2022届上海市杨浦区高三上学期期中统考英语试题含解析

这是一份2022届上海市杨浦区高三上学期期中统考英语试题含解析，共22页。试卷主要包含了 which， against 3， t benefit， mre affrdable， ne 7， Shuld 9， what， F 14等内容，欢迎下载使用。

2022届上海市杨浦区高三上学期期中统考英语试题
II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
How Much Understanding Opportunity Cost
Decisions, decisions! Every day we come across situations in ____1____we have to make a choice. Economists have long realized that when we make decision, we are considering our unlimited wants ____2____limited time, money, services, and opportunities.
____3____we choose, we not only have to think about the cost of one item we can have now, but we must take into account the thing we have to give up. Economists call this "opportunity cost," and you don't have to have a PhD in economics ____4____(benefit) from knowing how the concept works and now it can improve our life choices.
A simple choice between buying a dinner in an expensive restaurant and at a ____5____(affordable) food stand can illustrate opportunity cost. The money you spend on the high-class restaurant meal is certain to be more than the ____6____at a food stand. If you choose the restaurant, you will enjoy a good meal and the enjoyment of fine dining. However, the extra money spent on the meal compared to the food from the food stand ____7____(lose). You sacrifice cheaper meal for a costlier one. This is an example of "opportunity cost."
____8____you go to college? That would take at least four years plus the expenses for tuition, books, and other supplies. During that time you would probably not be earning any money. The lost opportunity of earning money is your opportunity cost of obtaining ____9____college degree. Before you make your next purchase, whether for a house, car, college degree, or just coffee, consider _____10_____you must give up to make that purchase.
【答案】1. which
2. against 3. Every time##When
4. to benefit
5. more affordable
6. one 7. will be lost
8. Should 9. a
10. what
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章向我们介绍了经济学中的机会成本的概念，并用买饭和上大学这两个例子进行阐释说明，提醒人们在做购买决定时要更加理性。
【1题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：我们每天都会遇见我们不得不做出选择的情况/形势。根据situation“情况，形势”作先行词时定语从句的关系词应该使用in which或where，题干中已经给出了in，故此处填入关系代词which。
【2题详解】
考查介词。句意：我们总是拿我们无限的欲望来对抗有限的时间、金钱、服务以及机遇。根据句意可知“无限的欲望”和“有限的资源”之间存在对照/博弈关系，故此处填入介词against。
【3题详解】
考查连词。句意：我们每次在进行选择时，我们不仅要考虑我们当前所拥有的某样东西的成本，我们还要考虑我们不得不放弃的东西。根据逗号前的主谓结构可知前面为一个句子且为从句，根据句意可知是时间状语从句，可以填入连接词“when”，若要强调“每一次”的概念也可以填入“every time”，故此处可填入连词Every time或When。
【4题详解】
考查动词。句意：并且你不需要拥有一个经济学博士学位，来使你从了解这个概念是如何运作的中获益，现在这可以改善我们的人生选择。根据句意可知此处应用动词不定式作目的状语，故填入to benefit。
【5题详解】
考查形容词。句意：一个简单的关于是在一个昂贵的餐馆买晚饭还是在一个更加负担得起的食品摊买饭就阐释了机会成本。根据句意是在昂贵的和便宜一些的餐馆间做选择，故需要用到形容此形容词的比较级，故填入more affordable。
【6题详解】
考查代词。句意：你在一个高级餐厅花的钱当然会比在一个食品摊上花的那份钱多。根据句意可知，“花的钱”是这个句子中重复的部分，根据英文一般忌重复的原则，后一次重复需要用到代词，one原则上不可以替代不可数名词，如果名词用一份等词量化时则可以，故此处填入代词one。
【7题详解】
考查时态和语态分词作定语。句意：如果你选择了餐馆，你会享受到好的饭菜和很棒的就用乐趣，然而，与食品摊位相比，你在你在餐馆额外花的钱将会失去。根据句意此句仍承接前句的假设，故主句仍需要用到将来时态，又因为钱做主语，则需要用到被动语态，故填入will be lost。
【8题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：你应该去读大学吗？根据本段大部分内容是在分析读大学的成本和收获可知，此处提出问题要不要读大学，所以此处填入情态动词Should。
【9题详解】
考查冠词。句意：你所失去的赚钱的机会就是你去获取大学学位的机会成本。显然，Degree“学位”为可数名词，又因为此处为泛指概念，故此处填入不定冠词a。
【10题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：在你做出你的下一次购买决定前，无论是买房、车、大学学位还是咖啡，考虑为了这次购买你必须要放弃的东西。祈使句中动词consider后面为宾语从句，从句中的空缺处充当宾语且有意义，“东西”，故需填入连接代词what。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. natural B. substituting C. stable D. disappear E. piece F. transforming
G. returned H. regrowth I. habitats J. flat K. pulled
Fire That Was Started 92,000 Years Ago
Human are actively changing landscapes across the globe, but shaping ecosystems is not just a modern activity.
An analysis of the northern shores of East Africa's Lake Malawi reveals ancient inhabitants used fire 92,000 years ago to prevent forest ____11____. These Stone Age humans burned forest to make room for a growing population.
The Yale-led study discovered settlements in the area, along with charcoal deposits in the core of the lake, allowing researchers to ____12____the story together.
Jessica Thompson, the paper's lead author, said: "This is the earliest evidence I have seen of humans ____13____their ecosystem with fire. It suggests that by the Late Pleistocene（晚更新世）, humans were learning to use fire in truly new ways.
The work began in 2018. Researchers from Pennsylvania State University examined fossils, pollen（花粉）and minerals ____14____from the bottom of the lake. The analysis showed environment changes that could not be explained with ____15____factors.
Normally forest along the lake shore ____16____during dry periods and recover when the lake reaches normal levels. But here researchers discovered that when wetter periods ____17____ and water levels became normal, forests along the shore did not recover, and the species richness went ____18____.
Sarah Ivory from Pennsylvania State University said: "The pollen that we see in this most recent period of ____19____climate is very different than before. Specifically, trees are no longer common and are replaced by pollen from plants that deal well with frequent fire."
It's not clear why people were burning the landscape. It's possible that they were experimenting with controlled burns to produce _____20_____. It could be that their fires burned out of control, or that there were simple a lot of people burning fuel in their environment that provided for warmth, cooking, or socialization.
【答案】11. H 12. E
13. F 14. K
15. A 16. D
17. G 18. J
19. C 20. I
【解析】
【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了考古发现早期人类是生态系统工程师。他们用火的方式阻止了该地区森林的再生，形成了今天存在的一片广阔的低矮灌木林。
【11题详解】
考查名词。句意：一项对东非马拉维湖北部海岸的分析显示，古代居民在92000年前使用火灾来防止森林的再生。分析句子可知，需填名词作宾语，根据下文的“These Stone Age humans burned forest to make room for a growing population.(这些石器时代的人类烧毁森林，为不断增长的人口腾出空间)”可推断，古代居民用大火阻止森林再生，regrowth“再生”不可数名词，符合题意，故选H。
【12题详解】
考查动词。句意：耶鲁大学领导的研究发现了该地区的定居点，和湖中心的木炭沉积物，让研究人员可以把这个故事拼凑起来。to是不定式符号，故填动词，由句意可知，一个分析让研究人员拼凑出这个故事，piece“拼凑”符合句意，故选E。
【13题详解】
考查动词。句意：该论文的主要作者埃西卡·汤普森说：“这是我所看到的最早的关于人类用火改变生态系统的证据”。根据句意可知，此处说明人们用火改变生态系统，transform“改变；转变”符合语境，分析句子可知，介词of后接动名词作宾语，human是动名词的逻辑主语，故选F。
【14题详解】
考查动词。句意：这项工作始于2018年。来自宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究人员检查了从湖底拖出来的化石、花粉和矿物质。根据句意可知，这些化石，花粉和矿物质来自湖底，pull“拖；拉”符合题意，作后置定语，pull与fossils, pollen（花粉）and minerals之间是被动关系，故用过去分词形式作定语，故选K。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：分析显示，环境变化无法用自然因素来解释。此处用形容词作定语，修饰名词，根据下一段内容可知，此处说的是自然因素无法介绍环境变化。natural“自然的”形容词作定语，故选A。
【16题详解】
考查动词。句意：通常沿湖岸的森林在干燥时期消失，当湖泊达到正常水平时恢复。分析句子可知，缺少谓语动词用动词形式，根据下文“recover when the lake reaches normal levels”可推断，干燥时期森林消失，描述客观事实用一般现在时，主语forest是单数，disappear“消失”动词作谓语。故选D。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：但研究人员发现，当较湿润时期回归和水位恢复正常时，沿岸森林没有恢复，物种丰富度趋于平稳。分析句子可知，空格处填动词作谓语，根据上文“recover when the lake reaches normal levels”可知，较湿润时期回归，森林恢复正常，return“返回；回归”符合语境，且描述过去的事情，用一般过去时。故选G。
【18题详解】
考查形容词。句意：但研究人员发现，当较湿润时期回归和水位恢复正常时，沿岸森林没有恢复，物种丰富度趋于平稳。go是系动词，接形容词作表语，根据上文“forests along the shore did not recover”可知，森林没有恢复，物种丰富度趋于平稳。flat“停滞的；平淡的”符合语境，故选J。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：我们在最近一段稳定气候时期看到花粉与以前大不相同。分析句子可知，用形容词作定语，根据下文“replaced by pollen from plants that deal well with frequent fire.”可知，此处表示稳定时期看到的花粉不同于以前火灾时期看到的。stable“稳定的”符合语境，故选C。
【20题详解】
考查名词。句意：有可能是他们在试验控制烧伤来产生有利于狩猎和采集的栖息地。分析句子可知，填名词作宾语，由上文“they were experimenting with controlled burns”以及句意可推断，此处说明古代居民通过有控制的燃烧创造栖息地，habitat“栖息地”符合语境，是可数名词，用复数，故选I。
III. Reading Comprehensions
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Dealing with Digital Shame
Some argue shame can be a forceful tool for change. But when it's weaponized against others in ____21____digital spaces, these same strategies can turn into hurtful behaviours, like cyberbullying and online harassment (骚扰).
Getting called out, insulted or bullied isn't exactly ____22____. But the Internet's ability to strengthen and permanently ____23____those messages is. And this tool is now in the hands of most young people. Here's how experts recommend guiding kids and teens through this digital landscape.
1. Think before you post.
In the digital age, what we share can become ____24____. It's also a way of ____25____ourselves to others, says web safety expert Nancy Willard. ____26____, consider what your social media footprint says about you. "Write down the key words that you would like other people to use when they describe you," Willard says. "Then, when you're ____27____ something, [ask yourself], 'Does that reflect those qualities?'"
2. Work through scenarios (可能场景) in advance.
If someone attacks you online, says Justin W. Patching, co-director of the Cyberbullying Research Centre, you might feel the desire -- even the need to respond. Instead, parents should consider helping their kids ____28____such situations beforehand. "Given them a situation," he says, "to just practice those skills of ____29____or making a joke of it."
3. Stop and stay calm.
It's easy for a delicate digital argument to make your blood boil. "If you're upset, realize that the threat _____30_____centre of your brain has taken over," Willard says. "Unfortunately, when this happens, your emotional _____31_____and your thinking centres go offline." But there are ways to remain cool. Take some deep breaths. Step away from the keyboard. Go for a walk outside.
4. Put yourself in the other person' s shoes.
If you're being belittled online, it may say more about the other person than it does about you, says psychologist Sherry Turkle. "If you can keep that in mind," she says, "then the whole experience will seem less _____32_____to you, emotionally."
5. Empower yourself with tools.
If you find yourself being cyberbullied often the tech itself can provide a number of simple ways to respond: Blocking the _____33_____. Reporting hurtful exchanges. Taking screenshots. Saving message threads. Having that _____34_____can help if the behaviours do escalate beyond one hurtful offense to repeated, long-standing harassment. It's a lot easier for authorities to get involved when they can see _____35_____what's going on.
21. A. stored B. shared C. shifted D. secured
22. A. local B. true C. easy D. new
23. A. document B. define C. distract D. dominate
24. A. internal B. relevant C. permanent D. virtual
25. A. presenting B. adjusting C. restricting D. devoting
26. A. In contrast B. In short C. In fact D. In the end
27. A. printing B. piling C. posting D. passing
28. A. substitute for B. appeal to C. recover from D. prepare for
29. A. ignoring B. isolating C. imitating D. identifying
30. A. response B. review C. relief D. reserve
31. A. integration B. regulation C. modification D. interruption
32. A. conflicting B. confusing C. convincing D. comforting
33. A. offender B. stranger C. sponsor D. partner
34. A. feedback B. resource C. inquiry D. evidence
35. A. equally B. eagerly C. exactly D. extremely
【答案】21. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. C 28. D 29. A 30. A 31. B 32. B 33. A 34. D 35. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是应用文。文章介绍了5个应对网络欺凌和在线骚扰等数字信息空间侮辱行为的办法。
【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，当它在共享的数字空间被武器化，针对其他人时，同样的策略可能会变成伤害性行为，如网络欺凌和在线骚扰。A. stored储存的；B. shared共用的；C. shifted被转移的；D. secured获得的。结合常识和第三段“In the digital age, what we share can become 　4　.”可知，数字信息空间是人们共用的(shared)公 共空间。故选B项。
【22题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：被骂、被侮辱或被欺负并不是什么新鲜事。A. local当地的；B. true真实的；C. easy容易的；D. new新的。结合常识可知，欺凌和被欺凌行为一直存在，并不是新鲜事。故选D项。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但互联网强化和永久记录这些信息的能力却是这样。A. document记录；B. define 给……下定义；C. distract使分心；D. dominate统治。结合常识可知，the Internet可以永久记录(document)信息。故选A项。
【24题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在数字时代，我们分享的东西可以一直存在。A. internal内部的；B. relevant相关的；C. permanent永久的，一直存在的；D. virtual虚拟的。根据第二段“But the Internet's ability to strengthen and permanently　3　those messages is.”可知，在数字信息时代，人们分享的东西会一直存在。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：网络安全专家南希·威拉德说，这也是向他人展示自己的一种方式。A. presenting展示；B. adjusting调整；C. restricting限制；D. devoting致力于。根据下文“what your social media footprint says about you.”可知，人们在数字信息空间的分享会反映自己的情况，也是一种对自己的展示。故选A项。
【26题详解】
考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：简而言之，考虑一下你的社交媒体足迹反映了你什么。A. In contrast相反；B. In short简言之；C. In fact事实上；D. In the end最后。根据语境可知，“consider what your social media footprint says about you.”是对前文的总结。故选B项。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后，当你发布一些东西的时候，(问问自己)，“它反映了那些品质吗?”。A. printing打印；B. piling堆放；C. posting发布，上传；D. passing传递。根据上文可知，Nancy Willard认为人们在数字信息空间的分享会反映自己的情况，所以在发布(post)东西前要想清楚是否能达到自己想要的效果，是否能反映出那些自己想要展示的品质。故选C项。
【28题详解】
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：相反，父母应该考虑帮助他们的孩子提前做好准备。A. substitute for代替；B. appeal to呼吁；C. recover from恢复；D. prepare for为……准备。根据下文“Given them a situation,”和“to just practice those skills of 　9　or making a joke of it.”可知，Justin建议父母要让孩子提前练习，提前做准备。故选D项。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“给他们一个情境，”他说，“练习无视或拿它开玩笑技巧。”。A. ignoring忽视；B. isolating使隔离；C. imitating模仿；D. identifying识别。根据“making a joke of it”可推知，面对网络欺凌时，Justin的建议是不要太在意，可以选择无视它或者拿它开玩笑。故选A项。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你心烦意乱，要意识到你大脑中的“威胁反应中心”已经占据了主导地位。A. response反应；B. review复习；C. relief缓解；D. reserve预订。结合常识可知，生气意味着我们会对威胁作出反应，大脑中“威胁反应中心”开始起作用。故选A项。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，当这种情况发生时，你的情绪管理和思维中心就会离线。A. integration结合；B. regulation管理；C. modification修改；D. interruption打断。根据上文“the threat　10　centre of your brain has taken over”和 “thinking centres go offline”可推知，生气时情绪管理(regulation)和思维就会下线，失控。故选B项。
【32题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这样整个经历在情感上对你来说就不会那么困惑了。A. conflicting相矛盾的；B. confusing令人困惑的；C. convincing令人信服的；D. comforting令人欣慰的。根据上文可知，心理学家Sherry建议换位思考，这样当被贬低时，这件事情就不会那么令人感到困惑(confusing)。故选B项。
【33题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：屏蔽冒犯者。A. offender冒犯者；B. stranger陌生人；C. sponsor资助者；D. partner合伙人。根据“Blocking”可知，要屏蔽的是网络欺凌者，冒犯别人的人。故选A项。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果这些行为确实从一次伤害性的冒犯升级为反复的、长期的骚扰，有了这些证据会有所帮助。A. feedback反馈；B. resource资源；C. inquiry调查；D. evidence证明。根据上文“Taking screenshots. Saving message threads.”可知，作者建议留下证据。故选D项。
【35题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：当当局能够清楚地看到正在发生的事情时，他们就更容易介入。A. equally平等地；B. eagerly急切地；C. exactly确切地；D. extremely极度。结合上文和常识可知，作者建议留下证据，这样做的目的是在必要的时候让别人确切地(exactly)看到发生了什么。故选C项。
Section B
Directions: Read the following two passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
A 47-year-old Frenchman had an unfortunate experience while walking around Cannes. Here he is to tell us all about it.
The Black Hole
I work in the philosophy department at the university. Just last week, I had some drinks with some friends in a bar. After a few glasses of wine, but not too many, mind you, I felt. It was about six in the evening, and it was starting to get dark. It had been raining heavily the past few days, but that night it was pleasant so I decided to walk home. However, I'd just turned the corner into my street when all of a sudden, "whoosh", I fell down an uncovered manhole.
Flying
It was an incredible experience. It was as if I was flying through the air. I could feel the cold, wet sides of the drain. Eventually my back was rubbing along the side, until "splash", I fell into a pool of running water.
A Water Ride
Now I was moving quite fast. The current was very strong — I guess it was because of all the heavy rain that had flooded the drain. Luckily the water wasn't very deep so I could keep my head above water. There was nothing I could do, so I lay back, with my hands behind my head, as if I was on slide in a water park, and just let myself go. It was quite pleasant really, except for the occasional mouthful of sickening water, and a horrible smell. When was it going to end? I was about to find out.
The End of the Ordeal
All of a sudden, I could see a light at the end of the tunnel. It started off quite small, but then it got bigger and bigger. A few seconds later I was shot up violently out of the drain, and onto the beach, right below the luxurious Majestic Hotel. I lay there for a few second, shaken, but unharmed. Then I picked myself up, walked up to the hotel and told them what had happened. Of course, at first it was hard to convince them that this dirty, wet middle-aged man with a horrible smell on him was in fact a dignified university professor. Anyway, they eventually believed me and allowed me to clean myself in one of the rooms.
Recovery
Miraculously, I was uninjured after my 30-minutes ride. I am currently in the process of charging the local council with failing to warn the public about the unmarked manhole.
Meanwhile, the town mayor has blamed "unusually strong rain fall" for the situation.
36. Why did the man fall into to manhole?
A. He was walking too fast. B. He had drunk too much wine.
C. The manhole was uncovered. D. The heavy rain blocked his vision.
37. The underlined word "ordeal" probably means________.
A. suffering B. spinning C. overflow D. offence
38. What can be learned about the man?
A. He blamed his misfortune on the unusually heavy rain.
B. He was lucky enough to ge spotted by a hotel employee.
C. He had to swim against the strong current to survive.
D. He is engaged in a legal case against the local authorities.
39. Which of the following is the best title for the article?
A. A Frenchman's Night Encounter B. A Ride down the Drain
C. Watch out for Hidden Dangers D. Defend One's Dignity in Tough Situations
【答案】36. C 37. A 38. D 39. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了47岁的法国大学教授在晚上回家途中掉进地面的检修孔，在下水道里顺水漂流半个小时的不幸遭遇。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“However, I'd just turned the corner into my street when all of a sudden, "whoosh", I fell down an uncovered manhole.(然而，我刚拐进我住的那条街，突然，“嗖”的一声，我掉进了一个没有盖的下水道)”可知，下水道的检修孔没有盖上，所以他掉了下去。故选C项。
【37题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第五段“All of a sudden, I could see a light at the end of the tunnel.(突然间，我在隧道尽头看到了一线亮光)”、“A few seconds later I was shot up violently out of the drain, and onto the beach, right below the luxurious Majestic Hotel.(几秒钟后，我从下水道里被猛烈地喷了出来，落到海滩上，就在豪华的Majestic酒店的正下方)”和“Of course, at first it was hard to convince them that this dirty, wet middle-aged man with a horrible smell on him was in fact a dignified university professor.(当然，一开始很难让他们相信，这个脏兮兮、湿漉漉、身上散发着难闻气味的中年男子实际上是一位高贵的大学教授)”可知，本段描写了他如何从下肮脏的下水道脱身，结束了可怕的下水道漂流，所以小标题“The End of the Ordeal”中的ordeal是指“在下水道漂流的痛苦”，suffering与其词义相近，表示“痛苦”。故选A项。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据第六段“I am currently in the process of charging the local council with failing to warn the public about the unmarked manhole.(我现在正在起诉地方议会没有提醒公众注意未标记的下水道)”可知，他正在起诉地方议会。故选D项。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章讲述了47岁的法国大学教授在晚上回家途中掉进地面的检修孔，在下水道里顺水漂流半个小时的不幸遭遇，故B项“A Ride down the Drain(下水道漂流)”是最佳标题。故选B项。
(B)
Would you like to make our readers smile? Enter this funny story-writing competition and you could see your story printed in The Week Junior and published in a special downloadable book.
Things can feel quite strange and serious at the moment. Sometimes we all need a break from reality to escape into a story that makes us laugh out loud. That's where you come in. Guy Bass (author of Stitch Head and Skeleton Keys) want you to give him the giggles. Usually it's Guy's job to make his readers laugh, but now he's turning the tables as he searchers for the funniest young writers who can give him A WRITELAUGH. He's looking for nine funny stories written by children aged from five to 13, to publish in a special book.
What you win
l There are three age categories: 5-7 years, 8-10 years, and 11-13 years. There will be a first, second and third-placed winner in each category.
l The Week Junior's editorial team will be selecting one of the winning stories to publish in the magazine.
l Each of the nine winners will have their story included in a special e-book that will be available online.
l Also up for grabs are stacks of funny books, and a year's subscription to The Week Junior magazine for the overall winner.
HOW TO ENTER
l Stories should be no more than 500 words long. They can be on any topic, but they must make the judges laugh out loud.
l Ask a parent or guardian to send your entry to awr itelaugh@littletiger co.uk Don't forget to include your name and age.
l Before you enter the competition, make sure your parent or guardian has read the terms and conditions.
l The dosing date for entries is midnight on Friday 31 December.
Not sure where to start? Guy has asked lots of his author friends to supply hints and tips to help get your creative juices flowing. Visit authorfy.com/masterclasses/awr itelaugh to watch video from Guy Bass, Liz Pichon, A. F. Harrold, Swapna Haddow and many more!
*Team & Conditions: A Write Laugh (the "Competition") is organized by the Little Tiger Group. To view the full terms and conditions and rules for entry please go to littetiger.co.uk/a-write-laugh
Privacy: Any personal data relating to entrants will not be disclosed to third party without the individual's permission. We will only use the information you provide to determine your admissibility and to contact you in relation to your entry. Data relating to entrants will be kept by Little Tiger Group for a reasonable period of time after the competition closes to assist Little Tiger Group to operate the competition in a steady manner and to deal with any inquiries on the competition.
40. To enter the competition, the entrants must________.
A. send his/her story to awritelaugh@littletiger.co.uk
B. hand in his/her entry on Friday 31 December
C. use ideas from authofy.com/masterclasses/awritelaugh
D. write a short funny story on the topic given by Guy Bass
41. What are the prizes for the winners?
A. All the first-placed winners' stories will be published in The Week Junior.
B. The winners will see their stories included in an e-book.
C. The winners will have the chance to talk with famous authors.
D. The winners can subscribe to The Week Junior at a discount.
42. According to the terms and conditions,________.
A. personal data won't be disclosed under any circumstance.
B. Little Tiger Group owns the copyright on all the stories
C. personal data will be used in relation to the competition
D. Litter Tiger Group will remove all data right after the competition
【答案】40. A 41. B 42. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了《少年周刊》杂志社准备开展一次有趣的故事写作征文比赛，文章对比赛的规则、要求、方式以及奖励等方面进行了详细的说明。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章HOW TO ENTER部分“Ask a parent or guardian to send your entry to awr itelaugh@littletiger co.uk ”（ 请家长或监护人将您的报名登记发送至awritelaugh@littletigerco.uk）可知为了参加比赛，参赛者必须将自己的故事发送至awritelaugh@littletiger.co.uk。故选A项。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章What you win部分“Each of the nine winners will have their story included in a special e-book that will be available online.“（九位获奖者中的每一位都将把他们的故事写进一本特别的电子书中，这本书将在网上提供。）说明获奖者将在电子书中看到他们的故事。故选B项。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Privacy: Any personal data relating to entrants will not be disclosed to third party without the individual's permission. We will only use the information you provide to determine your admissibility and to contact you in relation to your entry.”（隐私：未经个人许可，不得向第三方披露与参赛者有关的任何个人数据。我们将仅使用您提供的信息来确定您是否可以参加，并就您的参加事宜与您联系。）说明根据条款和条件，个人数据将用于比赛。故选C项。
(C)
You can tell a lot about people's general state of mind based on their social media feeds. Are they always tweeting about their biggest annoyances or posting pictures of particularly cute kitties? In a similar fashion, researchers are turning to Twitter for clues about the overall happiness of entire geographic communities.
What they're finding is that regional variation in the use of common phrases produces predictions that don't always reflect the local state of well being. But removing from their analyses just three specific terms — good, love and LOL — greatly improves the accuracy of the methods.
“We're living in a crazy COVID-19 era. And now more than ever, we're using social media to adapt to a new normal and reach out to the friends and family that we can't meet face-to-face.” Kokil Jaidka studies computational linguistics at the National University of Singapore. “But our words aren't useful just to understand what we, as individuals, think and feel. They're also useful clues about the community we live in.”
One of the simpler methods that many scientists use to analyze the data involves correlating words with positive or negative emotions. But when those records are compared with phone surveys that assess regional well-being, Jaidka says, they don't paint an accurate picture of the local zeitgeist.
Being able to get an accurate read on the mood of the population is no laughing matter.
“That's particularly important now, in the time of COVID, where we're expecting a mental health crisis and we're already seeing in survey data the largest decrease in subjective well-being in 10 years at least, if not ever.”
To find out why, Jaidka and her team analyzed billions of tweets from around the United States. And they found that among the most frequently used terms on Twitter are LOL, love and good. And they actually throw the analysis off. Why the disconnect?
“Internet language is really a different beast than regular spoken language. We've adapted words from the English vocabulary to mean different things in different situations.” says Jaidka. “Take, for example, LOL. I've tweeted the word LOL to express irony, annoyance and sometimes just pure surprise. When the methods for measuring LOL as a marker of happiness were created in the 1990s, it still meant laughing out loud.”
"There are plenty of terms that are less misleading," says Jaidka. "Our models tell us that words like excited, fun, great, opportunity, interesting, fantastic and those are better words for measuring subjective well-being."
43. The researchers turn to social media feeds to________.
A. help with the analysis of people's subjective well-being
B. locate the most-frequently used words
C. prove the disconnect between language and emotions
D. make the prediction method more effective
44. How did Jaidka know the analysis wasn't accurate?
A. It didn't reflect the mood of the entire geographic community
B. It didn't match the assessment result of the phone surveys.
C. It didn't consider the features of Internet language.
D. It didn't take the regional variations into account.
45. Which of the following statements will Jaidka most probably agree with?
A. Face-to-face communication is needed to ensure happiness.
B. Internet use is to blame for the decrease in subjective well-being.
C. Internet language should be abandoned as a source of scientific analysis.
D. Less misleading words should be used in assessing subjective well-being.
【答案】43. A 44. B 45. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了，研究人员利用社交媒体来帮助分析人们的主观幸福感，他们发现，使用常用短语的地区差异所产生的预测并不总是反映当地的幸福状态。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“In a similar fashion, researchers are turning to Twitter for clues about the overall happiness of entire geographic communities.(以类似的方式，研究人员正在Twitter上寻找关于整个地理社区总体幸福感的线索)”可知，研究人员利用社交媒体来帮助分析人们的主观幸福感。故选A。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“But when those records are compared with phone surveys that assess regional well-being, Jaidka says, they don't paint an accurate picture of the local zeitgeist. (但当这些记录与评估地区福祉的电话调查相比较时，Jaidka说，它们并不能准确描绘出当地的时代精神)”可知，Jaidka知道分析不准确是因为和电话调查的评估结果不一致。故选B。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“"There are plenty of terms that are less misleading," says Jaidka. "Our models tell us that words like excited, fun, great, opportunity, interesting, fantastic and those are better words for measuring subjective well-being." (“有很多术语不那么具有误导性，” Jaidka说，“我们的模型告诉我们，像兴奋、有趣、伟大、机会、有趣、美妙等词是衡量主观幸福感的更好的词。”)”可知，Jaidka可能会认同D选项“在评估主观幸福感时，应该少用误导性的词语”的说法。故选D。
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Not All Waste Has to Go to Waste
Most of the world's 2.22 billion tons of annual trash ends up in landfills or open dumps. Veena Sahajwalla, a materials scientist and engineer at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, has created a solution to our massive trash problem: waste microfactories. There little trash processors -- some as small as 500 square feet -- house a series of machines that recycle waste and transform it into new materials with the new technology.
____46____
Sahajwalls launched the world's first waste microfactory targeting electronic waste, or e-waste, in 2018 in Sydney. A second one began recycling plastics in 2019. Now, her lab group is working with university and industry partners to commercialize their patented microfactory technology.____47____The approach will also allow cities to recycle waste into new products on location, avoiding the long, often international, high-emission treks between recycling processors and manufacturing plants. With a microfactory, gone are the days of needing separate facilities to collect and store materials, extract elements and produce new products.
____48____Her invention evolves this idea by taking materials from an old product and creating something different. "The kids don't look like the parents," she says.
For example, the microfactory can break down old smartphones and computer monitors and extract silica (from the glass) and carbon (from the plastic casing), and then combine them together. This generates a common material with many industrial uses.____49____
In 2019, just 17.4 percent of e-waste was recycled, so they ability to re-form offers a crucial new development in the challenge recycling complex electronic devices. "[We] can do so much more with materials," says Sahajwalla.
A. Traditional recycling has not worked for every recycling challenge, especially the recycling of e-waste.
B. She says the small scale of the machines will make it easier for them to one day operate on renewable energy, unlike most large manufacturing plants.
C. Sahajwalla refers to this process as "the fourth R", adding "re-form" to the common phrase "reduce, reuse, recycle."
D. Electronics contains various poisonous chemicals and materials that are released into the environment if they are not dealt with properly.
E. The new all-in-one approach could leave our current recycling processes in the dust.
F. Traditionally, recycling plants break down materials for reuse in similar products -- like melting down plastic to make more plastic things.
【答案】46. E 47. B 48. F 49. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。传统意义上，大部分垃圾最终都会被填埋或露天倾倒。但本文介绍了一些新的处理垃圾，变废为宝的方式。
【46题详解】
上文“There little trash processors -- some as small as 500 square feet -- house a series of machines that recycle waste and transform it into new materials with the new technology.”，说明下面将要提到一些新的回收垃圾的方法了。另外，根据本段最后一句，“With a microfactory, gone are the days of needing separate facilities to collect and store materials, extract elements and produce new products.”（ 有了一家微型工厂，需要单独设施收集和储存材料、提取元素和生产新产品的日子一去不复返了），可知，此段小标题提到新的方法，并且和老方法完全不一样。故选E.
【47题详解】
上文“Sahajwalls launched the world's first waste microfactory targeting electronic waste, or e-waste, in 2018 in Sydney.”本段提到Sahajwalls的微工厂，此空前提到“her lab group is working with university and industry partners to commercialize their patented microfactory technology.”（ 现在，她的实验室小组正在与大学和行业合作伙伴合作，将他们的专利微工厂技术商业化），此空后also证明了这个微工厂的另一个好处，因此，此空应提到微工厂的好处。故选B.
【48题详解】
下文“Her invention evolves this idea by taking materials from an old product and creating something different.” 她的发明通过从旧产品中提取材料并创造一些不同的东西来发展这一想法 ），本文在说新办法和旧办法的不同，因此，此空应提到以前的传统的方法，像分解类似的产品，分解塑料制成塑料制品。故选F.
【49题详解】
此空前面是一个例子“For example, the microfactory can break down old smartphones and computer monitors and extract silica (from the glass) and carbon (from the plastic casing), and then combine them together. This generates a common material with many industrial uses”（ 例如，微工厂可以分解旧的智能手机和电脑显示器，提取二氧化硅（从玻璃中）和碳（从塑料外壳中），然后将它们结合在一起。这产生了一种具有许多工业用途的普通材料），此空是对前的例子的总结归纳，Sahajwalla将这一过程称为“第四个R”，在常用短语“减少、重用、回收”中添加了“重新形成”。故选C。
IV. Summary Writing
50. Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Birdsong and Mental Health
People often turn to nature as a healthy way to cope with stress. People also consider it relaxing to listen to audio recordings of running water, waves or singing birds. Sound can have an extensive effect on our sense of well-being. Accordingly, scientists have long sought to understand the effects of certain sounds on people.
In a recent study, scientists evaluated the effect that hearing birdsong had on hikers. They monitored a number of hiking trails in a public park with audio recording devices. This helped them create a bird count in the area. They then surveyed visitors to those trails about their impression of bird diversity. They also asked for a report on the visitors' sense of well-being.
The next part of the study took place on the same trails. But the scientists used hidden speakers to play recordings of birds singing. That gave the impression that there were more birds in the area. They then surveyed visitors who had heard the recordings.
The results of the study indicated that there was a direct relationship between hearing birdsong and an increased sense of well-being. This result builds on prior investigations into the effects of listening to recordings of natural sounds on people. Those studies have shown that recordings of natural sounds can help with stress relief and the ability to focus. However, the reason behind the benefit is not totally clear.
Perhaps listening to birdsong is connected to a sense of calm. After all, we encounter birdsong in the peaceful part of the morning or following a storm. Or it might relate to a sense of safety projected by singing birds. They sing when there are no predators nearby. Whatever the reason, listening to birdsong can improve our mental health.
The authors of the hiking study had an interesting observation. It was the perception of being in nature with a diversity of singing birds that helped. Therefore, they suggested that park managers encourage visitors to enjoy nature quietly as that provided the greatest benefit.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Version 1
Scientists lately conducted a study on the effect of birdsong on mental health. They asked people how they felt after hearing birds singing. They concluded that hearing birdsong could improve mental health, probably because birdsong leads to a sense of calm and safety. Anyway, scientists suggested people get closer to nature for it is beneficial to our sense of well-being.
Version 2
A study has found that hearing birdsong improves people's sense of well-being after surveying people exposed to recordings of birds' singing. The reasons may be that listening to birds singing helps us feel calm or safe. Anyway, the suggestion is that we should enjoy nature quietly for the sake of mental health.
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说鸟鸣可以提升人的幸福感。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①In a recent study, scientists evaluated the effect that hearing birdsong had on hikers.
②The results of the study indicated that there was a direct relationship between hearing birdsong and an increased sense of well-being.
③Perhaps listening to birdsong is connected to a sense of calm.
④Or it might relate to a sense of safety projected by singing birds.
⑤Therefore, they suggested that park managers encourage visitors to enjoy nature quietly as that provided the greatest benefit.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3遣词造句
A study has found that hearing birdsong improves people's sense of well-being after surveying people exposed to recordings of birds’ singing.
The reasons may be that listening to birds singing helps us feel calm or safe.
Anyway, the suggestion is that we should enjoy nature quietly for the sake of mental health.
【点睛】[高分句型1] A study has found that hearing birdsong improves people's sense of well-being after surveying people exposed to recordings of birds’ singing.（that引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2]The reasons may be that listening to birds singing helps us feel calm or safe.（that引导的表语从句）
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
51. 成功人士对进步的定义是距离目标达成又近了一步。(define) (汉译英）
【答案】Successful people often define progress as getting closer to achieving one's goal.
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词、动词、短语和名词。表示“成功的”应用形容词Successful；表示“对进步的定义是”短语为define progress as；表示“近了一步”短语为get closer to，to为介词，后接动名词作宾语；表示“目标达成”短语为achieve one's goal。故翻译为Successful people often define progress as getting closer to achieving one's goal.
52. 原来火灾是由天花板上外露的电线引起的。(turn out) (汉译英）
【答案】It turned out that the fire was/had been caused by the unprotected (exposed) electricity line on the ceilings.
【解析】
【详解】考查名词性从句、固定短语和动词时态。表示“原来是”应用固定句型it turn out that...，it为形式主语，that引导主语从句，主句陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时；表示“火灾”应用the fire；表示“引起”应用cause，the fire和cause为被动关系，需用被动语态，从句可以用一般过去时或者过去完成时；表示“由天花板上外露的电线”应用by the unprotected (exposed) electricity line on the ceilings。故翻译成：It turned out that the fire was/had been caused by the unprotected (exposed) electricity line on the ceilings.
53. 对他们来说，最重要的是知道自己一直在无怨无悔为推广国产品牌而奋斗。(What) (汉译英）
【答案】What matters most to them is knowing that they have strived to promote domestic brands without regrets or complaints.
【解析】
【详解】考查主语从句，时态，宾语从句和短语。分析句子可知，主语用what引导的主语从句，“对他们来说，最重要的是”译为What matters most to them，根据句意，时态用一般现在时，从句作主语谓语动词用单数is“是”，表语用动名词knowing“知道”，后接宾语从句“自己一直在无怨无悔为推广国产品牌而奋斗”，从句句意完整，成分齐全，用连接词that引导从句，从句主语they，谓语动词strive to do sth.“为……而奋斗”，promote“推广”，domestic brands“国产品牌”，without regrets or complaints“无怨无悔”，故译为What matters most to them is knowing that they have strived to promote domestic brands without regrets or complaints.
54. 在这个游客罕至的被叫做现代桃花源的古老村落待的时间越长，他们就越着迷于当地人独特的生活方式。(fascinate) (汉译英）
【答案】The longer they have stayed in the less visited ancient village, nicknamed/called “the modern- day Land of Peach Blossom, the more fascinated they have felt by/with the unique lifestyle of the locals.
【解析】
【分析】
【详解】考查句子结构。“村落”village有多个定语修饰，“游客罕至的古老的”可译为the less visited ancient，作前置定语；“被叫做现代桃花源的”可译为nicknamed/called “the modern- day Land of Peach Blossom，用非谓语动词作后置定语；“当地人独特的生活方式”可译为the unique lifestyle of the locals；本句用到“the+比较级，the+比较级”（越……，越……）句式，“待的时间越长，越着迷……”可译为the longer they have stayed......, the more fascinated they have felt ......；由句意可知本句指过去的动作或状态持续到现在，并对现在造成了影响，因而用现在完成时，故本句可译为The longer they have stayed in the less visited ancient village, nicknamed/called “the modern- day Land of Peach Blossom, the more fascinated they have felt by/with the unique lifestyle of the locals.
【点睛】
VI. Guided Writing
55. Directions:Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设最近你所在学校颁布了一项新举措，即“教师不得在手机上布置作业或要求学生利用手机完成作业”。与此同时，在 700 名师生中展开了广泛调查，结果如下。请就校方这一新措举发表你的看法，并说明理由。
态度
赞许
不赞许
无所谓
比例
85%
9%
5%
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Recently, our school has enacted a new initiative that teachers are not allowed to assign homework on cellphones or require students to complete homework using cellphones. The chart below clearly demonstrates the porpotion in terms of the students' attitude. We can see that the percentage of approval is the highest. The figure is followed by the disapproval, reaching 9%. By contrast, the lowest percentage is the attitude which means it doesn't matter, with only 5% invloved.
From my personal perspective, the initiative is great for the students. It is not difficult to come up with some possible factors to account for this. First, our finishing homework on cellphones is bad for our eyesight. Besides, too much screen time will probably decreases our sleep quality. On top of that, it is tended to get distracted from the online content which is not helpful to our study.
All in all, the initiative is bound to favor most of us.The implementation efforts of the initiative will be the key to witnessing the achievement of homework reform.

【解析】
【分析】本篇书面表达属于图表类作文。要求考生就学校颁布的新举措“教师不得在手机上布置作业或要求学生利用手机完成作业”发表自己看法并给出理由。
【详解】1.词汇积累
允许：allow→permit
要求：require →command
表明：demonstrate→indicate
原因：factor→ reason
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：We can see that the percentage of approval is the highest. The figure is followed by the disapproval, reaching 9%.
拓展句：We can see that the percentage of approval is the highest, followed by the disapproval, which reaches 9%.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Recently, our school has enacted a new initiative that teachers are not allowed to assign homework on cellphones or require students to complete homework using cellphones.（运用了that引导同位语从句）
【高分句型2】On top of that, It is tended to get distracted from the online content which is not helpful to our study.（运用了which引导的定语从句）