人教新目标版英语七年级上册 英语语法精讲精练与专项练习学案
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这是一份初中英语人教新目标 (Go for it) 版七年级上册本册综合导学案及答案,共31页。学案主要包含了巧学妙记,主格代词,物主代词,Are ,巧学妙记 ,专项练习,名词所有格,所有物+f+所有者等内容,欢迎下载使用。
1. 中文名与英文名:
【中文名】由两部分组成-----姓和名,如:Wang Lili一 ,Sun Wukong. 中文名用汉语拼音写成,姓和名要分开写,开头字母都大写。
英文名与中文名顺序恰好相反,名字在前,姓在后。如:
Jim Alan Green
First name Middle name Last name
︸ | |
Given name(教名) Family name(姓氏)
【英文名】一般由三部分组成:首名(first name)、中名(middle name)和尾名(last name),其中first name 和middle name是后起的名字,也叫given name(教名)。Last name 是家族沿用的名字,也叫family name.
【巧学妙记】 先姓后名中文名,
汉语拼音直写成,
姓和名要分开写,
开头大写才能行。
英文名,大不同,
前面名字后面姓,
首名称呼最常用,
若要表示受尊重,
Mr.Mrs.Miss.Ms.姓前用
[专项演练]
( )1.My full name is Jerry Harry Potter. My first name is_and my family name is_.
A .Jerry Harry B .Jerry Potter C .Potter Jerry
( )2.I’m Tom Green. You can call (称呼) me_
A. Mr. Tom B. Mr. Green C. Green
2.物主代词:在英语中,表示“你的,我的,他的,她的,它的,你们的,我们的,他们的”等意义的代词形式就叫物主代词。物主代词是代词的所有格形式,用来表示物品的归属关系,即某物归某人所有。
人称 类型
主格代词
物主代词
第一人称
I
my我的
第二人称
you
your你的,你们的
第三人称
he/she
his/her他的(她的)
【主格代词】在句中主要作主语,一般放在句首,说明是谁的情况。
I am a student.我是一名学生。
She is my sister.她是我的妹妹。
He is in China now.他现在在中国。
【物主代词】分为两类,形容词性物主代词作用相当于形容词,在句中用于修饰名词,如my name ,your phone number ,his ruler ,her schoolbag.
【巧学妙记】主格代词作主语,
放在句首说明谁,
I, we ,you ,he ,she ,it ,they,
一共七个来打擂。
形物代词形容用,
说明某物归属谁,
my, ,our, your ,his, her, its ,their,
后有名词做累赘。
[专项演练]
1.用所给词的适当形式填空:
1.What’s _ (you) name? _ (I)name is Helen.
2.This is my mother. _ (she) name is Maria.
3.He is my teacher. _ (he) English is pretty good.
4.These are _ (I)books and those are _ (they) computer games.
5._ (we)teacher is Mr. Wang._ (he)mother is Liu Lili.
2. 单项选择:
( )1. This isn’t _ pen. It’s_ pen .
A. my , her B . yours , hers C. my ,yours
( )2.Bill is doing _ homework(做家庭作业).
A . her B. him C. his
( )3. I have a boy friend._name is Bob. The bag is _.
A. Her ,hers B. His ,his C. He’s ,his
( )4. What’s_telephone number? It’s 1387457528.
A .his B. she’s C. hers
( )5._ name is Alice and _ name is Eric.
A. His, her B. Her, his C. Her, her
1.指示代词
指示代词家族主要有四名成员,this, that, these和 those。指示代词是用来指代、区分人或事物的,有单数和复数、近指和远指之分。this、that是单数,these和those是复数,this与these表示近指,而that和those表示远指。
This用来指代近处的单数人或事物;
That用来指代远处的单数人或事物;
These用来指代近处的复数人或事物;
Those用来指代远处的复数人或事物。 This和that是单数,在句中作主语时,后面跟be动词;在含this或that的疑问句中,其疑问形式为:【Is this/that...?】,答语用代替回答。
These和those是复数,在句中作主语时,后面跟be动词;在含these或those的疑问句中,其疑问句形式为:【Are these/those...?】,答语用代替回答。
【巧学妙记 】指示代词用法歌诀:
指示代词一大家,
兄弟四个笑哈哈。
this, these离我近,
that, those跑远了。
this, that是单数,
后面is跟着它,
疑问总用it答。
these, those是复数,
作主语时跟着are,
疑问句中they来答。
【专项练习】
(1)改复数句。
1.This is my brother.-_____________
2.That is a pencil.-______________
(2).改单数句。
1.Those are my books.-_____________
2.These are dictionaries.-___________
(3).改一般疑问句并做肯定、否定回答。
1.This is my ruler._______________
2.That’s an orange._______________
3.These are your pictures.____________
4.Those are his grandparents.___________
【点津坊】:有be句子变疑问,先把be词提向前。
注意改变大小写,记住人称对应变:
一、二互变,三不变,最后句末加问点。
肯定yes否定no ,be词随着人称来使唤。
(4).用所给词的适当形式填空。
1._ (this) are my parents and _ (those) is my sister.
2.This _ her schoolbag and that _ his jacket.(be)
3.These __my keys and those _ yours .(be)
(5).单项选择。
( )1.-What’s that ?
-_ a map.
A. That’s B. It’s
C. They’re D. This ’s
( )2.-Are those your parents ?
-_ .My parents are here.
A. Yes, they are B. No, it isn’t
C. Yes, it is D. No, they aren’t
II.【名词所有格】
名词所有格是表示所有关系的名词形式,用来说明某物归某人所有,有【’s】所有格和【of】所有格两种形式。
1.有生命的【’s】所有格
一般表示有生命的人或动物的名词要用【’s】所有格,构成【所有者(人或动物)’s+所有物】形式。
如Bob’s pen , Helen’s dictionary , Li Lei’s ruler , Jane’s books , the dog’s name 等。
【’s】所有格的构成有以下几种情况:
1.不以s结尾的名词,在词尾加【’s】。
如:Jack’s keys ,Alan’s classroom , Children’s Day等。
2.以s结尾的名词,直接加【’】。
如:James’ cousin, the girls’ teacher ,the dogs ’home ,Mr.Jones’ office等
【名词加’s后的读音规律:】
1.在清辅音后读/s/
2.在浊辅音和元音后读/z/
3.在/t/、/d/后面分别读/ts/和/dz/
4.在/s/、 /z/、/t∫/、/dz/后面读/iz/。
如果名词是表示时间、距离、城市等意义的词也可以通过加’s构成所有 格,如two hours’ walk, three kilometers’ distance , Zhao Dong’s weather等。
如果表示两个或两个以上的人共有一件东西,则在最后一个名字之后加【’s】;如果表示各自所有,则每个名字后都要加上【’s】
This is Lucy and Lily’s mother.(共同所有)
Tom’s and Jim’s parents are in the teachers’ office.(各自所有)
【点津坊】 :
2.无生命的【Of】所有格:
没有生命的名词,要用of构成所有格,of和’s相当于汉语中“的” 的意思。其结构为:【所有物+of+所有者】,此结构为倒装结构,后面的词修饰前面的词。
如:a map of China ,the old walls of Beijing.
有时有生命的事物也可以用of所有格来表示,如:
The dog’s name is Wangwang.=The name of the dog is Wangwang.
有时,of所有格可以和’s所有格合在一起连用,构成双重所有格,即【...of +’s/名词性物主代词】.
Here is a photo of Maria’s.
Alan is a good friend of mine.
【专项演练】
I.单项选择
( )1.It’s not my jacket. It’s_ .
A. Gina’ B. Jones’s C. Helen’s
( )2.Where’s the _ Office ?I can’t find it .
A. teacher’s B. teachers’ C. Teachers’
( )3.This is a map _ China.
A. at B. of C. in
( )4.Helen is a friend of _ .I like her very much.
A. my B. mine C. me
( )5.This classroom is _ .
A. Maria’s and Frank’s
B. Marias’ and Franks’
C. Maria and Frank’s
( )6.That’s a photo of _ .She looks so beautiful.
A. Eric’s B. Alice’s C. James’s
( )7._ parents are at school now.
A. Mike’s and Jack’s
B. Mike and Jack’s
C. Mike’s and Jack
( )8._ dog are over there.
A. Lily’s parent’s B. Lily’s parents’ C. Lily parent’s
( )9.Here’s a picture _ .
A. of her B. of hers C. of our
( )10.June 1st(六月一日)is the _ Day.
A. Child’s B. children’s C. Children’s
II.改写同义句。
1.Here is my family photo.
Here is a _ _ my _ .
2.Lucy is one of his friends.
Lucy is _ _ _ _ .
3.What’s the name of the dog ?
What’s the _ _ ?
4.Beijing’s weather(天气)is fine now.
The _ _ _ is fine now.
5.This is Jim’s father and mother’s room.
This is Jim’s _ room.
1.【名词性物主代词】:
【物主代词】是一种表示所属关系的代词形式,往往表示“我的,你的,她的(他的,它的),我们的,你们的,他们的”的意思。物主代词可以分为两类:形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
形容词性物主代词作用相当于形容词,主要用来修饰名词作定语。而名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词,在意义上相当于他所对应的形容词物主代词+前面提到的某一名词。
This is my pencil.=This pencil is mine .
These books are hers.=These are her books .
数
单数
复数
类型 意义
我的
你的
他(她,它)的
我们的
你们的
他们的
形容词性物主代词
my
your
his ,her ,its
our
your
their
注意
名词性物主代词
mine
yours
his ,hers ,its
ours
yours
theirs
除了mine ,his和its外,其他的名词性物主代词都是在形容词性物主代词的后面加“s”构成。
【点津坊】 巧选名物与形物口诀:
有名(词)则形(容词性物主代词),
无名(词)则名(词性物主代词)。
【专项练习+能力培养】
I.选词填空。
1.This is _ (my ,mine)pen and that’s _ (your, yours).
2.I can’t find _(hers, her) ruler. Can you lend me _(your, yours)?
3.-Are these books_(her ,his)?-No, they’re_(theirs, our).
4.I have a dog . _ (It’s ,Its) name is Coco .
5.-Is that dictionary_(your, yours)?-No ,it’s _(her ,hers).
II.用所给词的适当形式填空。
6.This is _ (I) eraser and that’s _(you) schoolbag .
7.These are _(he) dictionaries and those are _(she).
8.-Is this _(you) teacher ?-Yes, it’s _(we).
9.This is not _(we) classroom .It’s_ (they)classroom .
10.Look at the hat. _(it) color is red and it’s _(she) .
III.单项选择。
( )11.-Is this _ pen?-Yes , it is .It’s _.
A. your; my B. yours; my C. your ,mine
( )12.-Are those__ pens?-No .__ are black.
A. his, His B. he ,His C. hers ,Hers D. her ,His
( )13.The boy has some photos in _ room .
A . her B. hers C. his D .its
( )14.-Hi,Jane.Is this_ computer game ?
-Oh ,no ._ computer game is in the bookcase .
A .my; My B. his; His C. mine; Your D. your ;My
( )15.-Is this _ notebook ?-No ,it isn’t _ .
A theirs ;their B .your ,mine C. your ,my D. hers ,his
IV.句型转换。把下列句子改为同义句。
16.This is my book .
This __is____ .
17.The blue pen is mine .
This is __ __ __ .
18.That’s his green bag .
That green bag __ __ .
19.Are these your dictionaries ?
Are these ___ ___ ?
20.These are her books .
These __ __ __ .
2.【确认物主关系的一般疑问句】:
请看下面几组句子:
This is my eraser .这是我的橡皮。
That is your schoolbag .那是你的书包。
These are her dictionaries .这些是她的词典。
Those are his teachers .那些是他的老师。
这些句子你一定不陌生吧。接下来我们看看他们的一般疑问句是什么样子的:
This is my eraser .----------------Is this your eraser ?
That is your schoolbag .-----------Is that my schoolbag ?
These are her dictionaries .-------Are these her dictionaries ?
Those are his teachers .-----------Are those his teachers ?
你一定发现变一般疑问句的规律了吧!这些疑问句都是确认物主关系的,含有指示代词和be动词。这样的句子变一般疑问句,首先把be动词提到句前,然后改变大小写(原来大写的要小写,提到前面的要大写),接着人称对应变(一二互变三不变),最后句末加标点(?)。你明白了吗?请你一定要记住以下句型:
【Is this/that your...?Yes it is ./No, it isn’t . 】
【Are these/those your... ?Yes, they are./No, they aren’t.】
【专项练习+能力培养】
改写一般疑问句,并作肯定和否定回答。
1.These are my computer games .
_____________ ? _______.
2.That’s his ID card .
_____________ ? _______.
3.Those are her books .
_____________ ? _______ .
4.This is your hat .
_____________ ? _______.
5.These are his keys .
_____________ ? _______.
3.【感谢及其应答语】
英语中,得到了别人的帮助,受到了别人的赞美或邀请都要表示感谢。
“常见的感谢语”除了Thank you和Thanks之外,还有Thank you very much ./Thanks a lot ./It’s very kind of you.等说法。
“感谢的答语”可以说:You’re welcome./That’s OK./That’s all right./It’s a pleasure./My pleasure./ Don’t mention it./It’s nothing./Not at all.(不用谢,别客气)等。
【典题演练】
( )1.-Thank you for helping me .-_______.
A. OK. B. You’re welcome C. That’s right. D. Nothing .
2.Thank you very much.(同义句)
____ a lot .
1.【介词短语】
【介词】是一种虚词,常常介于名词或代词之间,用来帮助说明他们之间的关系。介词和它后面的名词或代词一起构成介词短语,可以用来说明时间、地点、工具、手段等意义。
我们先来看看下面的句子:
My friend is in China now .我的朋友现在在中国。
Where’s my schoolbag? It’s on the desk.我的书包在哪儿?在桌子上。
Linda’s pencil box is under the sofa .琳达的铅笔盒在沙发下。
这里的in China, on the desk ,under the sofa是用来描述物品位置的介词短语,像in, on, under, behind ,in front of ,next to等描述位置的介词叫方位介词,它们后面的名词或代词叫介词宾语,介词短语的结构为【介词+the/物主代词+名词】,在句中可以作定语、表语、状语、补足语等成分,对于介词短语提问要用疑问词【where】。下图描述了常见的三种位置关系:
on
on
The star is on the box.
The ball is in the box.
The sun is under the box.
in
【专项练习·典题导练】
under
用合适的介词(on, in, under)填空.
1.My pens are _ my pencil box .
2.-Is your ruler _ the schoolbag?-No, it’s _ the floor(地板).
3.The pictures are _ the wall(墙)and there are (有)some windows(窗户)_ the wall .
4.There are many (许多) apples _ the tree(树),and some birds(鸟) are singing(唱歌) _ the tree .
5.Kate is ill _ bed and her computer game is _ her bed ,too .
6.Lu Nan’s books are on the desk ,but Li Ping’s books are _
the desk .
【难点点拨】
有几组介词短语意思相同,但要注意辨别他们用法的细微差别:
1. 在床上on the bed/in bed:
on the bed表示物品放在床上,且bed前有定冠词the,如My quilt is on the bed.而in bed 表示人躺在床上,此时不用冠词the,如Li Lei is ill in bed and he can’t go to school.
2. 在墙上on the wall/in the wall:
On the wall表示某物贴在墙的表面,如There are some pictures, a map and a blackboard on the wall. in the wall表示某物镶嵌在墙的内部,如In the wall are some windows(窗户)。
3. 在树上on the tree/in the tree
On the tree表示树上自然生长的东西,属于树的一部分,如The apples on the tree are red.而In the tree表示外来的事物落在树上,如The kites are hanging in the tree.(风筝挂在了树上)
【巧学妙记】用in用on不一样
在树上,用in、on,
on the tree树上长,
in是外来事物落树上。
在墙上,用in、on,
贴在表面on在上,
In在墙里门和窗;
在床上,用in、on,
人若生病躺床上,
in后无the记心上,
要是把物放床上,
On the bed是榜样。
2.【where引导的特殊疑问句】
由where引导的特殊疑问句用来询问人或物的位置,其基本结构为【Where is/are +主语?】
(1) 当询问的对象为单数名词,要使用句型【Where’s+ the/物主代词+单数名词?】,其答语形式为【It’s +介词短语】。
-Mom, where’s my pencil box?妈妈,我的铅笔盒在哪里?
-It’s in the bookcase.在书架上。
(2)当询问的对象为复数名词,要使用句型【Where are+ the/物主代词+复数名词?】,其答语形式为【They’re +介词短语】。
-Where are the clocks?钟表在哪里?
-They’re on the table.在桌子上。
【典题导练】
1.( ) -Where _ the radio?-_ on the desk .
A. is ,It’s B. are ,They’re C. is ,They’re D. are ,It’s
2.The tape is in the tape player .(就划线部分提问)
___ ___ the tape player ?
3.我的英语书在哪里?他们在你的书包里。(翻译句子)
___________________.
【专项练习+能力培养】
句型转换:就划线部分提问。
1.My tape player is under the chair.
____ ___ ___ tape player ?
2.His keys are on the sofa .
____ ___ his keys ?
3.Her rulers are on her books .
____ ___ her rulers ?
4.His pen and book are in the desk.
____ ____ his pen and book ?
5.Your hat is in the bookcase .
___ ____ ____ hat ?
3.【含be动词的句子否定句的构成】
be动词大家一定不陌生,包括am, is 和are三种形式,它们都表示“是”的意思,它们和后面的名词或形容词一起构成系表结构,用来说明主语的情况,即【主语+be +表语】。I am a student. This is my sister. Here are two nice photos of my family.本单元我们主要讨论它们的否定形式。
I am a student.(否定形式) I am not a student .
This is my sister.(否定形式)This is not my sister .
They are his keys.(否定形式)They are not his keys .
怎么样,你知道怎样把一个含be动词的句子变否定句了吗?对了,这里的窍门就是在be动词(am ,is, are)的后面加not,其中is和are与not可以缩写为:isn’t=is not,aren’t=are not ,am和not不能缩写,句中如果有some要改成any。
【巧学妙记】 be动词变疑问句、否定句歌诀:
有be句子变疑问,先把be词提向前,
注意改变大小写,记住人称对应变,
一二互变三不变,最后句末加标点。
变否定,也不难,be后再把not添,
是否缩写看着办,some要用any换。
【专项演练】试改下列句子为否定句:
1.My notebooks are under the chair.-_________.
2.The pencil box is in the schoolbag .-________.
3.I am tidy and Mike is tidy .-____________.
4.It’s under the chair.-_______________.
5They’re. some English books .-___________
1. 【have的一般现在时用法】
have 是英语中出镜率最高的词,语意特别丰富,用法特别灵活。前面我们学过Have a good day.这样的句子,have 表示“经历,经受”的意思。本单元我们学习的have表示“有,拥有”的意思,用来表达物品的所属关系。
常用的句式为【某人或某物+have/has+某物】,表示“某人或某物有某物”。
have有人称和数的变化:
have...
I,WE,YOU,THEY或名词复数
1.当主语是I,WE,YOU,THEY或名词复数等非三单主语时,要用have表示“有”。
I have a brother. His name’s Tom.
We have a new teacher this term.
You have two soccer balls ,four volleyballs and eight basketballs.
They have a nice classroom.
The girls have a good teacher
其一般疑问句结构为【Do+非三单主语+动词原形have+其他成分?】,答语形式为【Yes,主语+do./No,主语+don’t.】
-Do you have a dictionary?-Yes, I do .
-Do they have a car?-No, they don’t .
其否定结构为【非三单主语+don’t+动词原形have+其他成分.】
I don’t have a watch and they don’t have ,either.
We don’t have baseballs or baseball bats.
2.当主语是he, she, it或单数名词等第三人称单数主语时,要 用has表示“有”。
has...
Wang Bo has a ping-pong ball and three ping-pong bats .
HE,SHE IT或单数名词
He has a happy family .
She has a son and a daughter .
Zhao Xi has a desk and it has three legs(腿).
其一般疑问句结构为【Does+三单主语+动词原形have+其他成分】,答语形式为【Yes,主语+does./No,主语+doesn’t.】
Does she have a soccer ball? No, she doesn’t.
Does Alan have a basketball? Yes ,he does.
其否定句为【三单主语+doesn’t+动词原形have+其他成分.】
He doesn’t have a volleyball.
Jane doesn’t have a ping-pong ball and she doesn’t have a ping-pong ball.
【巧学妙记】 have/has用法口诀:
have/has表示“有”,随着人称来改变:
I,WE,YOU,THEY非三单,have紧紧跟后边;
疑问就把Do放前,否定don’t动前站。
HE,SHE,IT是三单,定把has勤召唤;
疑问does加动原,否定doesn’t动原前。
【专项练习•能力培养】
I.用have和has填空。
1.I _ a clock and he _ a watch .
2.We _ an English teacher .She _ a son and a daughter .
3.Wang Qiang _ a baseball bat and Li Ming _ a ping-pong bat.
4.The girl _ a purple cup .
5.You _ good parents ,and they _ a good son .
II.将下列句子改为一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答。
1.I have five tennis balls.
_______________________.
2.Bill has three baseballs
.______________________.
3.We have a nice room.
______________________.
4.He has two cousins .
______________________.
5.They have some soccer balls .
______________________.
III.将下列句子改成否定句。
1.He has a brother .
___________________________.
2.I have six tennis balls .
____________________________.
3.Jim has a basketball .
___________________________.
4.They have a soccer ball .
___________________________.
5.Linda has a computer game .
__________________________.
2. Let用于提建议的句型。
我们先来看看本单元出现的几组句子:
Let’s go.让我们走。
Let’s play.让我们玩。
Let’s ask .让我们问问。
Let’s play basketball .让我们打篮球。
Let me get it.让我去取。
【Let】引导的句子为祈使句,可以用来提出建议或发出邀请,Let为使役动词,表示“使、让”的意思,后面要使用宾格代词和动词原形。常常构成【Let sb. do sth.】的结构,表示“让某人做某事”的意思。
这两个句子let后面要用宾格代词呦!
下面三个句子let后要用动词原形,记住啊!
【典题导练】用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.Let _ (we) play soccer .
2.Let _ (I) look at your notebook .
3.Let him _(get) the baseball bat .
4.Let her _(go) to Beijing now .
5.Let them _(play) table tennis(乒乓球).
3.玩球类游戏的说法。
我们本单元主要学习的动词是have,let和play,下面我们就来学习play的用法。Play是“玩”的意思,后面可以直接加球类名词,构成【play+球类名词】结构,表示“玩某种球类游戏”的意思。
play soccer 踢足球
play basketball 打篮球
play ping-pong 打乒乓球=play table tennis
play volleyball 打排球
注意!!
play tennis 玩网球
play baseball 打棒球
在球类名词前不加任何冠词,此种现象叫零冠词,下单元三餐类名词也是这种用法,但是在乐器名词前要加定冠词the,如play the piano ,play the guitar ,play the violion等 。
【典题导练】
( ) -Let’s _ .-That sounds great .
A. play basketball B. play a basketball C .play the basketball
4.连词and和but的用法。
【连词】是起连接作用的词,可以连接词与词、词组与词组或句子与句子。按其表意及在句中的作用,可分为并列连词和从属连词。我们现在学到的连词有and和but,它们都是并列连词,但是在句子中的作用却差别很大。
1.【and】“和,又;而且;还有”
表示并列关系的【and】,可以连接词与词,表示“和”的意思,所连接的成分需对等,and连接的并列成分作主语时,看作复数;and连接多个成分时,在最后两个词之间加and。
He and I are both students.
I have four volleyballs and seven tennis balls .
San mao likes soccer, volleyball ,baseball and basketball .
【典题导练】1.You and I _(be)at school now .
2.Lily and her father _ (have) a good day.
【And】连接两个句子属于顺接,两个句子或者是并列关系(地位相同,同等重要),意为“而,并且”,或可不用翻译;或者是递进关系,表示先后顺序或起承上启下的作用,意为“还有,然后,接着”。
I like apples and she likes bananas .(并列关系)
This is my dictionary .And is this your jacket ?(顺承关系)
I go to Beijing and see some places of interests .(递进关系)
【典题导练】( )I have a ping-pong ball _ he has three ping-pong bats.
A .but B. and C. or
2.【but】“但是,然而”
【 but】是表示转折关系的并列连词,连接的两个句子前后句意相对或相反,属于逆接,放在后一个句子前时要用“,”隔开。
I like volleyball ,but I don’t like soccer .
Li Nan likes black ,but Li Ping likes white .
【典题导练】( )1.Wang Li is a girl ,_ Wang Jun is a boy .
A. or B. and C. but D./
( )2.I’m tidy, _ Bill is not .
A. and B. but C./ D. or
1.【可数名词与不可数名词】
【名词】是表示人或事物名称的词。大体上名词可分为两类:专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词是个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称,如人名Jane、地名China、机构名the Palace Museum等,一般开头字母要大写,具有差异性的特点。
普通名词是一类人或事物共有的名字或是一个抽象的概念的名称,如teacher,apple、beauty等,具有普遍性的特点。
我们现在学到的大多数名词都是普通名词。普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。根据名词表示的事物的性质又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。个体名词和集体名词是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词是不可数名词。
我们主要来学习可数名词与不可数名词。
(1)可数名词
其本身可以用来计数的名词是可数名词,如:desk,banana ,student等。表示“一个”的概念时属于单数,单数名词前要用不定冠词a或an ,如a map ,an orange ;表示“两个或两个以上(多个)”时属于复数,要在名词词尾加-s或-es ,如three books ,five keys 等。
可数名词变复数的规律是:
1.多数在名词词尾加-s: hamburgers ,oranges ,bananas ,pears ,apples ,vegetables .
2. 以S,SH,CH,X或O结尾的名词,在词尾加-es: boxes ,watches ,buses ,tomatoes .
3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,变y为i再加-es: families ,dictionaries ,strawberries .
4.以“f或fe”结尾的名词,把“f或fe”变成-ves:knife-knives ,leaf-leaves,shelf-shelves .
【巧学妙记】名词用法歌诀:
可数名词可以数,单数复数要记住,
一个为单多个复,不定冠词爱单数。
复数变化有规则,直接加-s占多数,
四十七只圆轱辘,-es后面紧跟住,
y变i记清楚,v来替换fe或f,
然后词尾加上-es,保你学得不糊涂。
(2)不可数名词
本身无法用数目来计算的名词叫不可数名词。如bread,milk, salad, chicken等。不可数名词没有复数形式变化,若要表示数量,需要用物量短语“...容器单位名词+of...”来表示,如a cup of tea ,two bags of rice ,seven pieces of bread等。
另外,有些名词既可以作为可数名词,也可以作为不可数名词,但是在意义上却有不同。
名词
不可数名词
可数名词
ice cream
冰激凌
强调“份数”。two ice creams,
three salads
salad
沙拉
food
食物
强调“种类”。five foods, six fruits
fruit
水果
chicken
鸡肉
小鸡four chickens
区分可数名词与不可数名词不能简单地按照汉语思维去考虑,因为在中文里认为是可数的,在英语里却是不可数的,如paper(纸),bread(面包)。我们在学这些词的时候要边学边记,善于总结和思考,以后我们会对这些名词作全面的总结。
【教你一招】区分可数名词与不可数名词
一分为二法:即把一个事物一刀切。
如果切后,性质和作用都发生了改变,失去了原来的用途,不能再叫原来的名字,就是可数名词,如desk,ball egg。
如果切后,只是形状上发生了改变,还能正常使用,还能叫出原来的名字,就是不可数名词,如rice,bread,water。
【巧学妙记】
可不可数容易辨,名词之物分两半。
若是不能叫原名,可数名词可以定。
如果还能叫原名,不可数词来相逢。
有的名词真是能,可数、不可数意不同。
【专项演练】
I.将下列名词改为复数形式:
(1)1.vegetable_____ 2.banana_____ 3.apple___
4. pear___ 5.hamburger______ 6.egg ___
7.carrot____8.map ___ 9.orange___10.burge
____
(2) 1.tomato____2.potato_____3.watch_____4.box____5.class ____ 6.bus____ 7.radio____ 8.photo____
(3)1.family____2.dictionary______3.strawberry_ _____ 4.key____5.boy_____
II.用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.Those __(dictionary) are hers and the_( key) are his .
2.I have three __(photo) and some __(tomato).
3.Do you have two __(banana)?No ,I have two __ (strawberry).
4.Here are three __(map) of China in our school .
5.I like __(vegetable) and __(hamburger) for breakfast .
2.【like的一般现在时用法】
我们现在学到的动词有have,excuse,thank,help,ask,find,call,think,know,play,go,get,watch,like,love等,这些动词有一定的意义,往往能表示一个具体的动作,这样的动词叫【实义动词】,也叫【行为动词】。
这些动词有人称和数的变化,当主语是三单形式时,动词要在词尾加-s或-es,疑问句由助动词Does引导,否定句用doesn’t,再加动词原形构成;当主语是非三单形式时,要用动词原形作谓语,其疑问句由助动词Do引导,否定句用don’t,再加动词原形构成。
以like为例,我们来看看like在一般现在时里的各种句型。
【肯定句】 主语+like/likes+其他成分.
I like fruit and vegetables .He likes hamburgers and salad .
【否定句】 主语+don’t/doesn’t +like+其他成分.
We don’t like to be fat .
Lily doesn’t like bread and she doesn’t like milk .
【一般疑问句】Do/Does+主语+like+其他成分?
答语:Yes,主语+do/does .(肯定答语)
No,主语+don’t/doesn’t .(否定答语)
-Do you like apples and bananas ?-Yes ,I do .
-Does your sister like tomatoes ?-No ,she doesn’t .
【巧学妙记】变一般疑问句和否定句的窍门:
疑问句,挺简单,看清动词是关键
有情、be、助移向前,实义动词看着办。
主语若是非三单,或者动词原形现,
Do来帮忙紧靠前,否定do后not添。
主语或动词是三单,疑问Does打前站,
否定doesn’t加后面,其后动词要还原,
其他一 一照着变,句末别忘加标点。
【专项演练】
1.将下列句子改为一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答。
(1)I like healthy food .
_________________
(2)We like oranges and apples .
__________________
(3)They eat eggs ,milk and bread .
__________________
(4)He likes hamburgers for lunch .
___________________
(5)Jim always plays soccer after school .
___________________
2. 将下列句子改为否定句。
(1) They have some pictures .
____________________
(2) Tom likes strawberries .
_____________________
(3) Ann and Joe like ice cream .
____________________
(4) Tim has bread and milk for breakfast .
____________________
(5) David has a brother .
_______________________
3.【have用法小结】
have在英语中语意特别丰富,用法特别灵活,我们现在就have的用法作一总结。
(1) “度过,经历”。
-Have a good day !Thank you .You ,too .-
-We are going to have a trip .-Have a good time .
(2)“ 有,拥有”,表示所属关系。其第三人称单数形式为has。
-Do you have a ping-pong ball ?-Yes ,I do .
Li Ming has a brother and two sisters .
(3) “吃,喝”,后面接食物名词 ,与eat同义。
I have apples and milk for dinner .
He likes to have some tea(茶) after dinner .
(4) “用餐”。后面接三餐类名词(breakfast,lunch ,dinner/supper),三餐名词前不加任何冠词。
-I don’t have breakfast every day .
-That’s not healthy for your health .
I have lunch at 12:00 at school .
【巧学妙记】
have用法语义多,处处好心爱管闲。
愉快度过某一天,have a day记心间。
表示所属和拥有,has形式为三单。
表示吃喝同eat,食物名词放后边。
后面也可接三餐,breakfast,lunch,dinner不用冠。
【典题导练】
( )1.Lily has _ dinner at 18:30.
A . a B. an C. /
( )2.-_ he _any oranges in his bag?-No, he _.
A. Do ,have ;does B. Does ,has ;doesn’t C. Does ,have; doesn’t
( )3.I like _ bananas and apples for dinner .
A .having B. to have C. has
4.She has three ping-pong balls and four tennis balls.(改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答)
_______________________.
5.He has two sisters .(改为否定句)
________________________.
1.【数词10-99的构成及用法】
我们前面已经学过了数字0-9的英文表达法,zero,one,two,three,four,
five,six,seven,eight和nine。这些数字可以用来说明基本数目的多少,叫基数词(在英语中还有一类说明先后顺序的数词叫序数词,我们将在第九单元学习)。在本单元我们重点讨论物品的价格,这几个数字就不能满足需要了。接下来我们来学习100以内基数词的英文表达法。
(1)基数词 0--------12.
zero ,one ,two ,three ,four ,five ,six ,seven ,eight ,nine ,ten ,eleven ,twelve ,这十二个数字的构成形式没有特殊规律,学习需用心记。
(2) 基数词13-----19.
two--------twelve-------twenty
three------thirteen------thirty
four-------fourteen------forty
five -------fifteen-------fifty
six--------sixteen--------sixty
seven-----seventeen------seventy
eight------eighteen------eighty
nine-------nineteen-------ninety
13---19这几个数字是在个位数的后面加上-teen构成的,注意13、15、18这三个数字的细微变化,13是保留th,把ree换成ir,15是用f替换ve,18是去掉一个t.-teen加在一个词的后面叫后缀,在词中要重读,读作/'ti:n/。
(3)基数词20-90.
20---90是在个位数的后面加上-ty构成的,-ty在词中要弱读,读作/-ti/。注意,20保留了12的twe,后面的lve用一个n来代替,40去掉了一个字母u,其他的数词和十位数变法一样。
(4)“几十几”的表达法。
几十几的表达法,就是在整十数字加上个位数,中间用连词符“-”连接在一起。如56:fifty-six ,35:thirty-five ,81:eighty-one .
【巧学妙记】基数词构成口诀
基数词,表多少,找清规律容易记。
十二以内词各异,多多背诵牢牢记。
十三数到十九去,后加-teen莫忘记,
整十后面有-ty,二三四十要留意。
几十几,中间“-”号别丢弃 。
hundred是一百,百位十位and系。
基数词有下面四种用法:
1.表示年龄,基数词放在years old之前。
I’m thirteen years old .
2.用来表示人或物的数量,放在名词之前。
I have two brothers .They have nine baseballs .
3.表示顺序、编号等,放在名词之,开头字母都大写。
Class One Room 208
4.用来计算。
Four and eight is twelve .
2.【价格表达法】
【how much】 “多少”,这个疑问词组可以对价格提问,相当于What’s the price of...?;也可以对不可数名词的数量进行提问.分为两句型:
(1)对 单数事物的价格提问,用单数句:How much is...?答语用:It’s+价格.
-How much is the sweater?-It’s seven dollars .
(2)对复数事物的价格提问,用复数句:How much are...?答语用:They’re+价格.
-How much are those trousers?-They’re twenty-eight dollars .
【典题导练】1.( )-_ are these shorts?-Seventeen yuan.
A. How many B. How old C. How much
2.This schoolbag is $10 .(就划线部分提问)
How much is/are...?=What’s the price of ...?
_ _ _ this schoolbag?
3.How much are the pants?(改写同义句)
_ the _ _ the pants?
描述价格有两种方式,一种是文字表达式,即【数字+货币单位】,如thirteen dollars,fifty yuan 。另一种是符号表达法,即【符号$/¥+数字】,如$6, ¥32 .
dollar(美元)是美国和加拿大等国的货币单位,符号为$,有复数形式dollars,pound(英镑)是英国的货币单位,符号为£,也有复数形式pounds,而中国的货币单位是yuan,其符号为¥,没有复数形式。
3.【英语中“买与卖”】
在英语中,买东西时,很少使用buy这个单词来表示“买”,更常用take, have或get来表示“买”,买一件东西说I’ll take/have/get it,买多件东西要说I’ll take/have/get them .
buy表示“买”,是动词,【buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb.】表示“为...买...”, buy...from...表示“向...买...”。其反义词是sell(卖),【sell sb. sth. =sell...to...】表示“把...卖给...”,其名词形式为sale,on sale廉价出售,for sale 待售,great sale大甩卖,大减价。
【典题导练】1.( )He buys a new sweater _ his daughter .
A. for B. with C. at D. of
2.My father bought me a dictionary.(改写同义句)
My father __ a dictionary ___ me .
4.【介词(at ,for, in)用法小结】
本单元几个介词的出现频率很高,让我们来看看下面这些句子:
I need a sweater for school .
Come and buy your clothes at our great sale.
We sell all our clothes at very good prices .
We have green sweaters for only $15.
For boys, we have black trousers for only $22.
For girls, we have skirts in purple for only $20.
Come to Mr. Cool’s Clothes Store now .
【at的用法】:
1.“在某处”,说明地点,但范围不大,at school,at home;
2.“在某时”,说明时间,表示在几点或某刻,at 6:00,at noon;
3.“以...的价格”,at good/high/low prices
【for的用法】:
1.“为了,给”,说明目的。I buy a hat for my mother .
2.“作为”,与三餐名词连用。He has an egg for breakfast .
3.“对于...来说”,说明指称对象。For you, we have a nice sweater .
4.“价格为...”,说明物品的价格。The T-shirt is for 3 yuan .
【in的用法】:
1.“用...(语言)”,in English, in Chinese .
2.“在...里”,表示方位。My books are in the schoolbag .
3.“穿/戴...”,接服装名词或颜色词。
Mr. Zhang is in a white T-shirt. The girl in red is my sister.
4.“属于...色系”,名词+in+颜色=颜色+名词
We have trousers in black, blue and purple .
=We have black ,blue and purple trousers .
【to的用法】
1.“到,往”,用在某些趋向性动词后,表示动作方向。He always goes to Beijing for trip.
2.小品词,无实际意义,放在动词前构成动词不定式,放在某些及物动词后作宾语。
I want to eat some fish and chicken .
3.“为了”,放于不及物动词后面说明目的。He goes there to play soccer .
【专项练习】用适当的介词填空。
1.The skirt _ red is _ fifteen dollars .
2.We have clothes _ very low prices .
3._ girls ,here are some nice hats _ only ¥15 .
4.The boy _ a blue sweater wants to buy a pair of shoes _ his mother .
5.Wang Ying comes _ Shanghai _ find a job(工作).
5.【a pair of 用法】
我们学到的服装名词,socks,shoes等总是以成双成对的形式出现,shots,trousers(pants)等是由不可分割的两部分构成,这些词都可以由a pair of (一双,一副,一条...)来修饰,表达复数概念在pair后加-s,如:two pairs of shoes, four pairs of pants .这种结构作主语时,谓语动词由pair的形式来决定。
【典题导练】
-How much _ this pair of trousers?-Ninety-eight yuan .
A. is B. are C. am
1.日期表达法。
与汉语年、月、日的日期表达法不同,英文中的日期表达法有两种形式:
1)【月+日,年】 January 1st is New Year’s Day .
2)【日+月,年】 February 2nd is my birthday .
英文中的十二个月是专有名词,开头字母都大写,一般的时候可以缩写:January(Jan.),February(Feb.),March(Mar.),April(Apr.),May,June(Jun.),July(Jul.)August(Aug.),September(Sept.),October(Oct.),November(Nov.),December(Dec.)
其中,最短的May没有缩写形式,最长的September有四个字母,其余的月份都是前三个字母加·构成。
【巧学妙记】十二月份记忆歌诀
January一月June六月,February二月七月July,
三月March五月May ,April、August四、八月,
September ,October ,November ,December紧相连,
缩写形式记心间,前三个字母加个点,
五、九两月要例外,开头大写是关键。
英文中的 “日” 要用序数词表达。表示先后顺序的数词叫序数词,如first,second,third,fourth,fifth等。序数词的构成是有规律的,大多是在基数词的词尾加-th构成的。
基数词
序数词
基数词
序数词
基数词
序数词
基数词
序数词
基数词
序数词
one
first
seven
seventh
thirteen
thirteenth
nineteen
nineteenth
twenty-five
twenty-fifth
two
second
eight
eighth
fourteen
fourteenth
twenty
twentieth
twenty-six
twenty-sixth
three
third
nine
ninth
fifteen
fifteenth
twenty-one
twenty-first
twenty-seven
twenty-seventh
four
fourth
ten
tenth
sixteen
sixteenth
twenty-two
twenty-second
twenty-eight
twenty-eighth
five
fifth
eleven
eleventh
seventeen
seventeenth
twenty-three
twenty-third
twenty-nine
twenty-ninth
six
sixth
twelve
twelfth
eighteen
eighteenth
twenty-four
twenty-fourth
thirty
thirtieth
【巧学妙记】序数词构成歌诀
序数词,表顺序,他的构成有规律,基数词后面加-th。
1、2、3,特别记,first,second和third,
-th,四加起,八减t,九去e,f要把ve替,
整十数字要注意,y要变成ie,后面再加-th,
如果遇到几十几,只变个位就可以。
在表示日期时,序数词前面一般加定冠词the,September the tenth (九月十日),March the eighth(三月八日)。书写的时候可以用阿拉伯数字加最后两个字母,如June 1st ,May 4th ,或者干脆用阿拉伯数字,如January 1 ,February 2 ,但是读的时候一定要读成序数词。
【专项演练】
( )1.____ is the Teachers’ Day .
A. September the ten B. September ten C. September the tenth
( )2. March the eighth is ______ .
A. Women’s Day B. Woman’s Day C. women’s day
( )3._____ is Kangkang’s birthday .
A. Sep .the twelveth B. Sept. the twelfth C. Sept. twelfth
( )4. My school trip is April the ______.
A. twentieth B. twenty C. twentyth
( ) 5. The __ month is July .
A. fifth B. sixth C. seventh
( ) 6. -When is her birthday ?-It’s on _____ .
A. May eighths B. November thirty-third C. December 7th
( )7.Helen is ___ ,today is her ____ birthday .
A. nine ,nineth B. ninth, nine C. nine ,ninth
( )8. There are ___ months in a year and December is the __ month.
A. twelve ,twelfth B. twelve ,twelve C. twelfth ,twelve
( )9-When is your father’s birthday?-His birthday is on April ___.
A. 21th B,22th C. 23 D. 24th
( )10.___ is on January 1st .
A. Teachers’ Day B. National Day C. New Year’s Day
2.名词所有格。
我们来看下面两组句子:
When is Alice’s birthday ?
When is your father’s birthday?
在这两个句子中,Alice’s 和your father’s 均为名词所有格形式,意为:“艾丽斯的”,“你父亲的”。名词所有格是一种表示所有或者所属关系的形式,一般是通过在名词的词尾加上’s 构成,此时名词是有生命的或者表示时间、距离、城市等意义的名词。
名词所有格的具体构成有三种情况:
1.一般情况下,单数名词在词尾加’s.
my sister’s pen , Alan’s books
2.以-s或-es结尾的复数名词,在词尾加 ’.
my parents’ room ,the students’teacher
3.不以-s结尾的复数名词,在词尾加’s .
Children’s Day ,Women’s Day
如果表示几人共同拥有某物时,在最后一人后面加’s, This is Lucy and Lily’s bedroom .如果表示各自所有,则在每个人名后面都加’S . Tom’s and Jim’s teachers are talking(谈论) about their homework .
名词所有格后面的名词表示家、店铺或者诊所,往往可以省略。
Let’s go to uncle Wang’s to see him.
Mr. Cool’s sell all kinds of things .
Excuse me ,where’s Doctor Liu’s?
没有生命的事物要用of构成所有格,这是一种和汉语语序相反的倒装语序,后面的词修饰前面的词。
Look at the picture of my family .
This is a map of China.
What’s the name of the dog ?
有的时候,of和’s两种所有格合在一起使用,构成双重所有格,表示某人拥有的纵多事物中的一个。
Li Lei is a friend of my brother’s .
That’s a photo of Mike’s .
of 和名词性物主代词也可以构成双重所有格,如:
Tom is a friend of mine .=Tom is one of my friends .
Here are some pictures of hers .=Here are some of her pictures .
【巧学妙记】名词所有格用法口诀
名词所有格,说明某物是谁的。所有格构成有方法:
名词若是有生命,大多词尾’s 加,有s加’就好了;
共同所有最后加,各自所有分别加,
时间、距离和城市,有时也把’s加,
店铺、诊所和小家,所有格后面省略它。
名词若是无生命,我们常把of用,
此时定语为后置,前词属于后者“的”,
双重所有两相用,of加’s或名物,其中之一是其意。
【专项练习】
1,单项选择
( )1.This is my ___ room.
A. parent’s B. parents’ C. parents’s
( )2.These are __ grandparents .
A. Li Ping and Li Qiang’s
B. Li Ping’s and Li Qiang’s
C. Li Ping and Li Qiangs’
( )3.September 10th is ___ .
A. Teacher’s B. Teachers’ C. Teachers’s
( )4.-When is your____ birthday?
-___ birthday is February 15th .
A. mother’s ,her B. mothers’ ,Her C. mother’s, Her
( )5._____ bike(自行车) are under the tree(树).
A. Lily and Lucy’s
B. Lily’s and Lucy’s
C. Lily and Lucys’
( )6.Mrs.Black is a friend of___.
A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother C. Marys’ mother
( )7.The two computers are ___ and ____ .
A. Pingping’s , Lingling’s B. Pingping , Lingling’s
C. my ,yours D. his ,her
( )8.The books are the ______ .
A. students B. student’s C. students’
( )9.These are _____ clothes .
A. women’s B. woman’s C. womens’
( )10.The name __ the boy is Wang Qiang .
A. for B. and C. of
3.时间介词(in,on,at)的用法。
英语中不同的时间前面,要用不同的介词来表示。有三个表示时间的介词,他们是:in,on 和at。
(1)in表示比较大的时间,如年、季节、月份、周或者泛指的上午、下午和晚上。
in 2012 ,in Summer ,in the morning ,in the afternoon, in the evening
(2)on表示在具体日期(几月几日),星期,某日的上午、下午或晚上及固定词组中。
on March 14th ,on Sunday, on Saturday afternoon ,on the evening of April 5th,on a rainy morning ,on weekends, on weekdays .
(3)at表示在具体时刻(几点几分),或者某些特定的时间点,如daybreak(黎明),noon(正午),dawn(黄昏),night(深夜)等。
at 6:00 ,at seven o’clock, at 8:30, at half past nine ,at daybreak ,at noon ,at dawn ,at night
【专项演练】用合适的介词(in,on,at)填空。
1.-When is your father’s birthday?-It’s __ June 12th .
2. __ the morning ,we don’t eat any food .
3.The school trip isn’t ___ November 2nd ,it’s ___ September .
4.___ an evening of July ,we had a big birthday party .
5.I have breakfast __ 6:30 every day .
6.We don’t have lessons ___ Saturdays and Sundays .
7.Our Sports Day is ____ May and it’s usually ___ May 3rd .
8.There was a big earthquake in Wenchuan ___ 2008 .
9.Mr.Wang like playing games with his children ___ weekends.
10.We have lunch ___ noon and we go to bed ___ night .
4.have构成的词组.
前面我们学到了have的多种词义和它在一般现在时里的各种形式。本单元里出现了have的新词义,新用法。看下面几个词组:
have a school trip 举行校外旅游,进行校外活动
have a soccer game 举行足球赛
have an art festival 举办艺术节
have an English Day 举办英语节
have a School Day 举办校庆日
have a Sports Day 举办运动会
have a birthday party 开生日派对
have a book sale 举行图书签售会
have在这些词组中表示“举行,开办”的意思,在构成上有一定的规律,即【have+a/an
+名词或名词短语】。还有一个词组要注意,have a good time 这个词组和我们以前学到的have a good day构成和意义相似,都是祝福语,回答要说:Thank you ,you too ./The same to you .
Have a good time 中的good 可以用nice,great,wonderful等褒义形容词来替换,表达同样的意思“玩得高兴,过得愉快”,还有两个同义词组要掌握:have a good time =have fun=enjoy oneself
We’ll have a good time at Frank’s birthday party .
=We’ll have fun at Frank’s birthday party .
=We’ll enjoy ourselves at Frank’s birthday party .
【典题导练】
( )1.On October 10,we have ___ art festival in our school .
A. a B. an C. the D. /
( )2.We want to _____ on August 1st .
A. have a English day B. have an English Day C. have a sports day
( )3.
4.I have a good time on the school day .(改写同义句)
I ______ _______ on the school day .
5.【情态动词can】的用法
情态动词表示说话者的情感或态度,一般在句中不能独立使用充当句子成分,必须和实义动词合成谓语,没有人称和数的变化,后面接动词原形;疑问句将情态动词放在句首,否定句在其他动词后加not。我们现在学到的情态动词有must和can两个,以他们为例我们来学习含情态动词的句式。
【肯定句】主语+can/must+动词原形+其他成分.
I can see some oranges on the tree .
He must find my dictionary .
【否定句】主语+can’t/mustn’t+动词原形+其他成分.
She can’t (=can not)find her school ID card .
You mustn’t(=must not) play computer games in class .
【一般疑问句】Can/Must + 主语 +动词原形+其他成分?
-Can you help me ,please?-Yes ,I can .
-Must I come to your school?- No ,you needn’t.
【典题导练】
1.I can’t ___(find)my pen .You must ___(help) me .
2.He can come to my birthday party .(改为一般疑问句)
____ he ____ to your_____ party ?
3.We must have healthy food every day .(同上)
____ you ____ healthy food every day?
4.Eric can watch TV after dinner .(改为否定句)
Eric ____ _____ TV after dinner .
5.You must eat some ice cream .(同上)
You _____ _____ _____ ice cream .
1. 【-wh特殊疑问句】
特殊疑问句是针对某些特点内容或具体信息(如时间、地点、人物等)提问的问句形式,与一般疑问句不同,特殊疑问句不能用yes或no来回答,要根据具体情况使用详细信息作答。
特殊疑问句是由【特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?】构成的。我们现在学到的特殊疑问词有5w1h,即5w(what ,who ,where ,when ,why)和1h(how),除此之外我们还学习了三个疑问词组(what color,how much ,how old)。现就每一个疑问词或词组的用法总结如下:
What询问事或物。如名字,电话号码,学科等内容提问。
Who询问人。对主语提问,一般看作单数。
Where询问地点。多是on,in和under引导的方位介词短语。
When询问时间。如年月日或者具体时刻。
Why询问原因,一般提问由because引起的内容。
How询问身体状况及方式、程度。
How much询问价格或不可数名词的数量。
How old询问年龄,一般数词后面有years old 。
What color 询问颜色。
【典题导练】I.单项选择
( )1.-___ is your name and phone number?
-My name is Jane and my phone number is 457-6325.
A. Where B. What C. How D. When
( )2.-___ is my baseball?-It’s under the chair .
A. Why B. Where C. What D.How
( )3.-_____ is your father ?-He’s forty years old.
A. How much B. How old C. When D. What color
( )4.-_____ are those black shoes?-They’re $48.
A. What color B. How old C. How much D. How many
( )5.-___do you like English? -Because it’s fun.
A. Why B. When C. How D. Where
( )6.-____ is your mother?-She is fine, thanks.
A. What B. How old C. How much D. How
【巧学妙记】疑问词用法口诀:
疑问词,特殊用,5w1h记心中。
What询问事或物,问人就要使用who;
When问时间Where地点,how询问方式或程度;
若问原因要用why,because标志不糊涂。
三个疑问词组要记住:
How old问年龄,how much问价格
What color问颜色,划线提问第一步。
II.就划线部分提问
1.My name is Linda .__________________?
2.His telephone number is 432-7469.___________?
3.The green T-shirt is ¥78._______________?
4.The hat is red and yellow ._______________?
5.Ilike Friday because I have P.E..____________?
6.My books are in the schoolbag ._____________?
2. 时间介词的用法及询问时间的句型。
英语中,不同的时间要用不同的介词来表达。表达时间的介词主要有in, on和at,下面是它们表示时间的具体用法:
【in】后接年、季节、月、周或泛指的上午、下午和晚上
in 2012, in winter ,in December ,in a week ,in the morning ,in the afternoon ,in the evening
【on】后接几月几日、星期 、平日、周末或特定某日的上午、下午和晚上
on January 1st, on Sunday , on weekends ,on weekdays,)on Saturday afternoon ,on a rainy morning, on the evening of 25th,
【at】后接具体时刻(几点几分)或某些特定的时间段(黎明正午黄昏午夜)
At 6:00, at 19:30,at daybreak, at noon ,at dawn ,at midnight
但是由this ,last,next等引导的时间前面不用介词。
We’ll have a Sports Day next month .
I have a party this evening .
I didn’t watch TV last night .
【典题导练】用合适的介词(in, on或at填空)
1.My birthday is ___ February .
2.-When is Alice’s school trip?-It’s __ September21st .
3.John has breakfast ___6:30 __ the morning .
4.__ a snowy(下雪的) afternoon ,he left for Beijing .
5.We have a birthday party ___ the evening of November16th .
【巧学妙记】时间介词用法歌诀
时间介词真神奇,in、on、at扛大旗:
年月周前或某季,泛指上、下午晚上,使用in来就可以;
几月几日星期几,上下午晚上很具体,on来表达不稀奇;
具体时刻几点几,黎明黄昏正午夜,at放前没问题。
询问时间有句型, 统统用when也可以:
What’s the date?问日期,
What day is it?星期几,
What’s the time?几点几,
What time is it?又一例。
【典题导练】就划线部分提问
1.My mother’s birthday is July7th .
______________________?
2.It’s December23th today .
______________________?
3.The English party is at three this afternoon .
______________________?
4.At 8:30 ,we have a Chinese lesson .
______________________?
5.It’s Thursday tomorrow(明天) .
______________________?
3.描述观点的形容词与句型。
本单元使用了几个形容词来表达自己的观点,这些形容词有的是褒义形容词,如interesting,fun,relaxing,easy,useful等,有的是贬义形容词,如boring,difficult,tired等。
在谈论学科时,要使用这些形容词来表达自己的好恶观点,下面列举了课本中出现的几组句子:
I think history is interesting .
It’s boring .
The teacher says it(math)is useful, but I think it is difficult.
It(science) is difficult but interesting .
It(P.E.) is easy and fun .
It(Chinese)’s my favorite subject .
It is really relaxing!
在谈论喜欢某事物原因时,要用because引导的句子来说明。
-Why do you like English?-Because it’s very interesting.
Jane likes P.E. because she thinks it’s relaxing.
I like Friday because I have P.E. and history .
【典题导练】
( )1-____ do you like history ?-Because it’s easy .
A. When B. Why C. Why D. How much
( )2.I don’t like art ____ it’s boring .
A. so B. and C. because D. but
( )3.-Why does your brother like music ?__ it’s fun .
A. So B. Because C. When D. And
在汉语中,使用关联词语“ 因为”后面要说“所以”,可是在英语中说“因为”就不能说“所以”,说“所以”就不能说“因为”。
【巧学妙记】用不用要牢记
用because不用so, 用but不用though
用and不用if you ,用not any不用no。
hardly,never,little和few,本身已含否定no。
【典题导练】
1.(改错)Because my teacher is very good ,so I like him very much .
( )______
2.( )___ English is fun ,___ Jim likes it a lot .
A. Because, so B. Because ,/ C. Because ,and
4. “上课”的说法。
have 在本单元可以表示“上...课”的意思.
At 8:00 I have math.
I have P.E. at 11:00.
After that I have an art lesson for two hours .
上课有两种表达法,
1.【have+课程】
2.【have +a/an +课程+lesson/class】
On Tuesday ,I have English .
=On Tuesday, I have an English lesson .
【典题导练】
At 8:30, she has Chinese.(改写同义句)
At 8:30, she ___ ___ Chinese _____.
5.for的用法小结。
(1)“为了,给”,说明目的。
I buy a pair of black shoes for my father.
(2)“因为”,说明原因。
Thank you for your e-mail .
(3)“价格为...”,说明价格。
We have skirts for only 50 yuan.
(4)“对于...来说”,说明指称对象。
For boys, we have trousers in black and blue .
(5)“长达...(一段时间)”,用于引导一段时间。
I always watch TV for two hours .
【典题导练】
( )1.My mother buys a new T-shirt ___ me .
A. with B. at C. for D. of
( )2.This jacket is just___ 15 dollars .
A. at B. in C. on D. for
( )3.Thanks ___ the photo of your family .
A. to B. about C. for D. with
( )4.He often watches TV ___ three hours every night .
A. for B. at C. on D. with
( )5.Math is very difficult ___ me .
A. to B. for C. at D. of
6. favorite与like best
favorite 是形容词,后面要修饰名词,常构成【What’s sb. ’s favorite +名词?】,“某人最喜欢的...是什么?”
-What is your favorite food?-My favorite food is bread.
-What is your father’s favorite color? -Red is his favorite color.
-What are Li Ming’s favorite sports?-Basketball and soccer .
like...best是动词短语,在句中作谓语,它的结构通常为【What +名词do/does sb. like best?】,“某人最喜欢什么...?”
-What color do you like best?-I like yellow best .
-What food do you like best?-I like ice cream best .
-What subject does your sister like best?-She likes science best.
有时候,两种句型可以改写同义句,即
【What’s sb. ’s favorite +名词?】
=【What +名词do/does sb. like best?】
【专项演练】改写同义句
1.What’s your favorite subject?
____ ___ do you ____ ____?
2.What’s Bob’s favorite sport?
____ ____ _____ Bob ____ best?
3.What color is your favorite?
____ ____ do you ____ best?
4.What food do you like best?
___ your ____ food ?
5.What clothes does Alice like best?
_____ Alice’s _____ clothes?
7.be busy doing/with sth.
busy是形容词,其反义词为free.“忙于做某事”有两种说法:
be busy doing sth.
I’m busy doing my homework now .
Jim is busy playing computer game in his room .
be busy with sth.
I’m busy with my study .
My mother is busy with her housework .
【典题导练】
1. He’s busy having breakfast .
He’s ____ ___ breakfast .
2.Lin Hai is busy with his homework .
Lin Hai is ____ ____ his homework .
8.finish doing sth “做完某事”
You can’t watch TV .You must finish doing your homework.
I haven’t finished reading the book.
finish后面要使用动名词,即在动词的词尾加上ing。后面接动名词还有like,love,what about,how about等。
I like playing basketball.
Eric loves eating eggs and apples .
What about having an English party?
接动词原形的情况:
1.在祈使句中
Come and buy your clothes at our great sale .
Please spell it .
2.使役动词let后
Let me help you .
Let’s play tennis .
3.情态动词can,must后
Can you see the map? No, I can’t find it.
She must have lunch at 12:00.
4.动词help后
Please help me buy a T-shirt .
接动词不定式(to+动词)的情况:
在need,want,like或love后
You need to get a ping-pong bat .
I want to be a doctor .
He likes to eat ice cream .
Alan loves to play computer games with me .
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