词汇晨读06- 江苏高考英语3500词汇读练测

 江苏高考英语3500词汇读练测(词汇晨读)06
说明：①本系列资料的例句尽可能多地选自高考真题或各地模拟试题；
②凡是形容词+ly构成的副词在本系列资料【拓展】栏目里不予列出。
(chief—connect)
chief adj.主要的，首要的，总的：
The country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars being the most important of these.
该国的主要出口产品是煤、汽车和棉花制品，汽车是其中最重要的。
The chief engineer hopes they will have got everything ready before we start the project next month.
总工程师希望在我们下个月开始这个项目之前，他们已经准备好了一切。
n.领导，头，上级：He had the good fortune to marry off his daughter to the local chief. 
他很幸运地把女儿嫁给了当地首领。
child(pl children)n.孩子，儿童：
Child as he is, he can answer the difficult questions.尽管他还是个孩子，但他能回答难题。
The building built here last year is another children’s palace in our city.
去年在这里建成的那座建筑是我们城市的另一座少年宫。
【拓展】child’s play儿戏，容易的事情：
—Mike, can you do 20 press-ups in two minutes?
—It’s child’s play. I can do 40!
“迈克，你能2分钟内做20个俯卧撑吗？”“太容易啦。我能够在2分钟内做40个俯卧撑”。
childhood n.幼年时代，童年：
Childhood is a period of rapid growth.幼年是生长迅速的时期。
—Why is it that Mr. Smith seldom mentions his childhood?
—Perhaps he suffered a lot in his childhood.
“为什么史密斯先生极少提到他的童年？”“或许因为他童年受了很多的苦。”
chocolate n.巧克力(糖)：
A box of chocolates is a most welcome gift for one’s lover on Valentine’s Day.
在情人节那天，给所爱的人送一盒巧克力是最受欢迎的礼物。
Worrying about your weight is more likely to lead to you comforting yourself with a piece of chocolate or cake.担心体重更有可能导致你用一块巧克力或蛋糕来安慰自己。
choice n.①选择，抉择：
Hardly ever have there been so many choices for young people entering the workforce as there are today.对于进入职场的年轻人来说，很少有像今天这样多的选择。
We are faced with a difficult choice.我们面临困难的抉择。
②入选者，被选者：Which is your choice?你选哪一个？
【拓展】have no choice but除了……外别无选择，只好(后接不定式)：
Yesterday she got sicker and sicker, giving us no choice but to send her to the nearest hospital.
昨天她的病变得越来越严重了，我们别无选择只能送她去了最近的医院。
We had no choice but to do what we were asked to do.我们只好照办。
choke n.窒息，阻塞：The automatic choke devices are all similar, although they vary in detail.
自动阻风门尽管在细节上有所不同，但其设计是相仿的。
v.①(使)窒息，(使)不能呼吸，哽噎，哽咽：
I was really nervous but I didn’t choke.我真的很紧张，但我还没紧张到窒息。
Words failed me when I wanted to express my thanks to him. I just held his hands firmly, choking.
当我想表达谢意时我说不出话来只是紧紧的握住他的手，哽咽着。
When I wanted to express my thanks to him, words escaped me. I just held my hands firmly and choked.
在我想向他表达我的感谢的时候不知道该说什么了。
②阻塞，塞满(空间或通道)：The pipe was choked by/with the mud.污泥堵塞了管道。
【拓展】相关短语：
The road was choked up with several miles of vehicles within a few minutes.
在几分钟之内路上堵满了几英里的车辆。
She choked up when she began to talk about her mother.
她开始谈起母亲时，便哽咽着说不出话来。
He choked down his anger and choked back a sharp reply. 
他强忍住愤怒，憋回了尖刻的答话。
Higher energy prices could choke off any global economic recovery. 
能源价格上涨可能扼杀全球经济复苏。
choose(chose, chosen) v.
①选择，挑选：
There are two high schools for you to choose. Which one would you like to attend?
有两所高中供你选择。你想上哪一个？
The supermarket offers various goods to choose from, so more and more people prefer to shop there.
超市提供各种各样的商品供顾客选择，所以越来越多的人愿意到那里购物。
②(接不定式)决定，意愿：He chose to stay where he was.他决定留在他原来的地方。
chopsticks n.筷子：In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in others, knives and forks.
在一些国家，人们吃饭用筷子，而在另一些国家，人们吃饭用刀叉。
Christian adj.基督教的，基督的：Virtue is not confined to the Christian world.善行并不是仅限于基督教世界。
n.基督教徒：The mass of people in that country are not Buddhists but Christians.
那个国家的群众不是佛教徒，而是基督教徒。
Christmas n.圣诞节：December 25 is the day that westerners celebrate as their Christmas Day.
12月25日是西方人庆祝圣诞节的日子。
church n.教堂，礼拜仪式，礼拜：
Most Irish people go to church every Sunday and the church plays an important part in their life.
大多数爱尔兰人每周日都去做礼拜，教堂是他们的生活中非常重要的一部分。
cigar n.雪茄烟：He stood there with a cigar in his mouth.他站在那儿，嘴里叼着一支雪茄烟。
cigarette n.纸烟，香烟：
It is easy for adolescents to get into the habit of smoking. They should keep away from cigarettes.
青少年很容易养成抽烟的习惯。他们应该远离香烟。
cinema n.电影，电影院：
With much homework to do, he decided not to go to the cinema this evening.
由于有许多家庭作业要做，他决定今晚不去看电影。
circle n.①圆，圈，环：They sat in a circle.他们围成一个圈坐着。
If you have a pair of compasses, it is easy to describe a circle.如果你有一付圆规，就很容易画一个圆。
The Belt and Road run through Asia, Europe and Africa, connecting the East Asia economic circle at one end and European economic circle at the other.“一带一路”穿越亚洲、欧洲和非洲，一端连接东亚经济带，另一端连接欧洲经济圈。
②团体，圈子：She has a large circle of friends.她交友很广。
Stephen tried to get his work recognized in the medical circle.
斯蒂芬试图让他的工作在医学界得到认可。
The young pianist named Lang Lang stands out among the music circle and is very popular with the audience.年轻钢琴家郎朗是音乐圈中听众非常熟知的大才子。
v.盘旋，环绕：
The birds circled around in the air.鸟在空中盘旋。
Not only the USA and Russia but also China .has sent up manned satellites to circle the earth.
不仅有美国和俄国，中国也发送载人卫星环绕地球一周。
circuit n.①绕行一周：He used to run three circuits of the track every morning.他以前每天早晨沿跑道跑三圈。
②电路，线路：A break in the circuit caused the lights to go out.电路的中断使电灯熄灭了。
This question is really a circuit design rather than a layout problem. 
这完全是一个线路设计问题，而不是工艺问题。
circulate v.①循环：If you blood circulates badly, your hands and feet will get cold easily.
如果你的血液循环差，你的手脚很容易变冷。
②流通，流传：
The man circulating the fake news that 18 firefighters lost their lives in the explosion was arrested.
那名散布18名火警在爆炸中丧生了的这条假消息的人被逮捕了。
【拓展】circulation n.血液循环，流通，传播，发行量：
An electric fan keeps the air incirculation.电风扇使空气保持流通。
We must constantly adjust the amount of money in circulation.
我们必须对货币的流通不断进行调节。
Daily print newspaper circulation had declined by about 2%, dropping from 528 million in 2016 to 519 million in 2017.日报发行量下降了约2%，从2016年的5.28亿降至2017年的5.19亿。
circumstance n.①(常用复)情况，情形，环境，经济情况：
The same boiling water softens the potato and hardens the egg. It’s about what you’re made of, not the circumstances.同样的沸水使土豆变软，使鸡蛋变硬。重要的是你是由什么构成的，而不是环境。
Do you know in what circumstances it was that Jack achieved his goal?
你知道杰克是在什么情况下达到目标的吗？
What are his circumstances?他的经济情况如何？
He lives in good [easy] circumstances.他生活优裕。
【拓展】①in/under the circumstances在这种情况下，情形既然如此：
Under/In the circumstances I had to stay.在这种情况下，我只好留下。
②in/under no circumstances在任何情况下都不，决不：
In/Under no circumstances will I lend money to him.
无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。
③under any circumstances无论在何种情况下：
Only under special circumstances are freshmen permitted to take make-up tests.
只有在特殊的情况下，一年级新生才被允许参加补考。
circus n.①马戏团：My real ambition was to work in a circus.我的真正抱负是在马戏团工作。
②(用单数)马戏(表演)：They took us to the circus.他们带我们去看马戏。
citizen n.市民，居民，公民：
To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
为了享受数字支付的方便，很多老年市民开始使用智能手机。
Citizens are at liberty to exercise their rights, but under no circumstances can they violate other people’s rights.公民可以自由地行使自己的权利，但他们绝不能损害他人的权益。
city n.城市，市：
The future of our city lies in the creativity and innovation of young people.
我们城市的未来在于年轻人的创造性和创新。
Our university lies at the foot of Mount Zijin, in the eastern suburbs of Nanjing City. 
我们的大学位于在南京市东郊的紫金山脚下。
civil adj.①公民的：
A sound governing system should guarantee people’s exercise of civil rights.
健全的管理体制应保障公民行使公民权利。
②平民的(非军人)：He returned to civil life.他退役了。
③文明的，礼貌的：Be civil to the headmaster.对校长要礼貌些。
④民事的：He has written several books on civil law.他著有好几本有关民事法的书。
⑤国内的：She and her loved ones had become attacked targets of violent terrorists groups in the country’s ongoing civil war.作为叙利亚的一名东正教教徒，她和亲人们成为了这个国家正在进行的内战中激进的恐怖组织暴行的目标。
civilian n.平民，百姓：The criminals were charged with breaking into the civilians’houses.
罪犯被控告闯入老百姓的房子。
adj.平民的，民用的，民间的：
Attempts to find civilian volunteers have met with embarrassing failure. 
寻找平民志愿者的种种尝试都遭遇了令人难堪的失败。
civilization n.①开化，教化：The civilization of mankind has taken thousands of years.人类经数千年才文明开化。
②文明：Chinese traditional culture contains rich material civilization and spiritual civilization. 
中国传统文化包含了丰富的物质文明和精神文明。
As the birthplace of Huaxia civilization, Xi’an is a city with a long history and abundant cultural relics.作为华夏文明的发源地，西安是一座拥有悠久历史和丰富的文化底蕴的城市。
claim v.声称，宣称，号称，要求，认领，索取/要，夺走(生命)：
Students surveyed by the team all claimed to support the plan.接受调查的学生都声称支持这项计划。
He is such a person as always helps others without claiming a reward, which makes him popular in the community.他是一个帮助他人不求回报的人，使得他在社区中十分受欢迎。
Now they are returning to claim what belonged to them. 如今他们回来索取本属于他们的东西。
The new law enables a person to claim money from the state. 新法律使个人有了向国家索赔的权利。
The tsunami happening deep under the sea in South-east Asia claimed more than 200,000 lives.
产生于东南亚深海中的海啸夺走了超过20万的生命。
n.索赔，声称，(根据权利而提出的)要求，断言：
He doubted their claim to have forsaken military solutions to the civil war.
他对他们声称已经放弃通过武力解决内战感到怀疑。
The strike resulted in the acceptance of worker’s claim by the employer.
罢工结果，资方接受了工人的要求。
clap v.①拍手，鼓掌：
The audience clapped their hands in time to the music.观众跟着音乐的节奏拍着手。
②以手轻拍：He clapped his son on the back.他轻轻地拍了拍儿子的背。
【拓展】n.鼓掌，掌声，轻拍：Let’s give her a big clap.咱们给她用力鼓掌。
clarify v.(使)清楚易懂，讲清，阐明，澄清：
Will you clarify that statement?请你把那句话的意思讲清楚好吗？
The cloudy solution clarifies on standing.混浊的溶液经静置后澄清。
Foreign Ministry spokesman said China had made representations to Canada, requiring it clarify the reason for the arrest of Meng Wanzhou, CFO of Huawei.中国外交部发言人表示，中国已向加拿大提出交涉，要求加拿大澄清华为首席财务官孟晚舟被捕的原因。
class n.①班，班级，课：The whole class passed the exam.全班都及格了。
They sprang up with joy when they heard that their class won the first place in the relay race.
当听到班级在接力赛中获得第一名时，他们高兴地跳了起来。
Mr. Zhou is strict with his students in class but very kind to them after class.
周老师上课时对学生要求很严格，但课后他对他们很好。
②类别，等级：
There are many different classes of animals.动物有很多种。
It costs more to travel first class.头等舱票价高。
Our team is world-class and it was no surprise that we won by such a wide margin.
我们的球队是世界级的，我们以如此大的优势获胜并不令人惊讶。
③阶级：Class differences can divide a nation.阶级差异会造成国家的分裂。
classic adj.①最优秀的，一流的：They are modern classic writers.他们是第一流的当代作家。
②经典的，传统的，古典的：
Long-term exposure to domestic and foreign classics has made him so knowledgeable.
长期接触国内外名著让他如此的知识渊博。
Classic literature and arts are not only what used to be popular but what last and survive through many generations.古典文学不尽过去受欢迎而且持续并幸存了很多代。
n.名著，经典著作：She enjoys reading the classics.她喜欢读经典著作。
【拓展】classic与classical的区别：
classical是“古典的”，classic则表示“经典的，精彩的，一流的”，后者更加强调“优秀”这个概念，而前者无疑是从时间上来定义的：
a classic book on history一本经典/精彩的历史著作
a classical book on history一本古典历史名著
We were sitting quietly. All of a sudden, a piece of classical music sounded, which gave life to the whole stadium.我们安静地坐着，突然，一曲古典音乐响起，这给整个体育场带来活力。
另外classic还可以表示“典型的”：classic example of bureaucratism典型的官僚主义。
classify v.把……分类(分等)：
They are classified in sorts.它们是按品种分类的。
The librarians classify the books in the library as novels.
图书管理员把图书馆里的书按小说分类。
classmate n.同学：He turned around, and I recognized him as a former classmate.
他转过身来，我才认出是位老同学。
He set an example to his classmates.他给他的同学树立了榜样。
classroom n.教室：Helen ran out of the classroom in tears, but no one knew why she was so sad.
海伦流着泪冲出了教室，但没人自导她为什么如此地伤心。
clause n.从句，分句， 条款，款项：
—I’ll ask the teacher about the attributive clause. I’m very puzzled about it.
—That’s just where most of our classmates have doubt.
“我要去问老师定语从句的知识，我很不理解定语从句。”“这就是大多数学生都不理解的地方。”
He has a clause in his contract which entitles him to a percentage of the profits.
他的合同中有一项条款，使他有权分得一定比例的利润。
claw n.(动物的)爪：Cats have sharp claws.猫有尖爪。
v.(用爪子)撕，拉：The cat clawed the chair.猫用爪子抓椅子。
clay n.黏土，泥土：
To make bricks, workers press clay into blocks.为了制砖，工人们把粘土压成块状。
【拓展】feet of clay弱点，不足之处：
I believed him to be honest but his actions showed that he had the feet of clay.
我相信他是诚实的，但他的行为说明他有弱点。
Even great minds have their feet of clay, so we don’t need to underestimate ourselves.
甚至最伟大的想法也有不足之处，因此我们不必要去低估我们自己。
clean v.弄干净，擦干净，打扫：
Everybody is helping out with dinner. Would you clean the fish?
每个人都在帮忙做晚饭。你能把鱼洗干净吗？
When I was cleaning the window, my finger was cut unexpectedly.
当我正在擦窗户时，我的手指意外地被割破了。
The square was cleaned by many volunteers every weekend when I was a small boy and now I’m one of the volunteers cleaning the square.当我还是个小男孩的时候，每个周末都有很多志愿者来打扫这个广场，现在我也成为了志愿者中一员。
adj.①清洁的，干净的：You must keep your clothes clean.你必须保持衣服清洁。
According to a UN report, 30 percent of the world’s population have no access to clean drinking water and health care.根据一份联合国的报告, 世界上30%的人口没有干净的饮用水和健康保障。
②纯洁的，清白的：He has a clean record.他历史清白。
【拓展】相关短语：
Aunt Mary volunteered to clean up the kitchen.玛丽阿姨主动要求清扫厨房。
Tom, clean up the broken glass before someone walks on it.
汤姆，把碎玻璃收拾干净，以防有人踩上。
The mayor outlined his plan to clean up the town’s image.市长概述了他整顿市容的计划。
Mr. Green took his 7th grade students to clean up the river.
格林先生昨天下午带七年级的学生去清理那条河。
She had intended to clean out the spare room last week, but it was much too occupied at that time.
她本打算上周把那个空房间打扫干净，但当时它堆得太满了。
cleaner n.①清洁工，清洁器，清洁剂：
She is a well­known doctor now, but she worked as a cleaner at the hospital for five years.
她现在是一位有名的医生，但是她曾经在医院里做过五年的清洁工。
Just a few minutes every day, and you could have shining floors and furniture with this new cleaner.
每天仅需几分钟，用这种清洁器，你可以把地板和家具变得很干净明亮。
What do you think of the proposal that improvement be made in the type of vacuum cleaner?
你认为改进这种吸尘器的建议怎么样?
Don’t spray cleaner directly on the display or keyboard.不要将清洁剂直接喷洒在显示器或键盘上。
②洗衣店：The other day he came across a dollar bill in the suit he was sending to the cleaner’s.
有一天他在他正要送去干洗店的西装里偶然看到一张一美元的纸币。
clear adj.①清澈的，透明的，清晰的：She spoke in a loud clear voice.她说话声音又洪亮又清楚。
②晴朗的，无云的：I like it in autumn when the weather is clear and bright.我喜欢秋天天气的晴朗。
③清楚的，明白的：Have I made myself clear?我讲清楚了没有？
④显然的，明显的，清楚的：
It’s clear from his actions that he loves her.从他的行为明显可看出他是爱她的。
It is clear to the members of the committee is that the President will not give in to their demands.
委员会成员清楚的是，总统不会向他们的要求让步。
⑤确定的，确信的：Are you clear that he will come?你确信他今天会来吗？
⑥无障碍(危险等)的：The road is clear of snow now.现在路上已无积雪。
v. ①收拾，清除：When you have finished your meal, clear the table.吃完饭把桌子收拾干净。
②使清洁，变清洁，使清澈，变清澈：The soap will help clear your skin.肥皂会有助于清洁你的皮肤。③变晴，转晴：After the storm the sky cleared.暴风雨过后，天空变晴。
【拓展】clear up放晴，清理，消除，解决：
—What bad weather! I’m afraid the trip will be canceled.
—If only it would clear up tomorrow.
“真是糟糕的天气！恐怕旅行要被取消了。”“要是明天能够放晴多好。”
Please clear away the obstacles.请把这些障碍清除掉。
People in Taiwan and the mainland must try hard to understand each other, and clear up
misunderstanding.台湾和大陆人民必须努力互相了解，消除误解。
I think the trouble will clear up in a couple of days.我想问题几天内就会解决。
clerk n.办事员，职员，书记员，售货员，店员：
He serves as a clerk in a bank.他在一家银行当办事员。
She worked as a clerk in a government department after graduating from college.
她大学毕业后，在政府部门担当职员。
The clerk of the court read out the charges.书记员宣读了控告书。
The clerk asked me to sign the docket.店员让我在单据上签字。
clever adj.①聪明的，明智的：
Clever as he is, he doesn’t study well.尽管他很聪明，但是他的学习不是很好。
It’s clever of her to refuse him.=She is clever to refuse him.她拒绝他是明智的。
②熟练的，灵巧的：He is clever with money.他擅长理财。
③精明的：He was too clever for me.他太聪明，我斗不过他。
click v.①(使)发出咔嗒声：
The door clicked shut.咔嗒一声关上门。
②(计算机用语)点击：
The woman was so sensitive that even the clicking sound of the mouse upset her.
这位女士如此敏感，以至于点击鼠标的声音都会使她心烦。
client n.委托人，当事人，(连接在服务器上的)客户端：
My client cannot come but I appear on behalf.我的委托人不能来。我代表他。
The lawyer proved the innocence of his client.律师证实了他的当事人的清白。
At this point both client and server have copies of shared session key. 
现在，客户端和服务器都有了共享会话密钥的副本。
climate n.①气候：There is no doubt that climate all over the world has been changing greatly in recent years.
毫无疑问，最近几年全球气候一直在剧烈变化。
②(具有某种气候的)地方：
He wants to move to a warmer climate.他想搬到一个气候较温暖的地方去住。
③氛围，状况，局势：
Many businesses started up by college students have taken off thanks to the comfortable climate for business creation.由于舒适的创业氛围，许多大学生创办的企业已经腾飞。
The economic climate remains uncertain.经济形势依然不确定。
climb v.①爬，攀登：Monkeys can climb well.猴子善于攀爬。
②升高，上升：The cost of living in big cities has been climbing steadily for many years，and it has led some youths to drop out of the big city race.许多年以来，大城市的生活费用稳步增高，这导致许多年轻人逃离了大城市。
The plane climbed to 20 000 feet.飞机上升到20 000英尺。
③爬山，登山：
Some traditional exercise like jogging, swimming and climbing may help people stay in shape.
一些传统的运动，如慢跑、游泳和爬山或许能帮助人们保持健康。
He likes to go climbing at weekends.他喜欢在周末去登山。
clinic n.(私人)诊所，门诊：He is being treated at a private clinic.他正在私人诊所接受治疗。
In addition to the school, the village has a clinic, which was also built with government support.
除了这个学校外，这个村子有一个诊所，这个诊所也是有政府支持建造的。
clock n. (时)钟：
I needn’t use a clock to wake me up because at six o’clock each morning the train comes by my house.
因为每天早晨六点钟那列火车都经过我家附近，所以没有必要用闹钟来叫醒我。
What does the clock say?现在是几点？
The clock struck twelve.钟敲12点。
【拓展】参看词条around the clock。
clone v.克隆：We still don’t know the exact time for the first human being to be cloned.
我们仍然不知道第一个将被克隆的人的确切时间。
close adj.①亲密的，亲近的：
At the meeting, they sat very close and had a close talk, but I didn’t know what they were talking about.在会议上，他们坐在靠一起亲密的交谈，但我不知道他们在谈论什么。
②接近的，靠近的：You’re too close to the fire.你离炉火太近了。
③仔细的，密切的：Keep a close watch on the children.仔细看好孩子。
④势均力敌的：He bowed to his opponent finally in a close match.
在一场势均力敌的比赛中，他终于败给对手。
adv.靠近地，紧密地：
Don’t come too close.不要靠得太近。
By hiking, people can get close to nature and enjoy a new kind of life.
通过徒步旅行，人们可以亲近大自然，享受一种新的生活。
v.①关，闭：The boy lay on the ground, with his eyes closed and his mouth open.
这个男孩躺在地上，眼睛闭着，嘴巴张着。
②关门，不开放：When does the shop close?店铺何时关门？
③结束，终止，停业：
The speaker closed(the meeting)with a word of thanks to the chairman.
演讲者向主席道了谢，(会议)就结束了。
Thick hazes have been continuing to hit some cities recently, the airport closed temporarily.
最近，重度雾霾继续袭击一些城市，机场临时关闭了。
Because the shop is closing down, all the T-shirts are sold at half price.
这家商店快要关闭了，所以这儿所有的T恤衫都半价出售。
The present financial crisis has greatly contributed to thousands of workers being laid off and many factories closing down.目前的金融危机导致数千名工人下岗，许多工厂倒闭。
cloth n.①布，衣料：How much cloth does it take to make a dress for the girl?这个女孩做件连衣裙要多少布?
②布块，桌布：Wipe the floor with a cloth.用抹布擦地板。
clothes n.(复数)衣服：
She spends a great deal of money on new clothes every year.她每年花很多钱买新衣服。
clothing n.(总称)衣服：
Protective clothing must be worn when the machine is in operation.
在操作机器的时候必须要穿防护服。
【拓展】clothes与clothing的区别：
①前者为复数名词，后者为不可数名词。
②前者较具体，后者比较抽象。
③“一套衣服”是a suit of clothes，“一件衣服”是a piece/an article of clothing。
cloud n.①云：A dark cloud is a sign of thunderstorm.乌云就是闪电的征兆。
②烟雾，云状物：Clouds of smoke rose above the bombed city.烟雾从遭受轰炸的城市升上天空。
【拓展】on/over cloud nine极其快乐，乐不可支，极快乐：
—I’ve never seen Fred so happy.
—Don’t you know he’s passed the exam? He’s been on cloud nine ever since.
“我从来没有看过Fred如此快乐过。”“你不知道他通过考试了吗？他现在已经乐不可支了。”
cloudy adj.多云的，阴天的：
The sky looks a bit cloudy now but I think it will clear up.
天空现在看起来有点云，但我相信会放晴的。
club n.俱乐部：We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
我们被邀请参加下星期五在我们俱乐部举行的聚会。
clue n. 线索，迹象，提示：
No clue to his whereabouts has been found. 至今没有找到有关他行踪的线索。
I’m never going to guess the answer if you don’t give me a clue. 
如果你不给我一点提示的话，我是绝对猜不到答案的。
clumsy adj.笨拙的，笨手笨脚的：
Though the way I swim looks clumsy, at least it can keep me floating.
虽然我游泳的方式看起来很笨拙，但至少它能让我保持漂浮着。
You are clumsy! You’re knocked over my cup of coffee!你真笨手笨脚！把我的这杯咖啡撞翻了。
coach n.①教练，私人/辅导教师：
As the ceremony was nearing the end, I suddenly heard the head coach announcing,“The highest honor goes to Cathy!”当仪式接近尾声时，我突然听到主教练宣布：“最高荣誉授予凯西！”
What I need is a drama coach.我需要的是一位戏剧辅导老师。
②马车，长途(旅游)车：
The Queen traveled to the wedding in the royal coach.女王乘坐皇室马车光临婚礼。
You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel that the coach picks up tourists.
你等的地方不对。大巴车是在宾馆接游客。
【拓展】v.辅导，训练：
Remember not to telephone me after 7:30 pm, for I will be coaching the students in the classroom then.记得七点半以后不要打电话给我，因为那个时候我会在教室里指导学生。
She has talent but she will need coaching.她有天赋，但需要指导。
coal n.煤，煤块：
Considering the temperature might drop, it’s wise of you to prepare some coal in advance.
考虑到温度可能下降，你提前准备一些煤是明智的。
coast n.海岸，海滨，沿岸地区：
There are many islands off the Chinese coast.在中国沿海有很多岛屿。
I live ten miles from the coast.我住在离海岸10公里的地方。
coat n.①外套，大衣，上衣：
The coat I bought yesterday is the same as yours.我昨天买的外套和你的一样。
②表层，涂层：The desk is covered with a coat of dust.桌上覆盖着一层灰。
code n.编码，代码，行为标准/准则：
We are living in an age when QR codes are becoming more and more popular in our daily life.
我们生活在二维码在日常生活中越来越受欢迎的时代。
If you can’t remember your number, write it in code in a diary. 
如果记不住自己的号码，可以用代码记在日记簿里。
Doctors in Britain say a new code of conduct is urgently needed to protect the doctor-patient relationship. 
英国的医生说急需新的行为准则来保护医患关系。
coffee n.咖啡：
—Would you like something to drink, girls?
—Yes, two cups of coffee, please.
“女孩子们，来点喝的怎么样？”“好的。两杯咖啡。”
—Does coffee really work when you have to work late into night?
—Yes. As far as I’m concerned, I feel very energetic after a coffee.
“当你不得不工作到深夜 时， 咖啡真的管用吗？”
“是的。就我个人而言，喝完一杯咖啡后，我会感到精力充沛。
coin n.硬币，钱币：
How did you happen to come across the old coin?你是怎样碰巧发现那枚古币的？
【拓展】As a popular saying goes, every coin has two sides. 正如俗语所说，事物都有两面性。
coincidence n.巧合(的事)：
It can’t be a coincidence that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night.
四家珠宝商店同一个晚上被抢劫不可能是一件巧合的事情。
By coincidence, my best friend and I ended up working at the same advertising firm. 
巧合的是，我最好的朋友和我最终竟在同一家广告公司工作。
coke n.可口可乐(=Coke-Cola)
cold adj.①冷的：How cold it is ! We’ve never had a colder day this winter.
真是太冷了！我从来没有见过比这更冷的冬天了。
②冷淡的，冷酷的：We had rather a cold welcome.我们受到相当冷淡的接待。
n.①冷，寒冷：He was shivering with cold.他冷得发抖。
②感冒，伤风：Be careful not to take (a) cold.小心别着凉。
【拓展】cold feet胆怯，不敢，退缩：
Are you still planning to go camping with us or did you get cold feet? 
你是要跟我们去露营呢，还是你胆怯了？
Sally said I should try Bungee, but I had cold feet. 
莎莉说我应当休会一下蹦极，然而我就是不敢。
collapse v.倒塌，坍塌，崩溃，暴跌，昏倒：
At last, people trapped in the collapsed building were rescued.最后，被困在倒塌的大楼里的人获救了。
Having been attacked by terrorists, the tall building collapsed.被恐怖分子袭击后，这栋大楼坍塌了。
The economic collapse had dangerous political echoes.经济崩溃引起了政治上的危险反响。
collar n.衣领：What’s your collar size?你的衣领尺寸是多少？
I seized the thief by the collar.我一把抓住了小偷的领口。
【拓展】get/go hot under the collar怒气冲天，发怒，为不重要的事生气：
She is a vegetarian. She will get hot under the collar if you mention eating meat in front of her.她是一个素食主义者。如果你在她面前提吃肉的话题，她会大发雷霆的。
He got very hot under the collar when others asked about the accusation of lying.
当其他人则询问有关撒谎的指控时，他怒气冲天。
You don’t need to get hot under the collar. He didn’t steal your money. 
你也不用脸红脖子粗的呀，他又没偷你钱。
Don’t get hot under the collar. I didn’t mean to offend you. 别发火，我本无意冒犯你。
colleague n.同事：To her joy, Della first earned the trust of her students and then that of her colleagues.
让贝拉高兴的是，她首先赢得了学生的信任，然后是同事的信任。
collect v.①收集，搜集：
Basing his conclusion on the evidence he collected on the scene, he proved that the murderer was guilty.
根据他在现场收集的证据，他得出了结论，证明凶手是有罪的。
②领取，接走：She collected her child from school on her way home.
她在回家的路上到学校接回了自己的小孩。
③收钱，收账：The bus conductor collected money from the passengers.公共汽车售票员向乘客收钱。④募集，聚集：I’ve volunteered to help collect money for charity.我自愿帮助慈善事业募集资金。
He collected a crowd of children around him.他把一大群孩子聚集在他周围。
⑤使(思想)集中，使(心神)镇定：
I tried to collect my thought but was too excited.我想集中思想，但是我太激动了。
【拓展】collection n.
①收集，搜集：He likes to make a collection of rare books他喜欢收藏精品书籍。
②收藏品，收集物：
He was giving his collection away for free.他正在免费赠送他的藏品。
The Tate Gallery has a large collection of modern paintings.
塔特陈列馆里收藏了大量现代绘画作品。
college n.①(综合大学中的)学院，独立学院，专科学校：
Merton is a college of Oxford University.默顿是牛津大学的一个学院。
②大学：We were at [in] college together.我们大学是同学。
③社团，学会：She’s a member of the Royal College of Nurses.她是皇家护士学会的会员。
colour(Am color) n.
①颜色，色彩：He advised farmers to choose the best seed-heads, those that had the best colour.
他建议农民选择最好的谷穗，那些颜色最好的谷穗。
②颜料：The artist painted in water-colors.这画家用水彩作画。
③脸色：—Jack, you look a little off colour.
—Well, I have been staying up late to finish my report these days which is due this Friday.
“杰克，你看起来有点儿气色不佳。”
“嗯，我这些天一直在熬夜写这周五要完成的报告。”
v.①给……着色，涂色：The boy coloured his pictures with crayons.小男孩用蜡笔在图画上涂颜色。
②变色，脸红：She coloured up to the temples.她面红耳赤。
【拓展】colourful adj.颜色鲜艳的，丰富多彩的，引人入胜的，彩色缤纷：
The flowers were colourful and the scenery magnificent.花儿五颜六色，景色蔚为壮观。
Every spring, the park becomes a colourful place with lovely flowers everywhere, which is an absolutely fantastic sight.每到春天公园里变得五彩缤纷的地方，到处有着美丽的花朵，这是绝对美妙的景色。
column n.专栏，圆柱，纵队，列：
I acknowledge the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.
我承认在准备这个新栏目的时候，得到了我的同事的帮助。
He will place an announcement in the personal column of The Daily Telegraph.
他将在《每日电讯报》的个人专栏上登一则启事。
The stone that fell on his head came from the top of the column. 
那块砸到他头上的石头来是圆柱的顶部。
A column of soldiers marched down the highway.一个士兵纵队沿着公路行进。
Each column’s data is separated from the next by a comma. 
每列数据与下一列数据之间都是用逗号分隔的。
【拓展】columnist n.专栏作家：
The advice columnist is very happy now, for Jane just called to tell him that his advice worked out very well, which hadn’t been expected.这位咨询专栏作家非常开心，因为Jane刚刚打电话说他的建议结果非常好，这是没有预料到的事情。
comb n.①梳子：a fine-tooth comb细齿梳子
②(用单数)梳(头发)，梳：Your hair needs a good comb.你的头发得好好梳一梳。
v.梳(头发)，刷(毛)：Have you combed your hair?你梳头了吗？
【拓展】comb through彻底搜查，梳理，仔细查找：
Not having combed through pages and links, you have to read the information to decide whether it is linked to what you are researching.还没有梳理好页数和内在联系，你就不得不阅读信息来决定它是否与你正在寻找的相联系。
A special federal task force is combing through the material.
美国的一个特别联邦行动小组正在这些资料中仔细查找有用的情报。
combine v.(使)联合，(使)结合：
Medical errors and various infections, if combined, will be the third leading cause of death in the world.
医疗错误和各种感染如果结合在一起就会是世界上死亡的第三大原因。
Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.氢与氧化合成水。
【拓展】combination n.结合，联合体：
The modern age of science and technology has witnessed an increased combination of the world, which requires us to translate the intention of international co-operation into action.
现代科技使世界的结合越来越紧密，这就要求我们把国际合作的意图转化为行动。
The combination of the two companies makes them get into a win-win situation.这两家公司的合并使他们进入了一个双赢的局面。
come(came, come) v.
①来，来到：
You should have come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.你本应该早点来的。公共汽车刚开走的。
Mr. Smith was having a meeting at that time, otherwise he might have come over to help us.
史密斯先生那时正在开会，要不然他可能过来帮我们了。
②发生，来到，降临：June comes after May.五月过后是六月。
③达到：The water came(up)to my neck.水深及我的脖子。
④变成，开始：She came to realize that she was wrong.她终于认识到是她自己错了。
⑤(事物)出现，(想法等被)想到：A good plan came to me.我想起一个好办法。
【拓展】①come about发生：
—Oh, my God! I failed in the exam.
—How did it come about?
“哦,我的上帝!我考试不及格。”“它是怎么发生的？”
②come across(偶然)发现或遇见，(某情况)发生：
Perhaps I shall come across him in Paris.也许我会在巴黎见到他。
③come along一道去，赶快：Come along, it’s getting dark.赶快，天快黑了。
④come down with染上病：
Mr. Smith is supposed to attend the meeting in place of the manager, who has come down with a bad cold.史密斯先生被期望代替患重感冒的经理参加会议。
⑤come for来取，来拿，来找：I have come for the dictionary.我来拿词典。
⑥come from来自，出生于：Wool comes from sheep.羊毛取自羊身上。
⑦come in handy迟早有用：
The emoticons come in handy when we want to stop a conversation, sparing us the embarrassment.当我们想要停止对话时，表情符号就派上用场了，这样我们就不用尴尬了。
⑧come on跟着来，快点，来吧：
You go first and I’ll come on later.你先走，我随后就来。
⑨come out出来，出现，发生，开花，出版：
The truth will sooner or later come out.真相迟早会大白的。
The truth has come out at last.终于真相大白。
The flowers are coming out.花要开了。
That magazine comes out once a month.那个杂志每月出一期。
⑩come to合计，归结为，苏醒，谈到：
That comes to five yuan.一共五元钱。
I was just to come to it.我正要谈这个问题。
What you say comes to this.你的话归结起来就这样。
When he came to and raised his head he saw Barney.他苏醒过来，抬起头，看见了巴尼。
When it comes to photography, I’m not an adept.谈到照相，我不是内行。
⑪come true变成现实，证实是：
Their dream has finally come true.他们的梦想终于实现了。
⑫come up with赶上，提出，想出：
She came up with a new idea for increasing sales.他想出了增加销售量的新主意。
As is often the case, we come up with a perfect idea together to solve the problem.
我们一起想出一个绝佳的主意来解决问题，这是常有的事情。
⑬How come怎么会？(交际用语)
—Michael was late for Mr. Smith’s oral class this morning.
—How come? As far as I know, he never comes late to class.
“米契尔今天早晨上史密斯先生的课迟到了。”
“怎么会呢？据我所知，他从不迟到的。”
comedy n.喜剧：A sense of humor is what it takes for a comedian to perform well in a comedy.
幽默感是一个喜剧演员在喜剧中出色表演所必须具有的东西。
comfort n.①舒适，安逸：
They did everything for our comfort.他们尽量使我们觉得舒适。
This will enable the audience to sit in comfort while watching the shows
这样能够让观众舒舒服服地坐着看表演。
②安慰，慰问：We could give him no comfort.我们无法安慰他。
③给人以安慰的人或物：Your help has given me much comfort.你的帮助给了我很大的安慰。
④a comfort一件安慰的事，抽象名词具体化：
His opening up a food processing factory is a comfort to his parents.
他开了一个食品加工厂对于他的父母来说是种安慰。
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough years.
“在那些难熬的时光中，能买得起一杯饮料是一个莫大的安慰。
v.安慰，使舒适：Say something to comfort her.说几句话宽慰她。
【拓展】其反义词为discomfort：
Smoking, which may be a pleasure for some people, is a serious source of discomfort for
their fellows.吸烟，对某些人来说可能是一件快乐的事情，而对于他们的同事来说却是产生严重不适的根源。
comfortable adj.舒服的，舒适的，自在的：
I like this silk dress and it feels so soft and comfortable.
我喜欢这件丝绸连衣裙，感觉又软又舒服。
I’d like to buy a house—modern, comfortable, and above all in a quiet neighborhood.
我想买一套现代化、舒适的房子，最重要的是在一个安静的小区里。
He did not feel comfortable with strangers.他和陌生人在一起感到不自在。
【拓展】其反义词为uncomfortable：
It may be worth trying even if the effort makes you uncomfortable.
你值得尝试，即使努力会使你不舒服。
command n.①命令：All his commands were quickly obeyed.他下的所有命令很快就被执行。
②统率，指挥(权)：The general has command over the army.将军对军队有指挥权。
③掌握，精通：
She has a good command of the French language.她精通法语。
It is a must to have a good command of a foreign language and a specific skill in such a competitive society.在这样一个竞争激烈的社会里，掌握一门外语和一门专门技能是必须的。
v.命令，指挥，统率，掌握：
He commanded us to leave immediately.他命令我们马上离开。
She commanded that we should attack at once.她下令我们立即攻击。
The teacher commanded that the exercises be finished in an hour.老师命令练习在一小时内完成。
He commands a good knowledge of Chinese history.You can ask him about the ancient China.
他很好的掌握了中国历史的知识，你可以问他关于中国古代的知识。
【拓展】①at one’s command受某人支配，为某人掌握：
He has enormous funds at his command.他有大量的资金受他支配。
Lucia impressed her peer students with her musical talent, as well as several foreign languages at her command.露西娅以其音乐天赋以及掌握的几种外语给同学们留下了深刻的印象。
②commander n.指挥官，司令官：
The commander commanded that the soldiers arrive at 9:00.指挥官命令士兵9点到达。
comment n.评论：He made no comment.他未做任何评论。
The fellow we spoke to made no comment at first.我们与其说话的那个人一开始没有发表评论。
In order to enhance market competitiveness, we welcome any comments from consumers, favourable or otherwise.为加强市场竞争力，我们欢迎消费者提出任何正面或负面的意见。
v.评论，发表意见：
I have nothing to say. I don’t think I should comment on his decision.
我没有什么好说的，我认为我不应该评论他的决定。
He commented that he thought it was time for us to leave.他发表意见说，他认为我们该离开了。
commercial adj.商业的，贸易的，商业性的，营利的，以营利为目的的：
Word came that the audience were not satisfied with the commercial performance.
有消息称，观众对商业演出不满意。
All rights reserved, no one is allowed to copy or use this paper for other commercial purposes.
版权所有，任何人不得复制或使用本文件作其他商业用途。
The play was a commercial success.这出戏从营利角度看很成功(即赚钱)。
commission n.委员会，(银行等的)手续费，佣金：
His son will succeedhim as chairman of the commission after his retirement.
在他退休之后，他的儿子将要接替他担任委员会主席。
The bank charged commission to change my traveler’s cheques. 
银行为兑现我的旅行支票而收取手续费。
Is it common practice that salesmen receive a commission of 10 percent on all sales made?
售货员抽取所售货物百分之十的佣金是常见的做法吗？
commit v.①犯(法、罪等)；干(坏事、蠢事等)：
Property crimes, such as motor vehicle theft, are the most common crimes committed in the US.
财产犯罪，如汽车盗窃，是美国最常见的犯罪。
This is a man who has committed murder.这是一个杀人犯。
There are unconfirmed reports he tried to commit suicide.有未经证实的报道说他曾企图自杀。
②将……置于(某状态)，交……保留(或处理)：
They committed him to jail.他们将他监禁起来。
The task was too important to be committed to a child.此任务太重要而不能托付给儿童。
At present, from the west to the east, many countries are actively implementing education reform,
committing to improve educational efficacy and developing creatively genius. 
现时，从西方到东方，各国正积极推行教育改革，致力于提高教育效能、培养综合创新人才。
【拓展】①commit oneself on对……表态(承诺或表明意见)：
He didn’t want to commit himself on that matter.他不想就那样做任何承诺。
②commit oneself to保证，承诺，献身于……，委身于……，致力于……：
Sorry, I’ve committed myself to working for Jim.对不起，我已承诺为吉姆做事。
③be committed to献身于……，忠于……，致力于……：
This development area is committed to creating a perfect investment environment.
这个发展地区致力于创建一个完美的投资环境。
commitment n.①委托，委任，监禁：
I only have one more commitment before I leave.在离开之前我还要完成一件委托的事。
②承诺，约定：
He made a commitment to pay $50,000 to Red Cross.他承诺向红十字会提供50,000美元。
③责任，义务，致力：
One hundred percent commitment to your studies, though it can be lonely and no fun at all, will leave precious marks on your youth.百分之百的致力于学习，尽管会既孤独又无趣，它却会给你的青春留下珍贵的印记。
During the power transition earlier this year, analysts said, Chinese leaders tried to demonstrate their commitment to fighting corruption.今年早些时候领导人换届期间，分析人士曾指出，中国领导人试图展现其反腐的决心。
【拓展】make a commitment作出承诺：
Chances are you split up the last time because you didn’treally want to make a commitment.上次你们分手的很大原因可能是你不想做出承诺。
committee n.委员会，(全体)委员：
The committee consists of fifteen members.委员会由十五名成员组成。
【拓展】①表示是委员会的成员，通常用(be)on the committee，注意用介词on。
②the committee作为集合名词，若视为整体，表单数意义；若考虑其个体，则表示复数意义。另外，若后接定语从句，视为复数时，关系代词用 who；视为单数时，关系代词用 that 或 which：The committee who were/which was responsible for this decision would consider it over again.对这一决定负责的委员会是会重新考虑它的。
commodity n.商品，日用品，有价值的东西，有利，有益：
The government increased prices on several basic commodities like bread and meat. 
政府提高了面包、肉类等几种基本商品的价格。
Fresh air must surely be the most precious commodity of the future. 
清洁的空气肯定是未来最珍贵的日用品。
common adj.①普通的，一般的，常见的：
It’s a mistake quite common among students.这是学生常犯的一个错误。
It’s too common to mention.这是司空见惯的，不值一提。
Occasions are not uncommon when we have to cancel our plan due to something unexpected.
由于一些意想不到的事情，我们不得不取消计划，这种情况并不少见。
②共有的，共同的，共用的：
It’s a common cup.这是公用茶杯。
Britain and America share a common language.英国和美国共用一种语言。
Most of the top leaders expressed a common desire at the UN conference, one that different cultures should coexist with tolerance.大多数高层领导人在联合国大会上表达了一个共同的愿望，即不同的文化应该与宽容共存。
【拓展】①in common(with)(与……)有共同之处/一样，共用：
Put aside where you disagree and try to find what you have in common.
把你们的分歧放置一边，尽量找到你们的共同之处。
In common with many other scientists, Albert Einstein enjoyed music besides scientific research work.和许多其他科学家一样，爱因斯坦除了从事科研工作外，还喜欢音乐。
②common sense常识，情理：That shows a lack of common sense.那表明缺乏常识。
③参看词条usual。
communicate v.交流，联系，传达(感情，信息等)：
I think we should communicate with each other about what happens to us.
我想我们应该就发生在我们身上的事互相交流一下。
A politician must be able to communicate.政治家必须善于表达自己的观点。
【拓展】①不用于双宾语句型，要表示将某情况传达给某人，通常用communicate…to...：
He communicated the news to me.他把那消息告诉(传达给)了我。
②communication n.交际，交往，交流，传达，联络，信息，消息：
Communication is difficult when two people don’t speak the same language.
两个人语言不同就很难交往。
We have received many communications from many people about this.
我们从许多人那里得到了有关这件事的消息。
In the forest, sound is the best means of communication over distance because in
comparison with light, it won’t be blocked by trees when travelling.在森林中，声音是最好的远距离交流方式，因为与光相比，它不会被树木阻挡。
communism n.共产主义：
The ultimate aim of the Communist Party of China is the realization of communism.
中国共产党的最终目的是要实现共产主义。
The new CPC leaders are trying their best to beat corruption in order to live up to the ideal of communism.新一任的中国共产党的领导人为了实现共产主义的理想正努力去惩治腐败。
communist n.& adj.共产主义者(的)，共产党人：
Everyone has his own belief. Communists believe in communism.
每个人都有自己的信仰。共产党人信奉共产主义。
community n.社区，共同体，社会团体，(生态)群落：
Involving themselves in the community services, students can gain experience for growth.
参与社区服务，学生可以获得成长的经验。
This would enable the community to speak with one voice in world affairs.
这将使该共同体在国际事务上能以一个声音讲话。
This view is common across all sections of the community.
这个观点在社会的各个阶层都非常普遍。
companion n.同/伙伴，伴侣：
John was honest with his companions and won their faith in him.
约翰对同伴很真诚，赢得了他们对他的信任。
She has an acute eye for fashion, which makes her a very good shopping companion.
她对时尚有敏感的眼光，这使得她是一个购物的好伙伴。
Mary finally accepted Bruce as her life-long companion.玛丽最终接受布鲁斯作为她的终身伴侣。
company n.①公司，商行：
Are there any companies here you’ve dealt with before?这里有没有曾和你有过来往的公司？
Do you know who is in charge of the company now?你知道谁现在负责公司的吗？
②陪伴，交往：
She lives alone so she likes company at weekends.她独自生活，所以很喜欢周末和别人在一起。
I’m lonely if I have no company.如果没有人做伴我感到孤独。
③伙伴，客人：Company is coming for dinner.有客人要来吃饭。
④一群人：A great company came to church.许多人来教堂(做礼拜)。
【拓展】keep sb. company陪伴某人：
William will keep you company if you don’t want to be lonely.
如果你不想那么孤单，威廉姆将会陪着你。
compare v.①比较，对照：
Before you make any decision, you’d better compare all the information you can get.
在你做决定之前，你最好比较你能得到的所有信息。
②比喻，比作：
Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.莎士比亚将世界比作舞台。
The poet compared her teeth to pearls.诗人把她的牙齿比作珍珠。
③比得上，相比：
This can’t compare with that.这个不能和那个相比。
Nothing can compare with wool for warmth.没有比羊毛更暖和的东西了。
Compared to/with many women, she was very fortunate.和许多女人相比她是很幸运的。
【拓展】①compare...with...把……和……比较(常表示同类相比，比较)
compare...to...把……比作……(常表示异类相比，比喻)
Let’s compare this photo with that one. 让我们把这张照片和那张照片作一下比较。
Children are often compared to happy birds. 孩子常常被比喻成幸福的小鸟。
②Compared to/with…与……相比较。
Compared to those boys，you are lucky.与那些男孩相比较，你是幸运的。
Compared to the advantages of the Internet, those of the television alone will not be enough to ensure its survival, and the latter will be replaced.相较于网络的优势，电视单靠自身的优势将不足以保证它幸存下来，所以其将会被网络取代。
Lily does very well in her studies, especially in physics and English. No one in our class can compare with her.莉莉学习成绩很好，尤其是物理和英语，我们班没人能和她相比。
③comparison n.比较，对照，比喻：
Its recommendations are based on detailed comparisons between the public and private
 sectors.建议是建立在对国营部门与私营部门进行详细比较的基础上的。
Messi’s talents stand out in comparison with other football players.
梅西的天赋和其他足球运动员相比之下比较突出。
There has been a reduction in crime in our city this year; in comparison with last year, far fewer crimes were committed.今年犯罪的数量减少了。和去年比起来，犯罪数量明显少了。
compass n.①指南针，罗盘：
—Do you think I should wear a thick coat?
—Yes, certainly. What’s more, you also need a compass.
“你认为我应该穿厚衣服吗？”“是的，当然了。此外，你还需要一个指南针。”
It seems that pigeons have a compass inside them that tells them where they need to go. That is why they never get lost.似乎鸽子体内有一个罗盘，罗盘告诉他们需要去哪里，拿就是为什么鸽子从来不迷路的原因。
②(常用复)圆规：She drew her circle with a pair of compasses.她用圆规画圆。
【拓展】表示“圆规”，是可数名词，不过通常用复数形式。要表示“一只(副)圆规”，可以用 a compass或a pair of compasses。
compensate v.补偿，赔偿，弥补：
Crusoe isn’t good enough in terms of figure, but his outstanding skill compensates for it.
克鲁索的身材还不够好，但他出色的技术弥补了这个不足。
Nothing can compensate for the loss of one’s health.没有什么能弥补失去健康的损失。
【拓展】compensation n.补偿，赔偿，修正，补救办法：
He received one year’s salary as compensation for loss of office.
他得到一年的工资作为失业补偿金。
compete v.比赛，竞争：
With globalization sweeping the world, learning foreign languages will become increasingly necessary if a country is to compete economically.随着全球化席卷世界，如果一个国家想要在经济上有竞争力，学习外语变得越来越必要。
【拓展】是不及物动词，意思是“竞争”，不是“与……某人竞争”，要表示后者的意思，需借助介词against或with，即用compete with/against sth.：
Life is like a long race where we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
生活就像一次长跑，我们与他人竞争，进而超越自我。
In the Olympic Games, they competed in the 800 meters with Australian competitors for the gold medal.在本次奥运会上，他们与澳大利亚选手竞争800米比赛的金牌。
Several companies are competing with each other for the contrast.
几家公司在为一项合同而互相竞争。
I will compete against Mary for the first prize in the competition.
在比赛中，我将与玛丽一决高下，争夺冠军。
competence n.能力，胜任：
To put it simply, if you want to be a success in the business world, you need a high level of English competence.简单地说，如果你想在商业领域获得成功，你需要高水平的英语能力。
—Can you finish the difficult task in such a short time?
—No, it is beyond my competence.
“在这么短的时间里我能完成如此困难的任务吗？”“不，它已经超出了我的能力。”
【拓展】①competent adj.足以胜任的，有能力的，称职的：
A competent teacher is perfectly aware that it’s not what is poured into a student that counts, but what is planted.一个称职的老师能够完全意识到，起作用的不是被灌输到学生脑子里的东西，而是能在他们脑子里扎根的知识。
Whatever we think of Ben, we have to admit that he is a highly competent man.
无论我们认为本是一个什么样的人，我们得承认他很能干。
②competence的反义词incompetence：
He was found guilty. As a consequence, he lost the job and was blamed for incompetence.他被发现有罪。因此丢了工作并被责备不称职。
competition n.比赛，竞争：
He takes part in a swimming competition.他参加游泳比赛。
The man who won the competition is a college student from Peking University.
那位赢得那场竞赛的男土是一位来自北大的大学生。
【拓展】competitor n.竞赛者，比赛者，对手：
He defeated the other competitors and won the world title for the high jump.
他击败了其他竞争者，赢得了跳高世界冠军。
The firm has better products than its competitors.公司的产品比其他对手的好。
compile v.编译，编制，汇编，编辑：
Your first program is now complete and ready to compile and run. 
现在您的第一个程序已完成，可以编译和运行了。
We are trying to compile a list of suitable people for the job. 
我们在努力编制一份适合做这项工作的人员名单。
Figures for October will take three to four weeks to compile.
10月份的数据需要3到4周的时间才能汇编好。
It takes years of hard work to compile a good dictionary.编辑一部好字典需要花费数年的艰苦工作。
complain v.抱怨，诉苦，投/控诉，抗议：
The lecture having begun, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.演讲开始了，他静悄悄地离开座位，没人抱怨他的离开打扰了演讲者。
Our next door neighbor said he would complain about us to the police if we made any more noise.
我们隔壁邻居说如果我们再制造更多的噪音，他就向警察投诉我们。
complaint n.抱怨，投诉，控/投诉，委屈，怨言：
The company has changed some of its working practices in response to complaints and criticism from the customers.为了回应顾客的抱怨和批评，该公司改变了一些工作方式。
She wrote a letter of complaint to the manufacturer.她给生产商写了一封投诉信。
The servant accepted his dismissal without any complaint.那仆人毫无怨言地接受解雇。
complete adj.①完整的，完全的，整个的：
I have got a complete set of Shakespeare’s plays.我有一套莎士比亚全集。
Seat yourself until the plane has come to a complete stop.请坐好，直到飞机完全停稳。
While his approach was a complete departure from established practices, the result was
satisfactory.虽然他的做法完全背离了既定的做法，但结果令人满意。
②完成的，结束的：
This term is now complete.本学期到此结束。
③十足的，彻底的：The room was a complete mess.屋子里乱得一塌糊涂。
v.完成，结束：
Complete the following sentence with the correct words.用正确的词完成下列句子。
By this time tomorrow, I will have completed the novel being written at the moment.
到明天这个时候，我已经完成了这部小说的写作。
We hope the building project being carried out will be completed as soon as possible because lots of citizens are complaining about the noises.我们希望正在进行的建筑工程能尽快完成，因为很多市民都在抱怨噪音。
【拓展】complete与finish：
①两者都可表示“完成”，有时可通用。
②finish可用作不及物动词，但complete不能。
③finish后可接动名词，complete一般不这样用。
④当表示通过填补失掉或缺陷的部分来配齐或完成，用complete，不用 finish：
I need one more stamp before my collection is completed.
我再需一张邮票就可以把我的邮票配齐了。
⑥completely adv.完整地，完全地，与否定词连用构成部分否定：
She hasn’t closed the door completely.她没有把门完全关上。
complex adj.①复杂的，错综的：
As we all know, the functions of our skin are very complex.众所周知，我们皮肤的功能非常复杂。
②费解的：His political ideas were too complex.他的政见太令人费解。
③复合的(词、句)：Please help me analyze the complex sentence.请帮助我分析一下这个复合句。
n.情结，建筑群，相关联的一组事物：
The palace is the largest and most complete wooden-structure building complex in the world. 
这座宫殿是世界上最大、最完整的古代木结构建筑群。
complicated adj.结构复杂的，混乱的，麻烦的：
Cloning can lead to many complicated problems.克隆会导致许多复杂的问题。
【拓展】complicate v.使复杂化，使起纠纷：
He always likes to complicate simple matters.他总喜欢把简单的事情复杂化。
component n.部分，成分，要素：
Friendship is both a source of pleasure and a component of good health.
友谊既是快乐的一个源泉，也是健康的一个组成部分。
adj.(作定语)组成的，构成的：
Blade and handle are the component parts of a knife.刀身和刀柄是一把刀的组成部分。
composition n.①作文，作品：
The teacher told the student to write a composition about his holiday.
老师叫这个学生写一篇关于度假的作文。
Your composition is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.
除了几个拼写错误，你的作文写得很好。
②写作，作曲：
He’s good at English composition.他善于英语写作。
He taught the piano, organ and composition.他教授钢琴、管风琴和作曲。
③成分：
The expert points out the phenomenon that cream goes bad faster than butter stands up to its structure rather than its chemical composition.专家指出，奶油变质的速度快于黄油的这种现象，归根结底是因为它的结构，而不是它的化学成分。
comprehension n.理解，理解力：
Well, sometimes his behavior is beyond comprehension.
嗯，有时候他的行为是无法让人理解。
What Jock had done was beyond my comprehension.我无法理解乔克的所作所为。
Before I read this passage,I had no comprehension that a company might fool you into buying a product.在我看这篇文章之前，我不知道某个公司可能会骗你买某个产品。
Your pronunciation, your sense of language, your memory and your comprehension will be
all improved.你的发音、语感，你的记忆力、理解力都会得到提升！
comprehensive adj.综合的，广泛的，全面的，有理解力的，悟性好的：
His comprehensive surveys have provided the most statements of how, and on whatbasis, data are collected.对于如何以及在什么基础上收集数据，他的综合调查提供了最清晰的说明。
The newspaper made a comprehensive report of his deeds.
报纸对他的行为做了内容广泛的报道。
This course is based on a project, one of whose aims is to improve the students’ comprehensive ability in English.本课程是基于一个项目，他的目标之一是提高学生的英语理解能力。
compromise n.折中，妥协，让步，和解：
Your child isn’t satisfied with what you have done to him. Maybe you should encourage him to reach a between what he wants and what you want.
你的孩子对你对他的所作所为不满意。也许你应该鼓励他在他想要的和你想要的之间找到一个折中方案。
He had to make a compromise with her.他只好向她妥协。
We’d like to reduce the original offer slightly as a compromise.
作为让步，我们可以将原报价降低一些。
Nonetheless there are signs that both sides may be searching for a compromise. 
然而，有迹象表明双方可能都在寻求和解。
v.妥协，和解，连累，危及，损害：
People objected to being charged parking, so the decision maker had to compromise.
人们反对对停车收费，所以决策者不得不妥协。
We can not compromise with him on such terms.我们不能以这样的条件与他和解。
Such conduct will compromise your reputation. 这些举动将会损害你的名誉。
compulsory adj.①强迫的，强制的：
It is compulsory for all motorcyclists to wear helmets.
所有骑摩托车的人都必须戴头盔，这是强制性的。
②义务的：
Many people in China are working on a “Hope Project”, helping poor children to get compulsory education.在中国，许多人正在从事一项“希望工程”，帮助贫困儿童接受义务教育。
③必修的：In that school, German is compulsory for all students, but English and French are optional.那所学校，德语对所有学生来说是门必修课，而英语和法语却是选修课程。
computer n.计算机，电脑：
The computers can be programmed to do translation.经过编程计算机可以进行翻译。
Hackers have created a new computer virus called Wanna Cry, which worries many computer users.
黑客创造了一个被称为“Wanna Cry”的新的电脑病毒，这令许多电脑用户担心。
concentrate v.①全神贯注，精神集中，专心致志：
It’s high time that you concentrated on your work at hand!是该集中精力做你手边工作的时候了。
There is too much noise outside. I can’t concentrate my attention on my book.
外面太吵闹，我无法专心看书。
②集合，集中，集结：The troops concentrated near the station.军队集结在车站附近。
concept n.概念，观念，理念，思想：
Many media seem to convey the wrong concept that being slim is being beautiful, so many teenagers are going on a diet blindly.很多媒体似乎在传送错误的概念，苗条是美，所以很多年轻人在盲目地节食。
Friendship can never be a trade; by contrast, it needs the most thorough and unprofitable concept.
友谊永远不能变成一个交易，相反，它需要最纯粹最无利益的理念。
concern v. ①是……的事，对……重要，影响……，与……有关：
Don’t trouble about things that don’t concern you.不要操心那些与你无关的事。
This concerns us deeply.这事对我们影响极大。
Our country has launched a campaign to ban smoking in public places, which is concerned with some heavy smokers.我们的国家已经发起了一项禁止在公共场所吸烟的运动，这与一些烟瘾很大的人有关。
②使有关系，使参与(常用被动语态)：
Don’t concern yourself with/about other people’s affairs.别干涉他人的事。
③使担心，使操心，使不安(常用被动语态)：
Concerned about the student, the teacher called his parents to find out why he was so often absent from class.因为担心这个学生，老师打电话给他的家长想查明他经常逃课的原因。
n.①关系，利害关系：I’ve no concern with [in] the company.我与该公司没有任何关系。
②担心，挂念，关怀：She showed great concern about/for you.她很为你担心。
③关心的事，重要的事：
The news shocked the public, leading to great concern about the student’s safety at school.
这一消息震惊了公众，引起了人们对学生在校安全的极大关注。
As the quality of the city’s air continues to give rise to concerns, the residents are encouraged to set off fewer fireworks.因为城市的空气质量一直引起关注，居民被鼓励燃放更少的烟火。
【拓展】①as/so far as+主语+ be concerned 关于，至于，就……来说：
So far as I’m concerned, you can do what you like.
就我个人而言，你喜欢做什么就做什么。
As far as I’m concerned, we should reconsider the plan carefully. Which one is wrong?
据我所知/依我看，我们应该重新仔细考虑这个计划，哪个是错误的？
②concerned关心的，关注的：
He was concerned with the enhancement of the human condition. 
他关心人类生存环境的改善。
He was concerned, first for the people involved in the disaster, then for hisbusiness. 
他很是担心，首先为那些受灾的人，然后是他的生意。
This aggression is the real issue the world should be concerned about.
这次侵略才是世界应该关注的真正问题。
All our efforts should be concerned on improving our living qualities in the future. 
我们应当致力于提高我们未来的生活质量.
③concerning prep.关于，就……而言：
He heard nothing concerning this matter.关于这件事他什么都没听到。
Let me see all the official documents concerning the sale of this land.
让我看看买卖这块土地的所有官方文件。
concert n.①音乐会，演奏会：
Without the ticket you gave to me, I wouldn’t be able to go to the concert tomorrow.
没有你给我的票，我明天就不能去听音乐会了。
②合作，一致：
The current education system is not in concert with the reality. 现行的教育制度和现实并不一致。
conclude v.①结束：The story concludes with the hero’s death.这故事随主人公死亡而告终。
He concluded by giving us some advice.他结束时给我们提了些建议。
②推断，断定：
The two organizations will arrange a one－year seminar and conclude it with a report on their in－depth studies and research findings.两个组织一个年度的研讨会，并就其深入研究和研究结果做出报告。
Bending down, he inspected the footprints that hadn’t been blown away in the wind, concluding that they belonged to a wolf.弯下腰来，他检查那些没有被风吹走的脚印，最后断定他们是一只狼的脚印。
conclusion n. ①结束，结尾：
I found the conclusion of her story very exciting.我觉得她那故事的结尾很激动人心。
②结论：
He made great efforts to finish report on which to base their final conclusion.
他做了很大的努力来完成作为他们最后结论的基础报告。
Your conclusions are far from worthless; they make a good deal of sense to me.
你的结论非常有价值，它们对我很有意义。
【拓展】①注意下列有关“得出结论，推断，断定”的说法：
I’ve come to the conclusion that he’s not the right person for the job.
我断定他不适合这项工作。
It took the jury some time reach the conclusion that she was guilty.
陪审团花了很长时间才得出结论认为她有罪。
We can safely draw some conclusions from our discussion.
从我们的讨论中我们可以有把握地得出一些结论。
New evidence might lead to the conclusion that we are wrong.
根据新的证据可能会推断出我们是错误的。
②in conclusion总之，最后：
I’ve talked a lot about walking. In conclusion , I want to say it is a cheap, safe and enjoyable form of exercise.我谈论了许多关于散步的事。总之，我想说的是这是一种安全快乐的锻炼方式。
In conclusion，I’d like to say that I believe him.I’m convinced of his honesty.
最后我想说，我相信他，我对他的诚实深信不疑。
concrete adj.具体的，实在的，有形的：
These diagrams are especially helpful when we have a concrete problem to solve at hand.
如果我们手边没有解决的具体问题，你们这些数据就非常有用。
You have moved again? Would you please let me know your concrete address ?
你又搬家了？请你告诉我具体的地址好吗？
condemn v.①谴责，指责：We all condemn cruelty to children.我们一致谴责虐待儿童的行为。
Any violent acts that do harm to the world peace and mankind should be seriously condemned.
任何对世界和平和人类造成伤害的暴力行为都应被谴责。
②(官方)宣告……有缺陷或不宜使用：This house is condemned.这房子已被宣布不能住人了。
③判(其人)罪，宣告(刑罚等)：
He was condemned to life imprisonment for bank robbery.因为抢劫银行，他被判处终身监禁。
④使……注定：
Their lack of qualifications condemned them to a lifetime of boring，usually poorly-paid work.
资历不够使他们一辈子只能做枯燥低薪的工作。
condition n.①状况，状态：That depends on the condition of my health.那要看我的健康情况。
②(常用复)情况，环境，形势：
He was brought up in very difficult conditions.他是在十分困难的环境中长大的。
She was in a critical condition after the heart transplant operation when her body rejected the foreign organ.在心脏移植手术后，她的身体排斥外来器官，情况危险。
③条件：
We shall take the condition which you’ve attached to this project into careful consideration.
我们将仔细考虑你们附加在这个项目上的条件。
【拓展】①(up)on condition that如果，只要，条件是：
I will come on condition that she is invited too.如果邀请她来，那我就来。
They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend.
他们同意把车借给我们，条件是我们在周末前归还。
②on no condition在任何情况下都不：
On no condition should we tell her about it.在任何情况下我们都不能把此事告诉她。
③in good(poor)condition状况/条件好(差)：
Though bought several years ago, the computer is still in good condition.
尽管已经买了几年，这台电脑的状况依然良好。
The primary school is in poor condition , which worries many parents and teachers.
这座小学条件非常差，让许多家长和老师们非常担心。
Linda didn’t get there on time because of the bad weather. Additionally, her car was in poor condition.由于天气不好，琳达没能准时到那。此外，她的车况不佳。
④out of condition健康状况不好：
I’ve had no exercise for ages；I’m really out of condition.
我好长时间没有锻炼身体了，现在健康状况欠佳。
⑤conditional adj.条件的，有条件的，由一定条件诱发的，其反义词unconditional：
Their support is conditional on his proposals meeting their approval.
他们的支持是以他的提案得到他们的批准为条件的。
On Thanksgiving Day, you should do something to thank your parents for their
unconditional love.在感恩节，你应该做些事情来感谢父母的无条件的爱。
conduct n.行为，品德，规则，准则：
If you only focus on what a child is doing wrong, he’ll naturally oppose you, which leads to arguments and worse conduct.如果你只关注孩子做错了的事情，他会自然而然地抵触你，这会导致争吵和更加糟糕的行为。
He is a man of very good conduct.他品行端正。
For Europeans, the law is a statement of basic principles of civilized conduct.
对于欧洲人来说，法律是对基本文明行为准则的表述。
v.①引导，带领：A guide conducted the visitors round the museum.导游带领游客参观博物馆。
②经营，管理：
She conducts her business very successfully.她把企业经营得很成功。
The speed of communications today, as opposed to that of yesterday, has greatly changed the manner in which business today is conducted.与过去相比，现今交流速度的改变，已经极大的改变了商业管理的方式。
③指挥(乐队)：Mr. Green will conduct the orchestra.格林先生将指挥这支管弦乐队。
④实施，执行，进行，组织，安排：
Despite numerous failures, they continued to conduct the experiment without flagging. 
尽管实验几次都失败了，他们仍毫不气馁地继续进行。
Using AI, many companies are now conducting experiments that couldn’t have been possible just a few years ago.很多公司现在使用人工智能进行试验，这在几年前是不可能的。
Could you tell me how to conduct a communicative language teaching class? 
你能否告诉我怎样组织一堂交际教学课呢？
conductor n.①管理人，指导者，(车上的)售票员，列车员：
That passenger was very impolite to the conductor, which, of course, made things even worse.
这个乘客对乘务员不礼貌，这使得事情更糟。
②导演，乐队指挥：
Look, a group of students are playing the violin there, in front of whom stands their teacher as the conductor.看，有一群学生在那里拉小提琴，他们的老师站在前面当指挥。
③导体，导线：Wood is a poor conductor.木头是不良导体。
conference n. ①(正式的)会议：
Many international conferences are held in Geneva.许多国际会议在日内瓦举行。
It occurred to him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.
他突然想起第二天早上有一个重要的会议要参加。
②讨论，磋商：He was busy with conferences.他忙于和人会谈。
confident adj.自信的，坚信的，确信的，有信心的：
I am confident that everything will come out right in time。我坚信一切终究都会好起来。
She is confident that everybody is on her side.她确信所有人都站在她这边。
She is a confident woman who is certain of her views. 
她是一位充满自信的女性，对自己的观点深信不疑。
He felt confident that he had passed the test, only to be told that he failed it.
他确信自己通过了考试及后一句却被告知考试不及格。
【拓展】confidence信任，把握，信心：
The servant enjoyed his master’s confidence.这仆人深得主人的信赖。
We have full confidence that we shall succeed.我们完全有把握取得成功。
It’s obvious that she lacked self-confidence.显然她缺乏自信。
Confidence helps you to take a leap of faith when it comes to going after what it is that you truly desire.当涉及到追求你真正想要的事物的时候，信心能够让你充满自信。
confidential adj.①机密的，秘密的：
—Don’t put me on the spot like this. You know can’t give you confidential information.
—Ok. That’s a pity.“别让我这样为难。你知道我不能给你机密信息。”“好吧，太可惜了。”
②极信任的，参与机密的：
Don’t become too confidential with strangers.不要太信任陌生人。
He once served as Chairman Mao’s confidential secretary.他曾经担任过毛主席的机要秘书。
confirm v. ①证实，证明，确认：
It needs yet to be confirmed.还待证实。
For sake of safety, never believe any message from an unknown number until it has been confirmed.
为了安全起见，在未知号码确认之前，不要相信来自它的任何消息。
②坚定(想法、决心等)：Their advice confirmed my decision.他们的劝告更坚定了我的决心。
【拓展】confirmation n.确认，确定，确证：
There is no formal confirmation so far that he is at liberty. 
目前还没有正式确认他已经获得人身自由。
conflict n.冲突，矛盾，抵触：
The people in Syria have been looking forward to the day when the conflict will end.
叙利亚人民一直期待着冲突结束的那一天。
The men were permitted to do this whenever there was no conflict with their duties. 
这些人获准可随时做这事，只要与他们的职责不相抵触就行。
【拓展】①in conflict with同……相冲突(有抵触，有矛盾)：
Employees already are in conflict with management over job cuts 
雇员已经就裁员一事与管理层发生了争执。
②come into conflict with和……冲突：
The two companies came into conflict.这两家公司起了冲突。
v.有矛盾，不一致，有分歧，抵触：
His account conflicted with that of the other witnesses and yet his story had, for me, the ring of truth.
他的叙述与其他目击者讲的有矛盾。然而在我看来，他所说的有可能是真的。
Our political views conflict.我们的政治观点不一致。
Personal ethics and professional ethics sometimes conflict.个人道德和职业道德有时会相互抵触。
【拓展】A conflicts with B=A and B conflict A与B相冲突。
He held firm opinions which usually conflicted with my own 
他所持的观点通常与我的相左，而且很难改变。
confuse v.①使混乱，使迷惑/困惑：
What he said confused me and I was at a loss.他所说的使我困惑，我感到很茫然。
②混淆，混同，分不清：Don’t confuse Austria with/and Australia.不要把奥地利与澳大利亚弄混淆了。
congratulate v.祝贺，庆贺：
I congratulated Susan on passing her exam.苏珊考及格了，我向她祝贺。
Both their grandparents congratulated them on their excellent results.
他们的父母都因其优异的成绩而向他们表示了祝贺。
【拓展】参看词条celebrate。
congratulation n.祝贺，庆贺：Congratulations on your success.祝贺你取得了成功。
connect v.①连接，联系：
That preserved historic village connected to downtown by a highway is where many office workers spend their weekends.那条由高速公路连接市中心的历史悠久的村庄是许多上班族周末的去处。
②相通，衔接：The two trains connect here.这两列火车在这里衔接。
③给……接电话：The telephone operator connected us.话务员给我们接通了电话。
It is recommended that a new railway be built to connect Ningde and Quzhou in Zhejiang Province.
建议在浙江省修建一条连接宁德和衢州的新铁路。
【拓展】connection n.
①接触，连结：The light gets on and off because there is a loose connection.
电灯一会儿亮一会儿灭，因为接触不良。
②关系，关联：What’s the connection between the two ideas?这两个主意之间有何关联？
I am writing to you in connection with your job application.
我给你写信是和你的工作申请有关的。