高中英语UNIT4Scientistswhochangedtheworld泛读技能初养成学案译林版必修第三册

UNIT 4 Scientists who changed the world

阅读教材P53－54中的材料，选出最佳选项

1．What's the main idea of the passage?

A．It tells us science is of great value in our lives.

B．It tells us science only makes good things for people.

C．It tells us science represents the destruction of people and often puts us at risk.

D．It tells us science can't be measured by being good or evil.

2．Which value of science is not mentioned in the passage?

A．Scientific knowledge enables us to invent something.

B．Science can provide people with intellectual enjoyment.

C．Science can make people feel ignorant，doubtful and uncertain about something.

D．Science makes people form a habit of thinking freely and effectively.

3．According to the passage，what's the scientists' responsibility?

A．Declaring the value of the freedom of thought.

B．Teaching that doubt isn't to be feared but to be welcomed.

C．Knowing the progress is the fruit of freedom of thought.

D．Ensuring the freedom of thought is for all coming generations.

[答案]　1－3　ADC

Words and Phrases

知识要点1　surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与……紧密相关

(教材P48)He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould were dead.

他观察到霉菌周围的细菌都死了。

[例1]　The original builders surrounded the city with a wall.

最初的建设者们在该城的周围修起了城墙。

[例2]　To some，happiness is being surrounded by family and friends.

对一些人来说，幸福就是有家人和朋友陪伴在自己身边。

[造句]　这是一个绿树环绕的小池塘。

This is a small pond surrounded by/with green trees.

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

① Surrounded(surround) by beautiful rivers，the country has attracted a lot of visitors.

②The policemen decided to search the surrounding(surround) area.

③When Mr.Brown got off the train，he found himself  surrounded (surround) by his students.

④There are a lot of fans surrounding(surround) the young star over there.

[小片段助记]

Once upon a time，a king who was very polite to surrounding countries lived in a castle surrounded by tall trees and with wonderful surroundings.

知识要点2　by accident 偶然，意外地

(教材P48)One might think Fleming discovered penicillin by accident，but actually this is far from the truth.

有人可能会认为弗莱明发现青霉素是出于偶然，然而实际上，这远非事实。

[例1]　As a matter of fact，I landed in Britain by accident.

事实上，我在英国上岸是偶然的。

[例2]　Success in life doesn't happen by accident.

生活的成功并不是偶然发生的。

[造句]　我只是碰巧找到这些老照片的。

I only found these old photos by accident.

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

①I can't find my book.Someone may have taken it by mistake.

②Your words sound as if I did it by design!

③I met one of my old friends in the street accidentally(accident)．

④He did it on purpose，knowing it would annoy her.

知识要点3　favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于n.帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒

(教材P48)As Louis Pasteur said，“Fortune favours the prepared mind.”

正如路易斯·巴斯德所说：“幸运垂青于有准备的人。”

[例1]　The warm climate favours many types of tropical plants.

温暖的气候有利于多种热带植物的生长。

[例2]　The man asked me to do him a favour the other day.

不久前的一天，那个人让我帮他一个忙。

[造句]　你支持这个决定吗？

Are you in favour of the decision?

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

①The terms of the agreement are favourable(favour) to both sides.

②The exchange rate is in our favour at the moment.

③The mother is careful to show no favour to any child.

④Most people are in favour of bringing down the housing prices.

知识要点4　charge vt.& vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使承担责任；使充满n.收费；控告；谴责；掌管

(教材P49)When a thunderstorm approached，the lightning would charge the key.

当雷雨来临时，闪电就会给钥匙充电。

[例1]　How much do you charge a room with a bath?

一间带浴室的房间多少钱？

[例2]　The restaurant charged ￡ 20 for dinner.

这家餐馆收了20英镑的餐费。

[造句]　他们收了多少修理费？

What did they charge for the repairs?

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

①He was charged with stealing(steal) a car last week.

②He charged me 50 yuan for repairing the mobile phone.

③The company is in the charge of Miss Green.

④He was charged with murder.

[小片段助记]

I found the shop assistant charged me more money for the service，so I asked to see the manager who is in charge of the shop. The assistant felt angry at being charged by her leader.

知识要点5　involve vt.牵涉，影响；包含；(使)参加

(教材P53)I had to ask myself，“Is there some evil involved in science？”

我不得不问自己：“科学里是不是有罪恶？”

[例1]　Many of the crimes involved drugs.

许多犯罪都与毒品有关。

[例2]　There was a serious incident involving a group of youths.

有一起涉及一群年轻人的严重事件。

[造句]　这次撞车事故涉及多少辆汽车？

How many vehicles were involved in the crash?

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

①What kind of organizations will be involved in setting(set) up these projects?

②He was involved(involve) in reading the novel all morning.

③There was a lot of work involved(involve) in setting up the festival.

④Parents should involve themselves in their children's education.

[小片段助记]

It is said that he got involved in an involved case. In my view，he and the other people involved may be sent to prison.

知识要点6　let sb.down 使某人失望

(教材P54)Never concerned that the answer may let us down，with pleasure and confidence we turn over each new stone to find unimagined strangeness leading on to more wonderful questions and mysteries.

我们从不担心答案可能会令人失望，总是快乐而自信地开始每一次新探索，发现一些意想不到、稀奇古怪的东西，随之而来的是更加奇妙的问题和奥秘。

[例1]　We'll try our best to do it well.We don't want to let him down.

我们会尽全力做好这件事。我们不想让他失望。

[例2]　Don't worry.Xiao，I won't let you down.

不要担心。肖，我不会让你失望的。

[造句]　我会努力工作。我不想让老板失望。

I'll work hard.I don't want to let the boss down.

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

①I'll let him off this time but next time he'll be punished.

②I'm counting on you to make it—don't let me down．

③It remains unknown who let out the secret.

④When my father is upset，he would rather we let him alone．

知识要点7　ignorance n．无知

(教材P54)The scientist has a lot of experience with ignorance and doubt and uncertainty，and this experience is of very great importance.

科学家经常会经历无知、疑惑和不确定。而这种经历是十分重要的。

[例1]　They fought a long battle against prejudice and ignorance.

他们同偏见与无知进行了长期的斗争。

[例2]　I am beginning to feel embarrassed by my complete ignorance of world history.

我开始为自己对世界历史的一无所知感到尴尬。

[造句]　贫穷和愚昧阻碍进步。

Poverty and ignorance are the enemies of progress.

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

①Sometimes children do dangerous things out of ignorance (ignore)．

②We are ignorant of/about your plan.

③The singer held his head and walked past, ignoring(ignore) his fans.

④She ignored(ignore) him and carried on with her work.

知识要点8　take it for granted 想当然地认为，认为……是理所当然

(教材P54)Now，we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know.

现在，我们科学家理所当然地认为，人类生而有所不知是完全有可能的。

[例1]　I just took it for granted that he'd always be around.

我还想当然地以为他总能随叫随到呢。

[例2]　 He seemed to take it for granted that he should speak as a representative.

他似乎理所当然地认为他应当作为代表发言。

[造句]　这位男士想当然地认为他是最好的。

The man took it for granted that he was the best.

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

①He began to take science seriously (serious) only when he did some research in farming.

②We take it for granted(grant) that everyone should have the chance to be educated.

③I'm going to take advantage of this tour to explore the history of the castle.

④We take pride in offering you the highest standards.

知识要点9　permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n．许可证

(教材P54)Permit us to question—to doubt—to not be sure.

允许我们质疑、怀疑、不确定。

[例1]　No one is permitted to go into the building at present.

现在不允许任何人进入这座大楼。

[例2]　The guards permitted me to bring my camera and tape recorder.

守卫允许我带上相机和录音机。

[造句]　 如果天气允许，午饭时尽量出去散散步。

Try to go out for a walk at lunchtime，if the weather permits.

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

①The rules of the club don't permit smoking(smoke)．

②Strangers can enter the building with a permit.

③Smoking is not permitted(permit)in the cinema.

④You are not allowed to camp here without permission(permit)．

[小片段助记]

Strangers are not permitted to enter the school during the outbreak of investigation without the president's permission.If you have to go to school，you must ask the president for permission.

知识要点10　(教材P54)It is our responsibility as scientists，knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought，to declare the value of this freedom...

作为科学家，我们明白巨大进步源于思想自由，因此，我们有责任声明这一自由的价值……

(1)responsibility n．责任，负责；职责，义务

[例1]　Childhood activities help a child develop a sense of responsibility.

儿童时期的活动有助于培养孩子的责任感。

[例2]　No one admitted responsibility for the attacks.

没有人对这些袭击负责。

[造句]　对于一个孩子来说，这责任是太重了。

That's too much responsibility for a child.

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

①You have responsibility(responsible) for clearing up the classroom after class.

②It is their responsibility to ensure(ensure) that the rules are carried out.

③She feels a strong sense of responsibility towards her employees.

④He takes the view that children are responsible for their own actions.

(2)declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报

[例1]　The government has declared a state of emergency.

政府已宣布进入紧急状态。

[例2]　The area has been declared a national park.

该地区已被宣布为国家公园。

[造句]　他声称他已经爱上了她。

He declared that he had fallen in love with her.

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

①They declared him to be(be) the winner.

②The government has declared war on/against drug dealers.

③It was declared(declare) that the plane would not take off due to the bad weather.

④The doctor finally declared(declare) that the woman was dead.

主旨大意题

主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章大意、概括段落大意、选择标题的形式出现。

思维建模——熟练3步解题流程

[技巧点拨]

1．文章大意题——不同文体不同解法

(1)议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总—分”或“总—分—总”的模式，所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。

(2)说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。

(3)记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意。但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。

2．标题归纳题——两大技巧

(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。

(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。

3．段落大意题——根据逻辑结构精准定位主题句

(1)总分顺序组织段落：主题句在段首；

(2)分总顺序组织段落：主题句在段尾；

(3)分总分顺序组织段落：主题句在段中。

[例文]

Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight，bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year.The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats，four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition，which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month，can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air.It flies using a 23­gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air.On the ground，it gets 35 miles per gallon.

Around 100 people have already put down a$10，000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale，and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show.But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways.It's expected to cost $279，000.And it won't help if you're stuck in traffic.The car needs a runway.

※What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A．The basic data of the Transition.

B．The advantages of flying cars.

C．The potential market for flying cars.

D．The designers of the Transition.

A　[段落大意题。根据第一段中提到飞行汽车的两个座位、四个轮子以及车翼、飞行速度、油耗等情况可知，该段是在介绍飞行汽车Transition的基本数据，故选A项。B项曲解文意，该段最后三句只是列举了这款飞行汽车在路上和在空中行驶时的一些数据对比，并没有提及其优势；C项无中生有，该段并没有提及这款飞行汽车的潜在市场问题；D项以偏概全，文中确实提到了飞行汽车的设计者，但它不是本段的主要内容。]

[即学即练]

请快速确定下面这道主旨大意题的答案。

When I was eleven，my parents gave me the first book I ever owned—The Tales of Edgar Allan Poe.I distinctly remember opening it，reading the first lines of the book，and remarking to myself，“So this is what reading is！” My delight was unbounded.Little did I know at the time that I was at the beginning of a lifelong journey.

※What does the paragraph mainly talk about?

A．The author's good memories.

B．The author's childhood before 11.

C．The author's parents' reading habits.

D．The author's affection for his first book.

D　[段落大意题。根据“‘So this is what reading is！’My delight was unbounded.”可知，作者在11岁时读了The Tales of Edgar Allan Poe这本书，它唤起作者对书籍的热爱。故选D。]