高中英语北师大版 (2019)选择性必修 第一册Lesson 2 War on Plastic Packets图片ppt课件

这是一份高中英语北师大版 (2019)选择性必修 第一册Lesson 2 War on Plastic Packets图片ppt课件，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了课前自主预习，¤重点单词，¤重点词块，¤重点句式，¤课文预读，课堂新知讲练，◇词汇拓讲，◇句式解读，课文读练专训，突 破 语 法等内容，欢迎下载使用。
1．____________n．物种，种2．____________adj.异常的；不平常的3．____________adj.大量的4．____________adj.各种各样的，形形色色的5．____________vi.& vt.减少；减少的量
species　unusual　mass　varied　decrease　
6．____________vt.指责，责怪7．____________vt.影响8．____________adj.濒危的9．____________adj.太阳光(能)的10．____________vi.& vt.(使)孵化11．____________vt.(使)恢复
blame　affect　endangered　slar　hatch　restre　
1．at the rate f… ________________2．be based n… ________________3．lay eggs ________________4．be at high risk ________________5．wipe ut ________________6．die frm ________________
以……的速度/比例　基于……　产卵/下蛋　高危；处境非常危险　彻底毁灭　死于　
7．up t… ________________8．in shrt… ________________9．accrding t ________________10．take steps ________________11．be t blame ________________12． be at risk ________________
高达……　简而言之　根据　采取措施；执行步骤　把……归咎于　处境危险，受到威胁　
1．(P52)In the last 500 millin years, __________________ five times when life n Earth has almst ended.在过去的5亿年里，曾经有5次地球上的生命几乎灭绝了。【答案】there have been
2．(P53)______________________ human activity has negatively affected all ther species n Earth, including animals and plants. 很明显，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种，包括动物和植物都产生了负面影响。【答案】It is clear that
3．(P53)Withut frest, we ____________ n air t breathe. 没有森林，我们就没有呼吸的空气。【答案】wuld have
Ⅰ．判断正误(　　)1．In the last fifty millin years, life n earth has almst died ut.(　　)2．Human activities are t blame fr the previus life extinctin.
(　　)3．Human activities have s far negatively affected life n the earth.(　　)4．Life will almst die ut in the sixth mass extinctin.(　　)5．Our wrld and ur lives depend n the balance in nature between animals and plants.【答案】1－5　FFTTT
Ⅱ．阅读理解(　　)1．Why des the authr mentin the extinctins in histry in the first paragraph?A．T shw us the terrible disasters fr mankind.B．T tell us the climate’s impact n wildlife.C．T intrduce the tpic f this text t the readers. D．T warn us f the ptential disasters t mankind.
(　　)2．What wrries us mst accrding t the authr?A．The destructin f ur habitats.B．The rapid prgress f life extinctin.C．The envirnmental pllutin.D．The imbalance f nature.
(　　)3．What can we infer frm the third paragraph?A．Human beings are clsely related t nature.B．Mst living things will die ut in the future.C．N frest will exist n the earth in the future.D．Oxygen will sn disappear n the earth.
(　　)4．What des the authr intend t d in the last paragraph?A．T shw us what t d t avid the sixth distinctin.B．T tell us what t d t cnserve ur envirnment.C．T encurage us t save mre energy in ur life.D．T explain why t prtect the natural envirnment.
(　　)5．What is the authr’s attitude twards aviding the sixth extinctin?A．Pessimistic.　　　B．Uncertain.C．Ambiguus. D．Optimistic. 【答案】1－5　CBAAD
1．wipe ut 彻底毁灭(P52) Extinctins, where entire species are wiped ut, are nt unusual in ur Earth’s histry. 【翻译】物种灭绝，即整个物种的完全消失，在地球历史上并不罕见。
【语言提升】wipe ut是个多义词语，可以表示：(1)彻底消灭，全部摧毁(具体的物品)The disease threatens t wipe ut the entire ppulatin.这种疾病有可能毁灭整个种群。The whle village was wiped ut during the earthquake.在地震中，整个村子都被毁掉了。
(2)去除，擦掉(抽象的东西)I really hpe surgery culd wipe ut the tired feelings. 我真的希望手术可以去除这些疲劳的感觉。The incident wiped ut my hpe cmpletely.那件事情把我所有的希望都破灭了。 wipe sth. dwn (用湿布)彻底揩擦干净She tk a clth and wiped dwn the kitchen table.她拿了一块布把厨房桌面擦得干干净净。
wipe sth. ff/frm sth. 从……除掉(或抹掉)Please wipe the dust ff the chair. 请把灰尘从椅子上擦掉。
wipe sth. n/with sth. 擦拭；抹；揩；蹭Please wipe yur feet n the mat.请在垫子上蹭一蹭脚。wipe sth. away＝wipe sth. ut把某物清除掉Wipe away the tears n yur face, but yu can’t take the pain away.擦去脸上的泪水，却带不走心中的痛楚。
【针对练习】完成句子(1)A vlcanic eruptin nearly ______________ f Mntserrat in 1997．1997年的一次火山喷发差点把孟塞拉特这个小岛给毁灭了。
(2)A disease has __________________.一场疾病把他所有的记忆都抹去了。(3)A big fire ____________________ .一场大火把那座小木屋烧毁了。
单句语法填空 (4)Lcusts are pests but they aren’t easily wiped ________ by their enemies.(5)After a serius flu utbreak wipes ________ 99．4% f the wrld’s ppulatin, a battle unflds between gd and evil amng thse left.(6)While they can’t wipe ________ the strain f the past, they can certainly mve frward.
(7)Haze Mabry, wh has wrked as a schl keeper fr thirteen years, walks int the schl building every day and empties garbage cans, wipes ________ bathrms and mps wet messes in the hallways.(8)Then I wiped the dust ________ all the furniture and mpped the flrs.
【答案】(1)wiped ut the small island(2)wiped ut all his memries(3)wiped ut the small wden huse(4)ut　(5)ut　(6)away　(7)dwn　(8)ff
2．unusual adj.异常的；不平常的(P52) Extinctins, where entire species are wiped ut, are nt unusual in ur Earth’s histry. 【翻译】物种灭绝，即整个物种的完全消失，在地球历史上并不罕见。
【语言提升】unusual adj.不寻常的；罕见的；独特的；与众不同的nt unusual 常见的；普遍的It is unusual (fr sb.) t d sth.做某事对某人来说是不寻常的。
It is unusual that sb.d sth.某人做某事是不寻常的。It’s nt unusual fr him t feel very angry in a situatin like this.在像这样的情况下他觉得非常生气并不罕见。He was an unusual man with great business talents.他不同凡响，很有商业天赋。It is nt unusual that she reaches ut her helping hand.她经常出手相帮。
【温馨提示】un-是常见的否定前缀，常可加形容词表示相反的状态。常见的有：unknwn(未知的)，unsafe(不安全的)，unpleasant(使人不愉快的), unhappy(不高兴的)等。
【词汇拓展】unusually adv. 不寻常地usual adj. 通常的than usual 比平时as usual 像平常那样usually adv. 通常地
【语境助记】It is unusual that the rain suddenly falls tday, but he still ges running in the park as usual. He usually says, “Once yu have gt int the habit f exercising, yu will stick t it.”不寻常的是，今天突然下起雨来，但是他仍然像往常一样在公园里跑步。他经常说，“你一旦养成了锻炼的习惯，就会坚持。”
【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)Chpsticks are ________(usual) tw lng, thin pieces f wd r bamb. They can als be made f plastic, animal bne r metal.
(2)This time, we stayed tgether, in case anything else ________(usual) happened.(3)But a few days ag, this ancient twn was ________(usual) full f peple.【答案】(1)usually　(2)unusual　(3)unusually
翻译句子(4)史密斯照例是最后一个到达教室的。【答案】As usual, Smith was the last ne t arrive at the classrm.(5)在英国找到一个这么大的湖泊是不寻常的。【答案】It is unusual t find a lake f this size in Britain.
3．mass adj.大量的(P52) These include the third mass extinctin, knwn as the “Great Dying”， which killed 90% t 96% f all species. 【翻译】这些包括被称为“大灭绝”的第三次物种大灭绝，它杀死了90%到96%的物种。
【语言提升】(1)mass n．大量，许多； 团，块，堆；群众，民众a mass f许多， 一堆masses f许多，大量的(泛指)the mass f大量的(特指)in mass整个地，全部地the masses群众，平民百姓
There is a mass f snw in frnt f the huse. 在房子前面有一堆雪。Mary always seems t have a mass f things t d. 玛丽似乎总是有一大堆事情要做。There were masses f peple in the shp yesterday. 昨天商店里人如潮涌。The trains prvide cheap and cmfrtable travel fr the masses.火车给大众提供了便宜、舒适的出行方式。
(2)mass adj.大量的；群众的，民众的；大规模的mass prductin批量生产mass culture大众文化mass media大众传媒mass prductin批量生产，大量生产His design was accepted and began t enter mass prductin.他的设计被采纳，并开始大量生产。
【温馨提示】a mass f/masses f后可跟可数名词复数，也可跟不可数名词。“a mass f/masses f＋n.” 作主语时，谓语动词的数与f后面名词的数保持一致。如：There were masses f children playing in the yard.院子里有很多孩子在玩耍。There is mass f wrk fr her t d.她有一大堆的工作要做。
【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)A mass ________ clrs — frm the palest ivry t the deepest lemn and then t the mst vivid pink — shne like a carpet befre us.
(2)The plar bear is fund in the Arctic Circle and sme big land ________(mass) as far suth as Newfundland.(3)It’s time t have lunch, s I think there surely are ________(mass) f peple in the dining rm.(4)With frests destryed, masses f fertile sil ________(be) being washed away each year.
完成句子(5)Self-driving vehicles still have a lng way t g befre they reach ________________ stage.自动驾驶汽车在进入大规模生产阶段之前还有很长的路要走。(6)One hur befre the news cnference，__________ jurnalists were in the hall.在新闻发布会开始前一小时，大厅里已经有很多记者了。
(7)我开始认真筛选大量的证据。 I began sifting thrugh ________________.【答案】(1)f　(2)masses　(3)masses　(4)is(5)mass prductin　(6)a mass f/masses f(7)the mass f evidence
4．varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的(P52) The reasns fr extinctins are varied.【翻译】物种灭绝的原因多种多样。【语言提升】varied adj.不同的，多变的，各种各样的，形形色色的(＝varius)
Representatives frm varied parts f the cuntry have arrived in Beijing.来自全国各地的代表们到达了北京。The chir has a varied prgram f cncerts thrughut the year.合唱队有一个全年举行各种各样音乐会的计划。He led a full and varied life.他过着丰富多彩的生活。
【词汇拓展】vary vi.(根据情况)变化，改变；(大小、形状等)相异，不同vary with…随……而变化vary frm…不同于……vary in…在……方面不同、有差异vary frm…t…从……到……不等/不同
【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)The three grups f vilinists ________(vary) a lt in their practice times last mnth.(2)In 2020, Wrld Wildlife Day celebrates bidiversity, including wild fauna and flra, in all its ________(vary) and beautiful frms.
(3)I like reading bks very much, especially strybks, varying frm Chinese stries ________ English stries.(4)Changes in price nrmally vary ________ changes f supply and need.(5)Thugh Lucy and Lily are twins, they vary ________ character.【答案】(1)varied　(2)varied　(3)t　(4)with　(5)in
5．decrease vi.& vt.减少 n．减少；减少的量(P52) Accrding t scientists, they include vlcanic eruptins, asterids hitting the Earth frm space, changes in sea levels, the decrease f the xygen cntent f the sea and glbal warming.【翻译】根据科学家的说法，它们包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量减少和全球变暖。
【语言提升】(1)decrease vi.& vt.(使大小、数量等)减少，减小，降低decrease by… 减少了……(表示减少的比例)decrease t…减少到……(表示减少后的数量)decrease in…在……方面减少
Peple planted trees n the waste hills t decrease sil ersin.人们在荒丘上种植了树木，以减少水土流失。The number f the students in ur schl has decreased t 1,200．我们学校的学生数量已减少到1,200人。Cmpared with last year, the price f wheat has decreased by 15% this year.和去年相比，今年小麦的价格已降低了15%。
(2)decrease n．减少，降低(可数或不可数)a decrease in…在……方面减少n the decrease在减少There has been a decrease in the number f yung peple ut f wrk.失业青年人数已经有所下降。
The demand fr crn is n the decrease each year in this cuntry.这个国家对玉米的需求量在逐年减少。
【词汇拓展】increase vi.&vt.(使)增长，增多，增加n．增长，增多，增加increase t…增加到……(表示增加后的量)increase by…增加了……(表示增加了多大的比例)n the increase在增加
【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)In recent years sme Inuit peple in Nunavut reprted increases ________ bear sightings arund human settlements.(2)In September, an Australian Senate cmmittee reprted that there was n questin the kala’s ppulatin is ________ the decrease.
(3)Als pwer walking ________(decrease) the risks f serius diseases like high bld pressure, heart attacks and certain types f cancers. (4)The accidents have decreased ________ 20% since the measures were taken.(5)The crime rate in this area has decreased ________ the lwest level nwadays.
(6)Tea is still a large part f daily life in the UK tday, but it seems t be ________ the decrease.(7)Experts predicted the average glbal temperature will increase ________ 3 ℃ ver the next century.【答案】(1)in　(2)n　(3)decreases　(4)by　(5)t　(6)n　(7)by
6．die ut灭绝，死光(P52) Althugh it is nt unusual fr species t die ut naturally, the rate at which this is nw happening is cause fr cncern.【翻译】虽然物种自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在这种情况发生的速度令人担忧。
【语言提升】die ut意为 “灭绝，死光，消失”This species has nearly died ut because its habitat is being destryed.因栖息地正受到破坏，这一物种已濒临灭绝。T ur sadness, many ld custms are gradually dying ut.让我们伤心的是，许多旧习俗都在渐渐消失。
die ff相继死去，先后死去die dwn逐渐变弱，逐渐平息die frm/f死于……die away逐渐减弱，逐渐消失be dying fr sth./t d sth.渴望某物/做某事
【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)The prey species they directly attack will die ________.(2)In 2016, just ver 400,000 peple died ________ the disease.(3)S far wrldwide, it is reprted that mre than 90,000 peple have been infected with the new crnavirus and mre than 3,000 have died ________ less than three mnths.
(4)S we did what anyne wuld d when pressed fr time and, actually lst: we gt ice cream. I’m nt sure if it was because f the ice cream, but at that pint, any fear I had died ________.【答案】(1)ut　(2)frm　(3)in　(4)dwn
7．blame vt.责怪，指责(P52) This time, human activity will be t blame.【翻译】这一次，人类活动应受到指责。
【语言提升】blame vt.责备；谴责；把……归咎于blame sb.fr (ding) sth.因(做)某事责备某人blame sth.n sb./sth.把某事归咎于某人/某事be t blame fr (ding) sth.因(做)某事应受责备；对(做)某事负有责任(不定式用主动形式表示被动意义)
Dn’t blame him fr breaking that vase；he is a child after all.别怪他打碎了那个花瓶。他毕竟是个孩子。They blamed the failure f the business n the ecnmic dwnturn.他们把生意的失败归咎于经济衰退。The ht weather is partly t blame fr the water shrtage.炎热的天气是缺水的部分原因。
blame n．责任，责备take/bear the blame fr sth. 承担某事的责任lay/put the blame (fr sth.) n… 把(某事的)责任归咎于……We were ready t take the blame fr what had happened.我们准备对所发生的事承担责任。Health fficials put the blame fr the disease n pr husing cnditins. 卫生官员们将该疾病归咎于恶劣的住房条件。
【语境助记】He is blamed fr the big mistake, but he blamed it n thers. In fact, it is he, nt thers, that is t blame fr it.他因这次严重的错误受到了责备，但他把它归咎于别人。事实上，应该是他，而不是别人，要对此负责。
【考向追踪】高考通常从以下几个角度设题对blame进行考查：(1)t blame作表语或定语时要用主动形式表示被动意义；(2)通过非谓语结构对blame进行考查；(3)blame后的介词既可以用n又可以用fr，n表示责怪的对象， fr表示责怪的起因。
【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)Our task nw is nt ________(blame) the past，but t plan fr the future.(2)Chavis is amng a grwing number f teachers, parents and health experts wh believe that smart phnes are nw partly t blame ________ increasing the levels f student anxiety.
(3)Jel blamed Harry ________ using all f the bug spray. Harry tld Jel he smelled terrible, and Jel called Harry a cward.(4)Lts f peple find it hard t get up in the mrning, and put the blame ________ the alarm clck. 【答案】(1)t blame　(2)fr　(3)fr　(4)n
8．affect vt.影响(P53) It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all ther species n Earth, including animals and plants. 【翻译】很明显，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种，包括动物和植物都产生了负面影响。
【语言提升】affect vt.影响；感染；假装The suth f the cuntry was wrst affected by the drught.这个国家南方旱情最严重。Frm the experience I learned hw the attitude f theleader affected the members f a team.从这次经历中，我懂得了领导者的态度是如何影响团队成员的。
affect vt.(感情上)深深打动(一般用被动形式); 使悲伤(或怜悯等)He was deeply affected by the music.那段音乐深深打动了他。affect vt.(指疾病)侵袭，感染The disease is beginning t affect her brain.疾病开始侵袭她的大脑。
【词汇拓展】affectin n．影响；喜爱，钟爱have/shw affectin fr sb/sth.钟爱某人或某物affectins爱情
【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)It is certain that peple’s views n happiness ________ (affect) greatly by their wn life experience.(2)His mther had a deep ________(affect) fr him.
(3)When I make a business decisin, it cmes naturally fr my decisin t be made in the cmmn interest f all invlved because every day I see the peple ________(affect) by my decisin — my neighbrs, my custmers, and my emplyees as well as the natural wrld.
(4)Instead f spreading misinfrmatin and fueling fearful thughts, we shuld d everything we can t supprt thse wh are affected ________ events such as the COVID-19 utbreak. (5)Bth f us had the qualities and virtues that are typical f American actrs: humrus, aggressive, and making fun f each ther — but always with an underlying ________(affect)．【答案】(1)are affected　(2)affectin　(3)affected　(4)by　(5)affectin
9．up t高达……(P53) If a sixth mass extinctin ccurs, scientists wh have studied the issue believe that up t three quarters f all species n Earth culd die ut.【翻译】研究这一问题的科学家们认为，如果第六次物种大灭绝发生，地球上多达四分之三的物种将会灭绝。
【语言提升】本句中的up t意为“高达(某个数量)……”，还可以表示：(1)“达到……程度或数量”The spkesman said the high speed train culd speed up t 350 kilmeters per hur.发言人说，高铁的速度最高可达每小时350千米。Our team played up t its best in the last ftball league.我们的足球队在上届联赛中发挥了最高水平。
(2)“直到……为止”，相当于till或untilup t nw直到现在(常与现在完成时连用)up t then直到那时(常与过去完成时连用)Please feel free t call me any time up t half past nine at night.晚上9点半之前任何时间你都可以给我打电话。
Up t nw，the writer has written six stries，three f which are abut cuntry life. 到现在为止，这位作家写了6个故事，其中有3个是关于乡村生活的。
(3)“(体力或智力上)能胜任”I’m afraid Tim just isn’t up t the jb.恐怕蒂姆干不了这份工作。Yu needn’t g back t schl if yu dn’t feel up t it.你要是觉得身体还不是很好的话，就不一定要回去上学。
(4)表示“是(某人)的责任，由……决定，取决于”It’s up t sb. t d sth.做某事是某人的职责。/做某事由某人决定。It’s up t sb.＋whether/hw/when…是否/如何/何时/……由某人决定。It’s up t yu.(交际用语)由你决定。
It’s up t the travel cmpanies t warn custmers f any pssible dangers.旅游公司有义务预先告知游客任何可能的危险。Nw that the tl is available t yu, it is up t yu hw t use it.既然这个工具你能用，那么怎么使用它取决于你。
—Shall we g ut fr dinner r eat at hme?我们是要出去吃饭还是在家吃呢？—It’s up t yu.由你决定。
【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)Almst ne in ten admits spending up ________ three hurs utside their nrmal wrking day checking wrk emails.(2)Up t nw, the prgram ________(save) thusands f children wh wuld therwise have died.
(3)It is up t yu ________(decide) when t g shpping.(4)He, up t then, ________(find) a gd subject t write abut. 【答案】(1)t　(2)has saved　(3)t decide　(4)had fund
10．be at risk 处境危险，受到威胁(P53) Of curse, as we humans depend n s many species fr ur survival, we wuld als be at risk f dying ut. 【翻译】当然，由于我们人类的生存依赖如此之多的物种，我们也会面临灭绝的危险。
【语言提升】(1)at risk (frm/f sth.)有危险；冒风险As with all diseases, certain grups will be mre at risk than thers. 所有的疾病都是如此，一些人比另一些人更容易受到威胁。
(2)at the risk f ding sth.冒着……的风险At the risk f shwing my ignrance, hw exactly des the Internet wrk? 也许我难免显得无知，可互联网到底是怎么运行的呢？ (3)at risk t neself/sb./sth.冒着伤及……的危险He dived in t save the dg at cnsiderable risk t his wn life. 他冒着相当大的生命危险跳到水里去救那只狗。
(4)d sth. at yur wn risk (常见于告示)自担风险；责任自负Persns swimming beynd this pint d s at their wn risk.游泳者越过此界限后果自负。 Valuables are left at their wner’s risk.贵重物品需看管，否则风险自负。
(5)run a risk (f sth./f ding sth.)冒风险；有……的危险Peple wh are verweight run a risk f a heart attack r strke. 超重的人有犯心脏病和中风的危险。
(6)run the risk (f sth./ f ding sth.) 冒……的危险；冒险(做某事)We dn’t want t run the risk f lsing their business.我们不想冒险失去他们的生意。 Investment is all abut running risks.投资就是要冒风险。
(7)take a risk/ take risks t d sth.冒险(做某事)That’s a risk I’m nt prepared t take.我不愿意去冒这个险。 Yu have n right t take risks with ther peple’s lives.你没有权利拿别人的生命去冒险。
(8)reduce/cut the risk f (ding) sth.减少(做)某事的危险As we all knw, it can reduce the risk f cntracting the virus. 我们都知道，它可以降低感染病毒的风险。(9)lwer the risk f (ding) sth.降低危险
【针对练习】完成句子(1)Due t the utbreak f the nvel crnavirus pneumnia (NCP), peple all ver the wrld are wearing masks t ________ _______________(减少感染的危险)．(2)Fr example, Shanghai is _________________________ (有极大的危险) because f the large ppulatin f migrant wrkers, but the stress level is nt in the high level.
(3)Cnsider the recent annuncements frm the frnt lines f medical research：－A study cncluded that wmen wh cnsume as little as tw servings f fish a week ________________(减少她们的危险) suffering a strke t half that f wmen wh eat less than ne serving f fish a mnth. (4)Jacb Sattelmair, frm Harvard University has dne a study int hw much exercise is needed t ________________(降低危险) f heart attacks.
【答案】(1)reduce/cut the risk f infectin(2)at high risk　(3)cut/lwer their risk f(4)cut/lwer the risk
11．survive v．幸存；存活(P53)Withut frests, we wuld have n air t breathe, and withut clean water, we wuld be unable t survive. 【翻译】没有森林，我们就没有空气呼吸；没有清澈的水，我们就无法生存。
【语言提升】(1)survive n sth.依靠……生活Human life is regarded as part f nature and, as such, the nly way fr us t survive is t live in harmny with nature.人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，就这一点而论，我们生存的唯一方式是与自然和谐相处。
Her parents died in the accident, but she survived.她的父母在那次事故中丧生了，但她活过来了。Hw d yu survive n such a lw salary?你是如何靠这么低的工资维持生计的？
(2)survive vt.幸存，幸免于难。其宾语通常是war, accident, fld, fire, earthquake, air crash等。Only ne baby survived the terrible car crash.在那次严重的汽车撞车事故中只有一个婴儿生还。(3)survive vt.比……活(或存在)的时间长survive sb. by＋时间段 比某人多活……She survived her husband by ten years.丈夫死后她又活了十年。
【词汇拓展】survival n．[U]幸存，生存，存活(不可数)survivr n．幸存者，生还者(可数)【语境助记】Mr.Green was ne f the survivrs wh survived the earthquake. Everyne said his survival was a wnder.格林先生是这次地震的幸存者之一。每个人都说他的存活是一个奇迹。
【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)And there are ther pprtunities fr germs t survive ________ turkeys: melting and cking.(2)Frm the very beginning f his life, he was dependent n medicatin t enable him ________(survive)．(3)We depend n wildlife and n the planet’s rich bidiversity fr ur ________(survive) and well-being.
(4)The nly ________(survive) f a shipwreck was washed up n a small island where n ne lived.(5)They als ________(survive) clse encunters with elephants in Uganda and Btswana and an accident in Malaysia.【答案】(1)n　(2)t survive　(3)survival　(4)survivr(5)survived
12．lay vt.&vi.产(卵)(P53) Only ne f thse birds, a female called Old Blue, was able t lay eggs. 【翻译】在这些鸟中，只有一只叫做“老蓝”的雌性鸟能下蛋。
【语言提升】lay vt.&vi.产(卵)，下(蛋)The cuck lays its eggs in ther birds’ nests.杜鹃在其他鸟的巢中产蛋。The hens are nt laying well.母鸡现在不爱下蛋。
lay vt.(尤指轻轻地或小心地)放置，安放， 搁She laid the baby dwn gently n the bed.她把婴儿轻轻地放在床上。
lay aside把……放在一边；留存备用lay dwn放下；中断(工作)，辞(职)lay ff解雇lay ut摆开，展开；布置，策划lay the table摆餐具(相当于set the table)lay stress n… 强调……
【易混辨析】lay/lie
【记忆口诀】规则撒谎，不规则躺；放和下蛋，形式一样
【针对练习】用lay的相关短语完成句子(1)The factry had t ________ sme wrkers due t the financial crisis.(2)She ________ all her new clthes n the bed and tried them n ne by ne.(3)When supper was ready, her mther tld her t ________.
用lay或lie的适当形式填空(4)He ________ a hand n my shulder fr cmfrt just nw. (5)We were ________ n the grass when it began t rain.(6)He ________ abut his career experience t his manager when he came here.【答案】(1)lay ff　(2)laid ut　(3)lay the table　(4)laid　(5)lying　(6)lied
1．(P52) In the last 500 millin years, there have been five times when life n Earth has almst ended. 【翻译】在过去的5亿年里，曾经有5次地球上的生命几乎灭绝。
【句式剖析】不少同学对本句中的there have been five times结构感到困惑，他们认为there be结构是不可以同have连用的。实际上，我们所说的there be结构，不同于have用作实义动词，表示“有”的时候。本句的have是一个助动词，同后面的been构成现在完成时。
【句式提升】(1)there be结构的各种时态。there be结构中的be动词可以根据具体情况，有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、be ging t结构、used t结构等。
There will be heavy snw next week accrding t weather reprt.根据天气预报，下周将有大雪。There is ging t be a flwer shw in ur twn next week.下周我镇将会有一个花展。There used t be a twer by the river.河边曾经有一座塔。
(2)there be结构还可以根据具体的情况，同情态动词或seem，happen，remain等连用。There must be smene t meet yu when yu arrive.你到了后，一定会有人接你的。There seems t be smene crying in the next rm.似乎隔壁有人在哭。There happened t be a bus waiting at the bus stp.在公交站碰巧有一辆车等着。
(3)there be句型中，be动词有时可用lie, stand, live, exist等替换，表示某个时候或某地有某物。On the suthwest frntier f China, there lie many frests where live a great variety f plants and animals.在中国西南边陲有许多森林，生存着各种各样的植物和动物。Lng lng ag, there lived an emperr wh lved hrses.很久以前，有一位国王非常喜欢马。
There stands a tree in frnt f the huse.房子前面有一棵树。There exists an argument abut the arrangement fr the hlidays.对于安排度假之事存在争论。
Althugh there is mre female participatin in IT, there remains a significant imbalance f senir psitins between men and wmen.虽然有更多的女性参与到IT行业，但在高级职位方面，男性和女性之间仍然存在着严重的不平衡。
【针对练习】完成句子(1)Between the tw buildings, ________________ in which a few children are swimming.在这两幢楼之间有一个游泳池，里面有几个孩子在游泳。(2)The mment ur class meeting was ver, __________________ a heated discussin.班会一结束，接着就是一场激烈的讨论。
(3)________________ n ideal slutin t these tugh prblems.对于这些棘手的问题似乎没有理想的解决办法。(4)________________ a pliceman there when we were in truble.当我们身处困境时，碰巧那儿有个警察。
(5)________________ lts f challenges if we are t classify garbage in a shrt time.如果我们要在短时间内对垃圾进行分类，仍然会有很多挑战。
(6)While Queensland Rail makes every effrt t ensure trains run as scheduled, ________________ n guarantee f cnnectins between trains r between train services and bus services.昆士兰铁路力求确保列车运行计划，就无法保证火车或火车服务之间的连接和巴士服务。
【答案】(1)there lies a swimming pl　(2)there fllwed　(3)There seems t be　(4)There happened t be　(5)There will still be　(6)there can be
2．(P53) It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all ther species n Earth, including animals and plants. 【翻译】很明显，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种，包括动物和植物都产生了负面影响。
【句式剖析】本句中的It是一个形式主语。其后接的is clear是一个系表结构。后面的that从句在句中作真正的主语。
【句式提升】(1)it is＋形容词(表语)＋that从句(真正的主语)。在这个结构中，that从句的谓语部分通常是“shuld＋动词原形”。It is necessary that yu shuld behave well at schl.在学校你应该表现好一点。(2)这句型中的表语，除了是形容词外，还可以是名词。It is yur duty that yu shuld take gd care f yur parents.照顾好你的父母是你的职责。
(3)这个句型中的that从句可以转换成动词不定式短语fr sb. t d sth. 。It is impssible that they shuld have finished s much wrk in such a shrt time.＝It is impssible fr them t have finished s much wrk in such a shrt time.他们在这么短的时间内完成这么多的工作是不可能的。
(4)出现在这个句型中的形容词通常有：imprtant，necessary，wrng，pssible，impssible，basic，fundamental，vital，natural，cmmn，strange，nrmal等。
【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)________ is impssible that the small by shuld have driven the car t the ther end f the city.(2)It is quite true ________ Mike has gt the first prize in the speech cntest last week.
(3)It is necessary ________ yu t give up smking in rder t keep healthy.(4)It is vital fr us ________(keep) the envirnment clean.【答案】(1)It　(2)that　(3)fr　(4)t keep
3．(P53) Withut frest, we wuld have n air t breathe… 【翻译】没有森林，我们就没有呼吸的空气……【句式剖析】本句的介词withut引出的条件是一个假设的条件，句子的谓语动词这时就用虚拟语气。
【句式提升】withut引导虚拟条件时，谓语动词要使用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词有如下三种形式：(1)与现在事实相反；谓语部分：wuld/culd/might (nt) d sth. 如：Withut air, man culdn’t exist n the earth.没有空气的话，人类将不能在地球上生存.
(2)与过去事实相反，谓语部分：wuld/culd/might (nt) have dne sth. 如：Withut yur help, I wuld have failed the exam last week.没有你帮助的话，我上周考试可能就通不过了。
(3)与将来事实相反，谓语动词：wuld/culd/might (nt) d sth. 如：Withut yur ticket, I wuldn’t be able t g t the cncert tmrrw.要是没有你的票的话， 我明天就不能去听音乐会了。
【特别提醒】并不是withut所在的句子谓语动词一定要用虚拟语气。如果它表示一种真实的情况时，就不能用虚拟语气。如：Hw did yu finish yur wrk s fast withut any help?没人帮忙，你为何这么快就完成了工作？
【针对练习】完成句子(1)Withut yur help, ________________(我就不会完成我的工作)yesterday.(2)Withut the Internet, ________________(我们的生活就不会那么舒服) tday.【答案】(1)I culdn’t have finished my wrk(2)we wuldn’t be s cmfrtable
Ⅰ．根据课文完成表格，每空不多于三个单词The Sixth Extinctin
【答案】1．Explanatin　2．Histrical examples3．vlcanic eruptin　4．dying ut5．negatively affected　6．Three quarters7．Hw t avid　8．endangered species9．lifestyles　10．farming methds
Ⅱ．课文语法填空In the last 500 millin years, there have been five times when life n Earth has almst died ut. Of these events, the third mass extinctin, which is als knwn 1．________ the “Great Dying”， killed 90% t 96% f all species.
The fifth event, 2．________ ccurred in 66 millin years ag, caused the death f dinsaurs. All these events tk place due t 3．________(vary)reasns. It is estimated that the sixth mass extinctin 4．________(be) just cming rund. And this time it is us human beings 5．________ shuld be t blame.
Accrding t a study by scientists, species are dying much 6．________(fast) than nrmal nwadays due t varius pllutins. If the sixth mass 7．________(extinct) tk place, up t three quarters f all species 8．________(die) ut, including human beings.
In rder t avid such disasters frm taking place, we shuld take immediate steps 9．________(prtect) ur envirnment. We can make a difference by changing ur lifestyles in ur daily life and wrk. Only by 10．________(wrk) tgether, can we slw dwn the prgress f glbal warming and save ur envirnment in the end.
【答案】1．as　2．which　3．varied/varius　4．is　5．that6．faster　7．extinctin　8．wuld die　9．t prtect10．wrking
Ⅲ．概要写作根据课文内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】One pssible versin：There have been five mass extinctins f living things n the Earth in the last 500 millin years (要点1). With the develpment f agriculture and industry, mre and mre pllutin have been dne t the Earth(要点2)．It is reprted that ver three quarters f life n Earth wuld die ut if the sixth extinctin tk place (要点3). T avid such tragedies frm taking place, the authr gives us sme suggestins (要点4)．
【例句观察】请认真理解句意，体会画线单词在句中的作用和语法功能。1．Extinctins, where entire species are wiped ut, are nt unusual in ur Earth’s histry. 2．In the last 500 millin years, there have been five times when life n Earth has almst ended.
3．There is a lng list f reasns why s many species are dying ut: air and water pllutin, frests being destryed, factry farming and verfishing. 4．These include the third mass extinctin, knwn as the “Great Dying”， which killed 90% t 96% f all species. 5．Tm wn the first prize in the cmpetitin, which made his parents very happy.6．I have kept in mind everything that yu tld me.
【我的领悟】1．句1中，where是一个关系副词，引导一个________从句，修饰先行词________。其先行词表示一个场合或状况。where在从句中作________。2．句2中，when是一个关系副词，引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词________。其先行词表示时间。when在从句中作________。
3．句3中，why是一个关系副词，引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词________。其先行词表示一个原因。why在从句中作________。4．句4中，which是一个关系代词，引导一个非限制性的定语从句，对先行词________进行补充说明。which在从句中作________。
5．句5中，which是一个关系代词，引导一个定语从句。其先行词是前面的________。which在从句中作________。6．本句中，that是一个关系代词，引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词________。that在从句中作________。keys：1．定语；Extinctins；状语　2．times; 状语3．reasns；状语　4．Great Dying；主语5．整个句子； 主语　6．everything; 宾语
一、两类定语从句的不同所谓限制性定语从句就是对先行词进行修饰、限制的定语从句。这类从句如果去掉了，则句子的意思不完整。非限制性定语从句则是对先行词进行一个补充说明，去掉这个从句，句子意思依然完整。这两类定语从句主要有如下不同：
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
区别一：形式不同。限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。区别二：功能不同。限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。
Peple wh take physical exercise live lnger.(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义) 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。His daughter, wh is in Bstn nw, is cming hme next week.(若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整) 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。
区别三：翻译不同。在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。 He is the man whse car was stlen.他就是汽车被窃的那个人。I’ve invited Jim, wh lives in the next flat.我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
区别四：含义不同。 比较下面的两个句子：I have a sister wh is a dctr.我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)I have a sister, wh is a dctr.我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
区别五：先行词不同。限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。
Peter drve t fast, which was dangerus.(which指drive t fast) 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。He changed his mind, which made me very angry. (which指整个主句) 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。
注意：下列情形只能用非限制性定语从句：1．当“不定数量词 (如sme, several)/数词＋f which/ whm” 表示 “整体which或whm中的一部分” 的概念时。We saw many animals in the z, sme f which are tigers.There are fifteen new players in ur team, tw f whm cme frm Canada.
2．当先行词为专有名词或被物主代词或指示代词修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。My huse, which I bught last year, has gt a lvely garden.Qingda, where I have been three times, is an attractive city t freigners.
二、非限制性定语从句的关系词1．限制性定语从句的先行词往往是某一个词，但非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是句子的一部分，甚至是整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句一般由关系代词which或as引导，as引导的非限制性定语从句常用在as is said/knwn/expected/mentined/reprted/annunced等结构中。
He has passed the cllege entrance examinatin, which makes his parents quite happy.As is knwn t everybdy, the mn travels rund the Earth nce every mnth.
2．that 不可引导非限制性定语从句。如：Her father gave her a cmputer fr her birthday, which pleased her a lt.He failed in the driving test yesterday, which made him rather unhappy. 3．why 不用在非限制性定语从句中，需用fr which代替。I tld them the reasn, fr which I didn’t attend the party last week.
4．在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 wh代替whm，但whm在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用wh代替。This is the girl whm (wh) I have been in lve with fr six years.The yung man had a new girl friend, whm he wanted t shw all his lve fr.
5．关系代词省略。关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略；非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均不可省略。She is the new student (whm/ wh/ that) I want t intrduce t yu.All the bks there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.
一、单句语法填空1．In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almst lifelike.2．We have entered int an age ________ dreams have the best chance f cming true. 3．Their baby is at the stage ________ she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences.
4．Nw Irene Astbury wrks frm 9 a．m. t 5 p．m. daily at the pet shp in Macclesfield，________ she pened with her late husband Les.5．They were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with caring fr these animals.6．On the edge f the jacket, there is a piece f clth ________ gives ff light in the dark.
7．The students benefiting mst frm cllege are thse ________ are ttally engaged in academic life.8．We live in this sciety nw ________ literally smene is always helping.9．Hwever, Mlai went lking n his wn and discvered a nearby island ________ he began t plant trees.
10．T d this I have searched thrugh dzens f plays t find the nes ________ I think best shw the pwer and purpse f the shrt play.11．The village lay near sme wetlands ________ became his secnd hme. 12．Judges will chse up t 50 hnrable mentin winners, ________ will each receive a T-shirt in memry f Earhart’s final flight.
【答案】1．whse　2．when　3．where　4．where　5．wh6．that/which　7．wh/that　8．where　9．where10．that　11．which/that　12．wh
Ⅱ．完成句子1．One afternn，________________(那时，我还在上小学), I was walking by the schl playgrund.【答案】when I was in primary schl2．In the cafe, custmers will enjy themselves in the histrical envirnment ________________(为他们所创造的)．【答案】which/that is created fr them
3．She and her family bicycle t wrk, _____________ ___________________(这有助于他们保持健康)．【答案】which helps them keep fit4．Kate, ____________________________(我和她共用一个房间)when we were at cllege, has gne t wrk in Australia.【答案】wh/whm I shared a rm with
5．The stadium ____________________________(它的旁边有一家电影院)will be recnstructed.【答案】beside which stands a theatre
Ⅰ．单词拼写1．The ________(不同的) prices f the sneakers mainly depend n the size f their e-panels.2．If we stp trying t imprve urselves, we’ll find that ur skill level desn’t stay n the same level, but instead ________(减少)．
3．Jel ________(责备) Harry fr using all f the bug spray. Harry tld Jel he smelled terrible, and Jel called Harry a cward(懦夫)．4．Reading petry is an art in itself. Whether yu’re reading smene else’s pem r yur wn, hw yu read the pem can ________(影响) the meaning.
5．While bth men and wmen tend t fcus n rewards and less n cnsequences under stress, their respnses t ________(冒险) turn ut t be different.6．Will then the remaining ne-third f the wrld be able t ________(活下来)n its wn?7．This prfessr discvered sme rare ________(物种) f plants deep in this frest last summer.
8．Nw we can rely n the ________(太阳的) energy t generate electricity.9．This is an ________(濒危的)kind f animal, s it is under strict prtectin.10．After a shrt break, these yung peple gt themselves ________(恢复) sn.
【答案】1．varied　2．decreases　3．blamed　4．affect5．risk　6．survive　7．species　8．slar　9．endangered10．restre
Ⅱ．单句语法填空1．A heart attack victim ften experiences nly pain and shrtness f breath while a panic attack victim ________(usual) suffers mre symptms than the tw mentined.2．The plar bear is fund in the Arctic Circle and sme big land ________(mass) as far suth as Newfundland.
3．In 2020, Wrld Wildlife Day celebrates bidiversity, ________ (include) wild fauna and flra, in all its varied and beautiful frms.4．Chavis is amng a grwing number f teachers, parents and health experts wh believe that smartphnes are nw partly t blame ________ increasing the levels f student anxiety.
5．It is certain that peple’s views n happiness ________ (affect) greatly by their wn life experience.6．In a new lk at the impact f lng-time sitting behavir n health, a new study links time watching televisin t an ________ (increase) risk f death.7．We depend n wildlife and n the planet’s rich bidiversity fr ur ________(survive) and well-being.
8．She ________(lie) under her favrite tree in a sft nest f shredder (碎片) wrapping paper, chewed-up bxes, and curling (缠绕) bits f ribbn.9．In the past thirty years, there ________(be) great changes in every field f life in ur cuntry.10．Withut yur help, I wuld nt ________(win) the first prize in the cntest last term.
【答案】1．usually　2．masses　3．including　4．fr5．are affected　6．increased　7．survival　8．lay9．have been　10．have wn
Ⅲ．翻译句子1．从前有一位非常善良的农夫。(there lived)【答案】There lived a very kind farmer in the past.2．我们镇是个著名的“鲜花之乡”。(be knwn as)【答案】Our twn is knwn as hme f flwers.3．我们与同学们相处好是非常重要的。(it is＋adj.＋that)【答案】It is very imprtant that we shuld get n well with ur classmates.