第二层级　精通“句法”——求满分 2021届高考英语二轮总复习课件

这是一份第二层级　精通“句法”——求满分 2021届高考英语二轮总复习课件，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了内容索引，考点2　定语从句，考点3　名词性从句，考点4　状语从句等内容，欢迎下载使用。
考点1　并列句、感叹句、祈使句
考点5　特殊句式(强调句、倒装句、省略句、there be句型)
1.并列句★并列句的构成(1)用并列连词连接。We fished all day,but we didn’t catch ne.(2)用分号连接。She tried her best;she failed,hwever.★表示转折或对比关系的并列连词:but,yet(然而,可是),while(然而)★表示并列或递进关系的并列连词:and,nt (als),,
★表示选择关系的并列连词:r,,★表示因果关系的并列连词:s,fr(因为)★特殊并列连词:when★when可用作并列连词,意为“就在这时,那时”,常用于下列句式:be ding sth when...正在做某事,就在这时……be abut t d sth when...马上要做某事,就在这时……be n the pint f ding sth when...正要做某事,就在这时……had just dne sth when...刚刚做某事,就在这时……
2.感叹句★what引导感叹句的结构:What+a(n)+形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!What+形容词+可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)!What+形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!What interesting bks they are!★hw引导感叹句的结构:Hw+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!Hw+主语+谓语!Hw surprising it is!Hw I wish t jin the ftball club!
★“What+a(n)+形容词+名词(+主语+谓语)!”与“Hw+形容词+a(n)+名词(+主语+谓语)!”可以互换,但应注意冠词的位置:What a lng way it is frm Beijing t Guangzhu!=Hw lng a way it is frm Beijing t Guangzhu!
3.祈使句★肯定结构:动词原形+其他★否定结构:否定形式用dn’t,位于句首且只能用缩略形式。★可以加助动词d,或使用always或never加强语气。D let me knw the truth.Never tell a lie t anyne.★“祈使句+and/r+陈述句”,有时祈使句部分也可以用名词短语。Wrk hard,and yu will pass the exam.Mre healthy fd,r yu will break dwn sn.
单句语法填空1.They wanted t charge $5,000 fr the e-bike,　　 　　　　 we managed t bring the price dwn. 2.Yu’d better make greater effrts,　　　　　　 yu wn’t get next semester’s schlarship. 
前后两句之间为转折关系,故使用连词but。
由句意可知用r(否则)。
3.The cst f living in Haiku is amng the lwest,　　　　　　 the quality f life is prbably ne f the highest. 4.Father was abut t clse the windw 　　　　　　his attentin was caught by an injured bird. 5.Please d me a favur— 　　　　　　(invite) my friend Mr.Smith t Yuth Theater at 7:30 tnight. 
前后两句具有对比或转折关系,故使用并列连词while(然而)或but。
由句意可知应填when,使用了“be abut t d sth when...”结构。
句中破折号表示解释说明,空格后是祈使句,故用动词原形。
6.It is ften said that the jy f travelling is nt in arriving at yur destinatin 　　　　　　in the jurney itself. 7.In sme places wmen are expected t earn mney 　　 　　　　men wrk at hme and raise their children. 
句中使用“”连接两个并列成分。
前后句之间表示对比关系,故使用while。
8.He fund it increasingly difficult t read,　　　　　　 his eyesight was beginning t fail. 9.What he saw was that a car ran directly int the tree.　　　　　　 a terrible scene it was! 10.Befre yu resign frm the cmpany,　　 　　　　(cnsider) hw yur family wuld feel abut yur decisin. 
使用并列连词fr解释前一句情况的原因。
感叹句的中心词是名词“scene”,应使用what。
空格部分是祈使句,故用动词原形。
语法填空Each schl year begins as usual thugh yu may feel wrried abut yur hard study.Other teens,including many Senir 1 students,are 1.　　　　　　 nervus and excited because they will have tns f new things t deal with—new teachers,new friends and even a new schl. There are new wrries,2.　　　　　　 they wn’t stay arund fr lng.If yu knw what t d,yu can easily make yur back-t-schl wrries g away. 
On the first day,mst teachers talk abut all the cl things t d at schl this year.Many teachers als ask students t tell the class smething abut themselves.3. 　　　　　(prepare) smething t say.And 4. 　　　　(be) nice t yur classmates.That can bring yu new friends.Say hell t thse yu knw 5. 　　　　　　 t the new nes in yur class.6. 　　　　　　 helpful it is t be friendly!T make yu feel better,it might help t wear nice clthes n the first day f schl.Try yur favurite pair f jeans 7.　　　　 a nice new T-shirt frm the summer hliday.If yu have t wear a schl unifrm,8.　　　　 (wear) smething cl! 
The fllwing tips may help yu t get ready fr the new term mre quickly.·Get enugh sleep at night,9.　　　　　　 dn’t sleep in class. ·Try t g t schl with a happy face every day.·Jin sme student clubs.10.　　　　　　 remember nt t ignre yur schlwrk. 
1.定语从句的分类★限制性定语从句:对先行词起修饰、限制作用,不能用逗号与先行词隔开。She has tw daughters wh wrk in the same cmpany. ★非限制性定语从句:对先行词或主句起补充说明作用,与先行词或主句之间常用逗号隔开。She has tw daughters,wh wrk in the same cmpany. 
2.wh,whm,whse引导定语从句★先行词指人时,wh/that在从句中若作主语,则不可省略;whm/wh/that若在从句中作宾语,则可省略。★先行词是thse时用wh引导定语从句。★“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句,如果先行词指人,用whm指代且不可省略。★whse在定语从句中一般指人,有时也可指物,在从句中作定语。
3.that,which引导定语从句★当先行词是不定代词all,little,few,much,anything,everything,nthing,nne,sme等时,关系代词只用that。★当先行词被all,every,n,sme,any,little,much,the nly,the very,the right,the last,few,just等修饰时,关系代词只用that。★先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰,或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时,关系代词只用that。★当先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词只能用that。★引导非限制性定语从句时,关系代词只能用which。★位于介词后时,关系代词只能用which。
4.as引导定语从句★用于限制性定语从句:当先行词前被such,the same修饰时,关系代词用as。★用于非限制性定语从句:as引导的从句可以位于主句前,主句后,或位于主句中间。★as表示说话人对所说话语的看法、态度,具有“正如,像”等意义,常与动词knw,see,hear,remember,say,shw,expect,guess等连用。As we all knw,she is a famus film star.As we had expected,the parents’ meeting wrked ut very well.
5.where,when,why引导定语从句★where在从句中作地点状语,它的先行词通常为place,spt等表示地点的名词。★case,pint,cnditin,situatin等先行词虽不表示具体的地点,但表达一种“地步,境地,形势”,此时也应用where引导从句。Can yu think f a case where yu are mistaken by thers,but yu can’t tell the truth?It seems that their relatin has reached the pint where they have t divrce.★when在从句中作时间状语,先行词通常为time,year等表示时间的名词。★why 在从句中作原因状语,它的先行词只有reasn。
★when,where,why引导从句时,均可与“介词+which”结构换用:Jinan is a city where/in which there are many well-knwn springs. I’ll never frget the days when/during which we traveled tgether. That is the reasn why/fr which she tld a lie t her husband. ★先行词虽然是表示时间、地点或原因的名词,但从句中缺少的不是状语,而是主语、宾语时,定语从句的关系词应为that/which,切不可选when,where,why。There are tw pints (that/which) we must stick t.Beijing,which is the capital f China,is especially beautiful in autumn.
6.“介词+which/whm”引导定语从句★代替when,where,why引导定语从句I frgt the exact place in which/where I had put the bank nte. ★介词的使用取决于句子意义的需要,或取决于句中动词、形容词、副词与介词的搭配。She bught a cellphne,n which she spent ver 1,000 dllars.(由“”搭配决定) The gas withut which we cannt live is called xygen.(由句意决定) ★“不定代词/数词+f which/whm”引导非限制性定语从句,意为“……中的部分”。She has three daughters,tw f whm wrk as nurses. I earn nly 3,000 yuan a mnth,half f which is spent n my rent. 
7.定语从句中的主谓一致关系代词在从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面与先行词保持一致。The prfessr wh is lecturing nw is frm Zhejiang University.
单句语法填空1.The small muntain village 　　 　　　　we were vlunteer teachers lies in the suth f the twn. 2.We live in an age 　　　　　　mre infrmatin is available with greater ease than ever befre. 
in which/where
定语从句中缺少地点状语,故填in which/where,意义上相当于in the village。
先行词age(时代)表示时间,关系词在从句中作状语,故填when。
3.Maria has written tw nvels,bth f 　　　　have been made int televisin series. 4.There must be a time in every man’s life 　　　　　he is in lw spirits. 5.The air quality in the city,　　　　　　 is shwn in the reprt,has imprved ver the past tw years. 
由句意及结构可知,此处是代词+介词+关系代词引导的定语从句,应使用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句,which指代前面提到的tw nvels。
time为先行词,从句中缺少状语,故填when。
由句意(正如报告里所显示的)和句子结构可知,应使用as引导非限制性定语从句。
6.It is the third time that she has wn the prize,　　　　 has surprised us all. 7.Sales directr is a psitin 　　 　　　　cmmunicatin ability is just as imprtant as sales skills. 8.My bss said the wrk wuld be dne by Octber,　　　　　　 persnally I dubted very much. 
由句意及句子结构可知应填which引导非限制性定语从句,which指代主句所提及的事情。
in which/where
由句子结构可知,psitin后接定语从句,关系词在从句中作状语,即in the psitin=in which=where,故填in which/where。
此处使用which引导非限制性定语从句,which指代主句所表达的意义。
9.When yu are in a grup,dn’t get t clse t the bys 　　　　　　behaviur and quality are bad. 10.Australia is ne f the few cuntries,　　 　　 peple drive n the left. 
关系词在定语从句中作定语,故填whse。
因为先行词表示地点,故填in which/where。
语法填空Have yu heard f the stry abut“Titanic” 1. 　　　　　　 sunds mving?The stry happened n the cean 2.　　　　　　 the great ship “Titanic” was n her first trip,but als her last ne.The ship went dwn at a place 3.　　　　　　 there were nt many icebergs(冰山).The ship brke n the night 4.　　　　　　 there were stars in the sky.Nne f the peple n the ship knew the reasn 5.　　　　　　 the great ship shuld sink(下沉). The weather was fine and the sea was calm.
Nw evening quietly came int the sky.Suddenly,a strange sund came frm dwn belw the ship 6. 　　　　　　 was flying frward like a great bird.Captain Smith did nt find there was smething wrng until the engine(引擎) had stpped and he was tld that the ship was flded.As sn as he gt the reprt,he went t the radi rm.Anther ship“the Califrnian” 7.　　　　　　 was sailing near did nt cme fr help because the radi was turned ff at 11:30 pm when the man n duty had gne t bed. 
A ship 8.　　　　　　 was sixty miles away gt the signals,but it wuld get there fur hurs later because it was t slw. If there was anyne 9.　　　　　　 still believed that “Titanic” was nt in real truble,he was wrng.S,the captain decided t help thse 10.　　　　　　 were yung r weak t leave the ship first. 
1.which/that　空格部分引导定语从句,先行词是stry,从句中缺主语,故填which或that。2.where　由句子结构可知空格后是定语从句,先行词cean是地点名词,从句中缺少状语,故填where。3.where　空格后是定语从句,先行词是地点名词place,从句中缺少状语,故填where。4.when　先行词是表示时间的名词night,之后的定语从句中缺少状语,故填when。5.why　空格后是定语从句,先行词是表示原因的名词reasn,从句中缺状语,故填why。
6.which/that　空格后是定语从句,先行词是ship,从句中缺少主语,故填which或that。7.which/that　空格后是定语从句,先行词是ship,从句中缺少主语,故填which或that。8.which/that　空格后是定语从句,先行词是ship,从句中缺少主语,故填which或that。9.wh　空格后是定语从句,先行词是表示人的代词anyne,从句中缺少主语,故填wh。10.wh　空格后是定语从句,先行词是表示人的代词thse,从句中缺少主语,故填wh。
1.名词性从句的连接词★从属连词that,whether和if引导名词性从句,在从句中不作任何句子成分。That the cal miners are alive is a wnder.(主语从句) Nbdy knws whether/if he likes t learn a freign language.(宾语从句) The fact is that we shuld depend n urselves.(表语从句) There is pssibility that he will lse his wrk.(同位语从句) 
★连接代词wh,whm,whse,what,which,whever,whmever,whatever,whichever引导名词性从句,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。Wh will be the chairman hasn’t been decided.(主语从句) I want t knw what the manager said at the meeting.(宾语从句) The prblem is wh can lend us s much mney.(表语从句) ★连接副词when,where,why,hw,whenever,wherever,hwever引导名词性从句,在从句中作状语。Where we shall hld the party is nt decided.(主语从句) The plicewman asked me hw the car accident happened.(宾语从句) The questin is where we can live this night.(表语从句) I have n idea why she gave up the wrk.(同位语从句) 
2.主语从句的常用句型★It+系动词+形容词+ is quite clear that he will fail in the driving test.★It+系动词+名词+’s n wnder that yu’ve made such great prgress.★It+be+动词-ed+ is said that n child was injured in the accident.★It+特殊动词(seem,happen)+ seems t me that he is against my travel plan.It happened that I was at the schl gate at that time.
3.名词性从句的特殊用法★连接代词(wh,what等)和连接副词(when,where,hw等)引导主语从句时既可以置于句首,也可以放在句末并用it作形式主语。What we shuld d next remains unknwn.It hasn’t been made clear when the rad is pen t traffic.★宾语从句的否定转移:主句谓语动词为think,believe,suppse等,并为一般现在时,且主句的主语是第一人称时,从句的否定一般要转移到主句上来。I dn’t suppse that’s true.
★whether与if的区别(1)在宾语从句中whether,if可以互换,但当与r nt连用或者在“be+形容词”之后时只能使用 whether。I wnder if/whether the news f her death is true r nt.I dn’t care whether r nt he cmes.He was nt sure whether the manager’s answer was right.(2)作介词宾语或与不定式连用时只能用whether。Whether yu’ll succeed depends n whether yu are hnest.I can’t decide whether t g there right nw.
(3)引导主语从句位于句首时,只能用whether;若it作形式主语,则if,whether可互换。Whether he will be admitted t Peking University hasn’t been knwn.It hasn’t been knwn whether/if he will be admitted t Peking University.(4)引导表语从句时只能用whether。The prblem is whether we have enugh mney.★宾语从句的时态主句为一般现在时时,从句谓语动词可根据实际情况使用任何时态;主句若为一般过去时时,从句谓语动词要用与过去时态相关的某种时态,但如果从句表示客观事实和真理,则用一般现在时。
4.同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句相当于名词,用来说明前面名词的内容;定语从句相当于形容词,用来修饰前面的名词。We are glad at the news that he will win.(同位语从句)We are glad at the news that he tld us.(定语从句)
单句语法填空1.It wrried her a lt 　　　　　　the hair f her mther-in-law was turning grey. 2.It is still nt bvius 　　　　　　the president can d t get rid f the public’s anger. 3.I read abut it in sme magazine r ther;des it matter 　　　　　　it was? 
that引导主语从句,句首的It是形式主语。
由句意可知应使用what引导名词性从句作主语,句首的It是形式主语。
从句意看,应是指“哪一本杂志”,因而用which引导从句作真正的主语。
4.Smetimes,　　　　　　 we can’t get seems better than what we have already had. 5.　　　 matters mst in imprving yurself is t make a manageable plan. 6.I made a prmise t myself 　　　　　　this year,my first year in high schl,wuld be different. 7.Jerry did nt regret giving the cmment but felt 　　　　　　he culd have expressed it differently. 
what引导主语从句并在从句中作宾语。
根据句意“重要的是……”,应使用what引导主语从句并在从句中作主语。
that引导同位语从句,说明prmise的内容。
felt后是宾语从句,从句结构完整,不缺句子成分,故用that引导。
8.Befre shpping,I make a list f 　　　　　　my kids will need fr the cming seasn. 9.We shuld cnsider the students’ request 　　　　　　the schl library shuld prvide mre science bks. 10.There is n pssibility 　　　　　　we will pick yu up at the airprt;the snwstrm has been n. 
根据句意应使用what引导从句作介词f的宾语。
that从句作request的同位语,说明request的内容。
由句意可知使用that引导从句,作名词pssibility的同位语。
11.Have yu heard f the gd news 　　　　　　the severe fld has been under cntrl? 12.　　　　　　 I can’t understand is why s many high schl students are unwilling t majr in medicine. 13.Sme ld peple still hld the view 　　　　　　wmen shuld stay at hme t take care f the family. 
应填that引导同位语从句,说明news的具体内容。
that从句作view(观点)的同位语。
14.His capability has never been in dubt;the questin is 　　　　　　he is prepared t put effrts. 15.Frm 　　　　　　is written here I can see that a big dance party was held here last evening. 
whether引导表语从句。
what引导宾语从句作介词Frm的宾语。
语法填空Many are still playing a mbile game called Travel Frg.Yu play as the “mther” f a frg wh lives alne and enjys traveling.1.　　　　　　 yu need t prepare are fd and tls fr his trips.The frg will send yu pstcards while he is away. The game’s ppularity may have smething t d with 2.　　　　　　 lnely peple are these days.Many players have said 3.　　　　　　 the lnely frg is just like them.But playing with the frg helps them frget their lneliness fr a while. 
It seems 4.　　　　　　 lneliness is cmmn tday.Abut 40 percent f American adults say 5.　　　　　　 they are lnely.And in the UK,abut ne in five peple in the cuntry is “always r ften lnely”.This is 6.　　　　　　 The Telegraph reprted recently. This might be 7.　　　　　　 the UK gvernment declared the cuntry’s first “Minister f Lneliness” in January.The minister’s jb is t find 8.　　　　　　 we shuld help the UK citizens feel less lnely. 
This lneliness prblem may be partly due t 9. 　　　　　　 scial media des.When we see pictures f friends having fun r psting selfies(自拍) withut us,we may cmpare their “perfect” lives with ur wn and feel inferir(较差的) and lnely.But we shuld remember 10.　　　　　　 n ne is bund(注定) t be lnely.As a pet nce wrte,“N man is an island,entire f itself;every man is a piece f the cntinent(陆地),a part f the main.” 
1.What　由句意可知,此处使用what引导主语从句,表达“需要准备的内容”。2.hw　由句意可知,此处使用hw引导感叹句,作介词with的宾语。3.that　由句意和句子结构可知,空格后是宾语从句,该从句意义完整,故填连词that,that可以省略。4.that　由句意可知,此处应填that引导表语从句,此时that不可省略。5.that　that引导宾语从句,作动词say的宾语,此时that可以省略。6.what　what引导的是表语从句。7.why　由句意可知,应填why引导表语从句。8.hw　由前后句信息可知,此处填hw引导宾语从句,作动词find的宾语。9.what　此处表示“部分是因为社交媒体的原因”,因而填what引导宾语从句作介词短语due t的宾语。10.that　此处应填that引导宾语从句,作动词remember的宾语。
1.时间状语从句★常用连词:when,befre/after,(nt)until,while(当……时候),as sn as,(ever)since,the mment(一……就……),every/each time(每次),as,immediately(一……就……),whenever,next time,by the time(到……时候),(一……就……),n (一……就……)
★时间状语从句的常用句型(1)“直到……才……”。He didn’t g t bed until he finished all his hmewrk.(2)It will be/was+一段时间+befre...“过多长时间才……”。It will be lng befre I cme back frm Japan.(3)It+was+nt lng befre...“不久……就……”。It was nt lng befre we finished the prject.(4)It is/has been+一段时间+since...“自从……以来多长时间了”。It is three years since he left hme.
(5)N sner+had+主语+过去分词+than...(正常语序:主语+had n sner+过去分词+than...)“一……就……”。N sner had I begun t talk than he rang ff.=I had n sner begun t talk than he rang ff.(6)Hardly+had+主语+过去分词+when...(正常语序:主语+had hardly+过去分词+when...)“一……就……”。Hardly had we fallen asleep when the bell rang.=We had hardly fallen asleep when the bell rang.注意:(5)和(6)这两个句型中,从句用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时。
★while与when引导时间状语从句while引导的时间状语从句中,谓语动词必须是延续性动词或表示状态的动词,when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词可以是延续性或非延续性动词。Please listen t me while/when I read the article.Mther was cking when I gt hme.★表示“一……就……”的连词:as sn as,immediately,directly,instantly,the mmentI’ll give yu an answer the mment I finish reading yur paper.
2.地点状语从句★常用连词:where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere等。Where there is a will,there is a way.Yu can g anywhere yu like.Everywhere yu g,yu shuld d yur wrk well.★与定语从句的区别where引导定语从句时,从句前有一个表示地点的词作先行词,而状语从句前则没有先行词。G back where yu came frm.(地点状语从句)G back t the village where yu came frm.(定语从句)
3.原因状语从句★常用连词:because,as,since,nw thatbecause语气较强,用以回答why的问句;as 语气较弱,所表达的原因比较明显;since语气较弱,常表示对方已知的事实,相当于汉语中的“既然”,since从句多置于主句之前;nw that主要用于口语,常译为“既然”。Because it is raining hard,let’s take a taxi.As it was a public hliday,all the shps were clsed.Since yu are free tnight,why nt play chess with me?Nw that yu have cme,yu may as well stay.
4.目的状语从句★常用连词:in rder that,s thatin rder that 可置于句首或句尾,而s that 往往只置于句尾;目的状语从句中常使用may/might/will/wuld/shall/shuld/can/culd等情态动词。I hurried thrugh my wrk s that I culd be in time fr his birthday party.In rder that yu can get the jb,yu must prepare fr the interview.
5.结果状语从句★常用连词:s that,s,, that除了引导目的状语从句,还可以引导结果状语从句,that可省略。We mved t the cuntry s that we were away frm the nisy city.★常用句型(1)“s+形容词/副词+that...”意为“如此……以至于……”。He drve s carelessly that he almst lst his life.(2)“such+(a/an)+形容词+可数名词单数/复数/不可数名词+that...”意为“如此……以至于……”。The meeting was such a success that it wn all praises.
6.条件状语从句★常用连词:if,unless,in case,as/s lng as,n cnditin that,nce等。(1)由in case引导,意为“如果,假使”。In case he cmes,tell him t wait a mment.In case anything imprtant happens,please call me up.(2)由as/s lng as/n cnditin that引导,意为“只要”。As lng as yu’re happy,it desn’t matter what yu d.(3)由nce引导,意为“一旦,一……就”。Once yu shw any fear,the dg will attack yu.
7.让步状语从句★常用连词:thugh,althugh,这两个连词都表示“虽然,尽管”之意,二者都可与yet,still连用,但不能与but连用。★其他表示让步意义的状语从句(1)由as/thugh引导,其结构为:形容词/副词/名词+as/thugh+主语+谓语。注意:althugh不可以用于这种倒装结构。Yung as/thugh he is,he knws a lt.注意:上述句型中,若表语是可数名词单数,则需省略名词前的冠词。Child as/thugh he was,he knew what he shuld d.
(2)由even if/even thugh引导,表示“即使,纵使”之意。Even if he is pr,she lves him.(3)由引导,表示“不论是否,不管是……还是……”之意。Whether yu believe it r nt,it’s true.(4)由“n matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”引导,表示“无论……都,不管……都”,它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。N matter what happened,he wuld nt mind.=Whatever happened,he wuld nt mind.(5)由while引导,意为“虽然,尽管”。While I admit his gd pints,I can see his shrtcmings.
8.方式状语从句★由as引导,表示“正如,像……”。Will yu d the experiment as I am ding?★由as if/as thugh引导,表示“似乎,好像”。从句中用陈述语气表示可能性很大,用虚拟语气表示可能性很小。She behaved as if she were the bss.It lks as if yur mther is tired.
单句语法填空1.I dn’t believe we’ve met befre,　 　　　　　 I must say yu d lk familiar. 2.The crew had hardly gt ff the plane 　　　　　　it began t rain cats and dgs. 
althugh/thugh
由句意可知,主句和从句之间存在让步关系,故使用althugh/thugh引导让步状语从句。
是固定句型,意为“刚(一)……就……”。
3.Everything was placed exactly 　　　　　　he wanted it fr the cmpetitin f square dances. 4.The cnsumer smiled plitely 　　　　　　the girl aplgized fr her drunken friends. 5.　　　 　　　 I always felt I wuld win the calligraphy cntest,I never thught I wuld get first prize. 
由句意可知,空格处强调地点概念,故填where引导地点状语从句。
根据句意应使用as或when引导时间状语从句。
While/Althugh/Thugh
此处需要一个引导让步状语从句的连词,故填While/Althugh/Thugh。
6.This kind f pain-killing medicine may wrk mre effectively 　　　　　　yu drink sme ht water after taking it. 7.All peple,　　　　　　 they are ld r yung,are beginning t pay much attentin t their health. 8.The ld passenger asked Lucy t mve t anther chair 　　　　　　he wanted t sit next t his wife. 
由句意可知应使用if引导条件状语从句。
引导让步状语从句,表示“无论……还是……”。
由句意看,后面的从句表示原因,故使用连词because。
9.The little kids in this kindergarten wn’t g t sleep 　　　　　　the teacher gives each a kiss. 10.My nephew was s excited 　　　　　　she received the admissin letter frm Harvard University. 11.Because f the heavy traffic,it was already time fr lunch break 　　　　　　she gt t her ffice. 
unless表示“除非,如果不”,表示否定的条件。
when/because
根据句意应使用when或because引导时间状语从句或原因状语从句。
根据句意应使用when引导时间状语从句。
12.Tday,we will begin 　　　　　　we stpped yesterday s that n pint will be left ut. 13.Jhn thinks it wn’t be lng 　　　　　　he is ready fr his great jurney t Eurpe. 
不及物动词后接状语从句,表示开始的地方,因而使用连词where。
此处使用befre表示两件事情发生相隔时间之短,意为“过不了多久他就会做好准备”。
14.Unsatisfied 　　　　　　he was with the payment,he decided t cntinue t wrk there. 15.　　　 　　　 I really dn’t like art,I find the yung girl’s wrks impressive. 
由句意看,前一句是让步状语从句,因形容词提前,故填as/thugh。
由句意看,应使用连词while/althugh/thugh引导让步状语从句。位于句首,首字母要大写。
语法填空1.　　　　 　　 I hated dinner parties,I decided t give anther try because I’m in Lndn.I did s 2.　　　　　 dinner parties in Lndn were very different frm thse back in New Yrk.Als,my friend Carla’s invitatin encuraged me.There,“I’m having a dinner party” means:“I’m bking a table fr 12 at a restaurant;yu can’t affrd and we’ll be sharing the mney,n matter 3.　　　 yu eat.” Wrse,in New Yrk smene always leaves 4.　　　　　　 the bill arrives.They’ll thrw dwn cash—half f 5. 　　　 they we,and then peple like me,6. 　　　 dn’t drink,end up paying even mre.But 7.　　　 I try t use the same trick,the hstess will be angry.And it’s nt like I can say I have smewhere t g—everyne knws I have nwhere t g. 
Althugh/Thugh/While
But in Lndn,dinner parties are in peple’s hmes.Nt nly that,the guests are an interesting mix.8. 　　　　　　 I went t ne last time,the guests were frm France and Japan.9.　　　　　　 I arrived,I felt it was like a gathering at the United Natins.In New Yrk,the mix is less striking.It’s like a gathering at a well-knwn department stre. Fr New Yrkers,peple like talking abut ther parts f the wrld 10.　 　　　　　 they are free.They are interested in new things. 
whenever/when
1.强调句★基本句型:It is/was+被强调部分+that/wh/whm+剩余部分。该结构可以用来强调句中的主语、宾语、同位语、状语等。I didn’t realize my mistakes until yu tld me yesterday.It was I that/wh didn’t realize my mistakes until yu tld me yesterday.(强调主语)It was my mistakes that I didn’t realize until yu tld me yesterday.(强调宾语)It was nt until yu tld me yesterday that I realized my mistakes.(强调状语)
★引导词运用:被强调部分是人时,可用wh/whm/that;强调时间、地点、原因状语时使用that,而不使用when,where,why。It is in Shanghai that the yung scientists will get tgether.It was Mum that/wh sent me the mst lvely ty.★时态运用:原句是现在或将来各种时态,用is;原句是过去时态,则用was。★人称和数的运用:被强调部分如果是句子主语,that/wh之后的谓语动词在人称和数上应与句子的主语保持一致。It is I that/wh am yur true friend.It is they that/wh are ften praised by the teacher.
★其他强调方式:(1)强调谓语:助动词d/des/did+动词原形。D cme early t schl tmrrw mrning.She did tell me abut her address,but I frgt it.She des cme frm an African cuntry.(2)wh-ever/hwever构成的疑问强调:在疑问词后面加上ever可以对疑问句进行强调,常译为“究竟、到底”。Whatever are yu ging t d this evening?
2.倒装句★部分倒装:部分倒装指将句中的助动词(d,have等)、系动词(be)或情态动词(can,may,must等)置于主语之前。常见的有以下几种:(1)否定词never,seldm,hardly,little,nt,nwhere,by n means(决不),at n time(任何时候都不),n n accunt(决不),neither,nr等放在句首时。Seldm des the manager g t wrk n ft.By n means shall we give up ur faith.(2)具有否定意义的连词nt als...,n ,,nt until...位于句首时。Nt nly is he clever but als he wrks hard.
(3)nly在句首修饰状语(副词、介词短语、状语从句)时。Only in this way will yu persuade him t accept ur plan.Only when yu reach eighteen can yu jin the army.(4)s,neither,nr位于句首表示“也如此”“也不”时。I lved this mvie.S did all my friends.(5)在(如此……以至于……)句型中,当s,such及其所修饰成分位于句首时。S angry was the chairman that he culd nt speak any wrds at the meeting.
★完全倒装完全倒装指把句子的谓语全部提到主语之前。主要有以下几种情况:(1)句首有表示方位或时间的副词(here,there,ut,in,n,ff,up,dwn,away,back,nw,then)时。Nw cmes yur turn.Hearing the baby crying,ut rushed the mther.注意:如果主语是人称代词则不倒装。
(2)句首是表示地点、时间的介词短语时。In frnt f the huse stands a tall tree.(3)作表语的分词(短语)或形容词(短语)位于句首时。Lying n the flr was a wunded by.Present at the discussin were several health experts.(4)such位于句首时。Such is my father,a very strict man.
3.省略句★宾语从句中的省略在两个或两个以上的并列宾语从句中,第一个连词that可省略,其余的则不可省略;在形容词sure,glad,certain,happy等后所接的宾语从句中,连词that可省略。He said (that) he felt happy and that he decided t stay here anther week.I am very happy (that) I have passed the driving test.★定语从句中的省略可以省略作宾语的关系代词。The first thing (that) I’m ging t d is take a lng vacatin!
★状语从句中的省略在表示时间、条件、地点、比较、方式或让步的状语从句中,如果谓语动词是be,从句的主语和主句的主语一致,或主语是it时,常省略主语和部分谓语。Once (they are) injured,they must be sent t hspital.Make sme changes when (it is) necessary.The hst f the meeting hurried away as if (he was) angry.
4.there be句型★there be句型的时态变化There is a tall tree in frnt f the classrm.(一般现在时)There was a cncert at the Natinal Theatre last night.(一般过去时)There will be a meeting in the lecture rm tmrrw mrning.(一般将来时)He said that there was ging t be an English cntest the next Friday.(过去将来时)There have been n letters frm my parents since I left hme tw years ag.(现在完成时)
★there be句型的其他形式(1)There must be...肯定有……　There can’t be...不可能有……(2)There may be...可能有……　There used t be...曾经有过……(3)There must/may have been...肯定/可能已经有过……(4)There ught t 应该有……(5)There be likely t be...可能有……(6)There happens/happened t be...碰巧有……(7) There appears/appeared/seems/seemed t be...似乎有……There may be/is likely t be a freign film at the cinema this evening.There can be n dubt abut this case.
★there lie/exist...句型除了be以外,下列表示存在概念的不及物动词stand/lie/live/happen/remain/exist等,也可以用于there be句型。There lived a famus cuntry dctr,but he went abrad later.There lies a lw-price hspital in my hmetwn.★there be句型的主谓一致如果有两个或两个以上的主语时,be动词的单复数形式取决于与它最近的名词。There is a pen,tw bks,and many pencils n the desk.There are tw magazines and a pen n the desk.
单句语法填空1.It is nt hw much we d but hw much lve we put int what we d 　　　　　　benefits ur wrk mst. 2.Film has a much shrter histry,especially when 　　　　　(cmpare) t such art frms as music and painting. 
分析句子成分可知,题干使用的是强调句型,因而填that。句意:对我们的工作最有益的不是我们做了多少,而是我们对所做的事情付出了多少爱。
句子的主语Film和cmpare之间是被动关系,因而空格处应用被动形式。可把when部分还原为完整的时间状语从句“when it is cmpared t such art frms...”。
3.Nt until he retired frm teaching three years ag 　　　　　　(d) he cnsider having a hliday abrad. 4.Never befre 　　　　　　the cach seen anybdy wh can play tennis as well as Rbert. 
表示否定意义的nt until位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装,再根据前面从句的时态可知主句为一般过去时,故填did。
never位于句首时,句子使用倒装语序,再根据句中时间信息befre可知应使用现在完成时,因而填has。
5.When 　　　　　　(ask) abut hw t fight against COVID-19,Mr.Zhng said further separatin and wearing masks are still needed. 6.At the meeting place f the Yangtze River and Jialing River　　　(lie) Chngqing,ne f the largest cities in China. 7.Only after Mary read her cmpsitin the secnd time 　　　 (d) she ntice the spelling mistake. 
句子主语Mr.Zhng与ask之间为被动关系,分析句子结构可知,when部分实际上是一个省略的状语从句,完整的句子是“When he was asked...”。
句首是表示方位的介词短语,故题干使用完全倒装句式。
nly修饰时间状语从句位于句首时,主句应使用部分倒装语序,再结合从句的时态可知应填助动词did。
8.Jhn’s success has nthing t d with gd luck.It is years f hard wrk 　　　　　　has made him what he is tday. 9.S severe was the fld 　　　　　　the lcal gvernment had t start the first degree emergency plan. 10.The experiment shws that prper amunts f exercise,if 　　　　　　(carry) ut regularly,can imprve ur health. 
此处强调第二句的主语years f hard wrk,因而使用连词that。
题干实际上使用的是这一结构,只是s部分放在句首构成了倒装结构,由此可知应填that。
if carried ut regularly是省略结构,完整的句子是:if they are carried ut regularly。
语法填空Eating “cleaner” meatWhere des the meat n ur table cme frm?It is frm livestck like chickens and ducks 1.　　　　　　 meat cmes.Hardly has anyne 2.　　　　　　 (knw) that meat can als be made in a lab,hwever.US cmpany just has annunced that lab-grwn meat culd be n sme restaurant menus in the US by the end f 2018.There will 3.　　　　　　(be) such meats like chicken nuggets(鸡块),sausage and gse gras(鹅肝). 
It was in 2013 4.　　　　　　 the first clean meat burger was prduced.But it was said t taste dry.Hw des clean meat taste nw?There 5.　　　　　　 (be) many clean meat supprters saying that it tastes just like traditinal meat. Amng ther advantages f clean meat 6.　　　　　　 (be) its healthier quality.Meat prducers can cntrl what type f fat ges int the meat.7.　　　　　　 will be mre healthy fats in clean meat.8.　　　　　　 is these fats that are gd fr peple’s hearts. 
Anther advantage is that clean meat 9.　　　　　　(d) help t slve glbal warming.Accrding t The Washingtn Pst,abut 14.5 percent f the planet’s greenhuse gas emissins(排放) cme frm raising livestck.That’s mre than the emissins frm every car,train,ship and airplane in the wrld cmbined.It’s predicted that 10.　　　　　　 by turning t clean meat can green gas emissins be lwered by 96 percent. 
1.that　此处是强调句式。2.knwn　此处是倒装句,根据前面的has可知使用现在完成时。3.be　空前有will,故填be。4.that　此处是强调句式。5.are　后面的主语是supprters,故填are。6.is　句子使用的是倒装句式,真正的主语是后面的“healthier quality”。7.There　此处是“There be”句型。8.It　此处是强调句式,故填It。9.des　此处使用des强调谓语。10.nly　由后面的“can green gas emissins be lwered by 96 percent.”可知,句子使用倒装结构,结合句意用nly。