高考英语一轮复习题型突破一阅读理解1细节理解题课件

这是一份高考英语一轮复习题型突破一阅读理解1细节理解题课件，共46页。PPT课件主要包含了高考帮·备考方向导航，考法帮·解题能力提升， 考情解读，三年考情回顾，命题分析预测，聚焦核心素养等内容，欢迎下载使用。

析考情 · 题型突破链高考 · 真题探究
考法1 直接信息题考法2 间接信息题
课标要求1.阅读理解旨在考查考生理解不同题材和体裁的书面材料以及从中获取信息的能力。2.要求考生能读懂有关日常生活的简短文字材料,例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报纸、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段。3.考生应能:理解主旨要义;理解文中具体信息;根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义;做出判断和推理;理解文章的基本结构;理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
1.阅读理解的文章在语篇类型方面,说明文占比最大,记叙文和应用文也较常考查;题材以个人经历、人物故事、介绍说明、社会文化、新闻报道、广告信息等为主,内容贴近生活、紧跟时代。2.在题型方面,尽管对细节理解题的考查仍然占比较高,但是对于深层信息的获取、识别及再现相关信息能力的考查有所增加,对于阅读理解中词汇、短语和句子含义的推断以及基于文意的推理判断等的考查逐渐增加。3.选材范围将会继续扩大,将会涵盖移动互联网、大数据、人工智能等方面的文章,通过选材反映时代的变化、社会的发展、国家和个人的需求。4.试题对文化意识的考查力度将会继续加大,试题不仅会涉及文化知识,还会涉及社会文化现象,体现对"跨文化意识"和"跨文化交际"两个方面的考查。
阅读理解对学科核心素养的考查主要通过选取基于社会情境、涵盖中外优秀文化的语篇,考查考生借助语言理解和表达意义的能力;考查考生对中外文化的理解能力,增强他们对优秀文化的认同感;考查考生的逻辑性、批判性、创造性等思维特征;考查考生根据问题或情境,围绕相关主题,综合运用所学知识、技能和策略,识别、分析、理解语篇,并通过整合、内化、迁移等方式发现问题和解决问题的能力。
析考情 · 题型突破
一 考情概述 细节理解题在高考阅读理解中占总题量的一半左右,比例相当大。该题型主要针对原文中的具体信息发问,考查考生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节、某个事实或个别词句的理解。细节信息题命题形式多样,考查内容涉及多个角度(如wh, when, where, what, which, why, hw many和hw much等)。 综观近几年的试题可以发现,细节理解题的难度有所增加,主要表现为:题目信息是原文信息的同义转述;有时要将几个具体细节综合起来才可得出答案。预计2022年高考对细节理解题的考查将延续这两个特点。
二 命题特点 近几年高考细节理解题考查最多的是直接信息题和间接信息题。1.直接信息题。在原文中可直接找到答案,这类题比较简单,通常是原文再现:(1)题干中的关键信息点在文章中有直接具体的再现;(2)选项中的关键信息点在文章中所找到的题干信息点中有直接具体的再现。2.间接信息题。为了更好地考查考生的思维品质,命题人往往会对具体信息进行处理:(1)同义替换文中的关键词语;(2)对时间、数量、年龄等数字信息进行加工;(3)综合一些事实细节进行理解。三 选项特点 1.正确选项的特点
(1)对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文句子中的一些词换成意义相近的词,变成正确选项。 (2)词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性,或者改变原文句子的语态,给考生制造障碍。 (3)语言简化。把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化,变成正确选项。(4)正话反说。把原文句子的意思反过来表达,变成正确选项。2.干扰项的特点(1)将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换掉,使该选项看似正确,实际上却是错误的。 (2)把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态,如把将来时变成现在时,把未发
生的事情当成已发生的事情。 (3)无中生有。选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论,而文中并未提及。 (4)偷换概念。把原来做该事的"张三"换成"李四",而所述细节却与原文一致。(5)文不对题。这类选项最不容易辨别,选项中的描述与原文完全一致,确实属于原文中的一个细节,这时要回到题干,看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。(6)符合常识,但不是文章内容。(7)正误参半。
链高考 · 真题探究
Passage 1　[2020全国Ⅰ,A]语篇类型:应用文　主题:乘坐火车的相关信息　词数:208　难度:★　建议时间:4分钟高考真题Train InfrmatinAll custmers travelling n TransLink services must be in pssessin f a valid ticket befre barding.Fr ticket infrmatin, please ask at yur lcal statin r call 13 12 30.
While Queensland Rail makes every effrt t ensure trains run as scheduled, there can be n guarantee f cnnectins between trains r between train services and bus services. Lst prperty(失物招领)Call Lst Prperty n 13 16 17 during business hurs fr items lst n Queensland Rail services.The lst prperty ffice is pen Mnday t Friday 7:30 am t 5:00 pm and is lcated(位于)at Rma Street statin.Public hlidaysOn public hlidays, generally a Sunday timetable perates. On
certain majr event days, Day, Anzac Day, sprting and cultural days, special additinal services may perate. Befre travel please visit r call TransLink n 13 12 30 anytime.Custmers using mbility devicesMany statins have wheelchair access frm the car park r entrance t the statin platfrms. Fr assistance, please call Queensland Rail n 13 16 17.Guardian trains(utbund)
21.What wuld yu d t get ticket infrmatin?　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 A. Call 13 16 17. B. Visit Ask at the lcal statin. D. Check the train which statin can yu find the lst prperty ffice?A. Altandi. B. Rma Street.C. Varsity Lakes. D. Frtitude train wuld yu take if yu g frm Central t Varsity Lakes?A. 6:42 pm. B. 7:29 pm.C. 8:57 pm. D. 11:02 pm.
命题分析▶素养解读本文介绍了乘坐火车的相关信息。文章基于真实的社会情境,要求考生能看懂相关信息, 考查考生从中提取并分析信息, 从而解决问题的能力,关注考生独立生活的能力,引导考生学会生活。▶试题分析所设三道题均属于直接信息题,在文章中都可以直接找到答案, 比较简单。
庖丁解牛▶重难词汇valid adj. 有效的 guarantee n. 保证,担保additinal adj.额外的 access n.通道,入径assistance n.帮助,援助▶词块积累in pssessin f 拥有make every effrt t d sth. 尽一切努力做某事
▶难句突破句式分析:While在此引导让步状语从句,从句中的as scheduled是方式状语从句的省略,省略了trains are。句意:尽管昆士兰铁路尽一切努力确保列车按时刻表运行,但不能保证列车之间或列车服务系统和公共汽车服务系统之间的衔接。
解题思路21.C　直接信息题。根据题干中的关键信息"ticket infrmatin"可迅速定位到第一段的第二句"Fr ticket infrmatin, please ask at yur lcal statin r call 13 12 30",因此选C。22.B　直接信息题。根据题干中的关键信息"lst prperty ffice"可迅速定位到第三段的第二句"The lst prperty ffice is pen Mnday t Friday 7:30 am t 5:00 pm and is lcated(位于) at Rma Street statin",因此选B。23.B　直接信息题。根据题干信息"Central"和"Varsity Lakes"可迅速定位到文中火车时刻表格里的发车时间"7:29 pm",因此选B。
Passage 2　[2020新高考Ⅰ(山东),B]语篇类型:记叙文　主题:努力自有回报　词数:314　难度:★★　建议时间:6分钟高考真题 Jennifer Mauer has needed mre willpwer than the typical cllege student t pursue her gal f earning a nursing degree. That willpwer bre fruit when Jennifer graduated frm University f Wiscnsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family t earn a bachelr's degree. Mauer, f Edgar, Wiscnsin, grew up n a farm in a family f 10
children. Her dad wrked at a jb away frm the farm, and her mther ran the farm with the kids. After high schl, Jennifer attended a lcal technical cllege, wrking t pay her tuitin(学费), because there was n extra mney set aside fr a cllege educatin. After graduatin, she wrked t help her sisters and brthers pay fr their schling.   Jennifer nw is married and has three children f her wn. She decided t g back t cllege t advance her career and t be able t better supprt her family while ding smething she lves:nursing. She chse the UW-Eau Claire prgram at Ministry
Saint Jseph's Hspital in Marshfield because she was able t pursue her fur-year degree clse t hme. She culd drive t class and be hme in the evening t help with her kids. Jennifer received great supprt frm her family as she wrked t earn her degree: Her husband wrked tw jbs t cver the bills, and her 68-year-ld mther helped take care f the children at times. Thrugh it all, she remained in gd academic standing and graduated with hnrs. Jennifer sacrificed(牺牲) t achieve her gal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing imprtant events t study. "Sme nights my heart was breaking t have t pick
between my kids and studying fr exams r papers," she says. Hwever, her children have learned an imprtant lessn witnessing their mther earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generatin graduate and an inspiratin t her family — and that's pretty did Jennifer d after high schl?A. She helped her dad with his wrk. B. She ran the family farm n her wn. C. She supprted herself thrugh cllege. D. She taught her sisters and brthers at hme.
5.Why did Jennifer chse the prgram at Ministry Saint Jseph's Hspital in Marshfield?A. T take care f her kids easily. B. T learn frm the best nurses. C. T save mney fr her parents. D. T find a well-paid jb did Jennifer sacrifice t achieve her gal?A. Her health. B. Her time with family. C. Her reputatin. D. Her chance f prmtin. 7.What can we learn frm Jennifer's stry?A. Time is mney. B. Lve breaks dwn barriers. C. Hard wrk pays ff. D. Educatin is the key t success.
命题分析▶素养解读本文通过讲述Jennifer Mauer在各种不利因素下仍然坚持学习的事迹,告诉考生在困难中坚持学习的重要性,只要坚持努力,付出总会有回报,并引导考生要有吃苦耐劳的精神,要不断挑战自我。 ▶试题分析前三道题均属于间接信息题。题干的关键信息都能直接在原文中找到,但设置的选项是对原文信息的再加工,因此做题时要注意对比选项与原文信息,并进行语意上的转换。
庖丁解牛▶重难词汇advance vt.促进,推动 cver vt.足以支付,够付standing n.名声,地位 witness vt. 见证▶词块积累bear fruit 取得成果,成功 set aside 留出,省出(钱或时间)earn ne's degree 获得文凭
▶难句突破句式分析:本句是一个主从复合句,主句中的"wrking t pay her tuitin(学费)"是动词-ing短语作伴随状语;because引导原因状语从句,从句中使用了there be句型,句中的"set aside fr a cllege educatin"是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰extra mney。句意:高中毕业之后,Jennifer上了一所当地的工学院,自己打工以支付学费,因为当时家里没有余钱供她上大学。
解题思路4.C　间接信息题。根据题干中的关键信息"after high schl"可定位到第二段中的"Jennifer attended a lcal technical cllege, wrking t pay her tuitin(学费)", 由此可知,Jennifer高中毕业后上了工学院,且自己打工挣学费,这与C项"她自食其力读完大学"含义一致。故选C。5.A　间接信息题。根据题干关键信息可定位到第三段中的"She chse the UW-Eau Claire prgram at Ministry Saint Jseph's Hspital in Marshfield because she was able t pursue her fur-year degree clse t with her kids",由此可知,Jennifer选择离家近的"UW-Eau Claire"项目,是为了在学习的同时可以照顾到孩子,故选A。
6.B　间接信息题。根据题干中的关键信息"sacrifice t achieve her gal"可定位到第四段中的"Jennifer sacrificed(牺牲) t achieve her gal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing imprtant events t study",对比选项可知,B项中的time暗指文中的nights,family暗指文中的kids,故选B。7.C　推理判断题。文章介绍了Jennifer在经济困难的情况下依靠自己完成了学业,婚后她既要照顾家庭又想深造,在这种情况下,她努力付出,最终实现了目标。她的经历表明,一个人的努力付出是会有回报的,故选C。
考法1 直接信息题
命题透视 直接信息题的特点是在原文中可以找到和选项信息几乎一样的短语或句子,考题常常针对文中某一特定的信息,比如时间、地点、人物、机构、名称等来设题。因为这类信息多属表层信息,所以题目难度一般不会太大,多见于应用文中。方法点拨 题干定位法
1 [2020全国Ⅱ,A]The Lake District Attractins GuideDalemain Mansin & Histric Gardens Histry, Culture & Landscape(景观). Discver and enjy 4 centuries f histry, 5 acres f celebrated and award-winning gardens with parkland walk. Owned by the Hasell family since 1679, hme t the Internatinal Marmalade Festival. Gifts and antiques, plant sales, museums & Mediaeval Hall Tearm.Open: 29 Mar-29 Oct, Sun t Thurs. Tearm, Gardens & Gift Shp: 10.30-17.00(16.00 in Oct).
Huse: 11.15-16.00(15.00 in Oct).Twn: Pley Bridge & Cttage & The Wrdswrth MuseumDiscver William Wrdswrth's inspiratinal hme. Take a tur f his Lakeland cttage, walk thrugh his hillside garden and explre the riches f the cllectin in the Museum. Visit the shp and relax in the café. Exhibitins, events and family activities thrughut the year.Open: Daily, 09.30-17.30 (last admissin 17.00).Twn: Grasmere
21.When is the Huse at Dalemain Mansin & Histric Gardens pen n Sundays in July?A. 09.30-17.30. B. 10.30- 11.15-16.00. D. 12.00- shuld visitrs g if they want t explre Wrdswrth's life?A. Penrith. B. Kendal.C. Carlisle. D. Grasmere.
解析 21.根据题干中的"Dalemain Mansin & Histric Gardens"可迅速定位到选文第一部分,再根据题干中的关键词"Huse"可直接锁定原文相关信息"Huse:11.15-16.00 (15.00 in Oct)",故选C。23.题目询问游客想要了解Wrdswrth的生活应该去哪里?根据题干中的"Wrdswrth's"可定位到选文第二部分,再由本部分中的"Twn: Grasmere"可知,本题应选D。
考法2 间接信息题
命题角度1　词语替换类细节题命题透视 该类题的特点是试题题干或选项中的关键词语通常使用同义词或近义词甚至反义词来替换文中的相关细节信息,例如,使用bk对文中的reserve进行同义转换,用less different对文中的mre in cmmn进行同义转换。方法点拨 词语复现法
2 [2017乙卷(全国Ⅰ),A]...　　◆Supprt Pacific Science Center　　Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passin(热情)fr discvery and lifelng learning in science, math and technlgy. Tday, Pacific Science Center serves mre than 1.3 millin peple a year and brings inquiry-based science educatin t classrms and cmmunity events all ver Washingtn State. It's an amazing accmplishment and ne we cannt achieve withut generus supprt frm individuals, crpratins, and ther scial rganizatins. Visit pacificsciencecenter.rg t find varius ways
yu can supprt Pacific Science des Pacific Science Center d fr schls?　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　A. Train science teachers. B. Distribute science bks.C. Inspire scientific research. D. Take science t the classrm.解析 题干中的关键词"schls"在文中并未出现,但"... brings inquiry-based science educatin t classrms"中的"classrms"与schls相互关联。将其与选项比对可知,本题应选D。
命题角度2　数字计算类细节题命题透视　　此类题要求考生对具体细节信息,尤其是年龄、时间、数量等数字信息进行加工,但此类试题的重点不在于计算,而在于考查考生对具体信息的处理能力,故试题设置的计算一般比较简单。方法点拨 查读分析法
3 [2018全国Ⅰ,C]... At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number(中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld's languages are spken by fewer peple than that. ...
30.Hw many languages are spken by less than 6,000 peple at present? A. Abut 6,800. B. Abut 3,400.C. Abut 2,400. D. Abut 1,200.解析 题目问的是现在有多少种语言的使用人数少于6 000,根据题干中的数字"6, 000"可快速定位到选段最后一句"The median number (中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld's languages are spken by fewer peple than that",目前全球不同语言使用人数的中位数仅是6 000,这就意味着世界上有一半语言的使用人数不到6 000,再结合选段第一句"At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages"可知,该题的答案为大约3 400(6 800÷2)种,故选B。
命题角度3　信息综合类细节题命题透视　　为了增加细节理解题的难度,命题人有时候也会从考查考生信息综合能力的角度来命题,虽然各细节信息在文章中都能找到,但需要考生进行综合分析之后,才能得出答案。方法点拨 定位甄别法
4 [2017乙卷(全国Ⅰ), D] A build-it-yurself slar still(蒸馏器) is ne f the best ways t btain drinking water in areas where the liquid is nt readily available. Develped by tw dctrs in the U.S. Department f Agriculture, it's an excellent water cllectr. Unfrtunately, yu must carry the necessary equipment with yu, since it's all but impssible t find natural substitutes. The nly cmpnents required, thugh, are a 5'×5' sheet f clear r slightly milky plastic, six feet f plastic tube, and a cntainer — perhaps just a drinking cup — t catch the water. These pieces can be flded int a neat