（新人教版）浙江专用2022版高三一轮复习模块二第3讲冠词代词和介词短语学案（教师版）

（新人教版）浙江专用2022版高三一轮复习模块二第3讲冠词代词和介词短语 学案

Ⅰ. 语法填空

1. (2020·全国Ⅱ卷 )The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化).

2. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.

3. (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at exhibits,  visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine themselves(they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.

4. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other,  I was just glad to find them (they) alive. 

5. (2020·全国Ⅱ卷 )Bamboo plants are associated with health,  abundance and a happy home.

6. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷)The artist was finally humbled(谦卑) by the greatest artist on earth,  Mother Nature. 

Ⅱ. 完成句子

1. (2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Then I put the tomatoes and the beaten eggs into the pan(平底锅)together.  

2. (2020·全国Ⅲ卷)For example,  every morning,  my dad has to have a bowl of egg soup (一碗鸡蛋汤)while I have to eat an apple.  

3. (2020·全国Ⅰ卷)“Not that way, ” my mom tried to stop me (尽力阻止我)but failed.  

4. (2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Best of luck with you/your learning (与你学习)kung fu in China.  

5. (2020·全国Ⅰ卷)After that I poured oil into a pan and turned on the stove(打开炉子).  

6. (2020·江苏高考)Taking on this challenge will bring you in contact with (接触; 有联系)someone who shares your interests.   

7. (2020· 天津高考)For my fifth birthday,  my mother baked me a cake in the shape of(呈……的形状)a monkey.   

语法填空五谨记

1. 根据泛指或特指选择冠词

如果空格后的名词或“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。

2. 根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词

英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语,  记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。

3. 熟记常用的不定代词, 如one, all, both, either, neither, each, many, much, little, few, other, another, something, nothing等。

4. 人称、物主、反身代词:  “成分”是关键

(1)如果句中缺少主语,  则用人称代词的主格; 

(2)如果句中缺少宾语或表语,  则用人称代词的宾格; 

(3)如果句中缺少定语,  则用形容词性物主代词; 

(4)如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语,  则用反身代词。

5. “四种方法”确定介词

(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系; 

(2)根据语境含义结合介词用法; 

(3)根据特殊的结构关系,  如接复合宾语就只能用with或without; 

(4)根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。

一、冠词

不定冠词用法

　　英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种, 常放在名词的前面, 用来限定名词的意义, 起泛指或特指的作用。主要有下面两种用法:

1. 表示“一个”, 意为one; 指某人或某物, 意为a certain。

※A Mr Liu is waiting for you outside.

※A teacher is a person who teaches.

※An apple falls down because of gravity. 

2. 代表一类人或物。

【点津】(1)不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源, 是“一个”的意思。a用于辅音音素前, an则用于元音音素前。注意此处不是指辅音字母和元音字母。

(2)不定冠词的其他用法

①不定冠词可以用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前, 使之具体化。这样的物质名词有: rain,  snow,  fog,  wind,  drink,  coffee,  beer,  fire,  paper等; 抽象名词有: success,  failure, surprise,  pleasure,  beauty,  wonder,  comfort,  danger,  shock等。

②knowledge,  collection,  understanding等名词后加of. . . 时, 其前常用不定冠词a/an。

③“a most+形容词”表示“很……, 非常……”, most在此不表示最高级含义, 相当于very, 而“the+most+多音节形容词”为多音节形容词的最高级形式, 表示“最……”。

※For a great many men and women,  romance can be a most important part of marriage.

※It is one of the most original works of imagination in the language.

定冠词用法

1. 表示特指的人或物, 或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物或者指上文已经提到过的人或物。

※Yesterday John’s father bought him a new bike.  The bike cost him 200 yuan.

2. 用于单数可数名词前,  表示整个类属。

※I think the telephone was invented before ( after) the car. 

3. 用于某些形容词、分词前表示一类人/物或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人。

※The rich will be asked to contribute money;  the strong to contribute labour. 

※The Greens said you would travel with them,  didn’t they?

4. 用在被短语或从句修饰的名词前表示特指。

※This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 

5. 表示世界上独一无二的事物, 如the moon, the sun, the earth, the universe, the world, the sky等。

※The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

6. 用在序数词、形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only, very, same等前面。

※I felt the pressure of being the first woman in the job.

※Could you give me some advice on the best way to do this?

【点津】 当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一,  再一”时,  用不定冠词,  如a second time意为“再一次;  又一次”。

7. 用于表示方位、西洋乐器等的名词前, 如in the east, in the northwest, play the piano等。

8. 用于表示某世纪/年代/时期或朝代的名词前。

※He moved to the south in the sixties. 

9. 用在表示度量单位的名词前, 如by the hour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo, 但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不加冠词。

※I hired the car by the hour.

与冠词有关的固定搭配

1. 含不定冠词的固定搭配

have a knowledge/understanding of了解

have a good view of饱览　　 in a hurry匆忙地

as a result因此 as a rule通常

as a whole总体上 as a matter of fact事实上

2. 含定冠词的固定搭配

make the most/best of充分利用 in the end最后

by the way顺便说一下　　in the distance在远处

in the way挡道 on the whole总的来说

3. 含零冠词的固定搭配

at present目前　　　　　take part in参加

in peace平静 by chance/accident碰巧

on purpose故意 on second thoughts再三考虑

ahead of time提前 in advance提前

4. 常用的固定词组辨析

小题快练

①The New York Times started a new text messaging service that delivers the latest news to mobile phones.  

②The woman from Taiwan is a famous singer.  She has a lot of fans.

二、代词

人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词

人称代词、物主代词和反身代词一览表

(1)人称代词作主语用主格, 作宾语、表语用宾格。

(2)两个以上的人称代词并列, 其次序排列原则:

①在并列主语中, “I”总是放在最后, 排列顺序为: 二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。

※You,  he and I are in different classes. 

※Mr Wang asked Li Ming and me to help him.

②第三人称, 男女两性并用, 男先女后。

※He and she were sitting face to face. 

(3)物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。名词性物主代词可作主语和宾语。

※She scanned the list of names to see if hers was on it.

※The author can report other people’s results which more or less agree with hers.

it的用法

1. it作人称代词的用法

(1)it 可以指除人以外的一切事物或动物。如:

※We have $500.  Will it be enough for a deposit?

(2)指人主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如:

※I want this baby very much,  because it certainly will be the last.

2. it 作非人称代词的用法

(1)主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如:

※It’s quite warm at the moment.

(2)用于某些句型

It’s time for sth. 该做某事了。

It’s time to do sth. 到该做某事的时候了。

It’s time for sb.  to do sth. 某人该做某事了。

It’s (about/high) time+that-从句. 某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式, 有时也用“should+动词原形”)

It’s the first (second. . . ) time+ that-从句. 某人第几次做某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)

It’s+时间段+since-从句. 自从……有一段时间了。

It’s+时间段+before-从句. 过多长时间才……

3. it用作形式主语或形式宾语

(1)用作形式主语的重要句型

It+be+adj. for (of) sb.  to do sth. 某人做某事……

※It is necessary for us to have some exercise every day.  ※It is very considerate of you to send me a birthday card.

(2)用作形式宾语的重要句型

①主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep. . . +it+adj. /n.  (for/of sb. ) to do/从句

②主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep. . . +it+important/necessary/natural/essential+that. . .  (should). . .

【点津】 某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句。此时须先用it作形式宾语,  然后接从句,  有此用法的动词(短语)有: like,  dislike,  hate,  appreciate,  depend on,  rely on,  count on,  see to等。

※I believe it important to separate good failures from bad failures.

※I would appreciate it if you could help me to solve the technical problem.

※I hate it when people tell me that they are unemployed.

不定代词

1. all, both, either, neither, any, each, none的用法比较:

(1)both(两者都), either(两者中的任何一个), neither(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。

※As far as I could tell,  neither of us was under observation.

(2)both与复数名词连用, either与单数名词连用。

※Both sides are looking for ways to settle their differences. 

※There are many tall buildings on either side of the street.

(3)all(所有的, 全部的人或物), any(任何一个), none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。

※All the soldiers were praised for bravery in battle.

(4)all和both与not 连用表示部分否定; none以及not. . . any表示全部否定。

※Not all the machines of the company are imported.

※Both of the substances do not dissolve in water. 

※None of you had the courage to face the situation. 

(5)each可指两者, 也可指两者以上。

※I believe that each of us can contribute to the future of the world.

2. another, other, the other, others的用法比较

(1)another既可以单独使用, 也可以用于单数名词前, 泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用于“another+数词+复数名词”中, 表示“再, 又”。

※I need another ten minutes to finish my homework. 

(2)other可用作形容词, 意思为 “别的, 其他的”, 泛指“其他的(人或物)”。

※They will then have more money to spend on other things. 

(3)the other指两个人或物中的一个, 不能用another, 此时other作代词使用。

※He has one shoulder a little higher than the other.

(4)the other后可接可数名词单数也可接复数名词, 不接不可数名词。此时other 作为形容词。

※She turned over on her stomach on the other side of the bed.

※He played the violin,  and he stood out from all the other musicians. 

(5)others是other的复数形式, 泛指“另外几个”“其他的”。others不能作定语, 表示复数意义, 相当于“other+复数名词”; the others相当于“the other+复数名词”, 指剩下的全部。

※He demands perfection in others,  but cannot see faults in himself. 

※The snowy main peak towers above all the others. 

小题快练

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空

①I’d appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.  

②I’m looking for a friend of mine(me) who lives here.

③In some countries,  people eat with chopsticks,  while in others,  knives and forks.

④We have been preparing our fighters to adjust themselves to civil society. 

Ⅱ. 完成句子

①He told me all the news but none of it (没有一个)was very exciting.  

②It is known to us (众所周知)that life is not a smooth journey,  which is full of ups and downs.  So never lose heart.  

三、介词(短语)

介词的基本用法

1. with/without复合结构

介词with/without+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/动词不定式/分词(分词可以是现在分词, 也可以是过去分词)在句中表状态或说明背景情况, 常作伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。

※I will have to buy a new one with my glasses broken.

※With something important to talk about with you, you must stay here.

2. 表示工具、手段、方式的介词

by, in, on三词都可表示旅行的方式

(1)不涉及交通工具的名词时用by, 名词前不加冠词。如: by sea, by water, by land, by rail, by air等。

(2)涉及交通工具的名词时用by, 名词须用单数形式, 前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如: by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。

(3)步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如on foot, on horseback,  on a horse, on the camel等。

3. with, by, in三词都可表示“用”, 表示行为的工具、手段或方式

(1)with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前, 其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。

※We do not see nature with our eyes,  but with our understandings and our hearts.

(2)by, in, on, over, through等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。

如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope等。

4. of+抽象名词的用法

(1)of+great/much+抽象名词=very+抽象名词的形容词形式

(2)of+no+抽象名词=not+抽象名词的形容词形式

※Basic research is of great importance in all scientific

fields. =Basic research is very important in all scientific fields.

※All our persuasion was of no use; she would not come.

=All our persuasion was not useful; she would not come.

5. 介词but的固定搭配

have no choice but to do只得做某事;

can’t help but do不得不做……;

can’t but do不得不只能做……;

can’t choose but do只得做某事;

but for要不是……。

※I have no choice but to do as he tells me. 

※It rained hard,  so they couldn’t choose but stay at home.

6. 名词 key, approach, solution, answer, entrance, visit, attitude等与to构成固定搭配

※We have a very communicative approach to teaching languages.

※We must find a satisfactory solution to the problem. 

7. 介词by的用法

(1)by+地点名词: 表示方位, 意为“在……旁边”。

(2)by+时间名词: 意为“到……时(已发生某事); 最晚, 不迟于……, 在……之前”, 此时谓语多用完成时。

(3)by+名词: 可用来表示方法、方式、手段等。

※I can find two tables by the window for you. 

※Can you have your report ready for the press by next week? 

※I used to travel by air a great deal when I was a boy. 

介词的习惯搭配

1. 与形容词构成的搭配

(1)be+adj. +about

be anxious about忧虑……　

be curious about 对……好奇

(2)be+adj. +at

be angry at因……生气　　be good at擅长

(3)be+adj. +in

be absorbed in专注于…… be active in积极于……

be dressed in穿着…… be engaged in忙于……

(4)be+adj. +for

be eager for渴望…… be famous for因……著名

be fit for适合, 胜任…… be ready for准备好……

(5)be+adj. +from

be absent from缺席 be different from不同于

(6)be+adj. +to

be close to接近…… be devoted to致力于……

be equal to等于……　　

be familiar to对……来说熟悉

(7)be+adj. +of

be aware of意识到…… be fond of喜欢……

(8)be+adj. +with

be busy with忙于…… 

be familiar with对……熟悉

be patient with对……有耐心

2. 与名词构成的搭配

(1)“at+n. ”表示状态

at a loss不知所措　　　　at peace处于和平中

at war在战争中  at work在工作

(2)“on+n. ”表示状态

on exhibition/show在展出 on fire着火

on sale出售, 打折 on the way在途中

(3)“by+n. ”表示方式

by accident偶然  by air/plane乘飞机

by chance偶然  by design故意

(4)“in+n. ”表示方式

in cash 用现金付款 in depth 在深度上

in detail 详细地  in height 在高度上

(5)“of+n. ”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)

of benefit 有益处的 of use 有用的

(6)“out of+n. ”表示状态

out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气

(7)“with+n. ”表示方式

with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地

小题快练

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空

①The English class ended with all singing an English song.

②Knowledge is a treasure,  but practice is the key to it. 

③It was a long journey by ship but we really enjoyed it. 

④It is of no use to try to do it again.

Ⅱ. 完成句子

①She was at a loss (不知所措)to explain why she’d done it.  

②Hawaii is famous for(因……出名) its beautiful beaches.  

学生用书P188

Ⅰ. 语法填空

　　Dogs were first raised at home at least 150 centuries ago.  Since then,  the dog 1. _________(be) humans’ best friend.  Now,  they have another job—to assist doctors to diagnose(诊断)cancer.  

　　After a long-standing research of smell,  a Finnish professor has said that certain 2. _________ (type) of cancer are able to be detected by their smell,  making it possible to train cancer-sniffing dogs 3. _________(help) diagnose the disease.  

　　A professor,  Jouko Vepsalainen from the University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio,  has focused 4. _________ nitrogen compounds(氮化合物).  The compounds increase 5. _________ (great) when cancer cells grow in an uncontrollable way,  6. _________(allow) them to be detected,  the Finnish newspaper Karjalainen reported.  That’s where the dog,  man’s best friend,  may step in with their keen sense of smell.  

　　According to the news agency,  researchers in Finland have tried to train dogs to do the job,  but 7. _________ will take a dog months,  even years,  to tell the 8. _________ (different) between sick and healthy people.  “Anyone 9. _________ knows how difficult early cancer detection is 10. _________ (understand) what an opportunity this is, ” associate professor Anna Hielm-Bjorkman of the University of Helsinki told the Finnish media.  

【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了某种癌症可以通过气味来检测, 这使得训练嗅癌犬帮助诊断癌症成为可能。

1. 【解析】 has been。考查时态。根据时间状语Since then可知, 此句要用现在完成时, 主语是单数, 故填has been。

2. 【解析】types。考查名词。根据后面谓语are可知, 主语要用复数形式, 故填types。

3. 【解析】to help。考查非谓语动词。此处是考查非谓语动词作状语, 训练嗅癌犬是为了帮助医生诊断疾病, 作目的状语要用不定式, 故填to help。

4. 【解析】on/upon。考查介词。句意: 来自Kuopio东芬兰大学的教授Jouko Vepsalainen一直致力于研究氮化合物。focus on/upon是固定搭配, 意思是“专注于, 致力于”, 故填on/upon。

5. 【解析】greatly。考查副词。设空处所给提示词要修饰动词increase, 副词用来修饰动词, 因此要用great的副词形式, 故填greatly。

6. 【解析】allowing。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知, 此处是作句子的状语, 所给提示词为动词, 要用其非谓语形式, 此处的逻辑主语为compounds, 与allow之间是主动关系, 用其现在分词形式, 故填allowing。

7. 【解析】it。考查代词。but连接两个并列结构, 根据上文可知, 此处是指训练狗得需要几个月甚至几年, 指代上文提到的事, 下文再次出现要用代词指代, 故填it。

8. 【解析】difference(s)。考查名词。设空前有冠词the, 冠词用来修饰名词, 所给提示词是形容词, 要用其名词形式。

9. 【解析】who。考查定语从句。这是个定语从句, 先行词是Anyone, 指人, 关系词在从句中作主语, 故填who。

10. 【解析】understands。考查主谓一致。本句句式较为复杂, 设空处所给提示词是作主句的谓语, 主句的主语是Anyone, 谓语要用第三人称单数形式, 故填understands。

Ⅱ. 语段填空

It was 7: 15 on the morning of (在早晨)February 8,  2020.  I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an old man came out of the park(这时一个老人从公园中走出来) on the other side of the street.  Then I saw a yellow car drive up Milton Street and turn right (右拐)into Park Road.  The next moment,  the car hit the man while he was crossing the road.  He fell with a cry.  To my surprise(令我吃惊的是),  the car didn’t stop and drove off at full speed(全速前进).  I noticed the driver was a young woman wearing a pair of glasses (戴着一副眼镜)and the plate number was AC864.  Two minutes later(两分钟后),  I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital(最近的医院).  

Ⅲ. 写作运用

　　补全下面写作, 注意本部分语法的使用。

Dear Eric,

1. How is everything going?  (最近一切可好? ) 

Knowing you are so fond of Chinese calligraphy, I would like to send you a book about this abstract and high-level form of art in an English edition,  2. which is easy for you to understand it (这对你来说很容易理解它).  

The book is entitled Appreciation of Chinese Calligraphy,  3. including a fascinating collection of masterpieces (包括一系列引人入胜的杰作). It not only presents a variety of calligraphy styles, but also provides beautiful illustrations, expert analyses and useful comments, since one’s handwriting is often viewed as a reflection of his or her personality. I am sure 4. you will have a good knowledge of this form of art (你将对这种艺术形式有很好的了解) after reading it and are more willing to give it a try.  

Could you please leave me your address so that I can mail it to you soon?  5. I hope you will like the book and find it helpful (我希望你会喜欢这本书并觉得它有帮助).  Looking forward to your reply.

Yours,

Li Hua