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这是一份2022版高考英语（译林版）一轮复习学案： 必修3课时提能练15-16 Word版含答案，共22页。学案主要包含了语篇解读等内容，欢迎下载使用。
课时提能练(十五)
必修3 Unit 2 Language
课时作业A：基础层面
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．It's not a good idea to miss meals and replace them with snacks.
2．Occupying(occupy) herself with routine tasks，she had no time to attend to her children.
3．He rose from his seat and answered the question raised (raise) by the teacher.
4．All of a sudden，he stood directly，representing(represent) his ideas to the people present at the meeting.
5．We listened to the news with a mixture (mix) of surprise and horror.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．This is one of the reasons that languages keep changing almost every day.
that→why
2．In those days，books for blind people are used paper pressed against metal wire to form letters.去掉are
3．The system has been designed to give students quick and easy access for the digital resources of the library.for→to
4．Everyone wants to live in a beautiful and comfortable place，but not either know where it is.either→all
5．I didn't accept the job because it was badly paid and aside with that，it wasn't very interesting.with→from
Ⅲ.语境语法填空
English has many difficult rules 1.that/which confuse people.Before the middle of the 5th century，people in Britain all spoke Celtic.Then two 2.Germanic(German) groups from the European mainland and the Vikings from Northern European countries 3.invaded(invade) Britain.They brought with them their languages，4.which are also mixed with Old English.By the 10th century，Old English 5.had_ become(become) the official language of England.6.After the Normans conquered England，French was spoken in this country together with English，7.resulting(result) in even more words with similar meanings.
Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words.8.Pronunciation (pronounce) also went through huge changes.9.It is certain that this process will continue，and people will keep 10.inventing (invent) new words and new ways of saying things.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．据我所知，该风俗为中国独有。
As far as I know，this custom is_unique_to_China.
2．有些人浪费粮食，然而有些人却吃不饱。
Some people waste food while_others_don't_have_enough.
3．是你们的而不是我们的决定使他卷入这个事件中。
It was your decision rather than ours that led_to/contributed_to his being involved in the matter.
4．在课堂上，老师永远不会被电脑取代。
Teachers will never be_replaced_by_computers in the classroom.
5．科学研究对人类非常有益。
Scientific research is_of_great__benefit/very_beneficial_to mankind.
课时作业B：能力层面
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2019·陕西省部分学校摸底检测)Scientists are preparing to launch the world's first machine to clean up the planet's largest mass of ocean plastic.
The experts believe the machine should be able to collect half of the detritus in the patch—about 40,000 metric tons—within five years.In the past few weeks they have been busy welding together giant tubes that will sit on the surface of the sea and form the skeleton of the machine，creating the largest floating barrier ever made.
The system，originally dreamt up by Mr.Slat，will be shipped out this summer to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch，between Hawaii and California，which contains estimated 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic.It will be the first ever attempt to tackle the patch since it was discovered in 1997.
Mr.Slat was 16 and still at school when he was diving in Greece and first saw for himself the amount of plastic polluting the sea.“There were more bags than fish down there，” he recalls.Two years later he came up with a solution，quit university after six months and set up The Ocean Cleanup as a company.Mr.Slat says the first plastic to arrive on shore will be a major milestone.“We as humanity created this problem，so I think it's also our responsibility to help solve it，” he says.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch(GPGP) covers an area of 1.6 million square kilometers and contains at least 79,000 tons of plastic，research found last month. Most of it is made up of “ghost gear” — parts of abandoned and lost fishing gear，such as nets and ropes—often from illegal fishing vessels.
Ghost gear kills more than 100,000 whales，dolphins and seals each year，according to scientific surveys.Seabirds and other marine life are increasingly being found dead with stomachs full of small pieces of plastic.Creatures eat plastic discarded in the sea thinking it's food but then starve to death because they are not feeding properly.Others are trapped and die of starvation or are strangled or suffocated by ghost gear.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界首个海洋垃圾清扫机的发明。
1．What does the underlined word in the second paragraph probably mean?
A．Waste. B．Ocean.
C．System. D．Machine.
A [词义猜测题。根据第二段画线词前的“collect half of”和第四段第一句中的“first saw for himself the amount of plastic polluting the sea”和第五段最后一句中的“parts of abandoned and lost fishing gear，such as nets and ropes—often from illegal fishing vessels”可推知，画线词的意思是“垃圾”。故选A。]
2．Which one makes up most of the garbage in Pacific from the passage?
A．Fishing vessels.
B．Dolphins and seals.
C．Giant tubes.
D．Abandoned fishing gear.
D [细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句“Most of it is made up of ‘ghost gear’—parts of abandoned and lost fishing gear，such as nets and ropes—often from illegal fishing vessels”可知，太平洋里的大部分垃圾是由废弃的钓鱼用具组成的。]
3．Why do some creatures in The Great Pacific Garbage Patch die of starvation?
A．Because they are killed by ghost gear.
B．Because they are suffocated by ghost gear.
C．Because they don't like eating plastic.
D．Because they are not feeding properly.
D [细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第二句中的“but then starve to death because they are not feeding properly”可知，大太平洋垃圾带的一些生物死于饥饿是因为它们不能真正地进食。]
4．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．A report about the death of marine life.
B．News about the first machine to clean up ocean plastic.
C．Information about ocean plastic.
D．The reason for inventing a machine.
B [主旨大意题。本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界首个海洋垃圾清扫机的发明。第一段“Scientists are preparing to launch the world's first machine to clean up the planet's largest mass of ocean plastic”点明了文章的主题。故选B。]
B
(2019·合肥市第二次教学质量检测)Classifying things is critical for our daily lives.For example，we have to detect spam mail(垃圾邮件)，false political news. When we use AI，such tasks are based on “classification technology” in machine learning—having the computer learn，using the boundary separating positive and negative data.For example，“positive” data would be photos including a happy face，and “negative” data photos that include a sad face.Once a classification boundary is learned，the computer can determine whether certain data are positive or negative.
However，the difficulty with this technology is that it requires both positive and negative data for the learning process，and negative data are not available in many cases.For instance，when a retailer(零售商) is trying to predict who will make a purchase，they can easily find data on customers who have purchased from them (positive data)，but it is basically impossible to obtain data on customers who have never purchased from them(negative data)，since they do not have access to their competitors' data.
According to lead author Takashi Ishida from RIKEN AIP，“Previous classification methods could not cope with the situation where negative data were not available，but we have made it possible for computers to learn with only positive data，as long as we have a confidence score for our positive data，constructed from information such as buying intention or the active rate of app users.Using our new_method，we can let computers learn a classifier only from positive data equipped with confidence.”
According to Ishida，“This discovery could expand the range of applications where classification technology can be used.Even in fields where machine learning has been actively used，our classification technology could be used in new situations where only positive data can be gathered due to data regulation or business constraints(限制)．In the near future，we hope to put our technology to use in various research fields，such as natural language processing，computer vision，robotics，and bioinformatics.”
【语篇解读】 分类对我们的日常生活至关重要。然而在分类技术机器学习过程中，分类既需要积极的数据，也需要消极的数据；而消极的数据在很多情况下是很难获得的。现在科学家能用分类技术使机器学习只识别积极的数据。
5．How can the computer distinguish the positive data from the negative data?
A．By learning the classification boundary.
B．By updating the data collected regularly.
C．By separating happy faces and sad ones.
D．By introducing classification technology.
A [细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Once a classification boundary is learned，the computer can determine whether certain data are positive or negative”可知，一旦学习了分类边界，计算机就可以确定某些数据是积极的还是消极的，由此可知，计算机是通过学习分类边界来区分积极数据和消极数据的。]
6．Why is the example mentioned in Paragraph 2?
A．To prove how important the positive data are.
B．To confirm that data on customers are complete.
C．To argue that retailers get their competitors' data.
D．To explain why negative data are hard to acquire.
D [细节理解题。根据文章的第二段，尤其是第一句“However，the difficulty with this technology is that it requires both positive and negative data for the learning process，and negative data are not available in many cases”可知，在学习过程中，它既需要积极的数据，也需要消极的数据，而消极的数据在很多情况下是很难获得的，进而后面举例说明解释了为什么消极的数据很难获得。]
7．What do the underlined words“new method”in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Analyzing buying intention.
B．Building a confidence score.
C．Assessing the active rate of app users.
D．Equipping the computer with confidence.
B [推理判断题。根据文章的第三段，尤其是画线词组前一句中的“but we have made it possible for computers to learn with only positive data，as long as we have a confidence score for our positive data，constructed from information such as buying intention or the active rate of app users”可推知，画线词组所在句表示使用这种建立信心指数的新方法，我们就可以让电脑只用积极的数据来学习，故画线词组是指建立信心指数。]
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．The History of Classification Technology
B．Smarter AI: Machine Learning Without Negative Data
C．Bigger Data: Computers Assisting Language Processing
D．The Comparison between Positive Data and Negative Data
B [标题归纳题。通读全文可知，分类对我们的日常生活至关重要。然而在分类技术机器学习过程中，分类既需要积极的数据，也需要消极的数据，而消极的数据在很多情况下是很难获得的。现在科学家能用分类技术使机器学习只识别积极的数据。]
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2019·福建省质量检查测试)Every year，the fifth graders at Brookstone Elementary School went on a field trip to Washington，D.C.Terence __1__ the exciting trip，and was __2__ to go the next year.
Terence asked his parents __3__ if they would pay for half of the trip if he earned the other half of the money himself.His parents __4__.He had almost a year to earn $150.His first __5__ was to earn money by babysitting，and he typed a nice letter __6__ that “he would babysit during his neighbors' __7__”．He named a few afternoons available and said he would __8__ $1 per hour per child.After five babysitting __9__， he earned $45.
When the __10__ weather arrived，Terence knocked on his neighbors' doors to ask if they needed help with __11__ work.He helped with mowing(修剪) and weeding gardens.After the summer was over，he earned $75.When the fall arrived，he counted his money and __12__ that he still needed $30 for his trip.Soon his mom saw a(n) __13__ for a job for him.He got a job __14__ newspapers every Wednesday afternoon，making 5 cents for every paper，$10 __15__ each Wednesday.It wasn't long before he had __16__ money to go on the trip to Washington，D.C.He was __17__ in time.The class trip was on October 15.His mom and dad gave him a check for the $150 they __18__ him.What a great feeling! He helped __19__ the cost of his trip.
This experience __20__ Terence in many ways，making his dream a reality with great efforts.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。小学生Terence非常渴望去华盛顿进行实地调查旅行，他希望自己挣一半旅费，另一半由父母资助。父母答应后，他通过帮邻居照看小孩、修剪花园和给花园除杂草等工作攒够了钱。
1．A.prepared for B．laid out
C．referred to D．heard about
D [根据空前一句可知，每年Terence所在学校的五年级学生都要去华盛顿进行实地调查旅行；结合该句中的“to go the next year”可知，Terence应该是听说了这个激动人心的旅行，就渴望来年也去。D项意为“听说”，故D项正确。]
2．A.dying B．grateful
C．lucky D．proud
A [参见上题解析。be dying to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“渴望做某事”，故A项正确。]
3．A.curiously B．casually
C．anxiously D．briefly
C [根据上文可知，Terence渴望去华盛顿进行实地调查旅行；又结合语境可知，此处表示Terence急切地问他的父母是否愿意支付他参加旅行的一半费用。C项意为“急切地，渴望地”，故C项正确。]
4．A.submitted B．agreed
C．bargained D．refused
B [根据下文可知，他有近一年的时间去挣150美元；又根据下文中的“His mom and dad gave him a check for the $150 they ________ him”可知，他的父母同意(agreed)为他支付一半的旅行费用。]
5．A.idea B．job
C．conclusion D．suggestion
A [根据该句中的“to earn money by babysitting” “typed a nice letter”并结合语境可知，他的第一个主意(idea)就是通过代人临时照看孩子来挣钱，并打了一封信，信上说(saying)在邻居不在时他可以帮他们照看孩子。]
6．A.declaring B．confirming
C．showing D．saying
D [参见上题解析。]
7．A.stay B．company
C．interaction D．absence
D [absence“缺席，不在”符合语境，故D项正确。]
8．A.pay B．spend
C．charge D．donate
C [根据该句中的“$1 per hour per child”并结合语境可知，Terence帮邻居照看孩子的收费标准是每个孩子每小时一美元。C项意为“收费，开价”，故C项正确。]
9．A.negotiations B．sessions
C．attempts D．interviews
B [根据语境可知，在帮助邻居照看五次孩子后，他赚了45美元。B项意为“一段时间”，符合语境，故B项正确。]
10．A.warm B．fine
C．unusual D．changeable
A [根据下文“He helped with mowing(修剪) and weeding gardens”可知，该处指当温暖的(warm)天气来临时，他敲邻居们的门问是否需要帮忙做院子(yard)里的工作。]
11．A.yard B．paper
C．school D．volunteer
A [参见上题解析。]
12．A.admitted B．determined
C．complained D．insisted
B [根据该句中的“he still needed $30 for his trip”和语境可知，数过钱后，他算出还需要30美元。determine“准确算出”符合语境。]
13．A.directory B．permit
C．advertisement D．email
C [根据下文中他开始送报纸，并结合语境和常识可知，很快他的妈妈看到一个广告(advertisement)，为他找到了一份工作。]
14．A.editing B．updating
C．printing D．delivering
D [根据该句中的“newspapers every Wednesday afternoon，making 5 cents for every paper”可知，他得到了一份在每周三下午送报纸的工作，每份报纸挣5美分，每周三总共(in total)挣10美元；deliver newspapers意为“送报纸”，故D项正确。]
15．A.at once B．on time
C．after all D．in total
D [参见上题解析。]
16．A.extra B．much
C．enough D．easy
C [根据上文描述的他还需要30美元和他每周三送报纸挣10美元可知，不久他就有足够的(enough)钱去华盛顿旅行了。]
17．A.just B．even
C．ever D．still
A [根据下文“The class trip was on October 15”可推知，秋天时他赚够了钱，正好赶上旅行。A项意为“正好”，故A项正确。]
18．A.owed B．lent
C．promised D．ordered
C [根据上文他的父母同意给他出一半的钱可知，此处表示他的父母给了之前向他承诺的150美元的支票。C项意为“承诺”，故C项正确。]
19．A.count B．cover
C．estimate D．reduce
B [根据上文可知，他挣了150美元，他的父母又给他150美元，所以他攒够了足以支付自己旅行的费用。B项意为“足以支付，够付”，符合语境，故B项正确。]
20．A.astonished B．shaped
C．excited D．impressed
B [根据语境并结合选项可知，这段经历在很多方面塑造了(shaped) Terence，他以巨大的努力使自己的梦想成为现实。]
课时提能练(十六)
必修3 Unit 2 Language
课时作业A：基础层面
Ⅰ.语境语法填空
A
Aside from Britain，the USA and Australia also have made great 1. contributions(contribution) to the development of English.Though their English 2.differs (differ) from each other，they can't 3.be_mistaken(mistake)．English is one of the 4.official(office) languages in many countries，which plays an important part in the international communication.It is certain 5.that most scientific achievements are in English and therefore it is necessary to learn English well.Many websites are in English.Therefore，it is 6.convenient (convenience) to learn it.
B
By the 10th century，Old English 1.had_become(become) the official language of England.After the Normans conquered England，French was spoken in this country together with English，resulting in even 2.more (many) words with similar meanings.
Modern English 3.includes (include) many Latin and Greek words.Pronunciation also went 4.through huge changes.It is certain 5.that this process will continue，and people will keep 6.inventing (invent) new words and new ways of saying things.
Ⅱ.语境短文改错
根据课文内容，对下面材料进行修改。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
When we are talk about reading，we think of using our eyes to see letters written with ink on paper.However，this is not always true.For example，blind people cannot see，and they can still read books.
The man which introduced blind people to read was Louis Braille.Braille lost his eyesight at the age of three as a result of a injury.When he was ten，he went to school for the blind in Paris.
In those days，books for blind people used paper pressing against metal wire to form letters.Since the metal wire was heavy，each book weighed as many as 100 pounds.The whole system was not conveniently for use.
[答案]
When we are talk about reading，we think of using our eyes to see letters written ink on paper.However，this is not always true.For example，blind people cannot see， they can still read books.
The man introduced blind people to was Louis Braille.Braille lost his eyesight at the age of three as a result of injury.When he was ten，he went to school for the blind in Paris.
In those days，books for blind people used paper against metal wire to form letters.Since the metal wire was heavy，each book weighed as as 100 pounds.The whole system was not for use.
Ⅲ.根据提示补全句子
1．那就是我认为长江之行将是一个更好的选择的原因。(why)
That is why_I_think_the_trip_along_the_Yangtze_River_will_be_a_better_ choice.
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ·满分作文)我认为这对你参观剪纸展览有很大的用处。(be of＋n.)
I think it is_of_great_use for you to visit the papercutting exhibition.
3．唯一容易学的语言是母语。(be＋adj.＋to do)
The only language that is_easy_to_learn is one's mother tongue.
4．英式英语和美式英语在发音和拼写方面有明显的区别。(differ)
British English differs_obviously_from American English in pronunciation and spelling.
课时作业B：能力层面
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2019·郑州一中入学摸底测试)Running is often tiring and a lot of hard work，but nothing beats the feeling you get after finishing a long workout around the track.
But while it's long been believed that endorphins(内啡肽)—chemicals in the body that cause happiness—are behind the socalled “runner's high”，a study suggested that there may be more to this phenomenon than we previously knew.
According to a recent study published by a group of scientists from several German universities，a group of chemicals called endocannabinoids(内源性大麻素) may actually be responsible for this familiar great feeling.
To test this theory，the scientists turned to mice.
Both mice and humans release high levels of endorphins and endocannabinoids after exercise，along with many other chemicals.After exercising on running wheels，the mice seemed happy and relaxed and displayed no signs of anxiety.
But after being given a drug to block their endorphins they changed.However，when their endocannabinoids were block with a different drug，the runner's high symptoms seemed to fade.
“The longheld notion of endorphins being responsible for the runner's high is false.Endorphins are effective pain relievers，but only when it comes to the pain in your body and muscles you feel after working out，” Patrick Lucas Austin wrote on a science blog.
Similar studies are yet to be carried out on humans，but it's already well known that exercise is a highly effective way to get rid of stress or anxiety.
The UK's National Health Service even prescribes(开药方)exercise for patients who are suffering from depression.
“Being depressed can leave you feeling low in energy，which might put you off being more active.Regular exercise can boost your mood if you have depression，and it's especially useful for people with mild to moderate(中等的) depression，” it wrote on its website.
It seems like nothing can beat that feeling we get after a good workout，even if we don't fully understand where it comes from.At least if we're feeling down，we know that all we have to do is put on our running shoes.
【语篇解读】 本文主要探究了影响运动者情绪高涨的因素。
1．What did scientists from German universities recently discover?
A．Working out is a highly effective way to treat depression.
B．The runner's high could be caused by endocannabinoids.
C．Endorphins may contribute to one's high spirits after running.
D．The level of endorphins and endocannabinoids could affect one's mood.
B [细节理解题。根据第三段“According to a recent study published by a group of scientists from several German universities，a group of chemicals called endocannabinoids(内源性大麻素) may actually be responsible for this familiar great feeling”可知，德国一些大学的科学家们最近发现了跑步后的快感是由内源性大麻素引起的，故选B。]
2．The scientists gave mice drugs in their experiment to ________.
A．find what reduces the runner's high symptoms
B．see the specific symptoms of the runner's high
C．identify what is responsible for the runner's high
D．test what influences the level of endocannabinoids released
C [推理判断题。根据对第二段和第三段的整体理解，并结合第四段“To test this theory，the scientists turned to mice”可推知，科学家们拿老鼠做实验是为了确定究竟是哪种物质会引起跑步者的情绪高涨，故选C。]
3．The underlined word “notion” in Paragraph 7 has the closest meaning to ________.
A．effect B．goal
C．question D．belief
D [词义猜测题。根据对全文内容的理解可知，该词所在句子与第二段“But while it's long been believed that endorphins(内啡肽)—chemicals in the body that cause happiness—are behind the socalled ‘runner's high’， a study suggested that there may be more to this phenomenon than we previously knew”呼应，并结合本句结构可推知，此处notion与believed相呼应，故选D。]
4．According to the UK's National Health Service，regular workouts ________.
A．are the best way to treat depression
B．can help ease depression symptoms
C．only work for those with serious depression
D．can help people completely recover from depression
B [细节理解题。根据倒数第三、四段和倒数第二段第二句“Regular exercise can boost your mood if you have depression，and it's especially useful for people with mild to moderate(中等的)depression”可知，常规锻炼有利于情绪好转，缓解抑郁症状，故选B。]
B
(2019·昆明市摸底调研)Nine months ago，I was packing my daughter's backpack with new school supplies，wondering how I was going to send her off to kindergarten.I stood on the playground，tears pouring down my face because I wasn't ready for this first day of kindergarten—but she was ready.Today I will be standing on the playground，once again with tears，because this precious time went by too quickly.This week I realized that I never told you “thank you”．I don't know how to express a mother's thanks in the way a teacher deserves.
We first met you at the open house the week before school started and I immediately knew you would be the type of teacher we would appreciate forever. While the students lined up for the day，you touched each one on the shoulder as you greeted them.If a student was having a tough morning，you quietly held his hand and walked him into the school.
I got to know you as I volunteered in the lunch room.You made sure your students were all ready for lunch before you went on your own lunch break.You kept track of their big things and small things，because as a veteran kindergarten teacher，you know that the small things are the big things.I loved the way you made each student feel special.You helped them fall in love with school，which is so important at the start.
To all of the teachers in the world who are like you，I wish you knew how grateful parents are for you.We adore you，respect you，and appreciate you.We don't tell you enough—we probably don't tell you ever.I wish we could take you with us to the next 12 grades.
【语篇解读】 本文主要描述了一位幼儿妈妈对幼儿园老师的表达感激之情。
5．Why did the author's tears come down on her daughter's first day of kindergarten?
A．She hadn't made full preparations for her daughter.
B．Her daughter wasn't willing to go to kindergarten.
C．She felt worried about her daughter's being away.
D．Her daughter wasn't familiar with the teachers.
C [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“I stood on the playground，tears pouring down my face because I wasn't ready for this first day of kindergarten—but she was ready”可知，作者落泪的原因是自己心里未做好面对孩子离开自己去上幼儿园的事实的准备。故C项为正确答案。根据第一段首句中的“Nine months ago，I was packing my daughter's backpack with new school supplies”可知，作者对孩子入园前的各项物品的准备是充分的，故A项错误 ；B、D两项均为无中生有。]
6．The author noticed the teacher's characteristics when ________.
A．she stood on the playground
B．she was at the open house
C．she said goodbye to the teacher
D．she worked as a teacher at lunch time
B [细节理解题。根据第二段首句“We first met you at the open house the week before school started and I immediately knew you would be the type of teacher we would appreciate forever”可知，在开学前一周的校园开放参观日当天，作者就看出了孩子的老师将会是自己永远感激的人。]
7．What does the underlined word “veteran” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Beautiful. B．Generous.
C．Skillful. D．Humorous.
C [词义猜测题。根据第三段的内容可知，老师关注孩子们的大小事，并且深知幼儿园无小事。由此可推知，这是一位经验丰富的幼儿老师，故画线词与C项“熟练的”词义相近。A项意为“美丽的”，B项意为“慷慨的”，D项意为“幽默的”，均与语境不符。]
8．What is this text mainly about?
A．Good wishes to a kindergarten teacher.
B．Sincere thanks to a kindergarten teacher.
C．A sweet memory of kindergarten life.
D．A kid's daily behavior in the kindergarten.
B [主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文是一位幼儿妈妈表达对老师的感激，故选B项。A项“对幼儿园老师的美好祝愿”，C项“幼儿园生活的美好回忆”，D项“一个孩子在幼儿园的日常行为”，均与文意不符。]
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
(2019·太原市阶段性测评)VAR technology has been used in U．S.sports for years.Now it is fully combined with the global game of football and made its debut(首次亮相) at the 2018 World Cup this summer.__1__.It is actually a team who work together to review certain decisions made by the main referee(裁判) by watching video replays.
The VAR team support the referees from a centralized video operation room.The operators select and provide the best angles from relevant broadcast cameras plus two additional offside cameras.__2__.They will communicate with the referee only for clear and obvious errors or serious missed incidents.The referee can delay the restart of play at any time to communicate with the VAR team.__3__， the referee would start an official review.Then they will make a decision based on the information received from the VAR team.
__4__.Some fans believe that VAR causes too many interruptions，disrupting the flow of the game.But others just want a fair match and to see the correct call no matter what.They argue disruptions already take place as angry players crowd around a referee following a controversial decision.__5__.With much money put into modern football，governing bodies are now under great pressure to see that the correct decisions are made on the pitch and VAR is a sure step in that.
A．If one team is likely to win a game
B．VAR stands for video assistant referee
C．It is hard to avoid and VAR is necessary
D．Once they decide an incident is reviewable
E．Throughout a match they are constantly checking for mistakes
F．The use of video technology is a hot topic among football watchers
G．VAR can serve to remove such scenes and get the game moving again
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了VAR在足球比赛中的应用，以及由此而引起的一些争议。
1．B [上文是说多年来，VAR技术已经应用于美国的运动中，现在它已经完全与全球的足球比赛结合起来，而且在2018年的世界杯中首次亮相，而空后是说它实际是一个通过观看视频重放来审查主裁判的某些决定的团队，故B项“VAR代表着视频助理裁判”符合语境，衔接上下文，故选B。]
2．E [根据空后一句“They will communicate...serious missed incidents”可知，他们会为清晰而明显的错误或错过的事件和裁判沟通，E项“他们在整场比赛中持续检查错误”符合语境，故选E。]
3．D [根据空后的“the referee would start an official review”可知，裁判将启动一个官方的审查，与D项中的“reviewable”呼应，故选D。]
4．F [根据空处所在位置以及该段叙述的球迷对VAR在比赛中应用的一些看法可推知，F项“视频技术的应用在足球观看者之中是一个热点话题”概括了本段的内容，故选F。]
5．G [根据空前的“angry players crowd around a referee following a controversial decision”可知，此处描述了一个球赛中的场景，G项中的“such scenes”与之呼应，故选G。]
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·成都市毕业班第一次诊断性检测)It's time to stop talking and get walking. As a popular and 1.________(grow) format of the game，Walking Football is aimed at encouraging older adults to play football again on a regular basis.
As simple as the name suggests，Walking Football is 2.________(definite) just playing football at walking pace.But don't let that fool you.It carries all the emotion，passion and excitement of a regular game and still 3.________(require) skills such as accurate passing，good positional play and strong tactical knowledge.
The game is smallsided，4.________ no running on or off the ball，very little contact and kickins instead of throwins.With less stress on the body and no real sudden change of direction or cutting movements，the game allows every 5.________ (participate) to play without anxiety.
It has become increasingly popular and is designed to help people keep 6.________ active lifestyle，as well as to support getting people who have stopped playing due to age 7.________ injury back to football.
Since Middlesex FA launched Walking Football in 2014，we 8.________(have) over 300 players take part in the sport and now run over 20 sessions on a 9.______ (week)basis.
Ready to play? 10.________(find) your nearest session using the map below.
【语篇解读】 本文主要介绍了一项体育运动——Walking Football。
1．growing [考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处与and之前的形容词popular是并列关系，共同修饰其后的名词format，故应填growing“增长的”。]
2．definitely [考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰副词just，故应用副词definitely。]
3．requires [考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，and前后是并列的成分，此处应与carries形式相同，故填requires。]
4．with [考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处是with的复合结构，即with＋名词＋介词短语的形式，在句子中作状语，与下文中的“With less stress on the body”结构相呼应。]
5．participant [考查词形转换。allow sb.to do sth.意为“允许某人做某事”，是固定用法，又因为空前为every，故此处应用表示人的名词的单数形式，即participant。]
6．an [考查冠词。根据语境可知，lifestyle是可数名词，且第一次在语境中出现，故用不定冠词修饰；又active的发音以元音音素开头，故用不定冠词an。]
7．or [考查连词。根据语境可知，此处表示“或者”，故用表示选择关系的连词or。]
8．have had [考查动词的时态。根据本句中的Since可知，主句应用现在完成时，表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，即have had。]
9．weekly [考查形容词。根据空前的冠词a和空后的名词basis可知，此处应用形容词weekly。]
10．Find [考查祈使句。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，此处是“动词原形放句首＋句子其他成分”结构的祈使句，表示建议，故用Find。]
Ⅳ.短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
(2019·济南市模拟)
Dear Mr.Brown，
We have learned that you were going back to America for the summer vacation.To express our thank for your excellent teaching in our school，we have decided have a party for you.The party which will start at 6：30 on Friday evening in the lecture hall.It will possible last an hour.To start with，our monitor will give a speech on behalf of a whole class.Then we would like to invite you to join us and singing some English songs.In the end of the party，we will present you with some gifts and cards，mostly making by ourselves.I believe you will have a good time together.
Looking forward to your coming.
Yours sincerely，
Frank
[答案]
Dear Mr.Brown，
We have learned that you going back to America for the summer vacation.To express our for your excellent teaching in our school，we have decided have a party for you.The party which will start at 6：30 on Friday evening in the lecture hall.It will last an hour.To start with，our monitor will give a speech on behalf of whole class.Then we would like to invite you to join us and some English songs. the end of the party，we will present you with some gifts and cards，mostly by ourselves.I believe will have a good time together.
Looking forward to your coming.
Yours sincerely，
Frank
课时提能练(十五)
必修3 Unit 2 Language
课时作业A：基础层面
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．It's not a good idea to miss meals and replace them with snacks.
2．Occupying(occupy) herself with routine tasks，she had no time to attend to her children.
3．He rose from his seat and answered the question raised (raise) by the teacher.
4．All of a sudden，he stood directly，representing(represent) his ideas to the people present at the meeting.
5．We listened to the news with a mixture (mix) of surprise and horror.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．This is one of the reasons that languages keep changing almost every day.
that→why
2．In those days，books for blind people are used paper pressed against metal wire to form letters.去掉are
3．The system has been designed to give students quick and easy access for the digital resources of the library.for→to
4．Everyone wants to live in a beautiful and comfortable place，but not either know where it is.either→all
5．I didn't accept the job because it was badly paid and aside with that，it wasn't very interesting.with→from
Ⅲ.语境语法填空
English has many difficult rules 1.that/which confuse people.Before the middle of the 5th century，people in Britain all spoke Celtic.Then two 2.Germanic(German) groups from the European mainland and the Vikings from Northern European countries 3.invaded(invade) Britain.They brought with them their languages，4.which are also mixed with Old English.By the 10th century，Old English 5.had_ become(become) the official language of England.6.After the Normans conquered England，French was spoken in this country together with English，7.resulting(result) in even more words with similar meanings.
Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words.8.Pronunciation (pronounce) also went through huge changes.9.It is certain that this process will continue，and people will keep 10.inventing (invent) new words and new ways of saying things.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．据我所知，该风俗为中国独有。
As far as I know，this custom is_unique_to_China.
2．有些人浪费粮食，然而有些人却吃不饱。
Some people waste food while_others_don't_have_enough.
3．是你们的而不是我们的决定使他卷入这个事件中。
It was your decision rather than ours that led_to/contributed_to his being involved in the matter.
4．在课堂上，老师永远不会被电脑取代。
Teachers will never be_replaced_by_computers in the classroom.
5．科学研究对人类非常有益。
Scientific research is_of_great__benefit/very_beneficial_to mankind.
课时作业B：能力层面
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2019·陕西省部分学校摸底检测)Scientists are preparing to launch the world's first machine to clean up the planet's largest mass of ocean plastic.
The experts believe the machine should be able to collect half of the detritus in the patch—about 40,000 metric tons—within five years.In the past few weeks they have been busy welding together giant tubes that will sit on the surface of the sea and form the skeleton of the machine，creating the largest floating barrier ever made.
The system，originally dreamt up by Mr.Slat，will be shipped out this summer to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch，between Hawaii and California，which contains estimated 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic.It will be the first ever attempt to tackle the patch since it was discovered in 1997.
Mr.Slat was 16 and still at school when he was diving in Greece and first saw for himself the amount of plastic polluting the sea.“There were more bags than fish down there，” he recalls.Two years later he came up with a solution，quit university after six months and set up The Ocean Cleanup as a company.Mr.Slat says the first plastic to arrive on shore will be a major milestone.“We as humanity created this problem，so I think it's also our responsibility to help solve it，” he says.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch(GPGP) covers an area of 1.6 million square kilometers and contains at least 79,000 tons of plastic，research found last month. Most of it is made up of “ghost gear” — parts of abandoned and lost fishing gear，such as nets and ropes—often from illegal fishing vessels.
Ghost gear kills more than 100,000 whales，dolphins and seals each year，according to scientific surveys.Seabirds and other marine life are increasingly being found dead with stomachs full of small pieces of plastic.Creatures eat plastic discarded in the sea thinking it's food but then starve to death because they are not feeding properly.Others are trapped and die of starvation or are strangled or suffocated by ghost gear.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界首个海洋垃圾清扫机的发明。
1．What does the underlined word in the second paragraph probably mean?
A．Waste. B．Ocean.
C．System. D．Machine.
A [词义猜测题。根据第二段画线词前的“collect half of”和第四段第一句中的“first saw for himself the amount of plastic polluting the sea”和第五段最后一句中的“parts of abandoned and lost fishing gear，such as nets and ropes—often from illegal fishing vessels”可推知，画线词的意思是“垃圾”。故选A。]
2．Which one makes up most of the garbage in Pacific from the passage?
A．Fishing vessels.
B．Dolphins and seals.
C．Giant tubes.
D．Abandoned fishing gear.
D [细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句“Most of it is made up of ‘ghost gear’—parts of abandoned and lost fishing gear，such as nets and ropes—often from illegal fishing vessels”可知，太平洋里的大部分垃圾是由废弃的钓鱼用具组成的。]
3．Why do some creatures in The Great Pacific Garbage Patch die of starvation?
A．Because they are killed by ghost gear.
B．Because they are suffocated by ghost gear.
C．Because they don't like eating plastic.
D．Because they are not feeding properly.
D [细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第二句中的“but then starve to death because they are not feeding properly”可知，大太平洋垃圾带的一些生物死于饥饿是因为它们不能真正地进食。]
4．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．A report about the death of marine life.
B．News about the first machine to clean up ocean plastic.
C．Information about ocean plastic.
D．The reason for inventing a machine.
B [主旨大意题。本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界首个海洋垃圾清扫机的发明。第一段“Scientists are preparing to launch the world's first machine to clean up the planet's largest mass of ocean plastic”点明了文章的主题。故选B。]
B
(2019·合肥市第二次教学质量检测)Classifying things is critical for our daily lives.For example，we have to detect spam mail(垃圾邮件)，false political news. When we use AI，such tasks are based on “classification technology” in machine learning—having the computer learn，using the boundary separating positive and negative data.For example，“positive” data would be photos including a happy face，and “negative” data photos that include a sad face.Once a classification boundary is learned，the computer can determine whether certain data are positive or negative.
However，the difficulty with this technology is that it requires both positive and negative data for the learning process，and negative data are not available in many cases.For instance，when a retailer(零售商) is trying to predict who will make a purchase，they can easily find data on customers who have purchased from them (positive data)，but it is basically impossible to obtain data on customers who have never purchased from them(negative data)，since they do not have access to their competitors' data.
According to lead author Takashi Ishida from RIKEN AIP，“Previous classification methods could not cope with the situation where negative data were not available，but we have made it possible for computers to learn with only positive data，as long as we have a confidence score for our positive data，constructed from information such as buying intention or the active rate of app users.Using our new_method，we can let computers learn a classifier only from positive data equipped with confidence.”
According to Ishida，“This discovery could expand the range of applications where classification technology can be used.Even in fields where machine learning has been actively used，our classification technology could be used in new situations where only positive data can be gathered due to data regulation or business constraints(限制)．In the near future，we hope to put our technology to use in various research fields，such as natural language processing，computer vision，robotics，and bioinformatics.”
【语篇解读】 分类对我们的日常生活至关重要。然而在分类技术机器学习过程中，分类既需要积极的数据，也需要消极的数据；而消极的数据在很多情况下是很难获得的。现在科学家能用分类技术使机器学习只识别积极的数据。
5．How can the computer distinguish the positive data from the negative data?
A．By learning the classification boundary.
B．By updating the data collected regularly.
C．By separating happy faces and sad ones.
D．By introducing classification technology.
A [细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Once a classification boundary is learned，the computer can determine whether certain data are positive or negative”可知，一旦学习了分类边界，计算机就可以确定某些数据是积极的还是消极的，由此可知，计算机是通过学习分类边界来区分积极数据和消极数据的。]
6．Why is the example mentioned in Paragraph 2?
A．To prove how important the positive data are.
B．To confirm that data on customers are complete.
C．To argue that retailers get their competitors' data.
D．To explain why negative data are hard to acquire.
D [细节理解题。根据文章的第二段，尤其是第一句“However，the difficulty with this technology is that it requires both positive and negative data for the learning process，and negative data are not available in many cases”可知，在学习过程中，它既需要积极的数据，也需要消极的数据，而消极的数据在很多情况下是很难获得的，进而后面举例说明解释了为什么消极的数据很难获得。]
7．What do the underlined words“new method”in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Analyzing buying intention.
B．Building a confidence score.
C．Assessing the active rate of app users.
D．Equipping the computer with confidence.
B [推理判断题。根据文章的第三段，尤其是画线词组前一句中的“but we have made it possible for computers to learn with only positive data，as long as we have a confidence score for our positive data，constructed from information such as buying intention or the active rate of app users”可推知，画线词组所在句表示使用这种建立信心指数的新方法，我们就可以让电脑只用积极的数据来学习，故画线词组是指建立信心指数。]
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．The History of Classification Technology
B．Smarter AI: Machine Learning Without Negative Data
C．Bigger Data: Computers Assisting Language Processing
D．The Comparison between Positive Data and Negative Data
B [标题归纳题。通读全文可知，分类对我们的日常生活至关重要。然而在分类技术机器学习过程中，分类既需要积极的数据，也需要消极的数据，而消极的数据在很多情况下是很难获得的。现在科学家能用分类技术使机器学习只识别积极的数据。]
Ⅱ.完形填空
(2019·福建省质量检查测试)Every year，the fifth graders at Brookstone Elementary School went on a field trip to Washington，D.C.Terence __1__ the exciting trip，and was __2__ to go the next year.
Terence asked his parents __3__ if they would pay for half of the trip if he earned the other half of the money himself.His parents __4__.He had almost a year to earn $150.His first __5__ was to earn money by babysitting，and he typed a nice letter __6__ that “he would babysit during his neighbors' __7__”．He named a few afternoons available and said he would __8__ $1 per hour per child.After five babysitting __9__， he earned $45.
When the __10__ weather arrived，Terence knocked on his neighbors' doors to ask if they needed help with __11__ work.He helped with mowing(修剪) and weeding gardens.After the summer was over，he earned $75.When the fall arrived，he counted his money and __12__ that he still needed $30 for his trip.Soon his mom saw a(n) __13__ for a job for him.He got a job __14__ newspapers every Wednesday afternoon，making 5 cents for every paper，$10 __15__ each Wednesday.It wasn't long before he had __16__ money to go on the trip to Washington，D.C.He was __17__ in time.The class trip was on October 15.His mom and dad gave him a check for the $150 they __18__ him.What a great feeling! He helped __19__ the cost of his trip.
This experience __20__ Terence in many ways，making his dream a reality with great efforts.
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。小学生Terence非常渴望去华盛顿进行实地调查旅行，他希望自己挣一半旅费，另一半由父母资助。父母答应后，他通过帮邻居照看小孩、修剪花园和给花园除杂草等工作攒够了钱。
1．A.prepared for B．laid out
C．referred to D．heard about
D [根据空前一句可知，每年Terence所在学校的五年级学生都要去华盛顿进行实地调查旅行；结合该句中的“to go the next year”可知，Terence应该是听说了这个激动人心的旅行，就渴望来年也去。D项意为“听说”，故D项正确。]
2．A.dying B．grateful
C．lucky D．proud
A [参见上题解析。be dying to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“渴望做某事”，故A项正确。]
3．A.curiously B．casually
C．anxiously D．briefly
C [根据上文可知，Terence渴望去华盛顿进行实地调查旅行；又结合语境可知，此处表示Terence急切地问他的父母是否愿意支付他参加旅行的一半费用。C项意为“急切地，渴望地”，故C项正确。]
4．A.submitted B．agreed
C．bargained D．refused
B [根据下文可知，他有近一年的时间去挣150美元；又根据下文中的“His mom and dad gave him a check for the $150 they ________ him”可知，他的父母同意(agreed)为他支付一半的旅行费用。]
5．A.idea B．job
C．conclusion D．suggestion
A [根据该句中的“to earn money by babysitting” “typed a nice letter”并结合语境可知，他的第一个主意(idea)就是通过代人临时照看孩子来挣钱，并打了一封信，信上说(saying)在邻居不在时他可以帮他们照看孩子。]
6．A.declaring B．confirming
C．showing D．saying
D [参见上题解析。]
7．A.stay B．company
C．interaction D．absence
D [absence“缺席，不在”符合语境，故D项正确。]
8．A.pay B．spend
C．charge D．donate
C [根据该句中的“$1 per hour per child”并结合语境可知，Terence帮邻居照看孩子的收费标准是每个孩子每小时一美元。C项意为“收费，开价”，故C项正确。]
9．A.negotiations B．sessions
C．attempts D．interviews
B [根据语境可知，在帮助邻居照看五次孩子后，他赚了45美元。B项意为“一段时间”，符合语境，故B项正确。]
10．A.warm B．fine
C．unusual D．changeable
A [根据下文“He helped with mowing(修剪) and weeding gardens”可知，该处指当温暖的(warm)天气来临时，他敲邻居们的门问是否需要帮忙做院子(yard)里的工作。]
11．A.yard B．paper
C．school D．volunteer
A [参见上题解析。]
12．A.admitted B．determined
C．complained D．insisted
B [根据该句中的“he still needed $30 for his trip”和语境可知，数过钱后，他算出还需要30美元。determine“准确算出”符合语境。]
13．A.directory B．permit
C．advertisement D．email
C [根据下文中他开始送报纸，并结合语境和常识可知，很快他的妈妈看到一个广告(advertisement)，为他找到了一份工作。]
14．A.editing B．updating
C．printing D．delivering
D [根据该句中的“newspapers every Wednesday afternoon，making 5 cents for every paper”可知，他得到了一份在每周三下午送报纸的工作，每份报纸挣5美分，每周三总共(in total)挣10美元；deliver newspapers意为“送报纸”，故D项正确。]
15．A.at once B．on time
C．after all D．in total
D [参见上题解析。]
16．A.extra B．much
C．enough D．easy
C [根据上文描述的他还需要30美元和他每周三送报纸挣10美元可知，不久他就有足够的(enough)钱去华盛顿旅行了。]
17．A.just B．even
C．ever D．still
A [根据下文“The class trip was on October 15”可推知，秋天时他赚够了钱，正好赶上旅行。A项意为“正好”，故A项正确。]
18．A.owed B．lent
C．promised D．ordered
C [根据上文他的父母同意给他出一半的钱可知，此处表示他的父母给了之前向他承诺的150美元的支票。C项意为“承诺”，故C项正确。]
19．A.count B．cover
C．estimate D．reduce
B [根据上文可知，他挣了150美元，他的父母又给他150美元，所以他攒够了足以支付自己旅行的费用。B项意为“足以支付，够付”，符合语境，故B项正确。]
20．A.astonished B．shaped
C．excited D．impressed
B [根据语境并结合选项可知，这段经历在很多方面塑造了(shaped) Terence，他以巨大的努力使自己的梦想成为现实。]
课时提能练(十六)
必修3 Unit 2 Language
课时作业A：基础层面
Ⅰ.语境语法填空
A
Aside from Britain，the USA and Australia also have made great 1. contributions(contribution) to the development of English.Though their English 2.differs (differ) from each other，they can't 3.be_mistaken(mistake)．English is one of the 4.official(office) languages in many countries，which plays an important part in the international communication.It is certain 5.that most scientific achievements are in English and therefore it is necessary to learn English well.Many websites are in English.Therefore，it is 6.convenient (convenience) to learn it.
B
By the 10th century，Old English 1.had_become(become) the official language of England.After the Normans conquered England，French was spoken in this country together with English，resulting in even 2.more (many) words with similar meanings.
Modern English 3.includes (include) many Latin and Greek words.Pronunciation also went 4.through huge changes.It is certain 5.that this process will continue，and people will keep 6.inventing (invent) new words and new ways of saying things.
Ⅱ.语境短文改错
根据课文内容，对下面材料进行修改。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
When we are talk about reading，we think of using our eyes to see letters written with ink on paper.However，this is not always true.For example，blind people cannot see，and they can still read books.
The man which introduced blind people to read was Louis Braille.Braille lost his eyesight at the age of three as a result of a injury.When he was ten，he went to school for the blind in Paris.
In those days，books for blind people used paper pressing against metal wire to form letters.Since the metal wire was heavy，each book weighed as many as 100 pounds.The whole system was not conveniently for use.
[答案]
When we are talk about reading，we think of using our eyes to see letters written ink on paper.However，this is not always true.For example，blind people cannot see， they can still read books.
The man introduced blind people to was Louis Braille.Braille lost his eyesight at the age of three as a result of injury.When he was ten，he went to school for the blind in Paris.
In those days，books for blind people used paper against metal wire to form letters.Since the metal wire was heavy，each book weighed as as 100 pounds.The whole system was not for use.
Ⅲ.根据提示补全句子
1．那就是我认为长江之行将是一个更好的选择的原因。(why)
That is why_I_think_the_trip_along_the_Yangtze_River_will_be_a_better_ choice.
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ·满分作文)我认为这对你参观剪纸展览有很大的用处。(be of＋n.)
I think it is_of_great_use for you to visit the papercutting exhibition.
3．唯一容易学的语言是母语。(be＋adj.＋to do)
The only language that is_easy_to_learn is one's mother tongue.
4．英式英语和美式英语在发音和拼写方面有明显的区别。(differ)
British English differs_obviously_from American English in pronunciation and spelling.
课时作业B：能力层面
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2019·郑州一中入学摸底测试)Running is often tiring and a lot of hard work，but nothing beats the feeling you get after finishing a long workout around the track.
But while it's long been believed that endorphins(内啡肽)—chemicals in the body that cause happiness—are behind the socalled “runner's high”，a study suggested that there may be more to this phenomenon than we previously knew.
According to a recent study published by a group of scientists from several German universities，a group of chemicals called endocannabinoids(内源性大麻素) may actually be responsible for this familiar great feeling.
To test this theory，the scientists turned to mice.
Both mice and humans release high levels of endorphins and endocannabinoids after exercise，along with many other chemicals.After exercising on running wheels，the mice seemed happy and relaxed and displayed no signs of anxiety.
But after being given a drug to block their endorphins they changed.However，when their endocannabinoids were block with a different drug，the runner's high symptoms seemed to fade.
“The longheld notion of endorphins being responsible for the runner's high is false.Endorphins are effective pain relievers，but only when it comes to the pain in your body and muscles you feel after working out，” Patrick Lucas Austin wrote on a science blog.
Similar studies are yet to be carried out on humans，but it's already well known that exercise is a highly effective way to get rid of stress or anxiety.
The UK's National Health Service even prescribes(开药方)exercise for patients who are suffering from depression.
“Being depressed can leave you feeling low in energy，which might put you off being more active.Regular exercise can boost your mood if you have depression，and it's especially useful for people with mild to moderate(中等的) depression，” it wrote on its website.
It seems like nothing can beat that feeling we get after a good workout，even if we don't fully understand where it comes from.At least if we're feeling down，we know that all we have to do is put on our running shoes.
【语篇解读】 本文主要探究了影响运动者情绪高涨的因素。
1．What did scientists from German universities recently discover?
A．Working out is a highly effective way to treat depression.
B．The runner's high could be caused by endocannabinoids.
C．Endorphins may contribute to one's high spirits after running.
D．The level of endorphins and endocannabinoids could affect one's mood.
B [细节理解题。根据第三段“According to a recent study published by a group of scientists from several German universities，a group of chemicals called endocannabinoids(内源性大麻素) may actually be responsible for this familiar great feeling”可知，德国一些大学的科学家们最近发现了跑步后的快感是由内源性大麻素引起的，故选B。]
2．The scientists gave mice drugs in their experiment to ________.
A．find what reduces the runner's high symptoms
B．see the specific symptoms of the runner's high
C．identify what is responsible for the runner's high
D．test what influences the level of endocannabinoids released
C [推理判断题。根据对第二段和第三段的整体理解，并结合第四段“To test this theory，the scientists turned to mice”可推知，科学家们拿老鼠做实验是为了确定究竟是哪种物质会引起跑步者的情绪高涨，故选C。]
3．The underlined word “notion” in Paragraph 7 has the closest meaning to ________.
A．effect B．goal
C．question D．belief
D [词义猜测题。根据对全文内容的理解可知，该词所在句子与第二段“But while it's long been believed that endorphins(内啡肽)—chemicals in the body that cause happiness—are behind the socalled ‘runner's high’， a study suggested that there may be more to this phenomenon than we previously knew”呼应，并结合本句结构可推知，此处notion与believed相呼应，故选D。]
4．According to the UK's National Health Service，regular workouts ________.
A．are the best way to treat depression
B．can help ease depression symptoms
C．only work for those with serious depression
D．can help people completely recover from depression
B [细节理解题。根据倒数第三、四段和倒数第二段第二句“Regular exercise can boost your mood if you have depression，and it's especially useful for people with mild to moderate(中等的)depression”可知，常规锻炼有利于情绪好转，缓解抑郁症状，故选B。]
B
(2019·昆明市摸底调研)Nine months ago，I was packing my daughter's backpack with new school supplies，wondering how I was going to send her off to kindergarten.I stood on the playground，tears pouring down my face because I wasn't ready for this first day of kindergarten—but she was ready.Today I will be standing on the playground，once again with tears，because this precious time went by too quickly.This week I realized that I never told you “thank you”．I don't know how to express a mother's thanks in the way a teacher deserves.
We first met you at the open house the week before school started and I immediately knew you would be the type of teacher we would appreciate forever. While the students lined up for the day，you touched each one on the shoulder as you greeted them.If a student was having a tough morning，you quietly held his hand and walked him into the school.
I got to know you as I volunteered in the lunch room.You made sure your students were all ready for lunch before you went on your own lunch break.You kept track of their big things and small things，because as a veteran kindergarten teacher，you know that the small things are the big things.I loved the way you made each student feel special.You helped them fall in love with school，which is so important at the start.
To all of the teachers in the world who are like you，I wish you knew how grateful parents are for you.We adore you，respect you，and appreciate you.We don't tell you enough—we probably don't tell you ever.I wish we could take you with us to the next 12 grades.
【语篇解读】 本文主要描述了一位幼儿妈妈对幼儿园老师的表达感激之情。
5．Why did the author's tears come down on her daughter's first day of kindergarten?
A．She hadn't made full preparations for her daughter.
B．Her daughter wasn't willing to go to kindergarten.
C．She felt worried about her daughter's being away.
D．Her daughter wasn't familiar with the teachers.
C [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“I stood on the playground，tears pouring down my face because I wasn't ready for this first day of kindergarten—but she was ready”可知，作者落泪的原因是自己心里未做好面对孩子离开自己去上幼儿园的事实的准备。故C项为正确答案。根据第一段首句中的“Nine months ago，I was packing my daughter's backpack with new school supplies”可知，作者对孩子入园前的各项物品的准备是充分的，故A项错误 ；B、D两项均为无中生有。]
6．The author noticed the teacher's characteristics when ________.
A．she stood on the playground
B．she was at the open house
C．she said goodbye to the teacher
D．she worked as a teacher at lunch time
B [细节理解题。根据第二段首句“We first met you at the open house the week before school started and I immediately knew you would be the type of teacher we would appreciate forever”可知，在开学前一周的校园开放参观日当天，作者就看出了孩子的老师将会是自己永远感激的人。]
7．What does the underlined word “veteran” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Beautiful. B．Generous.
C．Skillful. D．Humorous.
C [词义猜测题。根据第三段的内容可知，老师关注孩子们的大小事，并且深知幼儿园无小事。由此可推知，这是一位经验丰富的幼儿老师，故画线词与C项“熟练的”词义相近。A项意为“美丽的”，B项意为“慷慨的”，D项意为“幽默的”，均与语境不符。]
8．What is this text mainly about?
A．Good wishes to a kindergarten teacher.
B．Sincere thanks to a kindergarten teacher.
C．A sweet memory of kindergarten life.
D．A kid's daily behavior in the kindergarten.
B [主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文是一位幼儿妈妈表达对老师的感激，故选B项。A项“对幼儿园老师的美好祝愿”，C项“幼儿园生活的美好回忆”，D项“一个孩子在幼儿园的日常行为”，均与文意不符。]
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
(2019·太原市阶段性测评)VAR technology has been used in U．S.sports for years.Now it is fully combined with the global game of football and made its debut(首次亮相) at the 2018 World Cup this summer.__1__.It is actually a team who work together to review certain decisions made by the main referee(裁判) by watching video replays.
The VAR team support the referees from a centralized video operation room.The operators select and provide the best angles from relevant broadcast cameras plus two additional offside cameras.__2__.They will communicate with the referee only for clear and obvious errors or serious missed incidents.The referee can delay the restart of play at any time to communicate with the VAR team.__3__， the referee would start an official review.Then they will make a decision based on the information received from the VAR team.
__4__.Some fans believe that VAR causes too many interruptions，disrupting the flow of the game.But others just want a fair match and to see the correct call no matter what.They argue disruptions already take place as angry players crowd around a referee following a controversial decision.__5__.With much money put into modern football，governing bodies are now under great pressure to see that the correct decisions are made on the pitch and VAR is a sure step in that.
A．If one team is likely to win a game
B．VAR stands for video assistant referee
C．It is hard to avoid and VAR is necessary
D．Once they decide an incident is reviewable
E．Throughout a match they are constantly checking for mistakes
F．The use of video technology is a hot topic among football watchers
G．VAR can serve to remove such scenes and get the game moving again
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了VAR在足球比赛中的应用，以及由此而引起的一些争议。
1．B [上文是说多年来，VAR技术已经应用于美国的运动中，现在它已经完全与全球的足球比赛结合起来，而且在2018年的世界杯中首次亮相，而空后是说它实际是一个通过观看视频重放来审查主裁判的某些决定的团队，故B项“VAR代表着视频助理裁判”符合语境，衔接上下文，故选B。]
2．E [根据空后一句“They will communicate...serious missed incidents”可知，他们会为清晰而明显的错误或错过的事件和裁判沟通，E项“他们在整场比赛中持续检查错误”符合语境，故选E。]
3．D [根据空后的“the referee would start an official review”可知，裁判将启动一个官方的审查，与D项中的“reviewable”呼应，故选D。]
4．F [根据空处所在位置以及该段叙述的球迷对VAR在比赛中应用的一些看法可推知，F项“视频技术的应用在足球观看者之中是一个热点话题”概括了本段的内容，故选F。]
5．G [根据空前的“angry players crowd around a referee following a controversial decision”可知，此处描述了一个球赛中的场景，G项中的“such scenes”与之呼应，故选G。]
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·成都市毕业班第一次诊断性检测)It's time to stop talking and get walking. As a popular and 1.________(grow) format of the game，Walking Football is aimed at encouraging older adults to play football again on a regular basis.
As simple as the name suggests，Walking Football is 2.________(definite) just playing football at walking pace.But don't let that fool you.It carries all the emotion，passion and excitement of a regular game and still 3.________(require) skills such as accurate passing，good positional play and strong tactical knowledge.
The game is smallsided，4.________ no running on or off the ball，very little contact and kickins instead of throwins.With less stress on the body and no real sudden change of direction or cutting movements，the game allows every 5.________ (participate) to play without anxiety.
It has become increasingly popular and is designed to help people keep 6.________ active lifestyle，as well as to support getting people who have stopped playing due to age 7.________ injury back to football.
Since Middlesex FA launched Walking Football in 2014，we 8.________(have) over 300 players take part in the sport and now run over 20 sessions on a 9.______ (week)basis.
Ready to play? 10.________(find) your nearest session using the map below.
【语篇解读】 本文主要介绍了一项体育运动——Walking Football。
1．growing [考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处与and之前的形容词popular是并列关系，共同修饰其后的名词format，故应填growing“增长的”。]
2．definitely [考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰副词just，故应用副词definitely。]
3．requires [考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，and前后是并列的成分，此处应与carries形式相同，故填requires。]
4．with [考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处是with的复合结构，即with＋名词＋介词短语的形式，在句子中作状语，与下文中的“With less stress on the body”结构相呼应。]
5．participant [考查词形转换。allow sb.to do sth.意为“允许某人做某事”，是固定用法，又因为空前为every，故此处应用表示人的名词的单数形式，即participant。]
6．an [考查冠词。根据语境可知，lifestyle是可数名词，且第一次在语境中出现，故用不定冠词修饰；又active的发音以元音音素开头，故用不定冠词an。]
7．or [考查连词。根据语境可知，此处表示“或者”，故用表示选择关系的连词or。]
8．have had [考查动词的时态。根据本句中的Since可知，主句应用现在完成时，表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，即have had。]
9．weekly [考查形容词。根据空前的冠词a和空后的名词basis可知，此处应用形容词weekly。]
10．Find [考查祈使句。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，此处是“动词原形放句首＋句子其他成分”结构的祈使句，表示建议，故用Find。]
Ⅳ.短文改错
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。
(2019·济南市模拟)
Dear Mr.Brown，
We have learned that you were going back to America for the summer vacation.To express our thank for your excellent teaching in our school，we have decided have a party for you.The party which will start at 6：30 on Friday evening in the lecture hall.It will possible last an hour.To start with，our monitor will give a speech on behalf of a whole class.Then we would like to invite you to join us and singing some English songs.In the end of the party，we will present you with some gifts and cards，mostly making by ourselves.I believe you will have a good time together.
Looking forward to your coming.
Yours sincerely，
Frank
[答案]
Dear Mr.Brown，
We have learned that you going back to America for the summer vacation.To express our for your excellent teaching in our school，we have decided have a party for you.The party which will start at 6：30 on Friday evening in the lecture hall.It will last an hour.To start with，our monitor will give a speech on behalf of whole class.Then we would like to invite you to join us and some English songs. the end of the party，we will present you with some gifts and cards，mostly by ourselves.I believe will have a good time together.
Looking forward to your coming.
Yours sincerely，
Frank
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