwilling
C. unbelievable
D. uncertain
4.
A. search
B. exchange
C. value
D. comfort
5.
A. issuing
B. allowing
C. producing
D. acquiring
6.
A. immigrants
B. investigators
C. inheritors
D. individuals
7.
A. Indeed
B. In fact
C. In addition
D. Instead
8.
A. eliminate
B. reflect
C. invest
D. profit
9.
A. properties
B. appliances
C. foundations
D. services
10.
A. function
B. experience
C. share
D. launch
11.
A. invisible
B. continuous
C. limited
D. economical
12.
A. therefore
B. however
C. nevertheless
D. otherwise
13.
A. definitely
B. almost
C. hardly
D. probably
14.
A. turn down
B. depend on
C. take over
D. put off
15.
A. releases
B. forces
C. leaves
D. exists
CCBBA DDCDA BACBD
Direction：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
C
Stonehenge may have been a prehistoric health center rather than a site for observing stars or a temple in honor of the dead, scientists said yesterday. New evidence unearthed at the World Heritage Site in more than 40 years suggests that the monument was a place where the diseased and injured went in groups, seeking cures.
After a two-week dig, scientists have concluded that Stonehenge was "the ancient healthcare centre of southern England" because of the existence of "bluestones"-the smaller columns of dolerite (辉绿岩) that formed an earlier stone structure.
By dating pieces of remains to around 7330BC, Tim Darvill, of Bournemouth University, and Goff Wainwright, of the Society of Amtiquaries have found that hunter-gatherers were at the site on Salisbury Plain 4,000 years earlier than thought. The first stage of Stonehenge, a round earthwork structure, was built around 3000BC. Professor Wainwright added: "I did not expect the degree of complexity we discovered. We're able to say so much more about when Stonehenge was built and why-all of which changes our previous understanding of the monument."
The research reveals the importance of the henge's famous bluestones. Hundreds of bluestone chips gathered at the site have led the team to conclude that the bluestones were valued for their curing effects-the key reason that about 80 of them, each weighing up to 4 tons and a half, were dragged more than 150 miles from the Preseli Hills to Wiltshire. After years of research, Professors Darvill and Wainwright have concluded that, for thousands of years, the Preseli mountain range was home to magical health centers and holy wells.
Even today there are those who believe in the curing powers of the springs for coughs and heart disease, and people who use crystals and bluestones for self-curing. Radiocarbon tests have also revealed that the construction of the original bluestone circle took place around 2300BC, three centuries later than originally thought. Interestingly, on the same day died the "Amesbury Archer"-a sick traveler from the Swiss or German Alps who had an infected knee-whose remains were discovered about five miles from Stonehenge. The professors believe that he was a devoted religious person who was hoping to benefit from the curing powers of the monument.
1. Stonehenge is recently believed to be a place for people _____.
A. to recover from poor health
B. to observe star movements
C. to hold religious ceremonies
D. to gather huge bluestones
2. What can be inferred about Stonehenge from the passage?
A. The springs could cure coughs and heart disease best.
B. The new discovery was the same as what had been expected.
C. Some huge bluestones were not produced at Stonehenge.
D. The original bluestone circle was thought to be constructed around 2000BC.
3. The sick traveler in the passage is supposed to be ______.
A. a devoted religious person from Stonehenge
B. one of the earliest discoverers of Stonehenge
C. the first explorer to test the magical power of bluestones
D. a patient trying to cure his infection at Stonehenge
4. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?
A. Stonehenge: A New Place of Interest
B. Stonehenge: Still Making News
C. Stonehenge: Heaven for Adventurers
D. Stonehenge: Still Curing Patients
D
Columbus College,241 Queen Elizabeth Drive, Kowloon City
Memo
To: All Staff
From: Jakie Mok, Secretary; Sports Development Committee
Date: May 20,
A week ago, "Sports for Life " programme was sent to the parents, requiring them to select a sport they wanted their child to play. Since then, our staff have received lots of calls from parents asking for more information about it. Here is a memo (备忘录) for your reference when you answer the phones.
Sports 1: Basketball
We expect that this will be the most popular of the four sports. Therefore, students should be advised to sign up as soon as possible. Students will take a private bus to and from Kwun Tong Sports Park. To cover the cost of hiring a bus, each student will have to pay $10 each time. There will be four basketball courts available for our use with one teacher watching over each game.
Sports 2: Gym
We will be using St. Peter's Memorial Park. There are two reasons for choosing this park. First, it is not very busy and crowded before 6:00 pm. Second, it has lots of trees with plenty of shade. Students must bring along two bottles of water to prevent thirst. Three activities, skipping, jogging, outdoor aerobics (有氧运动),all of which are free of charge, will be arranged. And there will be a teacher on duty for each of the activities.
Sports 3: Hiking
Hiking (远足) will take place at Kowloon Peak. The activity will start at 2:30 pm and finish 90 minutes later. Three teachers will accompany the students, and a hiking instructor will accompany each group of 15 hikers. Each instructor will cost $75/hr. Students are advised to bring plenty of water and sunscreen.
Sports 4: Swimming
The Kowloon City Aquatic Centre is a 10minute walk from our school. Four teachers will go to the pool and conduct the goings-on from the poolside. We will only be able to reserve the pool for one hour (i.e.2:45 pm to 3:45 pm).Only students skilful at swimming can take up this activity. The pool will have two lifeguards present. Girls must wear a swimming suit. The cost is $10 per visit.
1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Students selecting basketball had better register early.
B. Students participating in gym should arrive at 6:00 pm.
C. Hiking usually begins at 2:30 pm and lasts 2 hours.
D. Students having swimming suits can take up swimming.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. students taking part in basketball will walk to the courts
B. every student can gain admission to one of the four sports
C. hiking students can have a regular rest in the shade of trees
D. students taking up the four sports should bring bottles of water
3. It can be concluded that ________.
A. each sport will take only one hour
B. students will be charged for the four sports
C. all the sports will take place at Kowloon Peak
D. teachers will accompany students on each sport
4. The purpose of the memo is to ________.
A. attract students' interest in the programme
B. require the parents to select a sport for their child
C. help the staff explain the programme to the parents
D. remind teachers and lifeguards to be present on time
E
The Matterhorn of Switzerland had been climbed hundreds of times since it was first conquered by Edward Whymper in 1865. He, and the many that followed him over the years, had scaled the mountain by the relatively easy southern approach. The vertical (垂直的) northern face presented a much more frightening challenge. Although some climbers had scaled the north wall, their attempts were made in summer. Experts had predicted that it was unimaginable to make the climb in the winter.
Water Bonatti announced that he was going to attempt a winter climb of the near-vertical ice-covered northern face in the February. What was shocking was that he intended to use the more direct route from base to peak without any of the passes made by his pioneers. It seemed a suicidal bid.
Covered in a yellow wind-breaker, Bonatti gathered his skills, nerves, strength and vigor against the north face. Slowly and carefully, his strong but cold-stoned fingers searched for hand-holds. One false move and he would plunge straight down thousands of feet to his death. The higher he went, the more the wind increased its force, striking him with icy power, threatening to dash him onto the rocks below. After two tough days, he reached 12,800 feet. At night, he napped in a hammock (吊床) between two steel sticks hammered in the rock face.
At first light, he continued ever upward, without a thought of turning back. The cruel, sub-zero temperature cracked his goggles (护目镜) and he struggled half-blinded. Often his hands which were bleeding, failed to settle on an opening and he had to make attempts with his instinct. His tiring body was in pain but still climbed up towards the peak.
At dawn on the fourth day, he was on the edge of complete exhaustion, but with victory in sight, he prepared himself for the critical
trek. Just after three in the afternoon, excited spectators in the helicopters saw Bonatti suddenly appear crawling over the shining tip of the mountain. He had achieved the impossible and won the world acclaim.
1. Why was Bonatti’s attempt regarded as an impossible task?
A. Because no one had climbed the mountain since the last conquest by Whymper.
B. Because the mountain presents the biggest challenge in the world.
C. Because no one had reached the peak from the north in cold weather.
D. Because the Swiss government forbade people to climb the mountain in severe weather.
2. How did he manage to climb up?
A. He used the wind-breaker to locate holes on the north face and climbed up.
B. He made his hands fish for openings and relied on them to climb.
C. He took advantage of steel hammer to climb up the mountain.
D. He borrowed the force from the ice to help him rise.
3. The underlined word trek in the last paragraph is closest in the meaning to _____.
A. adequate rest
B. timely communication
C. difficult journey
D. bad weather condition
4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Bonatti used to scale the mountain by the south approach.
B. The negative influence from the wind decreased as he climbed up.
C. Bonatti’s success was witnessed by people in the air.
D. Bonatti managed to climb the mountain in two days.
ACDB ABDC CBCC
2021-2022学年高一升高二英语暑期讲义（上海通用版） 第8讲 考纲词汇翻译&新题型与阅读 教师版
教学内容
社会生活类阅读理解分类词汇
Ø 购物消费
Ø Shopping center 购物中心区 Supermarket 超市
Ø Mall 购物中心 Grocery 杂货店
Ø Chain store 连锁店 Convenience store 便利店
Ø Department store 百货大楼 Salesman 售货员
Ø Customer 顾客 Complaint 投诉
Ø Display 展示 Counter 柜台
Ø Trolley 小推车 Catalog 商品目录
Ø Famous brands 名牌 Luxurious items 奢侈品
Ø Hit 畅销品 Electronic products 电子类产品
Ø Laptop computer 笔记本电脑 Women’s wear 女士服装
Ø Men’s wear 男士服装 stationery 文具 cosmetics 化妆品
Ø Sports goods 体育用品 tinned/canned food 灌装食品
Ø Shopping list 购物单 price tag 价格标签
Ø pay by installment 分期付款 deposit 押金
Ø Discount 折扣 bargain 便宜货 n; 讨价还价 v
Ø Cash/crasher's desk 收银处 cut prices 砍价，削价销售
Ø Sell out 售完 be out of stock 没货，脱销
Ø Be in stork 有现货，有库存 deliver 送货
Ø Closing time 停止营业时间，打烊时间
Ø be in season 正和时令，当季
Ø Be out of season 过季
Ø Past the prime （水果等）过了最好的时候
Ø 居家琐事
Ø Housework 家务事 housekeeper 管家 housemaid 女仆，女佣
Ø Housewife 家庭主妇 laundry 洗衣店，要洗的衣服
Ø Iron 熨斗 fix the dinner 摆下饭桌 clean up 清理
Ø Mop 拖地 at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟的
Ø A real dump 脏乱的地方 messy 凌乱的，杂乱的
Ø Be in chaos 乱的 neat 整洁的 In a mess 乱的
Ø Hoover 吸尘器 vacuum cleaner 真空吸尘器
Ø Cleaning and washing 洗洗刷刷
Ø Keep an eye on sb./sth 照料某人/某物
Ø Trivial affairs 日常琐事 household expense 家庭开支
Ø Keep down the cost 降低开支 budget 预算
Ø Balance 余额，结余 economical 经济的，节俭的
Ø Open an account 开账户 deposit 存款 withdraw （取钱）
Ø Interest rate 利率 exchange rate 汇率 debt 债务
Ø Pay off 还清 addresser 寄信人 addressee 收信人
Ø Parcel 包裹 postage 邮费 registered letter 挂号信
Ø Zip /postal code 邮政编码
Ø 日常交往
Ø Leisure time 闲暇时间 date 约会 chat 聊天
Ø Next-door neighbour 隔壁邻居 call on sb. 拜访某人
Ø Drop by/round 突然造访
Ø Drop into someplace/in on sb 拜访某地或某人（常指突然来访）
Ø Run into sb 偶然遇见某人 take a message 捎口信
Ø Keep contact 保持联系 hospital 好客的 invitation 邀请
Ø Make yourself at home不要客气 telephone booth公用电话亭
Ø Pay phone 投币式公用电话 long-distance call 长途电话
Ø Hang up 挂断电话 operator 接线员
Ø 休闲娱乐
Ø Recreational activities 娱乐活动 entertainment industry 娱乐行业
Ø Have a picnic 野餐 barbecue 烧烤 hobby 爱好 keep pets 养宠物
Ø Tame dogs 养宠狗 gardening 园艺 play chess下象棋
Ø play cards打牌 computer games 电脑游戏 camera 照相机
Ø DV (digital video) 数码摄像机 focus 焦距 lens 镜头
Ø Flashlight 闪光灯 press the shutter 按快门
Ø take a picture 拍照片 a roll of film 一卷胶卷
Ø Develop the film 冲胶卷，洗胶卷 photo studio 照相馆
Ø Gossip 闲话，爱说长道短的人 TV channels 电视频道
Ø Broadcast 广播，播放 live broadcast 现场直播
Ø Programme 电视节目 documentary 纪录片
Ø Commercial advertisement 商业广告
Ø TV theatre 电视剧场 tennis court 网球场
Ø Football match 足球比赛 the World Cup 世界杯
Ø Rock climbing 攀岩 performance 表演 violence movie 暴力片
Ø Comedy 喜剧 tragedy 悲剧 horror movie 恐怖片
Ø Plot 情节 entertaining 有趣的，愉快的
Ø Enthusiastic 热情的 clap/applaud 拍掌，鼓掌
Ø 外出就餐
Ø Join in sb for dinner 与.....共进晚餐
Ø Reservation 预定 treat 款待，宴请
Ø go dutch 各付各的，AA制
Ø Waiter/waitress 服务员 napkin 餐巾 tip 小费
Ø order 点菜 menu 菜单 snack 快餐
Ø Specialty/special dishes 特色菜
Ø Main dish 主菜 French cuisine 法国菜 buffet 自助餐
Ø Course 一道菜 main course 主菜 desert 甜点
Ø appetizer 开胃菜 red wine 红酒 yogurt 酸奶
Ø Soft drink 软饮料 green salad 蔬菜沙拉
Ø toast 考面包，吐司 roast 烤肉 mutton 羊肉 pork 猪肉
Ø Beef steak 牛排 rare 半熟的 medium 中等熟的
Ø Done 老的，煮熟了的 sour/sweet/bitter/hot 酸/甜/苦/辣
Ø Seasoning/flavoring/dressing 调料 bland 味道淡的
Ø Tangy 味道浓烈的 sauce 调味汁，酱 vinegar 醋
Ø Soy sauce 酱油 sugar 糖 pepper powder 胡椒粉
Ø Junk food 垃圾食品 fatty food 油腻食品
Ø Fattening food 令人发胖的食品 healthy food 健康食品
Ø Organic food 有机食品 a light meal 一顿清淡的饭菜
Ø a square meal 一顿丰盛的饭菜 delicious 美味的
Ø Disgusting 令人作呕的
课堂练习1：
Diana Jacobs thought her family had a workable plan to pay for college for her 21-year-old twin sons: a combination of savings, income, scholarships, and a modest amount of borrowing. Then her husband lost his job, and the plan fell apart.
“I have two kids in college, and I want to say ‘come home,’ but at the same time I want to provide them with a good education,” says Jacobs.
The Jacobs family did work out a solution: They asked and received more aid form the schools, and each son increased his borrowing to the maximum amount through the federal loan (贷款) program. They will each graduate with $20,000 of debt, but at least they will be able to finish school.
With unemployment rising, financial aid administrators expect to hear more families like the Jacobs. More students are applying for aid, and more families expect to need student loans. College administrators are concerned that they will not have enough aid money to go around.
At the same time, tuition（学费）continues to rise. A report from the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education found that college tuition and fees increased 439% from 1982 to 2007, while average family income rose just 147%. Student borrowing has more than doubled in the last decade,
“If we go on this way for another 25years, we won’t have an affordable system of higher education,” says Patrick M. Callan, president of the center. “The middle class families have been financing it through debt. They will send kids to college whatever it takes, even if that means a huge amount of debt.”
Financial aid administrators have been having a hard time as many companies decide that student loans are not profitable enough and have stopped making them. The good news, however, is that federal loans account for about three quarters of student borrowing, and the government says that money will flow uninterrupted.
66. According to Paragraph 1, why did the plan of Jacobs family fail?
A. The twins wasted too much money.
B. The father was out of work.
C. Their saving ran out.
D. The family fell apart.
67. How did the Jacobs manage to solve their problem?
A. They asked their kids to come home.
B. They borrowed $20,000 from the school.
C. They encouraged their twin sons to do part-time jobs.
D. They got help from the school and the federal government.
68. Financial aid administrators believe that _______.
A. more families will face the same problem as the Jacobuses
B. the government will receive more letters of complaint
C. college tuition fees will double soon
D. America’s unemployment will fall
69.What can we learn about the middle class families from the text?
A. They blamed the government for the tuition increase.
B. Their income remained steady in the last decade.
C. They will try their best to send kids to college.
D. Their debts will be paid off within 25 years.
70.According to the last paragraph, the government will .
A. provide most students will scholarships
B. dismiss some financial aid administrators
C. stop the companies from making student loans
D. go on providing financial support for college students
【文章大意】随着失业的增加，很多家庭已经无力供孩子上大学，由于无利可图，很多商业银行也终止了相关的贷款。不过政府的资金资助项目仍在进行，这无疑对那些资金紧张而又想让孩子上大学的中产阶级家庭提供了有力的支持。
66.B
【解析】考查细节理解。该段的最后一句话告诉我们他们计划失败的原因：Then her husband lost his job，也就是B项所说的：The father was out of work。
67.D
【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The Jacobs family did work out a solution: They asked and received more aid from the schools, and each son increased his borrowing to the maximum amount through the federal loan (贷款) program.”，可知选D项。
68.A
【解析】考查细节理解。由第四段的第一句话可知，随着失业的增加，资金援助管理人员认为：很多家庭都有Jacobs家那样的情况。由此可知答案为A项。
69. C
【解析】考查细节理解。由倒数第二段中的最后两句“They will send kids to college whatever it takes, even if that means a huge amount of debt.”无论需要什么他们都会送孩子去上大学，即使那意味着大笔的债务。可知，中产阶级不惜任何代价送他们的孩子上大学。由此可知C项正确。
70.D
【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段的最后一句话可知，政府将继续向大学生提供资金援助（go on providing financial support for college students）。
题精讲
社会生活类阅读理解特点：
社会生活类阅读文章在高考中出现的频率较高。它涉及人们衣、食、住、行等方面的社会万象，生活经历、饮食与健康、休闲与娱乐、生态旅游等内容。这类文章读起来感觉轻松，试题做起来也比较得心应手。
在高考阅读理解题中，这类文章属搭配类材料，所以，它的命题多数属于中低等难度的送分题，如事实细节题、计算题、识图题等。此类文章的命题多以事实细节题为主。
I hated dinner parties.But I decided to give them another shot because I’m in London.And my friend Gallery invited me.And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York.There，“I’m having a dinner party” means “I’m booking a table for 12 at a restaurant you can’t afford and we’ll be sharing the check evenly，no matter what you eat.”
Worse，in Manhattan there is always someone who leaves before the bill arrives.They’ll throw down cash，half of what they owe，and then people like me，who don’t drink，end up paying even more.But if I try to use the same trick，the hostess will shout“Where are you going？”And it’s not like I can say I have somewhere to go：everyone knows I have nowhere to go.
But in London，dinner parties are in people’s homes.Not only that，the guests are an interesting mix.The last time I went to one，the guests were from France，India，Denmark and Nigeria；it was like a gathering at the United Nations.In New York，the mix is less striking.It’s like a gathering at Bloomingdale’s，a wellknown department store.
For New Yorkers，talking about other parts of the world means Brooklyn and Queens in New York.But at Callery’s，when I said that I had been to Myanmar recently，people knew where it was.In New York people would think it was a usual new club.
( )1. What does the word “shot” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. Choice. B. Try. C. Style. D. Goal.
( )2. What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York?
A. There is a strange mix of people. B. The restaurants are expensive.
C. The bill is not fairly shared. D. People have to pay cash.
( )3. What does the author think of the parties in London?
A. A bit unusual. B. Full of tricks.
C. Less costly. D. More interesting.
( )4.What is the author’s opinion of some New Yorkers from her experience?
A. Easygoing. B. Selfcentered.
C. Generous. D. Conservative.
( )5.What is the main idea of this article?
A．I hated dinner parties.
B．I prefer dinner parties in London to those in New York.
C．The difference between London and New York.
D．Mallory invited me to a party.
【文章大意】 文章主要通过作者的经历来介绍伦敦和纽约的不同的社会生活方式。
1. B 词义猜测题。从第一句的hated，到But意义上的转折，说明尽管不喜欢，还是要“尝试一下”，所以try的意思更接近shot。
2. C 细节理解题。根据第一段中“They'll throw down cash, half of what they owe, and then people like me, who don't drink, end up paying even more.”可知类似作者这样的人在纽约吃饭吃亏，因为付钱多。故C项意思正确。
3. D 推理判断题。根据第二段和其中的句子Not only that, the guests are an interesting mix.可以推断伦敦的party要比纽约有趣。
4. B 推理判断题。从最后一段的talking about other parts of the world means Brooklyn and Queens in New York.和In New York people would think it was a usual new club 可以推断，作者对一些纽约人的看法是“以自我为中心的”。
5．B 主旨大意题。A、D都不全面，C 范围扩大。由伦敦和纽约的dinner parties间的不同扩大到两座城市所有的不同。整篇文章都是在比较两个城市间的“dinner parties”的不同之处，同时也表达了作者对纽约聚会的诸多不满，和对伦敦parties的喜欢。
1、专题特点：
这部分阅读涉及到广泛的话题，日常生活中对于衣食住行等话题多加关注，有利于增加这部分阅读理解题的了解；此外，做好这类题要对细节题做题技巧有较好的掌握；同时也要加强练习和总结经验。
2、 解题方法：
做题时，要先从题干中找到关键性词语，然后快速在文章中寻找相关细节，细心比较所给选项与文中细节的区别，在准确理解了细节的前提下，最终确定最佳答案。
3、注意事项：
由于这类阅读理解主要考细节题，所以在做题时需要切题找答案，不可断章取义及单纯地根据自己的主观观点进行做题。
技巧提炼
只要灵活处理好以下几个方面的关系，这个问题便可迎刃而解：
1．正确处理好“快”与“准”的关系
2．正确处理好复杂句式、生词和选择答案的关系
3．正确处理好所需信息与剩余信息的关系
Speaking and writing
Guided Writing （25分）
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
请结合下图谈谈你对雾霾问题(haze)的看法，你的文章必须包括：
1、简要描述图片；
2、你对雾霾问题的看法和建议。
关于 雾霾 的英语作文（篇1）
Recently,haze weather has become a daily one right here in large part of China.People are forced to wear the mask to avoid breathing poisonous air.So it is necessary to find out the reason why leads to that and work out the resolution.If we trace the cause for haze weather ,the main points are as follows ,first,china 's air quality standards are rather lax and evaluation factors are limited,so you will see that current air appraisal system has defects.Second,some people just go for economic interests instead of turning out products according to relevant law and regulations.They tend to use obsolete equipment in which they are high likely to emit a great deal of wasted air.
Third,across our society ,relevant protection awareness has not built up so that people havent formed a habit of using green product and saving energy as much as possible.Just for the sake of convience to go out,people rely more and more on travelling and working by car while car is the main cause for the haze weather
To settle this problem,a series of meaures should be taken as follows.First ,we should strengthen air monitor to lower the levels of small particulate pollutants.Second,we should enact more strict laws and regulations and keep perfecting our current law on environmental protection to regulate people 's daily action and the industrial production and punish those factories that ignore the protection and keep emitting dangerous material that cause haze.
Third,we should develop green and energy-saving energy to lower the emission of haze and improve air quality.As far as i am concerned ,if we work together to be able to do such measures ,our environment will getting better and better and haze weather will vanish completely.
关于 雾霾 的英语作文（篇2）
Dear Bill,
I’m glad to receive your letter,thank you for your caring for the weather and my health.Now I’d like to tell you something about the smog.
Since the winter last year,the smog has occurred a lot of times.it has done great harm to our daily life.many traffic accidents happened just because of the heavy smog weather,more and more people have to go to see the doctor because the serious disease caused by the smog,quite a lot of flights have to be put off,a great number of people have to stay at home for fear of the poisonous air caused by the smog.
People have realized the great harm caused by the smog and the importance of protecting the environment.people all over the country are taking measures to reduce the smog weather.the government suggests people go to work or school with the public traffic, such as the bus and the underground.Also we should plant more trees.
According to me, I will go to school by bike or on foot, and I won’t throw the waste anywhere.in addition, I will tell the people I meet to protect the environment as possible as they can.would you like to tell me some good ideas?i’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
Bonus(奖金) culture has become the subject of many studies nowadays. Many people have been angered by the way some bankers and high officials seem to have been rewarded for failure. Others find the idea of offering many-million-dollar bonuses morally disgusting.
But few have asked whether performance-related bonuses really do improve performance. The answer seems so obvious that even to ask the question can appear ridiculous. Indeed, in spite of all the complaints about them, financial encouragements continue to be introduced in more and more areas, from healthcare and public services to teaching and universities.
So it may come as a shock to many to learn that paying for results can actually make people perform badly in many circumstances, and that the more you pay, the worse they perform.
No one is arguing that bonuses can help companies and institutions attract and keep the best staff. Nor does anyone argue against the idea that you can encourage people to do specific tasks by linking payments to those tasks. Rather, the point is about how to get the best out of people. Do employees really perform better if you promise to pay them more for getting results?
There are some obvious reasons why such payments can fail. It has been argued, for instance, that cash bonuses contributed to the financial crash, because traders had little enthusiasm to make sure that their companies enjoyed long-term survival.
Most bonus projects are poorly designed, says Professor Malcolm Diggs. He thinks the reason is that organization try to keep bonus arrangements simple. Nevertheless, he thinks bonus projects can work as long as they link the interests of individual employees with the long-term goals of a business.
Bonuses can also encourage cheating. “Once you start making people’s rewards dependent on outcomes rather than behaviors, the evidence is people will do whatever they can to get those outcomes,” says Professor Edward Dec i. “In many cases the high officials simply lied and cheated to make the stock (股票) price go up so they got huge bonuses.”
But the work of Deci and others suggests the problem with bonuses runs far deeper than poor design or cheating. In 1971, he asked students to solve puzzles, with some receiving cash prizes for doing well and others getting nothing. Deci found those offered cash were less likely to keep working on puzzles after they had done enough to get paid.
These studies suggest that offering rewards can stop people doing things for the pure joy of it. This was the basis for a series of books by Kohn in which he argues that rewarding children, students and workers with grades, scholarships and other “bribes” (贿赂) leads to low-quality work in the long run.
Those who believe in the power of bonuses fail to distinguish between inner drive and outside pressure — wanting to do something because you like it for itself in contrast to doing something because you want the reward, Kohn says. “It’s not just that these two are different, it’s often that the more you reward people for doing something, the more their inner drive tends to decline.”
A “do this and get that” approach might improve performance in the short term, but over longer periods it will always fail, Kohn says. People who receive bonus will naturally play safe, become less creative, cooperate less and feel less valued, he adds. What’s more, the studies also suggest that offering rewards can also stop people taking responsibility.
1. The effect of performance-related bonuses has not been well studied because people _______.
A. take the function of bonuses for granted
B. see that bonus offering is done everywhere
C. think financial encouragement is disgusting
D. are shocked by the practice of rewarding for failures
2. According to Malcolm Higgs, designs that _________ are the good ones.
A. drive people to finish short-term tasks
B. help to attract and keep good employees
C. link financial rewards with the quality of the outcomes
D. connect individual interests with long-term business goals
3. If a person plays safe to get a bonus, he is probably being ________.
A. more enthusiastic B. more risk-taking
C. less daring D. less responsible
4. Which of the following do you think the author would most probably agree with?
A. Companies should make their bonus projects simple.
B. The benefit of bonus helps to get the best out of people.
C. The biggest problem with bonus is it creates cheating.
D. Bonus offering can stop people doing things for pure joy.
5. Which do you think is the best title of the passage?
A. What Is Bonus? B. Does Bonus Work?
C. Why Bonus Offered? D. How Bonus Works?
【答案与解析】依据表现发奖金己为世人接受，似乎无可厚非。作者却反弹琵琶，条分缕析，阐述了奖金的弊端。
1.A推理判断题。第二段的前半部分提到几乎没有人质疑过根据表现发奖金是否真的可以提升表现，答案看起来如此明显以至于询问这样问题似乎很荒谬，由此可推断人们想当然地肯定了奖金的功能。
2.D细节理解题。，根据第六段后半部分的内容可知这位教授认为良好的奖金设汁是把员工的个人兴趣和公司的长期目标结合在一起。
3．D细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句话可知，奖金会使人们不愿承担责任，故选D项。
4．D作者态度题。作者在第二段中提出了自己的观点，指出了奖金的弊端，下文则进行详细的剖析。根据倒数第三段第一句中的内容可知作者认为发奖金会阻止人们在做事过程中享受纯粹的快乐。
5 B主旨人意题。前两段是引题，概述的是人们对奖金的世俗看法，第二段则提出了相反的观点，下文则进行了深入的阐述，所以B项最能概括文章大意。
“Children should not be left unsupervised(无人监督的) to play with a dog.”say experts in this week's British Medical Journal. Their advice is part of a review aimed at doctors who deal with dog bites.
“Dog bites and maulings are a worldwide problem, particularly in children.” write Marina Morgan and John Palmer. Every year 250,000 people who have been bitten by dogs attend minor injuries and emergency units in the United Kingdom, and half of all children are reportedly bitten by dogs at some time, boys more than girls.
Accurate death figures are difficult to obtain, but in the past five years, two to three cases a year have made news headlines.
Based on the latest medical evidence, they advise doctors how to examine and treat a patient presenting with a dog bite. They discuss the risk of infection and when to refer to specialist care. For travelers bitten abroad, they suggest assessing the risk of rabies(狂犬病).
In terms of prevention, they suggest that children should be taught to treat dogs with respect, avoid direct eye contact, and not tease them. They should be taught not to approach an unfamiliar dog; play with any dog unless under close supervision; run or scream in the presence of a dog; pet a dog without first letting it sniff you; or disturb a dog that is eating, sleeping, or caring for puppies.
“Dog owners also need to change their behavior”, says Rachel Besser, a children's doctor and lifetime dog owner, in an article.
“It is clear that not all dog owners appreciate that children should not be left unsupervised with a dog”, she says. Just as some parents are obliged to take parenting classes, she would like to see compulsive classes for expectant dog owners to teach them about the responsibilities of dog ownership. Educational programs are also needed to teach children about some precautionary behaviors around dogs.
Finally, she would like to see vets advising dog owners about bite prevention, and doctors promoting bite prevention when treating patients who have been bitten by dogs.
66. Dog biting studied by the experts is a problem ____________.
A. doctors dealing with dog bites should pay attention to
B. happening only to a few children of the world
C. only boys may meet with
D. about which experts get accurate statistics from the news headlines
67. The underlined word “they” in paragraph 4 refers to “____________ ”.
A. doctors B. parents C. experts D dog owners
68. To avoid dog bites, a child should ____________.
A. treat dogs with respect and direct eye contact B. approach an unfamiliar dog
C. run or scream in the presence of a dog D. leave a dog feeding itself
69. What are Rachel Besser’s words mainly about ?
A. All the dog owners would like children not to be left unsupervised with a dog.
B. All the dog owners have a correct behavior toward dogs.
C. Not all dog owners appreciate that children should be left with dogs under supervision.
D. Not all dog owners should attend classes about the responsibilities of dog ownership.
70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. Dogs, Dangerous To Children
B. Children Should Know Behaviors Around Dogs.
C. Doctors, Treat Dog Bites Correctly.
D. Never Leave Children Unsupervised With Dogs
语篇解读：狗咬人，尤其是狗咬小孩的现象尤其需要引起关注，为此，需要采取一定的措施。
66. A. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Their advice is part of a review aimed at doctors who deal with dog bites.”可知，专家所研究的狗咬人的问题也应该是相关医生应给予重视的问题，故答案选A项。
67. C. 词义猜测题。第四段共有三句，其主语均为“they”，应指同样的人，根据“Based on the latest medical evidence”再结合第一段专家的讲话可推断，他们就指研究狗咬人这一问题的专家们，故选C项。
68. D. 细节理解题。根据第五段“They should be taught not to approach an unfamiliar dog; play with any dog unless under close supervision; run or scream in the presence of a dog; pet a dog without first letting it sniff you; or disturb a dog that is eating, sleeping, or caring for puppies.”可知，为了避免狗咬，小孩应该让狗自己吃，而不要云打扰它，故选D项。
69. C. 细节理解题。根据第七段“It is clear that not all dog owners appreciate that children should not be left unsupervised with a dog”可知，雷切尔医生认为，并非所有的狗的主人都认为孩子们和狗在一起的时候要有大人的照看。由此判断选C项。
70. D. 主旨大意题。狗咬人，尤其是狗咬小孩的现象比较严重，那么如何避免狗咬小孩呢？这才是本文的写作重点，而只有D项更能说明此问题，故正确答案选D项。
课后作业
Test 04
Direction: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A
A.additional
B.excluded
C.producing
D.regular
E.predicted
F.identified
G.atmosphere
H.matched
I.reducing
J.carried
K.increase
Forests in the northern half of the globe could be growing faster now than they were 200 years ago as a result of climate change, according to a study of trees in eastern America.
The trees appear to have faster growth rates due to longer growing seasons and higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the ___1___.
Geoffrey Parker, a scientist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Centre in Edgewater. Maryland, said that the increase in the rate of growth was unexpected and might be ___2___ to the higher temperatures and longer growing seasons documented in the region. The growth may also be influenced by the significant ___3___ in atmospheric CO2, he said.
"We made a list of reasons these forests could be growing faster and then ____4____ half of them, " Dr. Parker said. Their study suggests that northern forests may become increasingly important in ___5___ the influence of man-made CO2 on the climate.
Dr. Parker and his colleagues have ___6___ out a detailed record of the trees on a(n) ___7___ basis since 1987. They calculated that due to the global warming the forest is producing ___8___ tons of wood each year.
The scientists ___9___ the land with trees at different stages of growth and found that both young and old trees were showing increased growth rate. More than 90 per cent of the tree groups had grown by between two and four times faster than the scientists had ___10___ from estimates of the long-term rates of growth.
GHKBI JDAFE
B
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller__1__, faces practically every company trying to __2__ new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know. While banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally __3__ to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in __4__ for a share in future profits. This they do by __5__ stocks and shares in the business through the Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of __6__ and organizations, both at home and overseas.
When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. __7__, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to __8__ his money.
Many of the __9__ needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not __10__. All these require __11__ spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries __12__ frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to the Stock Exchange.
There is __13__ a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not __14__ the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange __15__ to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.
1.
A. level
B. extent
C. scale
D. basis
2.
A. programme
B. provide
C. develop
D. prepare
3.
A. unexpected
B. unwilling
C. unbelievable
D. uncertain
4.
A. search
B. exchange
C. value
D. comfort
5.
A. issuing
B. allowing
C. producing
D. acquiring
6.
A. immigrants
B. investigators
C. inheritors
D. individuals
7.
A. Indeed
B. In fact
C. In addition
D. Instead
8.
A. eliminate
B. reflect
C. invest
D. profit
9.
A. properties
B. appliances
C. foundations
D. services
10.
A. function
B. experience
C. share
D. launch
11.
A. invisible
B. continuous
C. limited
D. economical
12.
A. therefore
B. however
C. nevertheless
D. otherwise
13.
A. definitely
B. almost
C. hardly
D. probably
14.
A. turn down
B. depend on
C. take over
D. put off
15.
A. releases
B. forces
C. leaves
D. exists
CCBBA DDCDA BACBD
Direction：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
C
Stonehenge may have been a prehistoric health center rather than a site for observing stars or a temple in honor of the dead, scientists said yesterday. New evidence unearthed at the World Heritage Site in more than 40 years suggests that the monument was a place where the diseased and injured went in groups, seeking cures.
After a two-week dig, scientists have concluded that Stonehenge was "the ancient healthcare centre of southern England" because of the existence of "bluestones"-the smaller columns of dolerite (辉绿岩) that formed an earlier stone structure.
By dating pieces of remains to around 7330BC, Tim Darvill, of Bournemouth University, and Goff Wainwright, of the Society of Amtiquaries have found that hunter-gatherers were at the site on Salisbury Plain 4,000 years earlier than thought. The first stage of Stonehenge, a round earthwork structure, was built around 3000BC. Professor Wainwright added: "I did not expect the degree of complexity we discovered. We're able to say so much more about when Stonehenge was built and why-all of which changes our previous understanding of the monument."
The research reveals the importance of the henge's famous bluestones. Hundreds of bluestone chips gathered at the site have led the team to conclude that the bluestones were valued for their curing effects-the key reason that about 80 of them, each weighing up to 4 tons and a half, were dragged more than 150 miles from the Preseli Hills to Wiltshire. After years of research, Professors Darvill and Wainwright have concluded that, for thousands of years, the Preseli mountain range was home to magical health centers and holy wells.
Even today there are those who believe in the curing powers of the springs for coughs and heart disease, and people who use crystals and bluestones for self-curing. Radiocarbon tests have also revealed that the construction of the original bluestone circle took place around 2300BC, three centuries later than originally thought. Interestingly, on the same day died the "Amesbury Archer"-a sick traveler from the Swiss or German Alps who had an infected knee-whose remains were discovered about five miles from Stonehenge. The professors believe that he was a devoted religious person who was hoping to benefit from the curing powers of the monument.
1. Stonehenge is recently believed to be a place for people _____.
A. to recover from poor health
B. to observe star movements
C. to hold religious ceremonies
D. to gather huge bluestones
2. What can be inferred about Stonehenge from the passage?
A. The springs could cure coughs and heart disease best.
B. The new discovery was the same as what had been expected.
C. Some huge bluestones were not produced at Stonehenge.
D. The original bluestone circle was thought to be constructed around 2000BC.
3. The sick traveler in the passage is supposed to be ______.
A. a devoted religious person from Stonehenge
B. one of the earliest discoverers of Stonehenge
C. the first explorer to test the magical power of bluestones
D. a patient trying to cure his infection at Stonehenge
4. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?
A. Stonehenge: A New Place of Interest
B. Stonehenge: Still Making News
C. Stonehenge: Heaven for Adventurers
D. Stonehenge: Still Curing Patients
D
Columbus College,241 Queen Elizabeth Drive, Kowloon City
Memo
To: All Staff
From: Jakie Mok, Secretary; Sports Development Committee
Date: May 20,
A week ago, "Sports for Life " programme was sent to the parents, requiring them to select a sport they wanted their child to play. Since then, our staff have received lots of calls from parents asking for more information about it. Here is a memo (备忘录) for your reference when you answer the phones.
Sports 1: Basketball
We expect that this will be the most popular of the four sports. Therefore, students should be advised to sign up as soon as possible. Students will take a private bus to and from Kwun Tong Sports Park. To cover the cost of hiring a bus, each student will have to pay $10 each time. There will be four basketball courts available for our use with one teacher watching over each game.
Sports 2: Gym
We will be using St. Peter's Memorial Park. There are two reasons for choosing this park. First, it is not very busy and crowded before 6:00 pm. Second, it has lots of trees with plenty of shade. Students must bring along two bottles of water to prevent thirst. Three activities, skipping, jogging, outdoor aerobics (有氧运动),all of which are free of charge, will be arranged. And there will be a teacher on duty for each of the activities.
Sports 3: Hiking
Hiking (远足) will take place at Kowloon Peak. The activity will start at 2:30 pm and finish 90 minutes later. Three teachers will accompany the students, and a hiking instructor will accompany each group of 15 hikers. Each instructor will cost $75/hr. Students are advised to bring plenty of water and sunscreen.
Sports 4: Swimming
The Kowloon City Aquatic Centre is a 10minute walk from our school. Four teachers will go to the pool and conduct the goings-on from the poolside. We will only be able to reserve the pool for one hour (i.e.2:45 pm to 3:45 pm).Only students skilful at swimming can take up this activity. The pool will have two lifeguards present. Girls must wear a swimming suit. The cost is $10 per visit.
1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Students selecting basketball had better register early.
B. Students participating in gym should arrive at 6:00 pm.
C. Hiking usually begins at 2:30 pm and lasts 2 hours.
D. Students having swimming suits can take up swimming.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A. students taking part in basketball will walk to the courts
B. every student can gain admission to one of the four sports
C. hiking students can have a regular rest in the shade of trees
D. students taking up the four sports should bring bottles of water
3. It can be concluded that ________.
A. each sport will take only one hour
B. students will be charged for the four sports
C. all the sports will take place at Kowloon Peak
D. teachers will accompany students on each sport
4. The purpose of the memo is to ________.
A. attract students' interest in the programme
B. require the parents to select a sport for their child
C. help the staff explain the programme to the parents
D. remind teachers and lifeguards to be present on time
E
The Matterhorn of Switzerland had been climbed hundreds of times since it was first conquered by Edward Whymper in 1865. He, and the many that followed him over the years, had scaled the mountain by the relatively easy southern approach. The vertical (垂直的) northern face presented a much more frightening challenge. Although some climbers had scaled the north wall, their attempts were made in summer. Experts had predicted that it was unimaginable to make the climb in the winter.
Water Bonatti announced that he was going to attempt a winter climb of the near-vertical ice-covered northern face in the February. What was shocking was that he intended to use the more direct route from base to peak without any of the passes made by his pioneers. It seemed a suicidal bid.
Covered in a yellow wind-breaker, Bonatti gathered his skills, nerves, strength and vigor against the north face. Slowly and carefully, his strong but cold-stoned fingers searched for hand-holds. One false move and he would plunge straight down thousands of feet to his death. The higher he went, the more the wind increased its force, striking him with icy power, threatening to dash him onto the rocks below. After two tough days, he reached 12,800 feet. At night, he napped in a hammock (吊床) between two steel sticks hammered in the rock face.
At first light, he continued ever upward, without a thought of turning back. The cruel, sub-zero temperature cracked his goggles (护目镜) and he struggled half-blinded. Often his hands which were bleeding, failed to settle on an opening and he had to make attempts with his instinct. His tiring body was in pain but still climbed up towards the peak.
At dawn on the fourth day, he was on the edge of complete exhaustion, but with victory in sight, he prepared himself for the critical
trek. Just after three in the afternoon, excited spectators in the helicopters saw Bonatti suddenly appear crawling over the shining tip of the mountain. He had achieved the impossible and won the world acclaim.
1. Why was Bonatti’s attempt regarded as an impossible task?
A. Because no one had climbed the mountain since the last conquest by Whymper.
B. Because the mountain presents the biggest challenge in the world.
C. Because no one had reached the peak from the north in cold weather.
D. Because the Swiss government forbade people to climb the mountain in severe weather.
2. How did he manage to climb up?
A. He used the wind-breaker to locate holes on the north face and climbed up.
B. He made his hands fish for openings and relied on them to climb.
C. He took advantage of steel hammer to climb up the mountain.
D. He borrowed the force from the ice to help him rise.
3. The underlined word trek in the last paragraph is closest in the meaning to _____.
A. adequate rest
B. timely communication
C. difficult journey
D. bad weather condition
4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Bonatti used to scale the mountain by the south approach.
B. The negative influence from the wind decreased as he climbed up.
C. Bonatti’s success was witnessed by people in the air.
D. Bonatti managed to climb the mountain in two days.
ACDB ABDC CBCC
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