人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第二册Unit 3 Food and Culture教案

Unit 3 Food and Culture  Period3 Discovering useful structures  教学设计

The past perfect tense and its passive voice

  The main grammatical items in this unit are the past perfect active and passive tense.The past perfect tense is used to refer to an action that was completed before a time or event in the past.The past perfect passive voice is the passive form of the past perfect tense. The teacher can guide the students to analyze and compare the structure and usage of the past perfect tense and the passive tense. The teacher is also highly recommended to help the students to sort out the relevant content in the form of a chart, or present a chart for the students to complete the key information.

1.  Enable the students to tell the same information using the past perfect active tense and the passive tense.
2. Guide the students to use the two constructions correctly, and understand their meaning and function in the context.
3. Encourage the students to make sentences using the past perfect active and passive tense. Then use these sentences to make dialogues.
4. Cultivate students’ thinking ability and enhance their creativity of using this grammar.

1. Guide students to use the two structures both in the spoken and written situation.

2. Encourage the students to make sentences, using the past perfect active and passive tense. Then use these sentences to make dialogues.

Step1:  Lead in

What is the tense and voice of the following sentence? what is the function?

By the time the tornado ended, more than 700 people had been killed.

 Keys: the passive voice of the past perfect tense.

function: The past perfect tense is used to refer to an action or a state of being that occurred or was completed before a specific time in the past.

Step 2:Try to find out all the sentences containing the passive voice of the past perfect tense and then sum up their common rules.

教材原句：

1. Prior to coming to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.

在来中国之前，我唯一接触过中国烹饪的经历是在美国，我接触过经过改变以适应美国人口味的中国食物。

2. When my family and I had just arrived in China, we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.

当我和家人刚到中国时，我们在北京找了一个吃饭的好地方。

3. A restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend, and finally, we found it.

一位朋友向我们推荐了一家餐馆，我们终于找到了。

4. We had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.

我们不知道该怎么点菜，所以厨师就开始在我们的桌子上摆满我们吃过的最好的食物。

语法共性：

1．句1和句3中的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态，其构成为had been done。

2．句2和句4中的黑体部分为过去完成时，其构成为had done。

Step 3: The teacher instructs Ss to review the basic knowledge about the past perfect tense and its passive voice.

一、Basic use of the past perfect tense

1．Definition
过去完成时的构成为“had＋过去分词”。过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或存在的状态。它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。
2．Basic use
(1)过去完成时表示在过去某个动作或某个具体的时间之前已经发生、完成的动作或存在的状态，即表示“过去的过去”。

The boy was reminded that his homework had not been handed in．

这个男孩被提醒说他的家庭作业还没有交上来。

Her homework had not been finished when I got home.

我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。

How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended?

飓风结束的时候，有多少建筑物被毁坏了？

 (2)用于hardly/scarcely ... when ..., no sooner ... than ...等表示“刚……就……”或“一……就……”的固定句型中。

Hardly had we reached school from school when it began to snow heavily.

我们刚到达学校就下起了雪。

hardly/scarcely/rarely/no sooner置于句首时，主句部分倒装，从句不倒装。

(3)有些动词，如hope、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本打算做而未做某事”。

We had expected to finish the task on time but we failed.

我们本来希望按时完成这项工作的，但我们没有做到。

Eve had hoped to see more of China.伊芙曾希望在中国多观光一番。

I had intended to be there on time.我本打算准时去的。

Greta had meant to see her off at the airport.格瑞塔本打算是要去机场送她的。

(4)在“That/It was the first/second ... time＋从句”中，从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。

That was the last time I had made such a foolish mistake.那是我最后一次犯那样的傻错误。

It was the first time ( that) I had been to Shanghai.那是我第一次去上海。

It was the most inspiring performance I had watched. 这是我看过的最激励人心的表演

(5)用在"It was+一段时间+ since从句"句型中(从句用过去完成时)

It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.

我离开北京至少有三个月了。

(6)wish、if only、as if、would rather等后面的从句中，常用过去完成时表示对过去的假设或虚拟。

If only I had been praised by the teacher yesterday.我昨天要是被老师表扬就好了。

I wish I had been there at that time.那时候我要在那儿就好了。（事实上我不在那儿。）

I wish I had told him about it.我要是告诉他那事就好了。（事实上我没告诉他。）

3．过去完成时与一般过去时的区别

一般过去时侧重发生在过去的客观事实；而过去完成时强调动作发生在“过去的过去”，一定有一个表示过去时间的参照点，表示在这个时间之前，动作已经发生。

They had fallen asleep when their parents got home at 11 o’clock..

父母11点回家之前他们已经睡着了。（过去的过去）

They fell asleep at 11 o’clock.他们11点睡着了。（一般过去）

二、过去完成时的被动语态

1．概念：过去完成时的被动语态表示动作在过去某一时刻或某个动作以前已经发生或完成，且主语与谓语动词动作存在被动关系。

2．构成

(1)肯定结构：主语＋had been done

(2)否定结构：主语＋had not been done

3．用法

(1)在told、said、 knew、heard、thought、found等动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。

He heard that the tickets had already been sold out.他听说票已售完。

He told me that the project had been completed by the end of 1999.他告诉我到1999年底他们已完成了那个项目。

The newspaper reported more than 100 people had been killed in the thunderstorm.报纸报道说有一百多人在暴风雨中丧生。

(2)before、when、by the time、until、after、once等引导的时间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，以及by、before后面接过去的时间时，主句动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。

By the time my brother was 10, he had been sent to Italy.

我弟弟10岁前就已经被送到意大利了。

Tons of rice had been produced by the end of last month.

到上月底已生产了好几吨大米。

(3) It was the first/second/last ... time that ...句中that引导的定语从句中，主语与谓语构成被动关系时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。

It was the first time that I had seen the night fact to face in one and a half years. 这是我一年半以来第一次亲眼目睹夜晚的景色。

(4)在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去事实相反，且主语与谓语构成被动关系时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。

If I had been instructed by him earlier, I would have finished the task.

如果我早一点得到他的指示，我早就完成这项任务了。

If I had hurried, I wouldn't have missed the train.

如果我快点的话，我就不会误了火车。

If you had been at the party, you would have met him. 

如果你去了晚会，你就会见到他的。