2021学年Welcome to the unit备课课件ppt

这是一份2021学年Welcome to the unit备课课件ppt，文件包含2020_2021学年新教材高中英语Unit4ScientistswhochangedtheworldExtendedreadingProject素养课件牛津译林版必修第三册ppt、2020_2021学年新教材高中英语Unit4ScientistswhochangedtheworldGrammarandusageIntegratedskills素养课件牛津译林版必修第三册ppt、2020_2021学年新教材高中英语Unit4ScientistswhochangedtheworldWelcometotheunitReading素养课件牛津译林版必修第三册ppt、2020_2021学年新教材高中英语Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld单元素养提升素养课件牛津译林版必修第三册ppt、2020_2021学年新教材高中英语Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld单元素养评价素养课件牛津译林版必修第三册ppt、2020_2021学年新教材高中英语Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld素养课件牛津译林版必修第三册ppt等6份课件配套教学资源，其中PPT共291页， 欢迎下载使用。

Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world Welcome to the unit & Reading
词汇知识·自主学习
Ⅰ. 根据语境写出正确的单词1. a ________disease　　　　　　　　 最致命的疾病2. increase chance of _______ 增加存活机会3. Zhejiang ________ 浙江省4. a ______knowledge of both Chinese and Western medicine广泛的中西医知识5. ______to find a cure for the disease想要找到治疗这种疾病的方法6. traditional Chinese medical ______for malaria treatment治疗疟疾的传统中药配方
deadliest
survival
Province
broad
intend
recipes
7. _____to the ancient books 参考古籍8. ________data 足够的数据9. the _______of traditional Chinese medicine 中医的智慧10. ________the point 说明这一点
refer
sufficient
wisdom
illustrate
Ⅱ. 根据语境填入恰当的介、副词1. Thanks __her discovery of qinghaosu, malaria patients all over the world now have had a greatly increased chance of survival. 2. In the 1960s, many people were dying __malaria. 3. On 4 October 1971, after 190 failures, she succeeded __making a qinghao extract that could treat malaria in mice. 4. Tu and her team managed to find solutions __the problem. 5. They worked day and night and their health began to suffer because __the poor conditions, but they never gave up.
to
of
in
to
of
6. Even ____large amounts of the qinghao extract produced, however, they still faced another problem. 7. More than 40 years after its discovery, Tu was eventually awarded the Nobel Prize ___her work. 8. In her Nobel Lecture, she encouraged scientists to further explore the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine and raise it __a higher level.
with
for
to
Ⅲ. 根据语境和汉语提示写出正确的短语1. Many scientists have changed our lives and ________________(产生影响)to the world.  2. John Nash, a mathematician who ________________________(做出巨大的贡献)game theory.  3. Facing such opportunities and challenges, one must ________(加速)adjustment.  4. After all these years, we’ve at last _______(还清) all our debts.  5. Phil had to ________(凭借)inner strength to complete race.  
made a difference
made great contributions to
speed up
paid off
draw on
Ⅳ. 根据语境及提示完成句子1. Tu Youyou has become the first female Chinese scientist _____________________(获得诺贝尔奖), awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria, one of the deadliest diseases in human history.  2. _____(bear)in 1930, in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, Tu studied medicine at university in Beijing between 1951 and 1955. 3. She completed further training courses in traditional Chinese medicine, _________(acquire) a broad knowledge of both Chinese and Western medicine. 4. When they failed __________(produce) any promising results, Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again.
to receive a Nobel
Prize
Born
acquiring
to produce
5. ________(inspire)by a 1, 700-year-old text about preparing Qinghao with cold water, Tu redesigned the experiments and tried extracting the herb at a low temperature in order not to damage its effective part. 6. The trials on real patients were likely ______________(postpone)because they did not have sufficient data.  
Inspired
to be postponed
【词汇串记】根据给出的构词规则写出下列单词动词变e为al变成名词。survive v. →survival n. 生存approve v. →________n. 认可　　arrive v. →______n. 到达dispose v. →_______n. 处理 festive adj. →_______n. 节日propose v. →________n. 建议
approval
arrival
disposal
festival
proposal
阅读精析·合作学习
　Task 1　框架宏观建构: 整体理解 1. Skim the passage and fill in the blanks. Chinese scientist wins 2015 Nobel Prize
her discovery of qinghaosu
A brief introduction
efforts
benefited many people
more scientists to further explore the traditional
Chinese medicine
2. What is the text type of the passage? A. Narration (记叙文). B. Argumentative Essay(议论文). C. Expository Essay(说明文). D. Practical Essay(应用文). 答案: C
3. What’s the main idea of this passage? 　　The passage mainly talked about Tu Youyou, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for her (1) ____________________. In the process, Tu Youyou and her team met (2) _______________, they did not give up. Instead, they managed to find (3) ________to these problems. Finally their efforts (4) _______. Qinghaosu has benefited many people and Tu Youyou called on more scientists to (5) __________________________________________.  
discovery of qinghaosu
many challenges
solutions
paid off
further explore the traditional Chinese medicine
【寻技巧·提能力】　　“英语说明文”, 顾名思义, 就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等做科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写, 也不像议论文那样, 重在阐明主张和论点论据; 更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理, 使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题型中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法, 因此说明文结构复杂, 专业术语多, 易于拉开考生分数档次, 便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说, 说明文抽象度高, 解题难度增大了。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识, 动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等
方面的说明文, 文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点, 叙述方式, 以冷静的心态阅读原文, 重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系, 以便对其做出准确的语意理解。
　Task 2　文本微观剖析: 细节探究 1. Choose the best answer. (1)Why was Tu Youyou awarded a Nobel Prize ? A. Because she discovered qinghaosu. B. Because she was the first female Chinese scientist. C. Because malaria is the worst disease in human history. D. Because patients surviving malaria increased greatly.
(2)What is the main idea of Paragraph 2? A. Tu Youyou’s further education. B. Tu Youyou’s brief introduction. C. Tu Youyou’s wide knowledge of medicine. D. Tu Youyou ’s efforts to fight against the disease. (3)What caused Tu Youyou to redesign the experiment ? A. She failed to get what she wanted. B. The trial on real patients are likely to be put off. C. She wanted to speed up the process. D. She got an idea from an old text about qinghao.
(4)What did Tu Youyou advocate? A. To make sure more people keen on malaria. B. To make sure that more scientists get a Nobel Prize. C. To encourage youngsters to make full use of the traditional Chinese medicine. D. To call on people to make contributions to the global health care. (5)Which one is not Tu Youyou’s quality as a scientist? A. Determined. 　　　　　 B. Knowledgeable. C. Flexible. D. Stubborn. 答案: (1)～(5)ABDCD
2. Reread the passage and fill in the blanks.
traditional Chinese medicine
worked
test the qinghao extract
3. Long sentence analysis. (1)In the 1960s, many people were dying of malaria, and(并列连词) in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease. (that 引导的定语从句, 先行词team在定语从句中作主语) 译文: 在20世纪60年代, 许多人死于疟疾, 1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长, 这个小组_________________________。
计划找到该疾病的治疗方法
(2)However, it (形式主语)was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials (真正的主语)because research resources and good equipment were limited. (because 引导的原因状语从句) 译文: 然而, _________________________, 难以生产出足够的青蒿提取物进行大规模试验。
由于研究资源和设备的限制
(3)In November 1972, they successfully isolated the most effective part of the extract and(并列连词, isolated 与named并列) named it qinghaosu—a pure, stronger qinghao extract which is now a key part of many malaria medicines. (qinghaosu 的同位语, 其中which引导定语从句修饰qinghao extract) 译文: 1972年11月, 他们成功分离出该提取物中最有效的部分, 并将其命名为青蒿素——一种纯度高、强度大的青蒿提取物, 现在已成为________________________。
许多疟疾药物的关键
成分
　Task 3　阅读思维升华: 主题实践 1. What can you infer from the sentence “More than 40 years after its discovery, Tu was eventually awarded the Nobel Prize for her work. ”? (Critical Thinking批判性思维)__________________________________________________________________________ 
It means that Tu Youyou did not get recognition as soon as she discovered
qinghaosu.
2. What can you infer from the sentence “Perhaps the next generation of scientists, drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine, will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care. ”? (Critical Thinking批判性思维)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
It means that the traditional Chinese medicine is significant and beneficial, and
the future scientists should take fully advantages of it to serve people.
3. Tu Youyou is the first female Chinese scientist to win a Nobel Prize. In your opinion, what is the significance of this achievement? (Creative Thinking创造性思维)___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
She discovered qinghaosu which benefits many people and shows the strengths
of the traditional Chinese medicine to the whole world.
要点精研·探究学习
1. survival n. 生存, 存活; 残存物, 幸存事物*Thanks to her discovery of qinghaosu, malaria patients all over the world now have had a greatly increased chance of survival. 由于她发现了青蒿素, 世界各地的疟疾患者现在有了极大的生存机会。*Several buildings in the town have survived from medieval times. 镇上有几座建筑物是从中世纪时期留存下来的。*The ceremony is a survival from pre-Christian times. 这种仪式是从前基督教时代流传下来的。*He survived the earthquake他在地震中幸存下来。
【词块积累】(1)survival 　　　　　 n. 幸存; 残留下来的人(物)survivor n. 幸存者(2)A survive B (by. . . ) A比B活得长(……)survive sth. (经历意外、战争、疾病等后)幸存, 活下来survive on 靠……生存下来
【名师点津】 survive易错提醒survive 表示“幸免于”时, 是及物动词, 因此不需要加多余的介词in, from等。
【即学活用】(1)语法填空。①How does the family survive ___such a small monthly wage? ②It’s said that the woman survived her husband ___10 years. ③Determining where we are in relation to our surroundings remains an essential skill for our _______(survive).
on
by
survival
(2)句式升级。After she had survived that night, she was confident that everything else would be all right. →_______________________, she was confident that everything else would be all right. (用现在分词短语作状语改写) 
Having survived that night
2. intend vi. &vt. 想要; 计划; 意指*In the 1960s, many people were dying of malaria, and in 1969 Tu became head of a team that intended to find a cure for the disease. 在20世纪60年代, 许多人死于疟疾, 1969年屠呦呦担任了一个课题组的组长, 这个小组计划找到该疾病的治疗方法。*I intend you to come with me. 我打算让你和我一起去。*We intend that production will start next month. 我们打算下个月开始生产。*The program was set up with the intention of providing help for homeless people. 设立这个项目的目的是为无家可归的人提供帮助。
【词块积累】(1)intend doing/to do sth. 　　 打算去做某事intend sb. to do sth. 打算让某人去做某事sb. intend(s) that =It is intended that 打算(2)intended adj. 预期的, 有意的be intended for. . . 为……准备(3)intention n. 意图with the intention of. . . 怀着……的意图
【即学活用】(1)语法填空。①We intend __________(go) to Australia next year.  ②I didn’t intend her _____(see) the painting until it was finished.  ③She had a firm ________(intend) within herself to be the best swimmer. (2)这本词典专为高中生量身打造。(be intended for)译文: __________________________________________________ 
going/to go
to see
intention
The dictionary is intended for senior high school students.
3. inspire vt. 鼓舞; 激励; 启发思考*Inspired by a 1, 700-year-old text about preparing qinghao with cold water, Tu redesigned the experiments and tried extracting the herb at a low temperature in order not to damage its effective part. 据一本1 700年前的古籍记载, 古人通过冷水制备青蒿, 受此启发, 屠呦呦重新设计了实验, 为了不破坏其(抗疟的)有效成分, 她尝试在低温下提取。*How do you inspire your students to do their best? 你如何激励你的学生们, 使他们发挥出最好水平呢? *I inspired Tom with hope. 我用希望激励汤姆。*I can not write without inspiration. 没有灵感我写不出东西。
【词块积累】(1)inspire sb. to do sth. 　激励某人做某事inspire sb. with sth. 用……来激励某人inspire sth. in sb. 激起某人某种情感(2)inspired adj. 受到鼓舞的(3)inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的; 启发灵感的 (4) inspiration n. 灵感; 鼓舞
【即学活用】(1)语法填空。①The captain’s heroic effort inspired them ____determination. =The captain’s heroic effort inspired determination __them. ②His speech was so ________(inspire)that his students were inspired _______(study) harder than ever before.  ③________(inspire) by my good friend, I intended to study abroad. ④Come on! Let’s give support and __________(inspire) to each other. (2)His speech _______________again.  他的演讲鼓舞我们再试一次。
with
in
inspiring
to study
Inspired
inspiration
inspired us to try
(3)一句多译。她的话激发了我的信心。①Her remarks _______________confidence.  ②Her remarks ___________________me.  
inspired me with
inspired confidence in
4. limited adj. 有限的*Time is limited and let’s come straight to the point. 时间有限, 我们开门见山吧。*The damage was limited to the roof. 损坏仅限于屋顶。*We should set a limit to/on what our children can do. 我们应该为孩子们能做的事设定一个限度。*There is no limit to what you can do if you are hardworking. 你如果努力的话, 成就无可限量。
【词块积累】(1)be limited to 　　　　　　 限定在……limit. . . to. . . (=be limited to) 把……限制在……内limit sb. to (doing) sth. 限制某人(做)某事(2)limit n. 限度; 限制 vt. 限制; 限定beyond/over the limit 超过限度within/without limits 适度地/ 无节制地to the limit 达到极限set a limit to/on 在……上设定限度There is a/no limit to. . . ……是有/ 无限度的(to 是介词)(3)limitless adj. 无限的
【即学活用】(1)语法填空。① In my opinion, taking cellphones with the students should not be banned, but _______(limit) to certain areas. ②As we all know, a person’s life is limited, but knowledge is ________. (limit)③I’ll help as much as I can, but there is a limit __what I can do. (2)In my opinion, you ____________________the expense of your trip.  在我看来, 你们最好给你们的旅行费用定一个限度。(3)To lose weight, he ___________________________________________________.  为了减肥, 他限制自己一天只喝三杯牛奶, 吃几个水果。
limited
limitless
to
had better set a limit to
limits himself to three cups of milk and several fruits a
day
5. beneficial adj. 有益的; 有用的*Perhaps the next generation of scientists, drawing on the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine, will indeed discover more medicines beneficial to global health care. 也许下一代科学家利用中医的智慧, 确实会发现更多有益于全球卫生保健的药物。*The money is used for the benefit of the poor. 这笔钱是用来造福穷人的。
*The rain will benefit the crops greatly. 这场雨对庄稼大有好处。*I am sure everyone will benefit a lot from this activity. 我相信每个人都会从这次活动中受益良多。
【词块积累】benefit 　　　　　 v. /n. 使受益/好处benefit from/by 得益于……, 从……中受益to one’s benefit 对某人有益be of benefit to=be beneficial to 对……益处 for the benefit of sb. =for one’s benefit 为了某人的利益
【即学活用】(1)语法填空。①It is said that yoga is of great benefit __human health. In other words, we can benefit _______yoga. ②In fact, music education is _________(benefit) and important to all the students. (2)Taking plenty of exercise can be ________________(对……非常有好处) your health.  (3)China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals _______________(为了……的利益) all its citizens.  
to
from/by
beneficial
of great benefit to
for the benefit of
6. conduct vt. /vi. 组织, 实施; 指挥; 引导; 举止; 传导n. 行为*(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. 为了测试社会影响力对饮食习惯的影响, 研究人员进行了两个实验。*So far we have conducted a variety of activities on English learning. 到目前为止, 我们已经开展了各种各样的英语学习活动。*The guide conducted us around the West Lake. 导游带我们游览了西湖。
*Make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbour should. 你一定要像一个好邻居一样行事。*Confucius suggested a principle for the conduct of life “Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you. ”孔子提出了“己所不欲, 勿施于人”的人生准则。
【词块积累】(1)conduct sb. around. . . 　　 带某人参观……conduct sb. to. . . 带某人去……conduct oneself well/badly (行为)表现好/差(2)conduction n. 传导conductor n. 指挥, 售票员
【即学活用】(1)语法填空。①The orchestra(管弦乐队)were all in position, waiting for the _________(conduct). ②Iron, being a metal, readily ________(conduct) heat. (2)写出句中黑体单词的汉语释义。①His conduct disagrees (不一致)with his words. ( )②To conduct the study they chose 15 male dogs and 15 female ones aged between one and six years. ( )③He conducted himself far better than expected. ( )
conductor
conducts
行为
进行
表现
7. draw upon/on利用; 凭借; 依靠, 依赖; 临近*Drawing upon more than 1, 500 years of Chinese music, Twelve Girls Band mixes this rich tradition with classical, folk and contemporary sounds. 凭借一千五百多年的中国音乐, 女子十二乐坊把这些丰富的传统与古典、民间和当代的声音融合在了一起。*As the people draw near they can hear the deep growling roar. 人们走近时能听到深沉的轰隆声。
*It is important to draw a conclusion from the facts. 从事实中得出结论很重要。 *They agreed to draw up a formal agreement. 他们同意起草一份正式协议。
【词块积累】draw near/close 　　　　　　　(时间、空间的)临近draw a conclusion (from. . . ) (从……中)得出结论draw one’s attention (to. . . ) 吸引某人的注意(……)draw up 草拟
【即学活用】(1)写出下列句中draw upon/on的含义。①Musicians often draw upon their imagination for composing. __________②I will draw upon you for help when necessary. _____③The College Entrance Examination is drawing on, so we must devote ourselves to studying. _____(2)Scientists have _____________________smoking is greatly associated with lung cancer.  科学家们已得出结论: 肺癌与吸烟有很大的关系。
利用; 凭借
依靠
临近
drawn a conclusion that
(3)With Christmas ____________, many supermarkets __________discounts to ___________________________.  随着圣诞节的临近, 许多超市利用打折来吸引消费者的注意。
drawing near
draw upon
draw the consumers’ attention
8. point out指出*In her Nobel Lecture, Tu Youyou referred to the strengths of both Chinese medicine and Western medicine, and pointed out that there is great potential for future advances if scientists make good use of these strengths. 屠呦呦在诺贝尔奖演讲中提到了中医和西医的优势, 并指出如果科学家充分利用这些优势, 未来的发展潜力巨大。*To me, this is a very thought-provoking argument, as it points out the benefits of online friendships. 对我来说, 这是一个非常发人深省的论点, 因为它指出了网上交友的好处。
*He is pointing to the north. 他正在指向北方。*Bob is pointing at a tree. Bob正在指着一棵树。*She was on the point of going out when the telephone rang. 她正要出去, 电话铃响了。
【名师点津】 point out一点通　　point out是由“动词+副词”构成的短语, 所以后面的宾语若是代词, 应把代词放在point与out之间。
【词块积累】point to　　　 指向(强调方向)point at 指向(强调目标), 指着be on the point of doing sth. when. . . 正要/即将……的时候/ 在……之际; 正要
【即学活用】(1)Mike asked me to ________(指出) the mistakes in his exercises.  (2)Not far from there, you’ll see a signpost __________(指向) the town you want to go to.  (3) _______________, the expert __________the advantages of cloning technology, ___________________, he did not support cloning research.  一方面, 这个专家指出了克隆技术的优点; 但是另一方面, 他不支持克隆研究。
point out
pointing to
On the one hand
pointed out
but on the other hand
9. refer to查阅, 参考; 提到, 谈及, 提交; 指的是*When they failed to produce any promising results, Tu referred to the ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine again. 当他们没有取得任何有希望的结果时, 屠呦呦再次求助于中医古籍。*While giving the English speech, one is not allowed to refer to the notes. 在进行英语演讲时, 不允许查阅演讲稿。*The scientist referred to global warming at least three times in his speech. 这位科学家在演讲中至少三次提到全球变暖。
*The word “business” also refers to an organization that provides goods and services. 商业这个词也指提供商品和服务的组织。*My colleague said that as the situation was unusual, he would refer the matter to his editor. 我的同事说, 由于情况不同寻常, 他将把此事提交给他的编辑处理。
【即学活用】 用所给单词或词块的正确形式替换黑体部分, 使句意保持不变。 mean, look it up in, mention①In his speech, he referred to a recent trip to Canada. (__________)②When you meet with a new word, you can refer to a dictionary. (___________) ③The term “multitasking” referred to a computer’s ability to carry out several tasks at one time. (______)
mentioned
look it up in
meant
10. speed up加速*To speed up the process and ensure its safety, Tu and her team volunteered to test the qinghao extract on themselves first. 为了加快这一过程并确保其安全性, 屠呦呦和她的团队自愿先在自己身上测试青蒿提取物。*Make the rural economy flourish and speed up urbanization. 繁荣农村经济, 加快城市化进程。*The boat was on the inside of the huge whirlpool and we were going round in circles at great speed. 船在巨大的漩涡里, 我们正以极快的速度在漩涡里打转。
*The car is running at a speed of fifty kilometers an hour. 这辆小车正以每小时50千米的速度行驶着。
【词块积累】at full speed　　　　　　　　　以全速 at top speed 以最高速at a speed of 以……的速度at the speed of light/sound 以光速/声速
【即学活用】(1)语法填空。①Do you know the speed __which a rocket travels? ②Standing at the top of the hill, we saw the train gradually speeded ___and disappeared in the distance. (2)The truck was travelling ___________(以……的速度) 50 mph.  (3)They drove to the hospital ___________(以最高速).  (4)After driving _________________(以高速), Mark arrived at the destination half an hour early.  
at
up
at a speed of
at top speed
at high/great speed
11. The trials on real patients were likely to be postponed because they did not have sufficient data. 因为他们没有充足的数据, 在真实病人身上进行实验可能推迟。 【句式解构】be likely to do sth. 意为“很可能……”。*It is likely that he is right. =He is likely to be right. 他有可能是对的。*I’m likely to be very busy tomorrow. 明天我可能很忙。
*I’ve heard whispers that the firm is likely to go bankrupt. 我听到传闻说公司很可能要破产。*A rather different fate seems more likely. 另一种大不相同的命运似乎更可信。
【词块积累】be likely to do sth. 　　 很可能做某事It’s likely that. . . 很可能……It’s more likely that. . . 更可能……Not likely! 绝对不可能! 才不呢! (表示坚决不同意)
【知识延伸】It is likely/possible/probable that. . . ( )It is possible(for sb. )to do sth. ( )sb. /sth. is likely to do sth. ( )sb. /sth. is possible/probable to do sth. ( )likely既可用人又可用物作主语; possible和probable作表语时不能用人或物作主语。
√
√
√
×
【即学活用】 (1)语法填空。①If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely _______(bring) your work home.  ②It is likely ____virtual reality will become a part of modern life in the near future.
to bring
that
(2)选词填空: possible/likely/probable。①It is highly _____________________that he will take over his father’s business. ②He is _____to make rapid progress in English because he is studying hard. ③It is _______for you to grow this flower even in winter. ④Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very _____to be a Beethoven.
likely/possible/probable
likely
possible
likely
12. However, it was hard to produce enough qinghao extract for large trials because research resources and good equipment were limited.  然而, 由于研究资源和良好的设备有限, 很难生产足够的青蒿提取物用于大规模试验。【句式解构】 本句含有“It is+形容词十不定式”结构。其中It是形式主语, 不定式短语是真正的主语。* It is hard to think of a world without metals. 很难想象一个没有金属的世界(是什么样子)。
*It is considerate of you to see me off. 你为我送行真体贴。*It is tough for me to finish the task. 完成这项任务对我来说很难。
【名师点津】 It is/was+adj. (for/of sb. )+to do sth. 　　在“It is/was+adj. (for/of sb. )+to do sth. ”结构中, for前面的形容词通常是difficult, necessary, important, quick, easy等, 这些形容词多与事物的特征有关。而 of 前面的形容词常常是wise, kind, stupid, silly, bright, nice, good等, 这些形容词常与人的性格特点有关。
【知识延伸】It作形式主语的常见句型: (1)It is+adj. +(for/of sb. ) to do sth. (2)It is+adj. /n. +that从句(3)It is no good/use doing sth. 做某事是没有好处/用处的(4)It is+过去分词+that从句
【即学活用】(1)语法填空。①Sometimes it may be helpful _____(use) examples to explain abstract concepts.  ②It’s kind __you to lend me a hand. ③It is difficult ___the boy to solve the problem. ④ It’s no use _______(argue) with her—she won’t listen.
to use
of
for
arguing
(2)句式升级。①You are careless to make so many mistakes in the exam. →__________________________________________________ ②He didn’t pass the exam and that’s a shame. →____________________________________
It is careless of you to make so many mistakes in the exam.
It is a shame that he didn’t pass the exam.
【要点拾遗】1. award n. 奖; 奖品; 奖金 vt. 授予; 颁发; 奖励*Tu Youyou has become the first female Chinese scientist to receive a Nobel Prize, awarded for her contribution to the fight against malaria, one of the deadliest diseases in human history. 屠呦呦成为第一位获得诺贝尔奖的中国女科学家, 这是为了表彰她在抗击人类历史上最致命的疾病之一疟疾方面做出的贡献。*They awarded the first prize to John. 他们把一等奖授予约翰。
*The virtual choir was the idea of award-winning composer and conductor Eric Whitacre. 虚拟唱诗班是获奖作曲家兼指挥家埃里克·惠塔克的主意。*Learning that he won an award for his album, the composer felt very proud of himself. 得知自己的专辑获奖后, 这位作曲家感到非常自豪。
【词块积累】get/receive/win an award(for. . . ) 　 因……获奖give sb. an award 给某人颁奖present an award 颁奖award sb. sth. =award sth. to sb. 授予某人某种荣誉
【名师点津】词语辨析award , reward与 prize (1)award多指奖励、奖赏、奖品, 都与“荣誉”有关, 动词是“授予, 颁发”。(2)reward含前缀re-“再、又”, 有“返还”之意。是“以回报的方式奖励、奖赏”, 因此常译为“回报、报答、酬谢”等。(a) reward for(doing) sth. (做)某事的奖励(3)prize指在比赛、竞赛中获得的奖; first prize一等奖
【即学活用】 (1)语法填空。①The Olympic winner received a gold medal as ___award. ②It is within our power to reward him ___his bravery. ③Mo Yan ____________(award)the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012, which made one of the Chinese people’s longheld dreams come true.  (2)He ________________his excellent performance.  他由于出色的表演而获奖。(3)We came here to _______________to each of them.  我们来这里是为他们每个人颁奖的。
an
for
was awarded
won the award for
present an award
(4)The winner was awarded a gold medal. =A gold medal ______________the winner.  获胜者被授予了一枚金牌。(5)选词填空award/reward/prize。①Mrs Taylor has an 8-year-old daughter who has a gift for painting—she has won two national ______. ②Work gets done more easily when people do it together, and the _______are higher too. ③His movie won several _______at the film festival, which was beyond his wildest dream.
was awarded to
prizes
rewards
awards
2. contribution n. 贡献; 捐款, 捐献物; 稿件, 作品*John Nash, a mathematician who made great contributions to game theory. 约翰纳什, 一位对博弈论有重大贡献的数学家。*This is a magazine with contributions from well-known travel writers. 这是一本由著名旅游作家撰稿的杂志。*I gave a contribution of $100 to the church. 我给教堂捐了100美元。
【词块积累】(1)contribute to 　　　　 有助于; 促成; 为……做贡献contribute. . . to/towards. . . 向……捐献……; 向……投稿(2)contribution n. 贡献make contributions/a contribution to 对……做出贡献
【名师点津】表示“引起; 导致; 有助于”的词语有: cause, lead to, result in, bring about小片段阅读J. K. Rowling’s novel Harry Potter made a great contribution to the world literature. She has contributed a lot of money to the charity since she became rich. To inspire other writers, she shared some rejection letters from the publishers. Those letters related to The Cuckoo’s Calling. J. K. Rowling contributed the novel to a magazine under the name of Galbraith without revealing her true identity. The first was rejected by several publishers, and Rowling was even advised to take a writing course. When The Cuckoo’s Calling
eventually found a publisher in 2013, it was achieving respectable sales before the secret of its authorship broke, and it contributed to the novel reaching the top of the bestseller lists.
译文: J·K·罗琳的小说《哈利波特》对世界文学做出了巨大的贡献。自从她发财以来, 她向慈善机构捐了很多钱。为了激励其他作家, 她分享了一些来自出版商的信。那些信和《布谷鸟的呼唤》有关。J·K·罗琳以加尔布雷斯的名义将小说投稿给一家杂志, 但没有透露她的真实身份。第一次被几家出版商拒绝了, 罗琳甚至被建议参加写作课程。2013年, 《布谷鸟的呼唤》最终找到了一家出版商, 在其作者身份的秘密泄露之前, 它已经取得了可观的销量, 这也促使这部小说登上了畅销书排行榜的榜首。
【即学活用】(1)语法填空。①Everyone is willing to contribute food and clothes __the homeless people. ②I am sure your suggestion will contribute to _______(solve) the problem. ③Who made a great ___________(contribute) to the civil-rights movement in the U. S. ? (2)Only in this way can we ________________________our family and our society.  只有用这种方法我们才能为我们的家庭和社会做出大贡献。
to
solving
contribution
make great contributions to
3. pay off成功, 奏效, 达到目的; 还清*The efforts of Tu and her team finally paid off. 屠呦呦和其团队的努力终于有了回报。*He studied hard before the examination, and it paid off. He made an A. 他在考试前努力学习, 结果得到了回报。他得了A。*Once we’ve paid off the debts, we’ll owe money to no one. 一旦我们还清了债务, 我们就不欠任何人钱了。*Over 1, 000 workers will be paid off if this factory closes. 如果这家工厂关闭, 一千多名工人将获得遣散费。
【词块积累】pay off(1)用于pay off sth. 或 pay sth. off结构。通常接account, debt, loan等作宾语。(2)用于sth. pay off结构。通常用effort, hard work, persistence等作主语。(3)用于 pay sb. off结构。pay for 支付; 为……付出代价
【即学活用】(1)根据句意, 写出pay off的最佳释义。 ①Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is cleaner than ever. ____________________②We decided to move there and tried to find a rental house that we could afford while also paying off a mortgage(抵押贷款)on our ruined house. ____________
取得成功; 得到好结果
还清(欠债等)
(2)翻译句子。①他们将在25年内还清债务。______________________________________________________________________________ ②辛勤的劳动没有白费。___________________③我希望现在付出的努力会得到好结果。_____________________________________________ ④多亏了我最亲爱的老师, 我所有的努力有了回报, 最终我成了尖子生。____________________________________________________________________________ 
They will pay off their debts within 25 years. / Their debts will be paid off
within 25 years.
Hard work pays off.  
I hope that the great effort I am making will pay off.
Thanks to my dearest teacher, all my efforts paid off and finally I became a
top student.
【拓视野·观天下 】1. To those who are able to draw on technology , there is no better time to be alive than now, but to others life has been increasingly complex and stressful. 对那些能够利用科技的人来说, 没有比现在更好的生活了, 但是对其他人来说, 生活已经变得越来越复杂和紧张。
2. The world-famous British scientist Stephen Hawking who has made great contributions to the world has been forced by illness to miss a symposium organised to mark his 70th birthday. Some of the most famous physicists in the world had gathered to honour him. 对世界做出巨大贡献的世界著名英国科学家斯蒂芬·霍金因疾病被迫缺席了为纪念他70岁生日而组织的研讨会。世界上一些最著名的物理学家聚集在一起为他庆祝。
3. A detailed study of the effects of climate change on the mountain regions of Europe has pointed out that many alpine meadows could disappear within the next few decades. Researchers from 13 European countries said that some plants were likely to have the problem of survival as warmer conditions forced them even higher to seek familiar colder habitats. 一项关于气候变化对欧洲山区影响的详细研究指出, 许多高山草甸可能在未来几十年内消失。来自13个欧洲国家的研究人员说, 一些植物可能面临生存问题, 因为温暖的环境迫使它们在更高的地方寻找熟悉的更冷的栖息地。
4. A report conducted by Zagreb University says scientist may have overestimated the level of carbon emissions in China over the past decade because of the limited knowledge about the type of coal being used there. 萨格勒布大学的一份报告称, 由于对中国使用的煤炭类型的了解有限, 科学家可能高估了过去十年中国的碳排放水平。
5. Don’t always believe what scientists and other authorities tell you! Be skeptical! Think critically! That’s what I tell my students. Early in my career, I was a conventional science writer, easily inspired by scientists’ claims. But doubt gradually weakened my faith. Now, I urge my students to doubt the claims of some scientists. I am convinced that their efforts to explore the truth would pay off. 不要总是相信科学家和其他权威告诉你的! 务必持怀疑态度! 批判性地思考! 这是我告诉我的学生的。在我职业生涯的早期, 我是一名传统的科学作家, 很容易受到科学家言论的启发。但怀疑逐渐削弱了我的信心。现在, 我敦促我的学生怀疑一些科学家的说法。我相信他们探索真相的努力会有回报的。
6. All kinds of inventions referred to at the meeting are intended to be the slaves of human beings, if human beings are not to be slaved by machines. 如果人类不被机器奴役的话, 会上提到的各种发明都是为了成为人类的奴隶。
课时素养评价
十　Unit 4　Welcome to the unit & Reading【语用训练】 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空1. All _______(theory) originate from practice and in turn serve practice. 2. The terrorists have chosen to play a ______ (dead) game with the civilian population. 3. If you refer to the _______ (survive) of something or someone, you mean that they manage to continue or exist in spite of difficult circumstances. 4. The Grand Canal flows southwards through the four _________(province)of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
theories
deadly
survival
provinces
5. I ________(intend)to do it, but I was afraid I forgot. 6. This material has been ________(extract)from Collins Good Wood Handbook. 7. The astronauts are conducting a series of ___________(experiment) to learn more about how the body adapts to weightlessness. 8. They displayed only a part of their products because space was _______(limit). 9. The match was _________(postpone) to the following Saturday because of bad weather. 10. When a person has an infectious disease, he is usually _______ (isolate) from other people.
intended
extracted
experiments
limited
postponed
isolated
Ⅱ. 选词填空 game theory, refer to, speed up, pay off, draw on, point outYou are driving very slowly. Do ________a bit or we’ll never get to Edinburgh.  2. This story illustrates an important distinction between ordinary decision theory and ___________.  3. She kept __________her bank account to such an extent that the bank soon notified her that she was overdrawn.  
speed up
game theory
drawing on
4. In drawing up the plan, they went to the library to _______many books.  5. When the mistake was __________to him he hastened to correct it.  6. It took them three years to ______their debts.  
refer to
pointed out
pay off
Ⅲ. 翻译句子1. 似乎那家公司很快将解雇更多工人。(It is likely that. . . 句型)____________________________________________________2. 她于1923年4月29日在伦敦出生。(be born短语)______________________________________3. 这和去年给我们作报告的是同一人。(that引导定语从句, 作主语)____________________________________________4. 照顾孤儿是他的责任。(it代替不定式作形式主语)______________________________________
It is likely that the company will lay off more workers soon.  
She was born in London on April 29, 1923.  
This is the same man that gave us a talk last year.  
It was his duty to take care of the orphans.  
5. 约翰没有出席会议, 因为他病了。(because引导原因状语从句)____________________________________________6. 他是一位好老师, 这是我们所知道的。(which引导定语从句, 作主语)_______________________________________
John didn’t attend the meeting because he was ill.  
He is a good teacher, which is known to us.  
Ⅳ. 课文语法填空　　Tu Youyou has become the first female Chinese scientist 1. _________(receive) a Nobel Prize. Thanks to her discovery of qinghaosu, patients have had a greatly increased chance of 2. _______(survive). Tu Youyou acquired a broad knowledge of both Chinese and Western medicine after 3. __________(complete) further training courses in traditional Chinese medicine. Then in 1969 Tu became head of a team 4._____intended to find a cure for malaria. After 190 5. _______ (fail), she succeeded 6. __ making a qinghao extract that could treat malaria in mice. The efforts of Tu and 7. ___(she) team finally paid 8. ___. In her Nobel Lecture, she
to receive
survival
completing
that
failures
in
her
off
9. __________(encourage)scientists to further explore the treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine. She is convinced that we will discover more medicines 10. _________(benefit)to global health care.  
encouraged
beneficial
【主题阅读】Ⅰ. 阅读理解A (2020·北京高一检测) China became the first country to clone a monkey using non-reproductive cells, reducing the need to keep lab monkeys and paving the way for more accurate, effective, and affordable animal tests for new drugs. By December of 2017, Chinese scientists had created two clone macaques named “Zhong Zhong” and “Hua Hua” by nuclear transferring of somatic cells—any cell in the organism other than reproductive cells. This was the
similar technology used to create the famous clone sheep Dolly in 1996. “Cloning a monkey using somatic cells has been a world-class challenge because it is a primate(灵长类动物)that shares its genetic makeup, therefore all of its complexity, with humans, ” Pu Muming said. “For drug and other lab tests, scientists have to purchase monkeys from all over the world, which is costly, bad for the environment and produces inaccurate results because each monkey might have different genes, ” Pu said. “By cloning monkeys using somatic cells, we can mass produce large numbers of genetically identical(相同的)offspring in a short time, and even change their genes to suit our needs, ” he added. “This can save time, cut down
experiment costs, and produce more accurate results, leading to more effective medicine. ” “This achievement will help China lead the world research in an international science project related to neural(神经的)mapping of primate brains, ” he said. However, bio labs from the United States, Japan, and European countries are also very able, and they will quickly catch up to China after the monkey cloning technology is made public, Sun added. “This means we have to innovate(创新)continuously and work extra harder this year to stay ahead, ” he said. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 介绍了中国成为世界上第一个使用非生殖细胞克隆猴子的国家以及这项技术的意义。
1. What is special about China’s cloning monkeys? A. It transferred cells in the lab. B. It creates two monkeys at a time. C. It adopts a method of embryo splitting. D. It uses non-reproductive cells. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“China became the first country to clone a monkey using non-reproductive cells”可知, 中国克隆猴子的特别之处是使用了非生殖细胞, 故D项正确。
2. Why do scientists clone monkeys? A. To keep monkeys from being endangered. B. To test new medicines on them. C. To find the side effects of medicines. D. To find a cure for mental diseases. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“paving the way for more accurate, effective, and affordable animal tests for new drugs”可知, 科学家克隆猴子是为了在它们身上测试新药, 故B项正确。
3. What Sun said in the last paragraph suggests ______.  A. they are determined to catch up to AmericaB. they try to avoid competition from other countriesC. they aren’t satisfied with what they have achievedD. they have to keep the monkey-cloning technology a secret【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段可知, 他说美国、日本和欧洲国家的生物实验室将很快赶上中国, 所以我们必须持续创新和更努力地工作以保持领先地位, 言外之意是他们对所取得的成就还不满意, 故C项正确。
【方法技巧】推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上, 做出一定的推理判断, 从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中的某一句话, 也可能是某几句话, 所以, 推理判断题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息进一步推出的答案: 即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或综合。推理判断题的题干中通常有infer, suggest, imply, conclude, indicate等标志性词语。 这种题型主要包括细节判断题、态度观点推断题、写作意图推断题、文章出处判断题和猜测想象推断题。本题第3小题, 由文章最后一段中的“However, bio labs from the United States, Japan, and European countries are also very able, and they will quickly catch up to China after the monkey
cloning technology is made public, Sun added. “This means we have to innovate(创新)continuously and work extra harder this year to stay ahead, ”he said. 可知, 他说美国、日本和欧洲国家的生物实验室将很快赶上中国, 所以我们必须持续创新和更努力地工作以保持领先地位, 言外之意是他们对所取得的成就还不满意, 故C项正确。
B (2020·青岛高一检测)　　One evening last summer, 11-year-old Owen and his mom put on white suits and taped their rain boots to their pant legs. Then they each grabbed a wooden pole with a large white cloth attached to it and started dragging the tools through the trees and grass in their Wisconsin backyard. They were looking for ticks (扁虱). Owen’s mom, Amy Prunuske, teaches microbiology at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Wausau. She studies diseases that ticks carry. Owen, though, is known as a citizen scientist. Citizen scientists are people—young or old—who help collect data for research projects.
They usually aren’t professional scientists, or if they are, not in the field of the project. Still, their work can be incredibly important. Citizen scientists can help trained scientists gather data from all over the world—even from space. They can provide new ideas and new ways of thinking. Kids often make great citizen scientists because they tend to be curious and good at following precise directions. Sometimes they’re even better at these things than adults. And schools are convenient places for scientists to recruit big groups of helpers. As a bonus, citizen science often gets kids more excited about science.
Citizen science takes advantage not just of many sets of eyeballs, but also of many minds. When professional European scientists in Austria were trying to find how best to encourage people to use less energy, they partnered with student citizen scientists. The adult scientists had a long list of questions for people about how much energy they used. Right away, the students noticed some problems the adults hadn’t thought of. There were too many questions, the kids said. And some of those questions were too complicated. The day in the backyard, Owen found two black-legged ticks, animals so tiny they’re often hard to see. He and his mom took the pests to a summer program she was teaching. There, he and other young citizen scientists tested
the ticks for the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, which causes fever and headaches and can make a person extremely tired. 【文章大意】这是一篇记叙文。文章通过讲述欧文帮助妈妈抓扁虱的故事, 告诉我们“孩子是伟大的公民科学家”。
4. Why did Owen go to catch ticks with his mom? A. To provide data for professional scientists. B. To prepare for his own future research. C. To help her study the diseases carried by ticks. D. To prevent ticks from spreading diseases. 【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第二段可知, “她研究扁虱携带的疾病。然而, 欧文以平民科学家而闻名。公民科学家是帮助研究项目收集数据的年轻人或老年人。”由此可推知, 欧文和他妈妈去抓扁虱是为了帮助她研究扁虱携带的疾病。故选C。
5. What do we learn from Paragraph 4? A. Citizen science is mostly carried out at school. B. Students only help find answers to basic questions. C. Student scientists are more creative in scientific research. D. Young citizen scientists help professional scientists a lot. 【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第四段可知, “当奥地利的专业欧洲科学家试图找到鼓励人们少用能源的最佳方法时, 他们与学生公民科学家合作。”由此可推知, 年轻的公民科学家对专业科学家很有帮助。故选D。
6. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Scientists Find New Ways of Research. B. Kids Make Great Citizen Scientists. C. Scientists Need New Ideas from Kids. D. Kids Show Great Interest in Science. 【解析】选B。主旨大意题。纵观全文, 尤其是第三段中Kids often make great citizen scientists because they tend to be curious and good at following precise directions. “孩子们往往是伟大的公民科学家, 因为他们往往是好奇的, 并且善于遵循准确的方向。”可知, B项是最佳标题。
Ⅱ. 阅读填句(2020·重庆高一检测)A memorable science project　　If someone tells you to remember a phone number or address, it feels like an easy task at first. You repeat the numbers to yourself, either aloud or in your mind. But after just a few seconds you might find yourself starting to doubt your own memory. 　1　 Thus, it will try to throw away information that seems old or irrelevant. There are ways of helping our minds retain (记住) information, however, and in this activity you will explore ways that we lose and keep memories.  
Short-term, or working memory, is a way of describing most people’s abilities to store a small amount of information for a brief period of time in a readily accessible form. 　2　 People don’t have to stop and think to remember something in short-term memory.   　3　 Such techniques include visualizing (观察) the information in a surprising way or linking pieces of information together so that one reminds you of the other. In the case of visualizing information, this could be as simple as remembering you parked your car on the fifth floor in the D section by picturing five dogs sitting in your car! 　4　 If you need to purchase cereal (谷物), milk, fruit, cheese and eggs, you could imagine the cereal in a bowl, with
milk pouring over it and pieces of fruit on top. Then imagine cracking an egg over everything, and it’s full of melted cheese! These may seem simple or even silly. 　5　 In this activity you’ll test the recall of a few friends or family members, and learn a few tricks for improving memory!  
A. There are many techniques for improving memory. B. Our brain is always seeking new and useful information. C. Short-term memory has a short duration but is quickly and easily accessed. D. In addition, linking information could help you remember your grocery list. E. Retaining that information over longer periods of time becomes difficult yet. F. Your short-term memory has a limited amount of space to store information. G. However, they are proved to be good ways for improving memory by scientists. 【文章大意】本文介绍一个值得纪念的科学项目。
1. 【解析】选B。根据下文: 因此, 它将试图丢弃那些看起来过时或无关紧要的信息。可知, 我们的大脑总是在寻找新的、有用的信息。故选B。2. 【解析】选C。根据下文: 在短期记忆中人们不需要停下来思考来记住一些东西。可知, 短期记忆的持续时间很短, 但很快很容易就能被使用。故选C。3. 【解析】选A。根据下文: 这些技术包括以一种令人惊讶的方式可视化信息或将信息连接在一起, 目的是让你由一个想起了另一个。可知, 有许多提高记忆力的技术。故选A。4. 【解析】选D。根据下句: 如果你需要购买谷物、牛奶、水果、奶酪和鸡蛋, 你可以想象一个碗里的谷物, 牛奶倒在上面, 上面有水果块。可知, 此外, 连接信息可以帮助你记住你的购物清单。故选D。
5. 【解析】选G。根据上句: 这些看起来很简单, 甚至有些愚蠢。所以下句应该是一句与上句为转折关系的内容, “然而, 事实证明, 它们是科学家证实的提高记忆力的好方法。”故选G。此处However表示转折; G项中的they指上文的These。
Ⅲ. 完形填空(2020·南京高一检测) I had a student today who got his finger stuck inside a test tube in science class. It was really quite stuck. This young man’s finger　1　 to get whiter and whiter right before my eyes.   Remaining　2　, I suggested he carefully rotate(转动) the tube. It wouldn’t move a bit. He tried soap and cold water. Still stuck. Meanwhile 　3　 was breaking out in the class. Finally, I 　4　 the young man to our secretary, who was a miracle(奇迹) worker raising three kids of her own. With her in charge, I was 　5　 all would be OK.  
To get the students back in order, I　6　 my own story of getting my knee stuck between the rails of a balcony. Same kind of curiosity, I remembered 　7　 then how far I could thrust(塞) my knee between the rails. Inch by inch, I kept 　8　 and before I knew it, my knee was stuck and swelling before my eyes and in front of lots of 　9　 at a popular Las Vegas hotel!   Hearing my story, many students followed with their own　10　 of heads, arms, fingers stuck in places they shouldn’t 　11　. A few minutes later, the young man came back, test tube unbroken and finger belonging to lovely shade of pink.  
I just couldn’t　12　 this kid. He’s only twelve. I too got my knee unstuck, but not without great 　13　. The excuse for me, however, was not 　14　 but plain stupidity. I was 　15　 fifty years old when this happened.  【文章大意】本文是一篇故事。作者讲述了科学课上一个学生的手指卡在了试管里, 作者只好把学生先送到学校的书记那里。同时为了安定课堂秩序, 作者讲述了自己膝盖卡在栏杆里的故事, 学生们也纷纷分享他们自己的头、胳膊、手指被卡住的故事。最后那位手指卡在试管里的学生毫发无损地回来了。
1. A. used　　 B. needed　　 C. happened　　D. continued【解析】选D。考查动词辨析。used使用; needed需要; happened发生; continued继续。此处指学生的手指被卡在试管里, 由于血流不顺畅, 所以手指变得越来越白。指持续变白, 故选D。2. A. calm B. silent C. cheerful D. active【解析】选A。考查形容词辨析。calm镇静的, 平静的; silent沉默的; cheerful快乐的; active积极的。根据I suggested he carefully rotate the tube可知, 当时作者没有慌乱, 给学生建议。表示“保持镇静”, 故选A。
3. A. fire B. chaosC. violence D. argument【解析】选B。考查名词辨析。 fire火; chaos混乱; violence暴力; argument论证。根据文章第一句中in science class可知, 是在课堂上发生的意外, 尝试几种方法没有成功, 所以教室里一片混乱。根据当时情境可知选B。4. A. described B. carriedC. introduced D. sent【解析】选D。考查动词辨析。described描述; carried搬运; introduced介绍; sent送。因为情况紧急, 最后作者把学生送到了书记那里。表示“送”, 故选D。
5. A. happy B. doubtful C. surprised D. confident【解析】选D。考查形容词辨析。happy高兴的; doubtful怀疑的; surprised吃惊的; confident确信的。此事由书记负责, 作者确信一切都能解决。故选D。6. A. shared B. wrote C. read D. heard【解析】选A。考查动词辨析。shared分享; wrote写; read读; heard听到。为了让学生们恢复秩序, 作者和他们分享了自己的膝盖卡在阳台栏杆之间的故事。表示“给学生们讲故事”, 故选A。
7. A. calculating B. explainingC. wondering D. reporting【解析】选C。考查动词辨析。calculating计算; explaining解释; wondering想知道; reporting报告。当时情况下, 作者想知道膝盖能塞进栏杆之间到什么程度。故选C。8. A. pushing B. climbingC. walking D. kicking【解析】选A。考查动词辨析。 pushing 推; climbing爬; walking 走, 步行; kicking踢。此处指作者一点点地不断地推。故选A。
9. A. doctors B. strangersC. managers D. students【解析】选B。考查名词辨析。doctors医生; strangers陌生人; managers管理者; students学生。根据at a popular Las Vegas hotel可知, 事情发生在酒店里, 所以看到事情发生的是许多住酒店的陌生人。故选B。10. A. findings B. conclusionsC. stories D. news【解析】选C。考查名词辨析。findings发现; conclusions结论; stories故事; news新闻。听完作者的故事后, 学生们开始讲述他们自己的头、胳膊、手指被卡住的故事。指学生们自己的故事, 故选C。
11. A. be B. exist C. stay D. stop【解析】选A。考查动词辨析。be是, 在; exist存在; stay坚持, 停留; stop停止。此处指头、胳膊、手指被卡在了不该在的地方。表示“在”, 故选A。12. A. get along with B. get rid ofC. get used to D. get mad at【解析】选D。考查动词短语辨析。get along with取得进展; get rid of摆脱, 除去; get used to习惯于; get mad at对……生气。此处表示不能对这个孩子生气, 他只有12岁。故选D。
13. A. encouragement B. disappointmentC. embarrassment D. achievement【解析】选C。考查名词辨析。 encouragement鼓励; disappointment失望; embarrassment尴尬; achievement成就。作者膝盖被卡住时, 面对许多陌生人感到很尴尬, 此处与上文in front of lots of ______at a popular Las Vegas hotel呼应, 故选C。 14. A. ambition B. youth C. bravery D. experiment【解析】选B。考查名词辨析。 ambition雄心, 抱负; youth年轻; bravery勇敢; experiment实验。对作者来说, 借口不是年轻, 而是愚蠢。与He’s only twelve. 呼应, 故选B。
15. A. in the end B. in totalC. after all D. at any rate【解析】选C。考查介词短语辨析。in the end最后, 终于; in total总共; after all毕竟; at any rate无论如何。此处指这件事发生时, 毕竟作者已经50岁了, 所以说借口不是年龄小。故选C。
完形填空 (2020·沈阳高一检测)Why dogs eat grass　　These summer days, when I take my dog Raja for a walk, he always wants to stop and eat grass. However, 　1　 there are many other grasses nearby, he always heads for wheatgrass.  I’ve read that dogs eat grass because they want to vomit (呕吐) or they are having digestive troubles. Raja 　2　 to vomit. He will do anything to keep from vomiting, so that doesn’t seem to be the 　3　. I feed him pretty wet food, and he 　4　 it very well, with well-formed stools (粪便). Digestive troubles do
not seem to apply to Raja either. So I decided to 　5　 a little bit into the scientific dog literature to see what I could find.   One recent study approached grass eating in dogs with the hypothesis (假说) that grass may 　6　 digestive distress (痛苦). In that study, the 　7　 fed dogs a diet that produced loose, watery stools, to mimic (模拟) a condition of a mild digestive upset. They 　8　 fed the dogs a standard diet that produced normal stools, and gave the dogs two types of grasses to eat during each experimental condition. The 　9　 were that the dogs ate more grass when they were fed a standard diet than when they ate the diet that 　10　 the digestive upset. So much for that hypothesis.  
Then there’s vomiting. I found another 　11　 that looked at whether dogs vomit more when they eat grass. In it, they surveyed 1, 571 dog owners on the Internet and 　12　 that 79 percent of the dogs ate grass, and of these, only 9 percent were sick before they ate the grass, and 22 percent vomited 　13　 eating the grass. These results show that the vomiting hypothesis doesn’t seem to be 　14　 either. So why do dogs eat grass?  Ask yourself that question the next time you eat a delicious salad. My 　15　 is. . . because it tastes good.  【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。作者发现自己的狗很喜欢吃草, 于是查阅了大量资料, 希望能找到答案。
1. A. although B. unlessC. since D. because【解析】选A。考查连词辨析。“尽管(although)”附近还有许多别的草, 但是, 作者的狗Raja总是会走向(heads for)麦草。2. A. pretends B. failsC. stops D. hates【解析】选D。考查动词辨析。根据下文中的“He will do anything to keep from vomiting”可知, Raja “讨厌(hates)”呕吐。
3. A. concern B. processC. answer D. detail【解析】选C。考查名词辨析。结合上文中的“dogs eat grass because they want to vomit”和“He will do anything to keep from vomiting”可知, Raja吃草不是想呕吐, 所以这个不是“答案(answer)”。4. A. mixes B. digestsC. handles D. divides【解析】选B。考查动词辨析。结合上文中的“I feed him pretty wet food”和下文中的“with well-formed stools”可知, Raja“消化(digests)”得很好。
5. A. dig B. move C. fall D. cut【解析】选A。考查动词辨析。根据上文内容可知, 作者没有找到答案, 于是决定对有关文献做更深入的“探究(dig)”。6. A. send B. produceC. reduce D. further【解析】选C。考查动词辨析。根据下文中的“In that study, the______fed dogs a diet. . . to mimic a condition of a mild digestive upset. ”可以推知, 这一研究建立在狗吃草是为了“减轻(reduce)”消化痛苦的假说基础之上。 
7. A. owners B. farmers C. doctors D. researchers【解析】选D。考查名词辨析。由上文中的study可知, “研究者(researchers)”给狗喂了一些容易引起它们腹泻的食物。8. A. just B. even C. thus D. also【解析】选D。考查副词辨析。本句与上句是并列关系, 他们“还(also)”喂了标准的狗粮。9. A. secrets B. results C. solutions D. ideas【解析】选B。考查名词辨析。经过实验之后, 研究者得出了“结果(results)”。
10. A. caused B. ignored C. meant D. treated【解析】选A。考查动词辨析。根据上文中的“produced loose, watery stools”可知, 与标准的狗粮相比, 这些食物容易“引起(caused)”狗肠胃不适。11. A. post B. study C. exercise D. course【解析】选B。考查名词辨析。根据上文中的study可知, 作者又找到了另一份“研究(study)”。12. A. believed B. checked C. found D. expected【解析】选C。考查动词辨析。研究者通过调查“发现(found)”79%的狗都吃草。
13. A. if B. until C. after D. before【解析】选C。考查词语辨析。根据上文中的“before they ate the grass”可以推知, 22%的狗吃草“后(after)”会呕吐。14. A. interesting B. strange C. impossible D. reasonable【解析】选D。考查形容词辨析。本段所列数据表明呕吐假说不“合理(reasonable)”。15. A. news B. argument C. promise D. guess【解析】选D。考查名词辨析。经过查阅科研文献, 作者并没有弄明白狗吃草的原因, 所以, 作者“猜想(guess)”也许狗吃草只是因为草好吃, 就像你吃美味的沙拉。