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2022年九年级中考英语语法知识梳理 - 介词教案
展开2022年九年级中考英语语法知识梳理介词全解 I介词的功能介词是一种虚词,用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。例如:The boy over there is John’s brother. (定语)The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语)Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语) II表示时间的介词表示“时间”的介词如下:1.表示年、月、日、时刻等用at,in,on2.表示时间的前后用 before, after3.表示期限等用by,until,till4.表示期间等用for,during,through5.表示时间的起点等用 from, since6.表示时间的经过等用in,within(1) at,on,in1)at:用于表示时刻、时间的某一点at noon正午时 at night在夜间 at present目前at nine(o’clock)在九点钟We usually have lunch at noon(at twelve).我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃午饭)。(2)on:用于某天,某一天的上、下午(指具体的某一天时,一律用on)注意 :泛指一般的上午(下午)时用in,但特指某日的上午(下午)时用on。in the morning在早上on sun day morning在周日早上on Monday在周一on Tuesday morning在周二早上on June 6在6月6日on May 4,1996在1996年5月4日on a cold night在一个寒冷的夜晚on the night of July(the) first在七月一日的夜晚We didn't listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon上周三下午我们没去听演讲。(3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年,泛指的上午、下午、晚上。注意:在this,last,next,every等词前面不能再加介词。this morning今天上午last Friday 上周五 next Sunday下周日every Monday(week, spring…)每周一(每星期,每个春季……)in the week在这周 in May在五月 in spring在春季in 1995在1995年 in September,1995在1995年9月in the morning在上午 in the afternoon在下午in the evening在晚上People go skating in winter人们冬天去滑冰。(2)before,after1)before:在…之前Wash your hands before dinner.(before作介词)吃饭前请洗手。He will call me before he leaves here.(before作连词)他离开这儿之前,他将给我打电话。2)after:在……之后注意:before和after这两个词都是既可作介词,又可作连词。Let's Sing some songs after school.(after作介饲)放学后咱们唱歌吧!Pleas close the door after you leave the room.(after作连词)离开房间后请关门。(3) by,until(till)1)by:在……前(时间);截至(到)……注意:由until(till)形成的句子,句中的动词如果是点动词,则必须用否定句。How many English books had you read by the end of last year?到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书?2)until(till):直到……为止(时间)比较by和until by seven o'clock截至(到)7点钟(一般和完成时连用)until seven o'clock直到7点(7点以前)We didn't begin to watch TV until(till) nine o'clock.(begin是点动词,所以用否定式)一直到九点,我们才开始看电视。I'll wait for him until he comes here我将在这儿一直等到他来。(wait是延续动词,用肯定式)注意until和till可以通用。它们可以作连词(见上例)而by不能作连词。(4) for,during,through1)for:达……之久(表示经过了多少时间)常用的短语for a year 一年 for a few days几天 for twenty weeks 二十周during the lesson 上课期间during the war (the night)战争期间,夜间 (一整夜)可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用,但经常和完成时连用。He has lived here for 20 years.他在这儿已经住了二十年了。We will stay in the city for two days.我们要在那里呆两天。2)during: 在…期间They are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays.暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。比较:for和 duringfor之后大多跟表示时间、天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。3 )through:一直……(从开始到结束)They played the cards through the night.他们打了一整夜的牌。(5) from,since1)from:从……起(时间)表示从……开始时,一般都是用词组from…to…,而单纯表示确切的从几点开始时用at。The meeting will be held from eight to ten.这个会议将从8点开到10点。The meeting will be held at eight.会议将从八点钟开始。比较:since和from since表示时间时,一般只用于完成时的句子;而from也用于现在时、过去时及将来时态。另外since还可以作连词(见下例);而from则不可以,它只能作介词。2)since:自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)I have been sick since yesterday.我从昨天就病了。(一直到现在)The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.(since作连词)这个医生自当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。(6 )in,within1)in:过……后(未来时间)注意:如果用于过去时,用after +时间。She went to Nanjing last May,and she came back after a month.去年五月她去了南京,一个月之后她又回来了。大多用在将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)。in an hour 一小时之后in a week or so 一个多星期之后He will be back in five hours.他五小时之后回来。They said they would arrive here in a week.他们说他们一周后到达。2)within:不超过……的范围比较:within和in with in强调在……时间之内,没有时态的限制。in是以现在为基准,in an hour是指从现在起1小时之后,所以一般只用于将来时。within 3 hours 3小时之内I must finish painting the cat within five minutes.我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。They worked hard. They finished the workwithin 2 days at last.他们努力工作,结果终于他们在两天之内完成了这项工作。III 表示场所、方向的介词1.表示场所的介词:at,in,on,under,by,near,between.2.表示方向的介词:into,out of,along,across,through.(1 )at,in1) at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)at school 上学 at home 在家at 2 Baker Street 在贝克街2号at a factory 在一家工厂I'll meet him at the Beijing railway station.我将去北京站接他。2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)in Beijing 在北京 in China 在中国in the world 在世界上 in the street 在街上(2) on,under,over,above,below1)on:a.在……上面,有接触面a. )on the desk 在桌子上面There are two maps on the wall.墙上有两张地图。b.)在……靠近……的地方on the right 在右边2)above:在……上方Our plane flew above the clouds.我们的飞机在云端上飞行。3)over在……正上方,是under的反义词There is a light over Li Ming.李明的正上方有一盏灯。A few birds were flying over the sea.有几只鸟在海上飞。注意:over的其他意思a.遍及 all over the world 全世界b.超过(=more than)We have over(=more than)40 books.我们有四十多本书。c.越过,在那边over there在那边 over the wall越过墙比较over与above的区别over是“正上方”,而above只表示“在上方”但不定在“正上方”。4)under:在……下面;在……之内under the table 桌子下面 under the jacket 在夹克内The dog is under the table. 这只狗在桌子下面。5)below:在……下方(不一定是正下方)正下方是under,below是above的反义词。There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。(3)near,by1)near:近的,不远的near =not far是far的反义词。near还可以指时间。in the near future在不久的将来。Is there a bus stop near here?这儿附近有公共汽车站吗?2)by:在……旁边距离比near要近注意:在……旁边,有时也用 beside。by the window 在窗户旁边by me 我旁边 The boy is standing by the window.(4) between,among,around1)between:在两者之间My teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike.我们的老师正坐在汤姆和迈克之间。What's the difference between A and B?A和B之间有什么区别?2)among:在三者或更多的之中There is a beautiful house among the trees.在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。He is very popular among the students.他在学生之中很受欢迎(很出名)。3)around:环绕,在……周围,在……四周We sat around the table.我们在桌子四周坐下来。They walked around the street.他们在街上到处走。(5) in front of,behind1)in front of:在……的前面;在……的前部注意in front of和 before均是“在……之前”的意思,但表示场所时要用in front of而不用before。(○)in front of the room (×)before the roomThere is a tree in front of the house.在房屋前面有一棵树。There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom.在教室的前部有一张大讲桌。2)behind:在……后面behind是in front of的反义词。There is a tree behind the house.房子后面有一棵树。at the back of my house 在我家房屋的后面注意可以用 at the back of…=behind…()6 in,into,out of1)in:在……之内,用于表示静止的位置The students are in the classroom.学生们在教室里。注意out of…与from的区别表示“由内往外”的动作时’用out of;表示“从……起”(起点)时,使用from。Tom went out of the room with Li Ming.汤姆和李明走出房间。The train is from Boston.这辆火车是从波士顿开来的。2)into:进入用于表示有特定终点的运动的方向。通常用于表示动作的动词之后,如:go,come,walk,run ……The students run into the classroom.学生们跑进教室。He jumped into the water.他跳入水中。3)out of:和into 一样,也表示有一定的运动方向The students rushed out of the room.学生们冲出房间。(7 )along,across,through1)along:沿着I was walking along the river when it began to rain,我正沿着河边散步,突然下起雨来了。2)across:横过I often swim across the river.我常游泳横渡这条河。3)through:贯穿,通过The river was through the city.这条河穿过这个城市。(8 )to,for,from1)to:到达……地点(目的地)注意:to与towards的区别to:表示到达某地,(一般指目的地)towards:指方向、朝向,而不是目的地。He walked to wards the gate of the park.他朝着公园大门走去。(大门不是目的地)。He came to Japan in 1980. 他1980年来到日本。Tom has gone to school. 汤姆已经去学校了。2)for:表示目的地,“向……”I'll leave for America next week.下周我将动身去美国。for表目的时,一般是和固定词搭配。leave for 动身去……start for 出发去……3)from:从……地点起……It's about ten minutes 'walk from here to the cinema.从这儿到电影院大约需步行十分钟。How tar is it from our school to the hospital?从我们学校到医院有多远?
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