高中语法：虚拟语气精讲精练（含答案）学案

这是一份高中语法：虚拟语气精讲精练（含答案）学案，共11页。学案主要包含了虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用，虚拟语气在其它状语从句中的应用，主语从句中的虚拟语气，宾语从句中的虚拟语气，表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气，定语从句中的虚拟语气，只保留从句的虚拟语气等内容，欢迎下载使用。
     虚拟语气精讲 一、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。非真实条件句的假设发生的可能性不大或者不可能发生，仅仅是对条件和结果的假设。真实条件句：If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnicOil floats if you pour it on water.虚拟条件句的构成：  If 从   句主    句与现在事实相反谓语动词用—1. did2. be动词用 were谓语动词用—should/would/ could/ might + do与过去事实相反谓语动词用—had + done谓语动词用— should/would/could/ might +have + done与将来事实相反谓语动词用--1. did/were2. should do3. were to do谓语动词用—should/would/ could/ might + doIf everyone knew first aid, many lives would be saved. (与现在事实相反)If the earthquake had happened in the desert, there would have been fewer deaths. (与过去事实相反)If I were to have an eight-day holiday, I would go fishing. (与将来事实相反)If I were you, I would study much harder.If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met her.If I should go there tomorrow, I would do it in my way.注意：1. 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。 If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 2. 有时，虚拟条件句中，主句和从句所指的时间不一致，叫做错综时间虚拟语气或混合虚拟语气。主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. （条件为过去，结果为现在）If they had informed us, we would not come here now. If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.  （条件为现在，结果为过去）If he knew her, he would have greeted her. If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. （条件为过去，结果为将来）3. 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. Were she here, she would agree with us. Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here.4. 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而隐含在某些介词短语中，如without, but for, otherwise, or, but, given, supposing等，或上下文里，叫做含蓄虚拟结构。I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. But for his help, we would be working now. Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. I was busy yesterday, otherwise/or (=If I hadn’t been busy) I would have attended Mr. Wang’s lecture.陈述事实 + otherwise + 虚拟语气虚拟语气 + but  +陈述事实 二、虚拟语气在其它状语从句中的应用1.目的状语从句中的虚拟语气在for fear that, in case引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should /could/ might等 + 动词原形；lest引导的目的状语从句，谓语动词用虚拟语气，为“should + 动词原形”或省略should。She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. He started out earlier lest he should be late. Bring some money in case you should use it.在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。 He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气：在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do.  Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.   3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气：as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。 表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时
The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child. （这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子）
表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时
I felt as though we had known each other for years. （其实并没有认识多年）
表示与将来事实不相符，用would/might/could/should + 动词原形
It looks as if it might rain. （不大可能下雨） 三、主语从句中的虚拟语气在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。常用句型：1. It be + adj. + that … (surprising / important / strange /necessary / natural …)2. It be + n. + that … (a pity / a shame / no wonder…) 3. It be + -ed + that … (suggested / requested / desired / proposed …) 四、宾语从句中的虚拟语气1. advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动词。注意：当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。2. wish后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的愿望。其表达形式一般是将从句的谓语动词退后一个时态。例如:     与现在事实相反: wish + (that) +did (were)    I wish I were as healthy as you.I wish that I had a plane.与过去事实相反: wish + (that) +had doneI wish I had been to the concert last night.I wish you had written to him.与将来事实相反: wish + would/could/might + doI wish he would forgive me.3. would rather/ had rather/ would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：与过去事实相反：had + 过去分词；与现在事实相反：过去时(be 用were )与将来事实相反：过去时(be 用were )I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. I’d rather you were here now. We’d rather you went here tomorrow. 五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气  表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从句及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should)  + 动词原形。 一“坚持”：insist  二“命令”：order, command四“建议”：advise, suggest, propose, recommend六“要求”：demand, require, request, desire, urge, askWe followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help.  His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. 六、定语从句中的虚拟语气 表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形。 It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. It is high time you should go to work. 七、只保留从句的虚拟语气What if …    要是……怎么办？What if I should fail? (= What should I do if I should fail?)If only …     要是……就好了。If only I were 20 years younger. (= It would be better if I were 20 years younger.)If you would …  如果你愿意……If you would open your book. (= Please open your book.) 名师点津1．虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的具体用法：情况从句谓语动词主句谓语动词与现在事实相反过去式(be的过去式形式用were)would/could/ should/might＋动词原形与过去事实相反过去完成式would/could/ should/might＋have done与将来事实相反(1)were to do(2)should do(3)过去式would/could/ should/might＋动词原形 If my brother were here，everything would be all right.要是我哥哥在这儿的话，一切都没问题了。If it should rain this afternoon, the basketball match would be put off.要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就会被推迟。—John went to the hospital alone.——约翰自己一个人去的医院。—If he had told me about it, I would have gone with him.——要是他告诉我，我就陪他去了。在if引导的虚拟条件句中，条件句的谓语动词中含有had, were, should时，可以把if省略，把had, were, should提到句首，变为倒装句。Had you(＝If you had) come earlier, you would have caught the early bus.如果你早点来，就能赶上早班车了。Were I(＝If I were) twenty now, I would join the army.如果我现在20岁，我就参军。　 2．虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，被称为含蓄虚拟语气。常见的这类词或短语有：without　　　　　　　　 (要是)没有in case   万一；以防but for   要不是otherwise/or   否则We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call.要不是一个电话，我们不可能在一起待一分钟。  2．虚拟语气在其它从句中的具体用法：1．wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望，其谓语动词构成形式如下表：虚拟语气从句谓语动词与现在事实相反过去式(be动词一般用were)与过去事实相反had＋过去分词与将来事实相反would/could/might＋动词原形I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.我希望我是只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。2．在表示要求、建议、命令等的动词后的宾语从句中，常用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。常见的此类动词有：一坚持：insist二命令：order，command四建议：suggest，advise，propose，recommend五要求：require，request，demand，desire，urgeIt is strongly recommended that the machines(should) be checked every year.强烈建议将这些机器每年检查一次。3．在would rather后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语也常用虚拟语气，其谓语动词构成形式如下表：虚拟语气从句谓语动词与现在事实相反过去式(be动词一般用were)与将来事实相反与过去事实相反had＋过去分词I would rather they didn’t hear of the news.我宁愿他们没有听到这个消息。I would rather I hadn’t told him the bad news.我宁愿我没有告诉他那个坏消息。4．在It’s important/strange/natural/necessary...that...sb. (should) do...It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.他有必要整理些信息供我参考。5．当表示建议、提议、命令、要求等的名词作主语时，其表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。常见的这类名词有：advice 建议decision 决定demand 要求desire 渴望idea 想法order 命令proposal 提议request 要求recommendation 建议suggestion 建议We followed his advice that we (should) ask our teacher for help.我们接受了他的我们应该向老师求助的建议。6．even if/though, as if/though等引导的让步状语从句、方式状语从句和目的状语从句中，其谓语动词构成形式如下表：引导词从句谓语动词even if/though与if引导的条件从句结构相同as if/though发生在主句动作之前had doneas if/though与主句动作同时发生过去时(be用were)发生在主句动作之后would/could/might/ should＋动词原形She looks as if nothing had happened to her.她看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。7．It is(high/about) time (that)．.. sb. did/should do sth...It is high time that you set/should set aside some time to think about your future.该到你留出一些时间思考未来生活了。 其他情况需注意1．It is high time that you ____________(consider) that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little.2．I wish I ____________(be) at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.3．I suggest that the school organizes a cooking­learning activity to teach students to prepare some delicious food.____________________4．Most citizens in Hong Kong strongly insisted that those who attacked the police with violence were put into prison.____________________5．It might have saved me some trouble if I ____________(know) the schedule.6．Why didn’t you tell me about your trouble last week？If you ____________(tell) me，I could have helped.7．____________(have) the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS­related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.8．If you are me, would you talk to them？____________________ 实战演练 单句语法填空1．So you ____________ pay attention to sleeplessness.2．I rewired the house and lowered the light switches so that Paul ____________ reach things.3．It has been accepted that all the students ____________ put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with flu virus.4．When you phoned me, I was having a meeting; how I wish I ____________(answer) your call.5．I was ill that day, or I ____________(take) part in the sports meet.6．I should not have laughed if I ____________(think) you were serious.7．My room is a mess, but I ____________ not clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it in the morning.8．The order came that the medical supplies ____________(send) to the earthquake­stricken area soon.   单句改错1．As a result，I suggest we are given less homework and more time for out­of­classroom activities.Only in this way can we live a happy and healthy life.____________________2．He became very angry, but I dared not to tell him about the game.____________________3．I should available any time after school next week.____________________4．Therefore，rules should worked out and strictly observed.____________________5．People neglect the fact that our parents are the dearest persons in the world, so we should nice to our parents.____________________6．There will a lecture in our library, at 4：00 on Wednesday afternoon.____________________7．However, just several days later, I began to feel tired and can’t concentrate in class.____________________8．)It is true that no one should live without money in modern society.________________  语法填空Chinese are the first people to have tea. One thousand and two hundred years ago, Lu Yu wrote a book called “The Classic of Tea”， 1.____________ is honored as “The Bible of Tea”. The book gives a detailed 2.____________(explain) of the origin, the processing skills and the classification of tea.However, Chinese tea culture goes far beyond tea 3.____________(it)．Take green tea for instance, the ideal temperature of the water should be around 80 degrees Celsius.If the water is too hot，nutrients(营养物) in the tea 4.____________(destroy)．On the other hand，if the water is not hot enough，the tea 5.____________(leaf) won’t open up and you will miss the pleasantly fresh flavor.So Chinese people are accustomed 6.____________ drinking hot tea.When you visit a Chinese friend，your friend will 7.____________(constant) add hot water to your emptying cup of tea.It is polite 8.____________(offer) the tea cup to guests with both hands.Of course，the guests should pay respect as well 9.____________(take) over the cup with both hands.Talking about adding water to the tea cup，there is 10.____________ saying：wine full，full cup.Tea half，half cup.For wine，full cup symbolizes whole heartiness.For tea，half，it means modesty. 巩固训练1. Sorry, I am too busy now. If I ____ time, I would certainly go for an outing with you. A. have had  B. had had  C. have D. had2. If may car _________more reliable, I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.A. was     B. had been   C. should be    D. would be3. We ______ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me?A. should face        B. might face C. could have faced       D. must have faced4. Don’t handle the vase as if it ____ made of steel.A. is     B. were     C. has been   D. had been5. We wouldn’t have called a taxi yesterday if Harold __________us a ride home. A. didn’t offer          B. wouldn’t offer C. hasn’t offered       D. hadn’t offered6. If we _______ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful. A. haven’t made       B. wouldn’t make  C. didn’t make              D. hadn’t made7. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we________ more places of interest yesterday.A. visited    B. had visited   C. would visit     D. would have visited  considered/should consider　解析：在It is high time that...句式中，从句用虚拟语气，即：谓语动词用过去式或should＋动词原形。had been　解析：wish引导的虚拟语气，与过去事实相反用had done形式表达。organizes→organize　解析：句中动词suggest表建议，其后跟从句时，从句谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略。were→be　解析：句意：大多数香港市民坚决要求那些用暴力袭击警察的人被关进监狱。insist作“坚持，坚决要求”讲时，其后的宾语从句的谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”，这里those与put之间存在动宾关系，所以用be put。had known　解析：句意：如果我早知道这个计划表，可能会给我省去一些麻烦。根据语境和主句中的might have saved可推知，此处表示对过去情况的虚拟，故if引导的条件状语从句中谓语动词用had done结构，故填had known。Had　解析：这是一个省略了从属连词if的虚拟语气句，使用了倒装句式。根据主句的would not have fallen可知，这里是表示对过去的虚拟，故填Had。 are→were　解析：根据句意可知，此处为虚拟语气，与现在事实相反，be动词应用were。  must/should　解析：根据句意可知，此处为给别人提出建议，所以填must/should，表示“务必/应当”。could　解析：根据so that可知，此处表示结果，意为“这样保罗就能够够到了”，故填could。shall　解析：在第三人称作主语的陈述句中，表示规定、制度，应用shall。had answered　解析：句意：当你给我打电话的时候，我正在开会。我多么希望我(之前)接了你的电话。wish后的从句中用虚拟语气，根据句意可知是对过去情况的虚拟，所以谓语动词用had done形式。would have taken　解析：由句中or可知此处为含蓄条件句，表示与过去事实相反的假设，故用would have done结构。had thought　解析：句意：如果我(当时)认为你是认真的，我就不会笑了。主句中谓语动词使用should not have laughed，表明与过去的事实相反，从句谓语动词应该使用had done形式。need　解析：由后面的“I can do it in the morning.”可知，此处表示“没必要今晚打扫”，故need not符合语意。(should) be sent　解析：表示建议、要求、命令等的名词suggestion，order，request，advice等的表语从句、同位语从句中谓语动词用(should＋)动词原形。 are→be　解析：虚拟语气错误。suggest在此处表示“建议”，因此后跟的宾语从句应用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋do”形式，且should可以省略。故此处应把are改为be。删除to　解析：考查情态动词。dare既可以作情态动词又可以作实义动词。dare的过去式为dared，此处其前没有用助动词，说明dare在此用作情态动词，故后跟动词原形。should后加be　解析：助动词后如果跟形容词应该加be。should后加be　解析：句意：因此，应该制定规则并严格遵守。rules和work out之间是被动关系，故应用被动语态。should后加be　解析：情态动词后用动词原形，而nice为形容词，因此其前缺少be动词，故在should后加be。will后加be　解析：情态动词后用动词原形，而a lecture为名词，因此缺少be动词，故在will后加be。can’t→couldn’t　解析：and连接两个并列的谓语，根据began可知，can’t也应用过去式形式。故将can’t改为couldn’t。should→can　解析：根据句意可知，表示“能，能够”，应用can。 答案解析：1. D。此题考查条件状语从句中的虚拟语气，从句中用一般过去时表现在的假设。动词的时态条件状语从句中的虚拟语气一般过去式表对现在的假设 2. B。根据主语的谓语动词可知题干是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句谓语动词用had done，选B。3. C。虚拟语气考点，对过去的虚拟，“本能够……”。4. B。虚拟语气考点，对现在的虚拟用were。5. D。从题干中的主句判断， 是对过去情况的虚拟，从句用过去完成时。6. D。在虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句用过去完成时，主句用would have done的形式。句意：如果我们没有做好充分的准备，会议就不会这样成功。7. D。本题关键是从时间状语yesterday知道是对过去的虚拟，前半句是个过去的客观事实“我们在那个小山村迷路”，otherwise否则，后半句是用对过去的虚拟would have done，答案为D项。对虚拟语气的做法主要是看时间状语或是看里面的关键词是对什么时间的虚拟，这就很容易了。