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英语八年级下册Section A优质导学案
展开(一)动词不定式
动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,其结构为"t+动词原形",其中t不是介词,而是动词不定式的符号,称为小品词,动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语,在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。本单元主要学习其作宾语、状语、宾补的用法。
◆ 动词不定式的形式及性质
(1)动词不定式的基本形式:t d(t有时可省略);
(2)动词不定式变否定:nt (t) d;
(3)动词不定式无人称变化;
(4)动词不定式仍保留动词特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语。
☞ t speak at the meeting 在会议上发言 t read newspapers 看报纸
◆ 动词不定式的句法作用
一、作宾语
动词不定式(短语)可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语,能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有:begin,want,remember,agree,learn,like,decide,fail,pretend,demand,refuse等。
☞ Yu must learn t lk after yurself. 你必须学着照顾自己。
☞ They vlunteer t clean up the huse fr the ld lady. 他们自愿给老人打扫房子。
☞ They wuld like t cme by bus. 他们想乘公共汽车来。
Kate, remember _____________ t the sick t cheer them up.
A. t singB. nt t singC. singing
【答案】A
【解析】remember t d sth记得去做某事。t sing t the sick作remember的宾语。学//科0网
二、作宾语补足语。
☞ I tell him t arrive n Sunday. 我让他周日到达。
☞ Li Lei asked his deskmate t help him with English. 李磊请同桌帮他学英语。
☞ The teacher asked the students t read it again. 那个老师让学生们又把它读了一遍。
动词不定式作宾语补足语,表示宾语所做的动作,可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:tell,ask,want,like,invite,encurage,help等。但在see,watch,hear,feel,ntice等感官动词或let,make,have等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式一般要省略动词不定式符号"t",可以归纳为以下三种句式:
1. 不可以省t的不定式作宾语补足语:tell /ask / want / wuld like / wish / suppse / invite / encurage / teach / depend n等+ sb + t d sth
☞ The teacher tld us t cme earlier tmrrw. 老师告诉我们明天早点来。
☞ Her parents wish her t be a teacher. 她的父母希望她成为一名教师。
2. 省"t"的不定式作宾语补足语:
(1)Let / make / have + sb +d sth
☞ Let the by g ut nw. 让那个男孩现在出去。
☞ They made the children play the pian 6 hurs a day last mnth. 上个月他们让这些孩子每天弹6个小时的钢琴。
(2)see / watch / hear / ntice / feel + sb +d sth
☞ I heard them argue this mrning. 今天早上我听到他们吵架了。(强调整个过程)
【注意】
4. 否定形式:
(1)动词不定式的否定式是直接在t前加上nt。
☞ Tell them nt t play ftball in the street.
(2)省t的动词不定式的否定式是直接在动词前面加nt。
☞ Let the by nt g. 不要让那个男孩走。
1. Mr Smith tld his sn _____________ the ftball match because f the exam.
A. nt t watchB. t nt watchC. nt watchingD. desn’t watch
【答案】A
【解析】tell sb nt t d sth 告诉某人不要做某事。
2. Thugh he ften made his little sister _____________, tday he was made _____________ by his little sister.
A. cry;t cryB. crying;cryingC. cry;cryD.t cry;cry
【答案】A
【解析】make sb d sth变为被动语态时,被省略的t要恢复,即sb be made t d sth。
三、作状语
(1)作目的状语。
☞ He stpped t have a rest. 他停下来休息。
强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用in rder t或s as t +动词原形,s as t不可用于句首。
☞ The bus stpped s as t pick up passengers. 公共汽车停下来以便接乘客。
(2)作结果状语。
☞ He wke up nly t find everybdy gne. 他醒来时才发现所有的人都走了。
☞ His grandma lived t see the liberatin f China. 他奶奶活到了中国解放。
☞ He is ld enugh t g t schl. 他年龄足够大了,可以去上学了。
(3)在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后作原因状语。
☞ I’m prud t have taken part in the cmpetitins. 很荣幸参加了这些竞赛。
☞ I’m happy t have fund many things I can d. 很高兴找到了很多我能做的事。
Many fast fd restaurants paint(涂) their walls red, play lud music and have hard seats _____________ custmers(顾客) eat quickly and leave.
A. makeB. t makeC. madeD. making
【答案】B
【解析】句意:许多快餐店把它们的墙刷成红色,播放吵闹的音乐,并放置坚硬的座位,为的是使顾客快点吃完离开。不定式在句中作目的状语。
◆ 动词不定式可以和what,which,hw,where,when等特殊疑问词连用。
☞ The questin is I dn’t knw when t start. 问题是我不知道什么时候开始。
☞ Yu d nt knw what t d and hw t d it. 你不知道要去做什么或者怎么做。
I really dn’t knw what I can d t help her ut.(改为简单句)
I really dn’t knw what _____________ _____________ t help her ut.
【答案】t d
(二)动词短语
短语动词是一种固定词组,由动词加介词或副词等构成,其作用相当于一个动词。
◆ 构成:
常见的形式有:1. 动词+副词,如:put up
2. 动词+介词,如:lk at
3. 动词+副词+介词,如:run ut f
4. 动词+名词+介词,如:take care f
◆ 动词+副词
(1)常见的相当于及物动词的这类短语动词有:
cheer up(振奋起来),clean up(打扫干净),set up(建立),put up(搭建,张贴),cut up(切碎),fix up(修理),wrk ut(算出),give ut(分发),give away(赠送),think ver(仔细思考),turn ver(把……翻过来),hand in(上交)等。
【注意】此类短语相当于及物动词时,后面必须跟宾语,若名词作宾语,可以放在副词前面或后面,但代词作宾语时,必须置于副词之前。
If yu meet sme new wrds, yu can _____________ in a dictinary.
A. lk it upB. lk up itC. lk them upD. lk up them
【答案】C
【解析】lk up短语中的up为副词,代词作宾语必须置于副词之前,故排除B、D;由sme new wrds可排除A,故选C。学10科网
(2)常见的相当于不及物动词的这类短语动词有:
get up(起床),start ff(动身),cme back(回来),get dwn(下来),hld n(等一下;别挂断),lk ut(当心,小心),get away(逃离)等。
◆ 动词+介词
这种结构的短语动词在句中作谓语时,后面必须接宾语。常见的有:
lk fr(寻找),stand fr(代表),wait fr(等待),pay fr(付费),send fr(派人去请),take after(像),hear frm(收到……的来信),hear f(听说),depend n(依靠)等。
This fd is free. Yu dn’t have t _____________ it.
A. lk frB. pay frC. ask frD. wait fr
【答案】B
【解析】lk fr寻找;pay fr付费;ask fr请求;wait fr等待。由语境可知食物免费,不必付钱。
◆ 动词+副词+介词
这种短语动词相当于及物动词,介词后面须跟宾语。常见的有:
add up t(总共是),catch up with(赶上),lk dwn upn(瞧不起),run ut f(耗尽,用光)等。
Dn’t wrry! I’m sure yu’ll _____________ yur classmates if yu are kind and friendly t them.
A. catch up withB. get n well with
C. agree withD. be strict with
【答案】B
◆ 动词+名词+介词
这种短语动词相当于及物动词,后面需接宾语,有时名词前可以加形容词修饰。常见的有:make fun f(取笑),make use f(利用),pay attentin t(注意),take care f(照顾)等。
【注意】这类短语动词后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词,都要放在介词之后。
☞ He is taking care f his little brther. 他在照顾他弟弟。
☞ We shuldn’t make fun f thers. 我们不应该嘲笑他人。
Arund the wrld mre and mre peple are _____________ dangerus sprts activities, because life in mdern scieties has becme safe and bring.
A. taking utB. taking ffC. taking part inD. taking care f
【答案】C
= 1 \* ROMAN I. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1. The teacher ften tells us nt _____________ (nt surf) the Internet.
2. Cme n! I have smething imprtant t _____________ (tell) yu.
3. I haven’t decided when t _____________ (take) a hliday yet.
4. T _____________ (be) healthy, we shuld eat mre vegetables and fruits.
5. My jb is t _____________ (study) hard.
6. That is the nly way we can imagine _____________ (reduce) the waste f water in the bathrm.
7. Last year, she decided _____________ (try) ut fr a vlunteer afterschl reading prgram.
8. Wuld yu like _____________ (g) and have a picnic with us tmrrw?
9. She hpes _____________ (be) a vlunteer during this summer vacatin.
10. Please prmise _____________ (nt tell) lies any mre, will yu?
= 2 \* ROMAN II. 同义句转换,每空一词
1. The by takes after his mther.
The by ____________ ____________ ____________ his mther.
2. Can yu cme up with a gd way t learn English well?
Can yu ____________ ____________ a gd way t learn English well?
3. We can repair yur watch at nce.
We can ____________ ____________ yur watch at nce.
4. We want t make the girl happy.
We want t ____________ ____________ the girl.
5. Can yu give ut the exercise-bks fr me?
Can yu ____________ ____________ the exercise-bks fr me?
= 3 \* ROMAN III. 根据汉语意思完成句子,每空一词
1. 最后,她终于想出了一个好主意。
She ____________ ____________ ____________ a gd idea at last.
2. 她愿意帮助我摆脱困境。
She wuld like t ____________ ____________ ____________.
3. 我期待着我的笔友能尽快来信。
I’m ____________ ____________ ____________ hearing frm my pen pal as sn as pssible.
4. 会后他们不得不打扫房间。
They had t ____________ ____________ the rm after the meeting.
5. 我的钱用完了,你能借给我一些吗?
I’ve ____________ ____________ ____________ my mney. Can yu lend me sme?
= 4 \* ROMAN IV. 单项选择
1. (2016·德州)—Wh _____________ yur pet dgs while yu were ut fr a hliday?
—My neighbr, a warmhearted wman.
A. put nB. lked afterC. gave upD. turned ff
2. (2016·临沂) These peple dress themselves in bldy shark suits. They tell peple _____________ shark fins in rder t prtect sharks.
A. eatB. t eatC. nt eatD. nt t eat
3.(2016·广西来宾)It is necessary fr us students _____________ the listening ability.
A. t imprveB. imprvingC. imprveD. imprves
4.(2016·贵州六盘水)—Culd yu please tell me _____________?
—Srry, I’m new here.
A. why can I buy sme juiceB. when des the supermarket clse
C. hw t get t the libraryD. what time des the mvie begin
5.(2016·贵州黔南州)—I’m new here.
—Dn’t wrry. I’ll d what I can _____________ yu.
A. t helpB. helpC. helpingD. helped
6.(2016·广西来宾)Yur tys are here and there. Please _____________, Linda.
A. put away themB. put them away
C. put them utD. put up them
7.(2016·福建福州)—Why are yu late fr schl tday?
—I’m srry. I didn’t catch the early bus and I had t _____________ the next ne.
A. wait frB. ask frC. care fr
8. (2015·邵阳)The girl was made _____________ her brther’s clthes.
A. t washB. washC. washing
9. Because f the bad weather, we have t _____________ the meeting till next week.
A. take ffB. get ff
C. put ffD. set ff
10. Scientists are trying their best t _____________ ways t treat the terrible disease called H7N9.
A. cme up withB. lk frward t
C. talk abutD. give up
= 5 \* ROMAN V. 用本单元所学的单词或短语的适当形式完成短文
Tm 1.___________ (vlunteer) in an ld peple’s hme last summer. He did sme things 2.___________ (help) the ld peple. Fr example, he helped 3.___________ (clean up) their huses. He als fixed up the 4.___________ (break) chairs and 5.___________ (read) the newspaper t the ld peple. They tld him stries abut the past and hw things 6.___________ (use t) be.
Helen is making sme plans 7.___________ (raise) sme mney fr the ld peple’s hme. She thinks it’s 8.___________ (interest) t help the ld peple.
Tday, a lt f ld peple are very 9.___________ (lnely). We shuld listen t them and care fr them, because we’re all ging t be ld ne day, t.
= 6 \* ROMAN VI. 完形填空
Be pleased t d anything even thugh it is very tiny. In fact, there’s n single thing that is nt wrth ding r yu are nt able t d. S living a happy life with a light heart is the mst imprtant. A gd md decides yur quality f life. Then 1 can yu live a happy life?
Make each day meaningful(有意义的) by helping smene r just making smene smile. The feeling which makes yu want t help thers 2 at the bttm f yur heart. Happiness depends n yur feelings in yur heart. Helping thers is helping yurself. By helping thers, yu 3 mre. Seeing their satisfied smile will make yu feel 4 f what yu have dne.
Face difficulties bravely in yur life. 5 may meet with difficulties. N ne can avid them. The difficulties can teach yu a lt. They are yur treasure. They will help yu t be clser t 6 .
Fcus n the gd experiences yu 7 in the past few years. Be grateful t life. Dn’t think t much abut the negative things. They 8 bad weather. Bad weather will pass sner r later, s will the negative things. Yu may find many dead ends in yur life. But yu will 9 find yur way ut f them. Everything will get better at last.
Never wrry abut the things yu can’t change. Wrrying isn’t useful. Wrrying can 10 change the situatin 10 slve any prblem. Perhaps, nt every dream will be realized; nt every effrt(努力) will he cmpleted. Never mind, and take it easy.
Cme n, everybdy! Let’s live a happy life with a light heart and enjy the beautiful sunshine every day.
1. A. what B. hw C. why
2. A. May B. staying C. slays
3. A. are giving B. will give C. will be given
4. A. prud B. afraid C. tired
5. A. Smebdy B. Nbdy C. Everybdy
6. A. failure B. success C. truble
7. A. have had B. have C. has
8. A. are different frm B. are fnd f C. are similar t
9. A. always B. seldm C. never
10. A. nt nly; but als B. neither; nr C. either; r
= 7 \* ROMAN VII. 选词填空
阅读短文,用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空,使短文意思通顺、完整。每空限填一词,其中有两个词是多余的。
March 5 is "Lei Feng Day". It started fifty years ag. Nw half a 1 has passed. Is the spirit f Lei Feng utdated? Sme peple have 2 us that it is nt. But peple have als changed the ways in which they help thers.
Zha has been a vlunteer fr 18 years. She still 3 her experience at an ld peple’s hme several years ag. An ld man held her hand and said, "Yu dn’t need t anything fr 4 . Seeing yung peple here is all we need. "Thse wrds made Zha 5 in what ways can we better help peple?
Besides Zha, ther peple have shwn their 6 f the spirit f Lei Feng. Last January, "ndle fever" swept Zhengzhu, Henan. One lcal man, Li Gang, said in his pst that he had a 7 illness and needed lts f mney fr an peratin. Hwever, what he asked fr wasn’t charity, 8 fr mre peple t cme t eat ndles at his restaurant. Li’s pst spread 9 . Sn his restaurant was filled 10 custmers every day and Li was able t affrd t have his peratin n February 2.
In this way, peple culd help Li withut hurting his dignity(自尊)。
= 1 \* ROMAN I. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1. t surf 2. tell 3. take 4. be 5. study
6. t reduce7. t try8. t g9. t be10. nt t tell
II. 同义句转换,每空一词
1. is similar t 2. think up 3. fix up 4. cheer up 5. hand ut[来源:Z#xx#k.Cm]
III. 根据汉语意思完成句子,每空一词[来源:学&科&网]
1. came up with 2. help me ut 3. lking frward t
4. clean up 5. run ut f
= 4 \* ROMAN IV. 单项选择
1. B 【点拨】考查动词短语。句意:——你外出度假时谁照顾你的宠物狗?——我的邻居,一位热心的妇女。put n"穿上";lk after"照看;照料";give up"放弃";turn ff "关闭"。结合空后的pet dgs可知应选B。
2. D 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:这些人用血腥的鲨鱼服来装扮他们自己,为了保护鲨鱼他们告诉人们不要吃鲨鱼翅。由句意可知是不要吃,结合tell sb t d sth可知选D。
3. A 【解析】句意:对我们学生来说提高听力能力是必要的。根据句型It is+形容词 fr sb t d sth对某人来说做某事是……,故此处用动词不定式t imprve,故选A。
5. A 【解析】句意:——我新来这儿。——别担心。我会尽我所能来帮助你的。What I can作的是句子的宾语。"我尽可能做"的目的是"帮助你",作目的状语,用动词不定式形式。故选A。
6. B 【解析】句意:你的玩具到处是。琳达,请把它们收拾起来。put away收拾起来;put ut扑灭;put up举起来。根据Yur tys are here and there可知玩具到处是,应收拾起来。当人称代词作为短语动词+副词的宾语时,应位于动词和副词之间,故选B。
7. A 【解析】句意:——今天你为什么上学迟到了?——对不起,我没有赶上早班车,不得不等下一辆。wait fr等候……;ask fr请求,要求;care fr关心,关爱。故选A。
8.A 【解析】可用寻找题眼法。make的用法为"make sb d sth",但是当变为被动语态时,省略的不定式符号t要恢复,即"sb be made t d sth",根据关键词was made可知选A。
9. C 【解析】考查短语辨析。take ff脱下,起飞;get ff下车;put ff推迟;set ff出发。由句意"由于天气不好,我们不得不把会议推迟到下周。"可知选C。学¥科*网
10. A 【解析】考查短语辨析。cme up with想出;lk frward t盼望;talk abut谈论;give up放弃。句意:科学家们正尽他们最大的努力想出医治被称为H7N9的可怕的疾病的方法。故选A。
= 5 \* ROMAN V. 用本单元所学的单词或短语的适当形式完成短文
1. vlunteered2. t help3. clean/t clean up4. brken5. read
6. used t7. t raise8. interesting9. lnely
= 6 \* ROMAN VI. 完形填空
【文章大意】这篇短文主要介绍了怎样过快乐的生活的方法:帮助别人;勇敢地面对生活中的困难;关注生活中积极的经历;不要做无谓的担心等。
1. B 【解析】考查疑问词及语境的理解。A. what什么;B. hw怎样;C. why为什么。根据后文都是在描述怎样才能使生活快乐的方法,可知句意:那么怎样才能过愉快的生活呢?故选B。
2. C 【解析】考查动词及语境的理解。A. May五月;B. staying停留;C. slays第三人称单数;那种使你想要帮助其他人的感觉就在你的心底。根据主语是动名词,所以谓语动词用第三人称单数,故选C。
4. A 【解析】考查形容词及语境的理解。A. prud 骄傲的;B. afraid害怕的;C. tired疲惫的。看着他们满足的微笑将使你为自己所做的事感到骄傲。根据句意,故选A。
5. C 【解析】考查代词及语境的理解。A. Smebdy有人;B. Nbdy没有人;C. Everybdy每一个人。根据后文没有人能避免它们,可知句意:每一个都可能遇到困难。结合句意,故选C。
6. B 【解析】考查名词及语境的理解。A. failure 失败;B. success成功;C. truble麻烦。根据上文可知困难将帮助你离成功越来越近。故选B。
7. A 【解析】考查动词及语境的理解。A. have had现在完成时;B. have动词原形;C. has第三人称单数。关注在最近几年里你所拥有过的好的经历。感恩生活。in the past few years在最近几年里,现在完成时的标志词,故选A。
8. C 【解析】考查短语及语境的理解。A. are different frm 与……不同; B. are fnd f 喜欢;C. are similar t与……相似。它们和坏天气相似。糟糕的天气早晚都会过去,消极的事情也是一样。结合句意,故选C。
9. A 【解析】考查动词及语境的理解。A. always 总是;B. seldm很少;C. never从不。你总是能找到解决问题的方法,故选A。
10. B 【解析】考查动词及语境的理解。A. nt als 不仅……而且;B. 既不……也不;C. 或者……或者。担忧既不能改变情况也不能解决问题。结合句意,故选B。
= 7 \* ROMAN VII. 选词填空
【文章大意】这篇的短文主要讲述了雷锋精神在当代的发展情况,作者以两个事例告诉我们,现在雷锋精神并不过时。
1. century 【解析】结合常识可知,雷锋的时代已经过去了半个世纪。根据所给单词,可知填单数名词century,世纪。
2. shwn 【解析】联系前一句描述,可知本句指的是,一些人已经向我们表明这并没有过时。根据助动词have及所给单词,可知填过去分词shwn,展示,说明。
3. remembers 【解析】联系后一句描述,可知本句指的是,她仍旧记得七年前在一个养老院的经历。结合语境可知本句描述的是客观性的动作,故用一般现在时态。主语she表示单数第三人称含义,故谓语动词用单数,根据所给单词,可知填单数第三人称形式remembers,记得。
4. us 【解析】联系后一句描述,可知此处指的是,你不需要为我们做什么。根据所给单词we,可知填人称代词宾格形式us,我们。
5. think 【解析】联系前一句描述,可知这些话让赵想到,make后面一般接不带t的动词不定式作宾语补足语,根据所给单词,可知填原形动词think,想,思考。
7. serius 【解析】联系后一句描述,可知此处只是,他说他得了一种严重的疾病。根据所给单词,可知填形容词serius,严肃的,严重的。
8. but 【解析】联系上下文,可知前后是转折关系。根据所给单词,可知填转折连词but,而是让人们去他的饭店里吃面条。
9. quickly 【解析】结合语境可知此处指的是,他的海报传播得很快。根据所给单词,可知填副词quickly,快速的。
10. with 【解析】结合语境可知此处指的是,他的饭店很快就充满了顾客。根据所给单词,可知填介词with,带有,伴随。
①help带不带t均可以。
☞ I ften help my mther (t) d husewrk. 我经常帮助妈妈做家务。
②此类动词后用不带t的不定式作宾补,当变被动时,必须还原t。
☞ William is ften seen t play Chinese kung fu in the park. 人们常看到威廉在公园练中国功夫。
century remember we shw think understand
serius but quick with happy mnth
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