(4)科教科普类_2022届新高考英语一轮复习七选五话题专项练
展开
这是一份(4)科教科普类_2022届新高考英语一轮复习七选五话题专项练,共13页。
It is believed that a pregnant wman with a baby shuld nt view a slar eclipse. They are ften tld that their child will be badly frmed if they view a slar eclipse. Hwever, varius scientific authrities have stated ver and ver again that there is n harm at all in viewing a slar eclipse with the right eye gear. ②______ .
It is imprtant, hwever, that yu view a slar eclipse with the right eye gear. Staring right at the sun culd permanently damage the eyes. It is wrng t assume that the sun can be lked at after the mn blcks ut a majrity f it. ③______ .
If yu want t view the eclipse, yu have t get special glasses. As ppsed t ppular belief sunglasses and dark films d NOT prtect ur eyes. ④______ . Yu can d this by fixing a telescpe and fcusing the image nt a sheet f paper. Yu can clearly see the eclipse n the sheet f paper. Yu shuld never lk directly at the eclipse thrugh the telescpe.
Similarly, yu can make a tiny hle n an paque(不透明的)sheet f paper and let the light passing thrugh fall n a sheet f paper. ⑤ ______. Alternatively, yu can watch it live n TV which is the safest way f viewing a slar eclipse!
A. It is best if yu purchase eye wear.
B. S they need nt wrry t view a slar eclipse.
C. Viewing a slar eclipse directly is a strict n-n.
D. Sme f them watch the event thrugh special telescpes.
E. This methd is an effective way t watch an eclipse as well.
F. T safely watch a slar eclipse, wear prtective eclipse glasses.
G. The best way t see a slar eclipse is by viewing its prjected image.
二、阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Take a bttle f sda, and shake it really hard. Gas will frm inside, causing a buildup f pressure. Twist the cap ff. Pressure will be released frm the bttle, and sda will sht everywhere.
①________ Pressure builds up inside a vlcan as gas frms in magma (岩浆), which is ht liquid rck beneath the surface f the earth. Gas bubbles in the vlcan need t escape. When a vlcan erupts, magma is pushed up thrugh the pening with great frce. When magma reaches the earth’s surface, it’s called lava (熔岩).
Sme vlcanic eruptins are explsive. Lava shts int the sky. Gas and ht pieces f rck and ash are als released. The intensity f an eruptin depends n a few factrs. One is the magma’s temperature. Anther is the magma’s thickness. ②________
Vlcanic eruptins can cause ther natural disasters. These include landslides, mudslides, earthquakes and tsunamis. Vlcanes can be destructive. ③________ The Hawaiian Islands were created by the eruptins f large lw-lying vlcanes which are made up f layers f hardened lava.
④________ Ash frm vlcanes adds helpful minerals t sil. This helps plants grw strng. Healthy plants prduce xygen fr humans and animals t breathe. Vlcanes als remve heat frm the earth’s interir (内部), which helps keep ur planet cl.
In recent years, a new benefit f vlcanes has surfaced. ⑤________ Their measures invlve using the heat beneath the earth’s surface t prduce electricity.
Vlcanes may be unpredictable. Hwever, as we learn mre abut hw they wrk, they will becme even mre imprtant t life n the earth.
A. Hwever, they can als create new land.
B. Vlcanes can becme mre dangerus.
C. A vlcanic eruptin wrks much the same way.
D. Scientists are using vlcanes t help pwer cities.
E. The amunt f gas trapped inside is als an imprtant ne.
F. Vlcanes are threatening the life f peple acrss the wrld.
G. Vlcanes have played an imprtant rle in shaping the earth.
三、根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Researchers define self-cntrl r self-discipline as “ability t cntrl r change ne's inner respnses ". ①__________ Hwever, sme peple think that as an immediate cnsequence f leading lives f cnstant self-cntrl, they aren't likely t gain a lt f pleasure frm life.
②__________ T start,414 adults cmpleted an nline survey. In the survey, they rated their self-cntrl by indicating hw much they agreed with l4 statements, such as “I indeed d certain things that are bad fr me, if they are fun.”
In their study 205 adults were given smart phnes and required t reprt their emtins at randm mments thrughut the week. ③__________ If s, they had t reprt hw hard they tried t resist them, and whether they eventually ended up acting n them.
The researchers fund that the mre self-cntrl peple had, the mre satisfied they were with their lives in the lng run. ④__________ In fact, such peple 's increased happiness t a large extent accunted fr the increased life satisfactin.
These researchers als figured ut that peple high in self-cntrl are simply less likely t find themselves in situatins where that's even an issue. They dn't waste time fighting inner battles ver whether r nt t eat a secnd piece f cake. ⑤__________ And that, it wuld seem, makes them happier. . . even if ccasinally a little bit sad.
A. In a wrd, they are nt bthered abut such little desires.
B. Researchers checked these general ideas thrugh a survey and study.
C. It is generally believed that in the lng run self-cntrl can make peple happier.
D. Meanwhile, they were als asked t reprt whether they were experiencing any desires.
E. Hwever, peple with mre self-cntrl were als mre likely t be happy in the shrt run.
F. But they are still uncertain why sme peple are mre able t cntrl their inner respnses.
G. Mst adults reprted they failed t cntrl their desire t play vide games befre an exam.
四、根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
As is ften the case, when we wake up feeling sleepy and with dark circles under eyes, many f us ften make a decisin: “I’m ging t bed earlier tmrrw!” we are s determined.①_____We are still absrbed in what we are ding withut realizing it is already t late the next day. This behavir is called “bedtime prcrastinatin” (睡眠拖延症), and results frm lack f self-cntrl and ur bdy clck.
②_____Accrding t a study carried ut by a grup f health psychlgists, 53 percent f the 2,400 participants said they didn’t fllw their sleep schedule, delaying it at least twice a week. They delayed bedtime because they culdn’t stp ding ther trivial things (琐事), which were keeping them up in the first place.
Peple wh generally have truble resisting temptatins (诱惑) and fllwing their intentins firmly are als mre likely t delay ging t bed. They find it hard t cntrl themselves.③_____Our bdy clck als plays an imprtant rle when it cmes t bedtime. Thse wh get up late are mre likely t pstpne their bedtime than thse wh wake early every mrning. Night wls wuld g t bed late at the very beginning f the weekday, even thugh they had t get up early fr wrk and schl.④_____.
Therefre, if we want t cure ur bedtime prcrastinatin, the intentin t g t bed earlier is nt enugh.⑤_____We shuld have a clear understanding that bedtime prcrastinatin is a big prblem. The chices we make culd turn ut t be pretty imprtant fr ur health.
A. Bedtime prcrastinatin is a cmmn prblem.
B. It will have extreme effect n ur health sner r later.
C. Yet, lack f self-cntrl is nt the nly thing t blame.
D. Unfrtunately, chances are that we dn’t stick t ur prmise.
E. It’s their special bdy clck that plays a part in delaying their bedtime.
F. Bilgical prcesses need t supprt this intentin.
G. S we just need t take actin t change ur sleep mdel.
五、
Is Fresh Air Really Gd fr Yu?
We all grew up hearing peple tell us t "g ut and get sme fresh air." ①_____ Accrding t recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in yur camping area is gd.
②_____ If the air yu're breathing is clean—which it wuld be if yu're away frm the smg f cities—then the air is filled with life-giving, energizing xygen. If yu exercise ut f drs, yur bdy will learn t breathe mre deeply, allwing even mre xygen t get t yur muscles(肌肉) and yur brain.
Recently, peple have begun studying the cnnectin between the natural wrld and healing(治愈). ③_____ In these places patients can g t be near nature during their recvery. It turns ut that just lking at green, grwing things can reduce stress, lwer bld pressure, and put peple int a better md(情绪). Greenery is gd fr us. Hspital patients wh see free branches ut their windw are likely t recver at a faster rate than patients wh see buildings r sky instead. ④_____ It gives us a great feeling f peace.
⑤_____ While the sun's rays can age and harm ur skin, they als give us beneficial vitamin D. T make sure yu get enugh vitamin D—but still prtect yur skin—put n sunscreen right as yu head utside. It takes sunscreen abut fifteen minutes t start wrking, and that's plenty f time fr yur skin t absrb a day's wrth f vitamin D.
A.Fresh air cleans ur lungs.
B.S what are yu waiting fr?
C.Being in nature refreshes us.
D.Anther side benefit f getting fresh air is sunlight.
E.But is fresh air really as gd fr yu as yur mther always said?
F.Just as imprtantly, we tend t assciate fresh air with health care.
G.All acrss the cuntry, recvery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.
六、
The Amazn Rainfrest: A Natural Treasure
Welcme t the Amazn rainfrest. As the largest rainfrest in the wrld, it plays a significant rle in maintaining the fine balance f the Earth's ecsystem.
The Amazn rainfrest crsses int eight cuntries. With an area f 5.5 millin square kilmeters, the Amazn rainfrest is mre than half the size f China. The Amazn River, frm which the rainfrest gets its name, is abut 6,400 kilmeters in length. On its jurney frm the muntains t the cean, the river supprts many different ecsystems. ①_____
The frest's different levels supprt an unbelievable variety f wildlife. At the bttm, there is a system f rts beneath the grund. Abve that is the mass f leaf litter n the dark frest flr. ②_____ Then there are the twering ancient hardwds, and finally the tps f the tallest trees many metres abve the grund. Each level f the frest frms its wn little wrld, and is hme t different kinds f living things.
Mre than 1,300 species f birds and ver 400 species f mammals hide amng the jungle's plant life. The jaguar(美洲豹) is ne example. It has yellwish-brwn cat with black spts. While a significant number f jaguars survive here, they are nly ne element f this frest's fd chain. ③_____ These frgs, in turn, feed n insects which eat leaves and fruit. When a jaguar dies, a tiny army f micrrganisms helps break dwn its bdy and return the nutrients t the earth.
The Amazn rainfrest breathes life int the planet by absrbing carbn dixide and prducing ver 20 percent f all the Earth's xygen. ④_____ Mrever, the Amazn rainfrest is a treasure huse f species that can be used fr fd r medicine. Yet there is ne majr danger t these irreplaceable plants and animals: us.
⑤_____ As the impact f human activities such as agriculture and cattle fanning cntinues t grw and the list f species in danger f extinctin becmes lnger, we are left with a questin: can we affrd t damage the "lungs f the planet"?
A.They feed n many species, including frgs.
B.Thus, it's ften knwn as the "lungs f the planet".
C.Rivers tend t be the easiest way t enter the frest.
D.The next level is made up f shrter plants with large leaves.
E.They give this area the richest species f plants and animals n the Earth.
F.Currently the trees in the Amazn rainfrest absrb arund 500 billin tnnes f carbn dixide each year.
G.Over the past 50 years, 17 percent f the rainfrest has disappeared due t human activities.
答案以及解析
一、
答案:DBCGE
解析:(1)D. 推理判断题。空前一句"Slar eclipses are beautiful astrnmical events and many peple acrss the wrld travel t faraway places t get a clear view f the phenmenn."提到,日食是美丽的天文现象,世界各地的许多人前往遥远的地方,以清楚地看到这一现象,结合空后一句"Others chse special eyewear.(其他人则选择特殊的眼镜。)"可知,空处应是也描述观看日食的设备,D项"他们中的一些人通过特殊的望远镜观看这一现象。"符合语境,D项中的Sme与空后一句的Others呼应。故选D项。
(2)B. 推理判断题。根据空前一句"Hwever, varius scientific authrities have stated ver and ver again that there is n harm at all in viewing a slar eclipse with the right eye gear."可知,各种科学权威一再声明,用适当的眼睛防护设备观看日食完全没有害处,由此可推知,孕妇不能观看日食的说法不正确,即孕妇可以观看日食。B项"所以她们不必担心看日食"符合语境。故选B项。
(3)C. 推理判断题。根据空前两句"Staring right at the sun culd permanently damage the eyes. It is wrng t assume that the sun can be lked at after the mn blcks ut a majrity f it."可知,盯着太阳看会对眼睛造成永久性伤害。如果认为月亮遮住了大部分太阳后就可以直视太阳,那是错误的。由此可推知,不能直接用肉眼看日食,C项"直接观看日食是绝对不允许的"符合语境。故选C项。
(4)G. 细节理解题。空前一句"As ppsed t ppular belief, sunglasses and dark films d NOT prtect ur eyes."提到,与普遍的看法相反,太阳镜和暗膜并不能保护我们的眼睛,结合空后一句"Yu can d this by fixing a telescpe and fcusing the image nt a sheet f paper. Yu can clearly see the eclipse n the sheet f paper.(你可以把望远镜固定在一张纸上,把图像对焦。你可以在这张纸上清楚地看到日食。)"可知,空处应是描述看日食的正确方法,空后是描述具体的操作,G项"观察日食的最好方法是观看它的投影。"符合语境,空后一句中的this指代G项中的"viewing its prjected image"。故选G项。
(5)E. 推理判断题。空前一句"Similarly, yu can make a tiny hle n an paque(不透明的) sheet f paper and let the light passing thrugh fall n a sheet f paper. (类似地,你可以在一张不透明的纸上挖一个小孔,让通过小孔的光落在一张纸上。)"是介绍另一个观看日食的方法,分析选项,E项"这种方法也是观测日食的一种有效方法。"说明其作用,符合语境。故选E项。
二、
答案:CEAGD
解析:这是一篇说明文。文章对火山的形成、喷发强度的决定因素、火山的危害和好处等进行了介绍。
【小题1】根据前文“Take a bttle f sda, and shake it really hard. Gas will frm inside, causing a buildup f pressure. Twist the cap ff. Pressure will be released frm the bttle, and sda will sht everywhere.”(拿瓶苏打水,用力摇晃。气体会在里面形成,造成压力的积聚。把盖子拧下来。压力会从瓶子里释放出来,苏打水会喷得到处都是。)可知,选项A中的the same way就是指指苏打水从瓶子里喷出来的方式,根据后文“Pressure builds up inside a vlcan as gas frms in magma (岩浆), which is ht liquid rck beneath the surface f the earth. Gas bubbles in the vlcan need t escape. When a vlcan erupts, magma is pushed up thrugh the pening with great frce.”(当气体在岩浆中形成时,压力在火山内部积聚(岩浆), 它是地球表面下的热液体岩石。火山中的气泡需要逸出。当火山喷发时,岩浆会被巨大的力量推上火山口。)可知,火山爆发的方式和前文中提到的相同。所以选项C“火山爆发的作用方式大致相同。”切合文意。故选C。
【小题2】根据前文“The intensity f an eruptin depends n a few factrs. One is the magma’s temperature. Anther is the magma’s thickness.”(喷发的强度取决于几个因素。一是岩浆的温度。另一个是岩浆的厚度。)可知,此处是讲决定喷发的强度的几个因素,并且前文中已经出现两个,所以选项E“被困在里面的气体量也是一个重要因素。”是讲第三个因素,切合文意。故选E。
【小题3】根据后文“The Hawaiian Islands were created by the eruptins f large lw-lying vlcanes which are made up f layers f hardened lava.”(夏威夷群岛是由大型低洼火山喷发形成的,这些火山是由坚硬的熔岩层组成的。)可知,此处是讲火山喷发也会创造新的土地,对应选项A中的“they can als create new land”(它们还可以创造新的土地),又和前文“Vlcanes can be destructive.”(火山具有破坏性。)构成转折关系,对应选项A中的转折词hwever。所以选项A切合文意。故选A。
【小题4】根据后文“Ash frm vlcanes adds helpful minerals t sil. This helps plants grw strng. Healthy plants prduce xygen fr humans and animals t breathe. Vlcanes als remve heat frm the earth’s interir (内部), which helps keep ur planet cl.”(火山灰为土壤添加了有益的矿物质。这有助于植物茁壮成长。健康的植物产生氧气供人和动物呼吸。火山也会带走地球内部的热量, 有助于保持地球凉爽。)可知,此处是讲火山对地球起到了重要作用,所以选项G“火山在塑造地球方面起了重要作用。”切合文意。故选G。
【小题5】根据后文“Their measures invlve using the heat beneath the earth’s surface t prduce electricity.”(他们的措施包括利用地表下的热量发电。)和前文“In recent years, a new benefit f vlcanes has surfaced.”(近年来,火山的一个新的好处浮出水面。)可知,此处是指利用火山发电,所以选项D“科学家们正在利用火山为城市供电。”切合文意。故选D。
三、
答案:CBDEA
解析:本文是一篇说明文,自律和自我控制是一种能力,研究人员通过调查研究发现自律会对人们的生活带来积极的影响。
【1题详解】本题的关键词是“hwever”。横线后一句“Hwever, sme peple think that as an immediate cnsequence f leading lives f cnstant self-cntrl, they aren’t likely t gain a lt f pleasure frm life.”告诉我们人们认为过着自我控制的生活不可能让人们从生活里得到快乐。句中的hwever说明横线句的内容与本句内容相反,C项“It is generally believed that in the lng run self-cntrl can make peple happier.”符合语境。故选C项。
【2题详解】本段主要讲述的是研究人员利用调查研究的方法查明真实情况。B项“Researchers checked these general ideas thrugh a survey and study.”是本段内容的概括,本段其余内容是对他们所做的研究的具体说明。故B项正确。
【3题详解】横线前一句“In their study, 205 adults were given smart phnes and required t reprt their emtins at randm mments thrughut the week”说明,在研究中,205位成年人被要求在随机的时刻报告他们这周的情绪情况。本句内容还是与研究相关的内容,D项“Meanwhile, they were als asked t reprt whether they were experiencing any desires.”也是研究的内容之一,符合上下文语境。故D项正确。
【4题详解】横线前一句“The researchers fund that the mre self-cntrl peple had, the mre satisfied they were with their lives in the lng run.”前一句告诉我们,长期来看人们越自律,他们对生活越满意。实际上短期来看自律的人对生活也会比较满意。E项“Hwever, peple with mre self-cntrl were als mre likely t be happy in the shrt run.”符合语境,故选E项。
【5题详解】横线前一句“They dn’t waste time fighting inner battles ver whether r nt t eat a secnd piece f cake”告诉我们自律的人不会浪费时间去考虑要不要再吃一块蛋糕。他们不会为这些小事烦恼。A项“In a wrd, they are nt bthered abut such little desires.”符合上下文语境,故A项正确。
四、
答案:1. D2. A3. C4. E5. F
解析:1. 根据上文中 "I'm ging t bed earlier tmrrw!" we are s determined. 可知,“我们”
很坚定地说,明天将早点睡觉。再根据下文
We are still absrbed in what we are ding withut realizing it is already t late the next day. 可知,第二天“我们”仍然专注于“我们”正在做的事情,却没有意识到已经太晚了。所以空处可能表示“我们没有遵守前一天的诺言,还是很晚睡觉”,D项意为“不幸的是,我们很可能不遵守诺言”,承上启下,符合语境。故正确答案为D。
2. 根据下文 Accrding t a study carried ut by a grup f health psychlgists, 53 percent f the 2,400 participants said they didn't fllw their sleep schedule, delaying it at least twice a week. 可知,根据一组健康心理学家进行的一项研究,2400名参与者中有53%的人表示他们没有遵循自己的睡眠时间表,每周至少推迟两次。A项意为“睡前拖延症是一个常见的问题”,引出下文,符合语境。故正确答案为A。
3. 根据上文 They find it hard t cntrl themselves. 可知,他们发现很难控制自己。所以空处可能讲述自控力的缺乏。C项意为“然而,缺乏自控并不是唯一的原因”,承接上文,符合语境。故正确答案为C。
4. 根据本段第四句 Our bdy clck als plays an imprtant rle when it cmes t bedtime.可知,我们的生物钟在就寝时间也扮演着重要的角色。结合上文 Night wls wuld g t bed late at the very beginning f the weekday, even thugh they had t get up early fr wrk and schl. 可知,夜猫子会在工作日的开始晚睡,即使他们不得不早起工作和上学。所以空处可能讲述这种现象的原因。E项意为“是他们特殊的生物钟在延迟他们的就寝时间上起了作用”,承接上文,符合语境。故正确答案为E。
5. 根据上文 Therefre, if we want t cure ur bedtime prcrastinatin, the intentin t g t bed earlier is nt enugh. 可知,因此,如果我们想要治愈我们的就寝拖延症,早睡的意愿是不够的。所以空处可能为如何治愈就寝拖延症。F项意为“生物学过程需要支持这一意图”,承接上文,符合语境。故正确答案为F。
五、
答案:①-⑤ EAGCD
解析:①设空处前句提到"g ut and get sme fresh air", 然后设空处后一句就是针对提问的回答"the answer is a big YES", 设空处应是针对呼吸新鲜空气这件事情进行提问, 所以选择E项。
②设空处后面都是在阐述呼吸新鲜空气的好处, 尤其两次提到xygen(氧气), xygen与A项中的lungs有联系, 所以选择A项。
③设空处前一句中的关键词healing与G项中的Healing对应, G项中的recvery与设空处后一句中的recvery对应。此外, G项中出现Healing Gardens, 后一句马上出现In these places来指代Healing Gardens, 因此答案是G项。
④此段讲了接近大自然有助于病人的康复, 并对有哪些帮助进行了进一步说明, 所以在本段的最后再次进行总结, 话题依然与大自然有关, 而且是总结性的句子, 所以选择C项。C项中nature与话题一致, 与设空处后一句均是对本段的收尾。
⑤设空处后一句中的the sun's rays与D项中的sunlight对应。而D项中的Anther side benefit f getting fresh air又是对前面段落中阐述呼吸新鲜空气有好处的延伸, 因此D项是最佳选项。
六、
答案:①-⑤ EDABG
解析:①过渡句。由上句On its jurney frm the muntains t the cean, the river supprts many different ecsystems.以及下文具体介绍亚马逊雨林的各种动植物可知, 设空处起到承上启下的过渡作用。E项(它们给这个地区带来了地球上最丰富的动植物物种。)符合语境, 故选E。
②细节句。根据空前Abve that is the mass f leaf litter n the dark frest flr.及空后Then there are the twering ancient hardwds, and finally the tps f the tallest trees many metres abve the grund.可知, 设空处应是起到衔接作用, 从下至上介绍亚马逊雨林每一层的生物形式, 故选D。
③细节句。根据空后These frgs, in turn, feed n insects which eat leaves and fruit.中的These frgs可知, frgs应在上文出现过。但文中没有, 则必然在此空中, 故选A。
④细节句。根据空前一句(亚马逊雨林通过吸收二氧化碳, 产生全球超过20%的氧气, 给地球带来生机。)可知, 设空处是对前一句的补充说明。B项(因此, 它经常被称作"地球之肺"。)符合语境, 且承接上句, 故选B。
⑤过渡句。上一段最后一句指出亚马逊雨林面临我们人类所带来的威胁, 此空后进一步说明人类对亚马逊雨林的威胁所带来的后果, G项(在过去的50年里, 17%的雨林由于人类活动而消失。)衔接上下文, 故选G。
相关试卷
这是一份(2)人物传记类_2022届新高考英语一轮复习七选五话题专项练,共12页。
这是一份(1)科技类_2022届新高考英语一轮复习七选五话题专项练,共11页。
这是一份(6)历史文化类_2022届新高考英语一轮复习七选五话题专项练,共12页。