2.句子成分和句子结构 课件-【百强校】新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习

这是一份2.句子成分和句子结构 课件-【百强校】新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了本节内容概述，句子成分，主语从句，动名词，系动词，动词现在完成时，情态动词+动词原形，形容词，不定式，介词短语等内容，欢迎下载使用。
□句子成分主语 谓语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 同位语 独立成分□句子分类按功能划分：陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句按结构划分：简单句 并列句 复合句□句子的基本句型S+V S+V+O（S+V+P） S+V+SC S+V+O+OC S+V+Oi+Od there be句型
1. 句子的主干部分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语；句子的修饰成分：定语、状语、补语、同位语；2. 句子中某一成分不要只理解为一个单词，它可以是以单词、词组或句子的形式出现；3. 分清整体与局部的关系；要明白作的（成分）；如：作的宾语；4. 主语、宾语、表语同表示名词性质；定语表示形容词性质；状语表副词性质；5. 短语动词，短语名词可当成一个单词来看，不必拆分，所以学习单词时最好以意群或语块为单位进行；6. 词性是对单词进行分类，是一个单词的性质; 成分是对句子而言, 一个成分可以是单词，短语，句子, 是句子中的某一个意群。
一.主语（the Subject）1. 定义：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。2. 句中位置：陈述句中放在句首或谓语之前，但在there be结构、主语不是疑问词的疑问句和倒装句中，位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。3. 表现形式：名词（短语）、代词、数词、动词不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、the +形容词以及从句。
一.主语（the Subject）例句：1. During the 1990s, American cuntry music has becme mre and mre ppular.（名词）2. We ften speak English in class.（代词）3. T swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）4. Smking des harm t the health.（动名词）5. The rich shuld help the pr.（名词化的形容词）6. When we are ging t have an English test has nt been decided.（主语从句）7. It is necessary t master a freign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
一.主语（the Subject）☆当堂练习☆说明下列句子中主语的位置及其表现形式：1. One third f the students in ur class are gd at English.2. It is a great pleasure t swim in summer.3. What he said is true.4. Learning new wrds is very useful t me.
不定式（或it为形式主语）
二.谓语（the Verb）1. 定义：谓语说明主语的动作，特征或状态等。一般由动词担任，其人称和数必须与主语一致，有时态、语态和语气变化。2. 句中位置：一般在主语后(疑问句、倒装句除外)。3. 表现形式：动词（短语）、情态动词+动词原形、某些动词+不定式（如happen，wuld like，seem等）、系动词+表语。
二.谓语（the Verb）例句：1. He has caught a cld.（动词）2. Yu may keep the bk fr tw weeks.（情态动词＋动词原形）3. I wuld like t invite all my friends here.（其他动词＋不定式）4. We are students.（系动词）
二.谓语（the Verb）☆当堂练习☆说明下列句子中谓语的位置及其表现形式：1. He lked a bit excited.2. I have nt finished my wrk yet.3. Old peple shuld be taken gd care f.4. I must learn t speak English.
动词（情态动词+被动语态）
三.宾语（the Object）1. 定义：表示动作、行为的对象或承受者，包括单宾语、双宾语(间接宾语＋直接宾语)和复合宾语等形式。2. 句中位置：一般在及物动词或介词后；间接宾语通常放在直接宾语前，也可在其后，但此时前面须加介词t或fr，直接宾语为人称代词时，间接宾语一般后置。3. 表现形式：名词、代词、数词、the＋形容词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句。
三.宾语（the Object）例句：1. Yu can leave yur pet with me while travelling.（名词；直宾、间宾）2. He gave me sme gd advice.（代词，名词；间宾、直宾）3. Please take them t the waiting rm.（代词）4. They nly bught three.（数词）5. He's always helping the pr.（the＋形容词）6. He refused t d it.（不定式短语）7. Tm likes playing ftball.（动名词短语）8. I dn't knw if the plane will arrive n time.（从句）
三.宾语（the Object）☆当堂练习☆说明下列句子中宾语的位置及其表现形式：1. We are thinking abut the plan.2. D yu understand what I said?3. Mr. Wang practices speaking English every day.4. We shuld learn frm him.
四.表语（the Predicative）1. 定义：与动词连用，一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的性质、特征、身份、类别、状态等。2. 句中位置：一般位于系动词（如be，becme，get，lk，seem，turn等）之后。3. 表现形式：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、分词、介词短语、从句。
四.表语（the Predicative）常用系动词总结：be 是 feel 感觉 appear 显示出 lk 看起来smell 闻起来 taste 尝起来 sund 听起来cntinue 继续 remain 保持 stay 保持 keep 保持hld 维持住 rest 使依靠 prve 显示出，证明是becme 变得 get 变得 turn 变成 g 变得 run 维持 fall 变得（糟糕，萧条等） cme 变得 grw 发展成 seem 似乎
四.表语（the Predicative）例句：1. Our teacher f English is an American.（名词）2. Is it yurs?（代词）3. The weather has turned cld.（形容词）4. The speech is exciting.（分词）5. Three times seven is twenty ne.（数词）
四.表语（the Predicative）例句：6. His jb is t teach English.（不定式）7. His hbby is playing ftball.（动名词）8. The machine must be ut f rder.（介词短语）9. Time is up. The class is ver.（副词）10. The truth is that he has never been abrad.（从句）
四.表语（the Predicative）☆当堂练习☆说明下列句子中表语的位置及其表现形式：1. The dr remained pen.2. My wish is t becme a scientist.3. We are against/ fr the plan.4. His hbby is learning English.
五.定语（the Attribute）1. 定义：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的句子成分，它说明人或物的状态、品质、数量及所属关系等。2. 句中位置：单个的词常放在被修饰的名词（名词性短语）前，短语和从句放在所修饰的名词（名词性短语）之后；副词常放在被修饰的名词（名词性短语）后；不定代词的定语常放在其后。3. 表现形式：名词、形容词、代词、数词、副词、名词所有格、不定式(短语)、动名词、分词(短语)、介词短语、从句。
五.定语（the Attribute）例句：1. Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2. China is a develping cuntry.（分词）3. There are thirty wmen teachers in ur schl.（数词、名词）4. Wmen there were living a terrible life.（副词）5. Our mnitr is always the first t enter the classrm.（代词、不定式短语）6. The teaching plan fr next term has been wrked ut.（动名词，介词短语）7. He is reading an article abut hw t learn English.（介词短语）8. This is the bk that he bught yesterday.（从句）
五.定语（the Attribute）☆当堂练习☆说明下列句子中定语的位置及其表现形式：1. His rapid prgress in English made us surprised.2. Have yu gt anything t say? 3. The man in the rm belw is friendly.4. I still remember the day when I first met her.
六.状语（the Adverbial）1. 定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词以及句子，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。句中位置比较灵活。2. 状语分类：时间、原因、地点、目的、让步、程度、条件、结果、方式、比较、伴随状语等。（时地原结条目比方让程伴）3. 表现形式：副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、形容词(短语)、名词(短语)、独立结构、从句等
六.状语（the Adverbial）例句：（句后的括号中为句中突出的状语部分的表现形式和分类）1. The ld man sat in the chair, mtinless and speechless.（形容词，方式）2. The meeting lasted an hur.（名词，时间）3. Dinner being ready, mther called us t the table.（独立结构，时间）4. There are many kinds f living things in the sea.（介词短语，地点）5. The ld buildings were pulled dwn because a new rad will be built here.（从句，原因）
六.状语（the Adverbial）例句：6. He went t Australia in rder t find a better jb.（不定式短语，目的）7. He spke s fast that I culdn't fllw him.（从句，结果）8. If it rains, we will nt g hiking.（从句，条件）9. In spite f my great effrts, I failed.（介词短语，让步）10. He was deeply mved.（副词，程度）11. She went upstairs, singing and smiling.（分词，伴随）12. The weather was wrse than I had expected.（从句，比较）
六.状语（the Adverbial）☆当堂练习☆说明下列句子中状语的位置及其种类：1. He has lived in the city since ten years ag.2. T buy a cmputer, I need mney.3. He entered the rm, with a bk in his hand.4. Melanchly（忧伤的） as I was, I still jined them t the party.
七.补语（the Cmplement）1. 定义：补充说明宾语或主语的意义、状态等，分别叫做宾语补足语（bject cmplement）和主语补足语（subject cmplement）。2. 句中位置：宾语补足语通常置于宾语之后，主语补足语通常置于主语和谓语之后。3. 表现形式：名词（短语）、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式（短语）、分词（短语）
七.补语（the Cmplement）例句：1. We made him ur mnitr.（宾补，名词）2. I fund it difficult t learn maths.（宾补，形容词）3. We shwed him arund.（宾补，副词）4. The machine was fund in a bad state.（主补，介词短语）5. The factry was rdered t be clsed.（主补，不定式短语）6. He was seen pening the windw.（主补，现在分词短语）7. He has just had his hair cut.（宾补，过去分词）
七.补语（the Cmplement）☆当堂练习☆说明下列句子中补语的位置及其种类（SC r OC）：1. We cnsider Mr. Smith an excellent teacher.2. The dg ran lse arund the street.3. They painted the wall white.4. We hld this truth t be self-evident that all men are created equal.
八.同位语（the Appsitive）1. 定义：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位。2. 句中位置：常常置于被说明的词之后。3. 表现形式：名词、代词、数词、从句。
八.同位语（the Appsitive）例句：1. Mr.Smith, ur new teacher, is very kind t us.（名词）2. Have yu ever been t Beijing, capital f China?（名词）3. They bth went t the cinema.（代词）4. Is this rm fr us tw?（数词）5. I heard the news that ur team had wn.（从句）6. I have n idea when he will be back.（从句）
八.同位语（the Appsitivev）☆当堂练习☆说明下列句子中同位语的位置：1. The yungest by, Peter, refused t accept the mney.2. I am lking fr a jb driving cars.3. The questin whether we shuld g n with the wrk hasn’t been discussed.4. We hld this truth t be self-evident that all men are created equal.
九.独立成分（the Independent Element）1. 定义：与句子的其他成分只有意义上的联系而没有语法关系的词、短语或从句。2. 句中位置：可放句首、句中或句末，位置灵活。3. 表现形式：感叹语（interjectin）、呼语（direct address）、插入语（parenthesis）。*注：这里的独立成分并不是独立结构（the Abslute Cnstructin），独立结构的内容将在后续章节中详细讲解，请同学们不要混淆概念。
九.独立成分（the Independent Element ）例句：1. My gdness！Hw culd yu wrk s fast？（感叹语）2. Be quiet, children.（呼语）3. The prpsal, I think, is just a nnsense.（插入语）
九.独立成分（the Independent Element ）（1）单词作插入语，常见者如下：certainly, surely, undubtedly, indeed, really, hnestly, truly, strangely, surprisingly, briefly, perhaps, maybe, curiusly, pssibly, frankly, happily, unhappily, luckily, unluckily, frtunately, persnally, bviusly, actually, naturally, therwise, hwever, still, yet, besides, firstly, secndly, etc.
九.独立成分（the Independent Element ）（2）词组作插入语，常见者如下：①不定式短语：t be exact, t be fair, t be hnest, t be sure（无疑）, t begin/start with, t make matters wrse, s t say/speak（可以说）, t speak generally, t speak plainly（坦率地说）, t tell the truth, t be frank t be plan with yu（说实话）, t sum up, t put it differently（换句话说）, t put it simply（简单地说）, t cnclude, etc.
九.独立成分（the Independent Element ）（2）词组作插入语，常见者如下：②分词短语：judging by/frm, generally speaking, strictly speaking, prperly speaking, hneatly speaking, rughly speaking, talking f（说到）, including, etc.
九.独立成分（the Independent Element ）（3）介词短语作插入语，常见者如下：after all, as a matter f fact, as a reasult, at least, by the way, fr example, in a sense（在某种意义上）, in a wrd, in a few wrds(in shrt, in sum), in additin（此外）, in cnclusin, in all, in fact, in general, in my pinin/view, in ther wrds, in summary, in the first place（首先）, f curse, n the ne hand, n average, n the whle, t my regret/surprise/rejice/delight, t ur knwledge（据我们所知）, t my thinking（照我看）, etc.
九.独立成分（the Independent Element ）（4）形容词短语、副词短语、名词短语作插入语，常见者如下：mre/mst imprtant, strange t say（说来奇怪）, strange enugh, needless t say, all the same, r rather（更确切地说）, wrse still, better still, sure enugh, n dubt, n wnder, etc.
九.独立成分（the Independent Element ）（5）句子作插入语，常见者如下：as I see it（在我看来）, I admit, I believe, I dare say, I hpe, I remember, I fear, I think, I guess, I suppse, I wnder, I tell yu, yu knw, yu see, wh knws, Gd knws, I am pleased/srry t say, I'm afraid, I'm sure, if I may say s, if yu dn't mind, it is said, it seems, let me see（让我想想）, that is, that is t say, believe me, dn't yu think, dn't yu knw, s/as far as I knw, it may be, what's mre（而且）, what is mre imprtant, what is wrse, etc.
☆综合练习☆分析下列句子的句子结构：1. The Chinese prverb—rb the rich t save the pr—shuld be halted, fr this is a severe disrespect t thers' labr.
☆综合练习☆分析下列句子的句子结构：2. In sme peple’s minds, he wh is mre wealthy than the majrity f peple shuld dnate mney and ther cmmdities, prviding his assistance fr thse wh are in adversity.
☆综合练习☆分析下列句子的句子结构：3. Vice versa, a mighty natin will facilitate an auspicius atmsphere in the sciety where everyne is kind and amiable, enjying assisting thers.
两类划分方法：按功能划分：陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句按结构划分：简单句 并列句 复合句
一.功能类划分：1. 陈述句：用于传递信息、提供情况、肯定或否定某事等，结构特征为主语在前，谓语在后，句尾用句号。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。2. 疑问句：用于提出问题，询问情况，可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和附加疑问句。（1）简单特殊疑问词：wh, what, which, whse, when, where why, hw。复合疑问词有：what if...（=What will/wuld happen , 如果）eg: What if the bag accidently inflates while yu are driving dwn the high way, thus causing an accident that wuld never have ccurred therwise?译：万一你在高速公路行车时，安全气囊突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？
一.功能类划分：hw cme... （=Hw des it happen 或 Why it is , 为什么）eg: Hw cme the lawyer brains are damned expensive?译：为什么律师的脑袋这么值钱？why (nt) d... （为什么（不））eg: Why nt take a chance? 译：为什么不试一试呢？what/hw abut（=What it is there ，怎么样？）eg: What abut taking sme carnatins?译：带一些康乃馨怎么样？
一.功能类划分：（2）特殊疑问句有它的强调形式来表示惊奇、愤怒等心情，其方法是在疑问词后加exactly, ever, n earth（究竟）, the hell（到底，表示愤怒）等强调式词组。eg：What the hell d yu think yu are ding? 译：你到底知不知道你在干什么？！（3）附加疑问句（反义疑问句），内容较多，此处不再赘述，将在后续课程中学习。3. 祈使句、感叹句（略）
二.结构类划分：1. 简单句：由一个分句，即一个作主语的名词词组（NP）和作谓语的动词词组（VP）构成的句子称为简单句。2. 并列句：两个或两个以上的分句的组合，并用and, but, still, yet, s, r, hwever, as well as, rather than等并列连接词连接而成的句子称为并列句。3. 复合句：由一个主句和一个从句组成，构成主从关系的句子称为复合句。从句由从属连词because, when, if, as, as if 等词引导。
主要分为以下几类（了解即可）：1. 主语+谓语；2. 主语+谓语+宾语（S+V+O） 主语+系动词+表语（S+V+P）3. 主语+谓语+主语补足语（S+V+SC）eg: The gd is the beautiful. 译：好的就是美的。4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（S+V+O+OC）5. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（S+V+Oi+Od）
☞ there be 句型的拓展知识1. 除 be 之外，一些表示存在，位置移动等意义的不及物实义动词也可以用在 there 句型中，常用的有seem, appear, live, lie, remain, exist, happen, fllw 等。eg: S lng as human beings remain curius, there seems n dubt that the whdunit, in all its varius frms, will cntinue t exert its fatal attractin.译：只要人类还有好奇心，那么毫无疑问，各种各样的侦探小说都将继续保持致命的诱惑力。
☞ there be 句型的拓展知识2. there be 的特殊结构：（1）there/it is n use（in）ding...，意为“是没有用的”。eg: There is n use asking her—she desn't knw anything.译：问她是没有用的，因为她什么都不知道。（2）there is n pint/sense in+V-ing，意为“是没有意义的”。eg: There is n sense in making him exasperated.译：惹恼他是毫无意义的。
☞ there be 句型的拓展知识3. there be 句型不能与 since 连用。4. there be 表示“某地有”，所以一般不与 has 或 have 连用。5. 在使用 there be 结构时，特别要注意不要出现双谓语。eg: Are there n peple in the wrld help me during this crisis?（×）Are there n peple in the wrld wh can help me during this crisis?（√）Are there n peple in the wrld t help me during this crisis?（√）
1. Nwadays mre and mre students are wrking directly n the Internet where different types f curse are supplied.What is the sentence elements f the underlined wrds?A. adverbial B. cmplement C. attributeD. appsitive
1. C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：现在越来越多的学生直接在网上学习，网络提供了不同类型的课程。分析句子结构可知本句是一个定语从句，先行词是the Internet，后面的定语从句结构很完整，使用关系副词where引导定语从句。所以判断划线部分是做定语成分，修饰Internet, 所以选C项。
2. Identify sentence elements in the fllwing sentences:The way yu lk at peple desn't give them a gd impressin.A. S. SC. V. O. OCB. S. Attr. V. Oi. OdC. S. SC. V. Oi. OdD. S. Attr. V. O. OC
2. B【解析】考查句子成分。句意：你看别人的方式不会给他们留下好印象。分析句子结构可知，The way作主语，定语从句yu lk at peple作定语修饰The way（the way作先行词在定语从句中作状语时，引导词可以是that，in which或省略），desn’t give作谓语，them作间接宾语，a gd impressin作直接宾语，故D项正确。
3. ______ that her father has named her and her brthers after his first set f the tensin is adding the factB.Adding t the tensin is the factC.The fact is adding t the tensinD.Adding t the fact is the tensin
3. B【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：她的父亲以第一批孩子的名字给她和她的兄弟起名字，这加剧了他们之间的紧张气氛。that引导同位语从句在名词fact之后解释说明fact一词。动名词短语adding t the tensin作主语。故选B。
4. On hearing the news, she rushed ut withut hesitatin, ________ her handbag ________ n the sfa and ________ in the distance.A. left; lied; disappearedB. leaving; laying; disappearedC. left; lying; disappearingD. leaving; lying; disappeared
4. D【解析】分析句子，第二个空格必定是要充当handbag的补足语；由于lie与handbag之间是主动关系，故用lie的现在分词形式，可排除AC两项。与此同时，由于本句中有连词and，可知第三个空格应该用谓语动词。综上所述，可知选D。句意：听了这个消息，她毫不犹豫地冲了出去，把她的手提袋放在沙发上，消失在远方了。
句子成分主语 谓语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 同位语 独立成分句子分类按功能划分：陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句按结构划分：简单句 并列句 复合句句子的基本句型S+V S+V+O（S+V+P） S+V+SC S+V+O+OC S+V+Oi+Od there be句型