译林版英语八年级上册阅读理解知识梳理练习题

这是一份译林版英语八年级上册阅读理解知识梳理练习题，共17页。
【知识梳理】
知识点一、细节理解题
1、细节理解题的基本要求和特点
初中英语阅读理解最基本的要求是“能从一般性文章中获取和处理主要信息”。对这种“获取和处理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是细节判断。这类题在阅读理解题中占据半壁江山，做好这类题是确保基础分的关键。同时，弄清细节，正确获取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此，要特别重视做好这类题。
细节题就是指那些针对文章细节描写或与文章情节发展相关的事实所设置的问题。这类题主要测试考生获取信息及对文章所提供信息的理解能力。
2.设题方式
1) 此类题型多数以特殊疑问词设问，设问的检测点针对某一具体行为、地点、时间、原因、方式、数量等。细节题是用来进一步表达主题，体现中心思想的，往往针对短文某个细节来设题。做此类题时，应快速捕捉信息，可能是一些事例、数字等，阅读时要有针对性。 此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的。
2) 常见的命题方式
Which f the fllwing is NOT true accrding t the infrmatin in the passage?
Which f the fllwing is mentined in the passage?
What is the example f . . . as described in the passage?
The authr mentins all f the fllwing except . . .
The reasn fr . . .is . . .
The authr states that . . .
Accrding t the passage, when (where, why, hw, wh, etc. )
Which f the fllwing is right?
Which f the fllwing is nt mentined?
Chse the right rder f this passage .
Frm this passage we knw _______.
3)细节题的不同类型
直接信息题
间接信息题
数字计算题
排列顺序题
图表图画题
知识点二、词义猜测题
1、词义猜测的基本要求和特点
所谓词义猜测是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词甚至短语或句子的意义。词义猜测题在中考中一般考一至两道，要求学生在掌握一定的词汇量的基础上，能独立阅读部分生词，理解生词的含义。考察学生通过上下文提供的线索或生词本身的结构特点对词义作出正确判断的能力。
2.常见的命题方式
What des the wrd “_____”in mean?
It can be inferred（推断，推论）/cncluded（推断） (frm the passage) that the wrd“_____”means _____.
The wrd （意味，暗示）that _____.
Which f the fllwing is the clsest meaning f the wrd?
what d yu think f the expressin _______ stands fr?
The wrd “_____ ” in the passage prbably means ________.
In this stry the underlined wrd “ ” means _______.
3.词义猜测题之解题技巧
1）. 通过定义或释义关系来猜测词义
这种同义或释义关系常由is，that is，in ther wrds，be called或标点符号（破折号、冒号、括号）等来表示。例如：But smetimes, n rain falls fr a lng, lng time. Then there is a dry perid, r drught.
从drught所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drught，由此可见drught意思为"久旱"，"旱灾"。而a dry perid和drught是同义语。
2）. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或r连接的同义词词组；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has knwn smething abut the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help f spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，hwever等；二是看与nt搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is s hmely，nt at all as handsme as his brther.根据nt at 我们不难推测出hmely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3）．通过因果关系猜词
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，fr，s，thus，as a result，f curse，therefre等等)表示前因后果。例如：Yu shuldn't have blamed him fr that，fr it wasn't his fault.通过fr引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。
4）. 通过构词法来猜测词义
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀和一些合成词等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。掌握前后缀规律， 如un-, im-, in-, dis-, il-等前缀与-less等后缀可构成反义词；后缀-ful, -ly, -ism, -ness等可改变词性。而合成词要在正确理解两词的基础上，结合上下文把握两词之间的关系，猜测词义；而对词义的转化，也要结合上下文来猜测。
5）. 通过熟词生义来推测词义
例如：Bananas, ranges, pineapples, ccnuts and sme ther kind f fruit grw in warm areas.假如pineapples和ccnuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，ccnuts和bananas，ranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
6）．通过语境猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如: The penguin is a kind f sea bird living in the Suth Ple. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Althugh it cannt fly, it can swim in the icy water t catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
知识点三、推理判断题
1：推理判断题的特点
推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。
这类推断通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。
2：推理判断题的解题思路
做推断题时，应根据短文中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较，从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。要求在通篇理解文章的基础上，以文章提供的事实为依据，将已表述的和隐含的信息结合起来进行思考、分析，透彻理解全文，以领会作者的真正意图，从而做出正确的推理和判断，切不可凭空想象，主观臆断。
3：推理判断题的常见设问方式
We can infer /cnclude frm the passage that ______.
It can be inferred /cncluded (frm the passage) that ________.
The authr strngly suggests that_______________.
What d yu think wuld happen (t…) at the end f the stry?/ next?
We can infer frm the text that _______.
Frm the stry we can guess _____
Here “it” means________.
The underlined wrd “it” in the passage refers t _______.
The passage is prbably frm_______
4：推理判断题的常见类型：
推断文章的出处（题材）
与文章细节相关的推断
对文章后续内容的推断
数字相关的计算推断
知识点四、
1：主旨大意类题目的特点
主旨是文章的核心，即文章的中心思想或主题。主旨题主要是考查考生能否分辨主题和细节、是否具备提纲挈领的能力，即是否能在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结。这类题大约占总题量的30%。主旨题一般会放在第一个或者最后一个考。
这类题要求阅读时不但要看懂个别的句子，而且要能够根据作者思路的展开，把握作者在整片文章中的观点，因此必须看懂全篇文章的意思。做此类题时，应通读全文，理解文章大意，充分理解主题句的意义。
2：主旨大意类题目的常见设问方式
批注：上述问法，建议教师让学生全部熟记。讲解时把重要生词如theme,statements,express,purpse等告知学生。并且在学生练习时，让学生尝试总结与上述问法不同的句子，以锻炼学生的迁移能力以及灵活运用能力。
1）. 主题类
The main idea/ key pint f the passage is ________.
The passage is mainly abut ___________.
The tpic discussed in the passage is ________.
What is the passage mainly abut?
Which f the fllwing statements best express the theme f the passage?
What’s the main pint/main idea/central thught f the passage?
2）. 标题类
The best title/headline fr this passage might be______.
The text (passage) culd be entitled __________.
The title that best expresses the theme f the passage is ________.
What is the best title fr the passage?
Which f the fllwing wuld be suitable as a title fr the passage?
3). 作者意图类
The authr’s main purpse in writing the passage is ___.
The passage is meant t __________.
The purpse f this article is _______.
The authr’s purpse is t shw _______.
The purpse f the writer in writing this passage is _______.
The writer writes this text t _______.
The writer believes/suggests that _______.
In this passage the writer tries t tell us that ______.

3：解题技巧
)整体思路
（1）仔细阅读全文，判断发现主题句
文章的主题句有的文章有而有的却没有，这就需要学生认真地阅读文章，仔细判断（如果有，它经常出现在文章的开始和结尾处，但也不能排除出现在文章中间的可能）。另外，不要被表象所迷惑。有的文章列举一个或几个人们比较熟悉的事例或是用一些具体的事例来说明一个人们不熟悉或是抽象的内容，这时要看清的是文章的本质而不是表面现象。
（2）对文章进行分析、归纳和概括并得出正确结论
这种情况下大多文章中是找不到主题句的，要求学生在理解全文的基础上自己进行总结。对全文的概括要完整，不能以点带面，以偏概全。在具体的答题过程中学生会发现有个别选项是对的，但它对文章的概括不是很完整，这也不是我们所要的最佳答案。
另外，选择“最佳标题”的题目也是属于文章的主旨，但是标题不仅要能完整地概括全文，还要简洁明了，并能吸引读者，这也是学生在选择最佳标题时应把握的一条原则。
2. )主题句定位法
即通过分析篇章结构，找出每一小段的主题句，然后通过寻找共同点，找出整个文章的主题句。
主题呈现的方式有：
（1）开门见山式：主题句出现在文首。
（2）藏头露尾式：主题句出现在文尾。
（3）首尾呼应式。
（4）藏龙卧虎式。
【例题精讲】例1.
D yu enjy visiting a museum? Did yu ever make a plan befre a visit? Every j museum must have smething that attracts yu. And there are many pssible ways t enjy yurself in a museum.
If yu fllw these steps belw, yu’ll knw what is wrth seeing and ding, s that yu can make the mst f yur time at the museum.
Decide what museum yu will visit. There are s many different kinds f museums and yu first need t find ne that yu like. It's easy fr yu t chse ne and start an enjyable visit!
D sme research nline. Every museum nw has a website which allws yu t lk thrugh the infrmatin abut it. On the website, yu may lk fr such things as：
●The exhibits (展品) ---See what is n shw at the museum at all times, and what special exhibitins are held fr a shrt time.
●The histry f the museum---There will ften be very interesting stries abut the exhibits and the benefactrs (捐赠 者) . That can make yur visit mre interesting.
● Activities — See whether there are talks, turs r special activities n the day when yu visit. Many museums hld sme activities that meet the interests f all age grups.
● Cst, fd and strage---It's imprtant t knw hw much the visit will cst. Yu have t decide whether r nt yu can eat there. Yu might als need t find ut abut transprtatin needs, as well as strage fr cats, bags, etc.
Learn at least ne thing n yur visit. It is always gd t take away smething new frm yur visit.
Plan breaks int yur visit. When yu walk arund, standing here and studying exhibits there, yu may becme very tired. S, it is imprtant t take breaks. A break is a gd pprtunity fr yu t think f what yu have seen and what else yu might want t d in the museum.
Take a friend r tw. Visiting museums is always a lt mre fun when yu are with smene else. Yu can talk ver what yu’re seeing. A friend als brings anther way f thinking when yu talk abut the exhibits.
1. Accrding the passage, we shuld first__________.
A. d sme research nline
B. make a plan fr lunch
C. decide n a museum t visit
D. chse a friend t g with
2. T make ur visit mre interesting, we can__________ .
A. rganize activities like special shws and talks
B. read the stries abut exhibits and benefactrs
C. learn abut the interests f all age grups
D. walk arund the museum withut breaks
3. If we visit a museum with friends, we can____________.
A. share the experience with them
B. cme up with strange ideas
C. cut dwn the cst f the visit
D. discuss the next visit plan
4. What des the passage mainly talk abut?
A. What t d in a museum.
B. When t visit a museum.
C. Where t find a museum.
D. Hw t enjy a museum.
【参考答案】CBBD
【考察内容】这篇短文主要介绍了如何更好地参观博物馆的五点建议，如：首先选择自己想要去的博物馆，上网搜索了解博物馆，和朋友同行等等。
【解题思路】
1.细节理解题，根据题目中的first可知参观博物馆首先要做的事情，所以根据第一个建议。
2.细节理解题，根据题目中的mre interesting结合短文第二点建议中的第二点That can make yur visit mre interesting.
3.细节理解题，根据最后一段A friend als brings anther way f thinking when yu talk abut the exhibits.可知，朋友能够帮助我们相处不同的想法。
4.主旨大意题。根据文章的布局可以看出是告诉我们如何参观博物馆。
【课堂练习】1.
DIY, which means D It Yurself, is quite ppular in UK. Lts f stres and supermarkets sell DIY things. TV prgrammes shw peple hw t DIY.
English peple like DIY. There is a saying in UK----"As Englishman's hme is his castle". Huge
number f peple spend their hlidays making their hmes beautiful "castles". If there is anything that needs fixing arund their hmes, such as painting the walls r putting in a new shwer, they will d the jbs themselves. They share DIY experience with their friends. Mre and mre peple have discvered the jy f DIY. Smetimes peple als DIY fr saving mney. With the ecnmic dwnturn at present, many peple can nt affrd a big huse. They are lking at hw they can make their huse better withut spending a lt f mney. It is nt surprising that DIY is s ppular.
DIY can be difficult. There is a huge market fr DIY furniture which peple need t get tgether
themselves with a few basic tls. Hwever, peple ften find it nt easy t build a piece f furniture
because they can't understand the instructins. Smetimes the instructins are simple and clear, but the furniture itself is difficult t build. One thing is fr sure, thugh mst DIY prjects are started with the best intentins. Many f them may nt get finished. DIY can als be dangerus. Fr example, anything electrical shuld be dne by a prfessinal wrker. Unluckily, many peple dn't care abut this warning and put themselves in danger. It is reprted that in just ne year ver 230,000 peple were hurt while ding DIY in UK, including 41,000 wh fell ff ladders.
Therefre, DIY can bring us fun and help us save mney, but it is nt always as easy as it is thught t be if we bite ff mre than we can chew. Maybe factries shuld make prducts that are easier and safer fr us t DIY.
1. Hw d many English peple spend their hlidays t the passage?
A. Making their hmes beautiful.
B. Visiting their friends.
C. Travelling all ver the wrld
D. Making a lt f mney
2.Why d English peple like DIY?
A. Many stres sell DIY things.
B. DIY can bring them fun.
C. TV prgrammes teach them t DIY
D. All DIY prjects are easy.
3.What can we learn frm the passage?
A. DIY is a waste f mney.
B. it is always difficult t DIY.
C. We shuld be careful while ding DIY.
D. It is very safe fr us t DIY.
4. In the passage, "we bite ff mre than we can chew" prbably means.
A. We can eat everything we like.
B. We shuld d smething difficult.
C. We d smething that is t difficult.
D. We eat t much fd that is nt safe.
【参考答案】ABCC
【考察内容】这篇文章主要讲述了英国人喜欢DIY，自己动手做东西，例如自己粉刷墙壁等。DIY可以给人带来很多乐趣，并节约钱。但有些DIY是很难的，而且有些很危险，在DIY时我们要量力而行，注意安全。
【解题思路】
1:判断推理题。根据文中描述English peple like DIY. There is a saying in UK----"As Englishman's hme is his castle". They like making their huse better withut spending a lt f mney.英国人喜欢DIY,英国有句谚语“英国人的家就是他的城堡”，他们喜欢自己把房子装修得漂亮，而不用花很多钱；故选D。
2:细节理解题。根据文中描述Mre and mre peple enjy the jy f DIY.越来越多的人喜欢DIY所带来的乐趣，所以此题选B，因为DIY可以给他们带来乐趣。
3:判断推理题。根据文中描述DIY can als be dangerus. DIY也是很危险的；故选C，在DIY时我们必须要小心。
4:句意猜测题。根据前文描述D1Y can bring us fun and help us save mney, but it is nt always as easy as it is thught t be…DIY可以给我们带来乐趣和帮助我们节约钱，但是它并不是总是如我们所认为的那么容易，故判断此句为：如果我们不量力而行的话。故选C，如果我们做一些太难的事情。
课后巩固
A
Dlphins are ne f the cleverest animals in the wrld. We may hear f many stries abut hw dlphins save peple ut f water.
Dlphins ften eat fish and sme ther sea animals. A dlphin with a weight f 200kg t 250kg will eat 10kg t 25kg f fish every day. They like t swim with ther dlphins and usually hunt in grups.
Dlphins have very gd hearing. They use it t find things under the water. Many scientists als believe dlphins can even talk t each ther thrugh a special whistle (哨声).Peple frm different areas dn’t speak the same language. Just like peple, dlphins’ whistles have many kinds. One day we may understand dlphins’ whistles, and then they will be able t tell us abut themselves.
Dlphins live in the sea, but they are nt a kind f fish and they dn’t lay eggs. They have babies in the same way as cws and cats d, and give their babies milk. A female dlphin has a baby every tw t three years.
Dlphins are very friendly. Sadly, there are nt many kinds f dlphins left. Peple killed them fr many years fr fd and ther things. Nw it’s time t stp this and perhaps there will be mre f them in the years t cme.
( ) 1. If a dlphin weighs 240kg, hw much f fish may it eat every day?
A. 5kg B. 16kg C. 30kg D. 35kg
( )2. Hw d dlphins find things under the water?
A. By taste. B. By smell. C. By hearing. D. By tuch.
( )3. What can’t dlphins d accrding t this passage?
A. Save peple ut f water. B. Talk t each ther.
C. Give babies milk. D. Lay eggs.
( ) 4. Which f the fllwing is right except______?
A. Dlphins are a kind f fish. B. Dlphins eat fish and sme ther sea animals.
C. Peple may understand dlphins’ whistles sme day.
D. Dlphins usually hunt in grups.
( ) 5. Which is the best title fr the passage?
A. What dlphins eat B. Where dlphins live
C. Hw dlphins are swimming D. Smething abut dlphins
解析：本文说明了海豚是一种怎么样的动物，从它的体重，食物，习性，听力，繁衍等方面出发，方方面面阐述了海豚本身
1.B 根据A dlphin with a weight f 200kg t 250kg will eat 10kg t 25kg f fish every day.四个选项中只有16kg符合。
2.C 根据Dlphins have very gd hearing. They use it t find things under the water.可知海豚用听力来找东西。
3.D 根据Dlphins live in the sea, but they are nt a kind f fish and they dn’t lay eggs. 可知海豚不可产蛋
4.A 根据Dlphins live in the sea, but they are nt a kind f fish and they dn’t lay eggs. 可知海豚不是鱼，此处注意except除了。
5.D 全文讲述了海豚的重量，习性，食物等，综合考虑，只能选D
B
When yu are abut t d smething brave, a cheerful wish f"Gd luck!" frm a friend can be helpful. But if yu think yu need lts f luck, what else might yu d?
In the UK and US there are sme strange traditins fr bringing yurself a little mre gd luck. Sme are hundreds f years ld and sme are much newer.
Have yu heard the saying "When yu wish upn a star"? If yu are lking up at the sky n a clear night and yu see a sudden flash f light, it is prbably a shting star! Seeing ne desn't happen very ften. The saying ges that if yu see ne yu have been very lucky, and s if yu make a wish, it will cme true.
Maybe yu have heard f the lucky rabbit's ft. Sme peple believe that rabbits are lucky animals, s they carry a part f the rabbit, its ft, fr gd luck. There are all kinds f strange, unclear rules abut which f the rabbit's feet is the luckiest. It is said that this gd luck traditin is the ldest ne f all.
Hwever, as the funny saying ges, "Depend n the rabbit's ft if yu will, but remember it didn't wrk fr the rabbit!" Peple in Britain lve trees. If it is autumn and leaves are falling frm the trees, sme peple try t catch the leaves as they fall because they think each leaf they catch will bring them a lucky mnth in the fllwing year-they will need t catch 12 falling leaves t have a whle f gd luck!
( )1. ______ is mentined in the ldest gd luck traditin.
A. A shting star B. A falling leaf
C. A cheerful wish frm friends D. A rabbit's ft
( )2. Frm Paragraph 3, we knw that ______.
A. shting stars can ften be seen
B. peple can see a shting star n a rainy night
C. yur wish may cme true if yu see a shting star
D. peple believe that it's unlucky t see a shting star
( )3. British peple try t catch 12 falling leaves because ______.
A. the leaves fall in autumn
B. there are s many leaves t catch
C. they want t have a whle year f gd luck
D. the leaves can bring them a lucky mnth
( )4. In Paragraph 5, the underlined wrd "them" refers t (指) ______.
A. trees B. peple C. leaves D. years
( )5. The passage is mainly abut ______.
A. hw t wish upn a star
B. things that bring gd luck
C. British peple lve leaves
D. which f the rabbit's feet is the luckiest
解析：本文讲述了从古到今带来好运的方法，如向流星许愿，向掉落的树叶许愿，认为兔子的脚是最幸运的等等奇怪的传统。
1.D 根据It is said that this gd luck traditin is the ldest ne f all.此处it指a rabbit's ft
2.C 第三段写了人们认为向流星许愿能够带来好处。
3.C 一片叶子一个月所以12片就是一年的好运。
4.B 是指给人们带来好运，所以答案选peple
5.B 本文讲述了如何带来好运，其他均太过片面
C
D yu enjy visiting a museum? Did yu ever make a plan befre a visit? Every j museum must have smething that attracts yu. And there are many pssible ways t enjy yurself in a museum.
If yu fllw these steps belw, yu’ll knw what is wrth seeing and ding, s that yu can make the mst f yur time at the museum.
Decide what museum yu will visit. There are s many different kinds f museums and yu first need t find ne that yu like. It's easy fr yu t chse ne and start an enjyable visit!
D sme research nline. Every museum nw has a website which allws yu t lk thrugh the infrmatin abut it. On the website, yu may lk fr such things as：
●The exhibits (展品) ---See what is n shw at the museum at all times, and what special exhibitins are held fr a shrt time.
●The histry f the museum---There will ften be very interesting stries abut the exhibits and the benefactrs (捐赠 者) . That can make yur visit mre interesting.
● Activities — See whether there are talks, turs r special activities n the day when yu visit. Many museums hld sme activities that meet the interests f all age grups.
● Cst, fd and strage---It's imprtant t knw hw much the visit will cst. Yu have t decide whether r nt yu can eat there. Yu might als need t find ut abut transprtatin needs, as well as strage fr cats, bags, etc.
Learn at least ne thing n yur visit. It is always gd t take away smething new frm yur visit.
Plan breaks int yur visit. When yu walk arund, standing here and studying exhibits there, yu may becme very tired. S, it is imprtant t take breaks. A break is a gd pprtunity fr yu t think f what yu have seen and what else yu might want t d in the museum.
Take a friend r tw. Visiting museums is always a lt mre fun when yu are with smene else. Yu can talk ver what yu’re seeing. A friend als brings anther way f thinking when yu talk abut the exhibits.
1. Accrding the passage, we shuld first__________.
A. d sme research nline
B. make a plan fr lunch
C. decide n a museum t visit
D. chse a friend t g with
2. T make ur visit mre interesting, we can__________ .
A. rganize activities like special shws and talks
B. read the stries abut exhibits and benefactrs
C. learn abut the interests f all age grups
D. walk arund the museum withut breaks
3. If we visit a museum with friends, we can____________.
A. share the experience with them
B. cme up with strange ideas
C. cut dwn the cst f the visit
D. discuss the next visit plan
4. What des the passage mainly talk abut?
A. What t d in a museum.
B. When t visit a museum.
C. Where t find a museum.
D. Hw t enjy a museum.
【参考答案】CBBD
【考察内容】这篇短文主要介绍了如何更好地参观博物馆的五点建议，如：首先选择自己想要去的博物馆，上网搜索了解博物馆，和朋友同行等等。
【解题思路】
1细节理解题，根据题目中的first可知参观博物馆首先要做的事情，所以根据第一个建议。
2细节理解题，根据题目中的mre interesting结合短文第二点建议中的第二点That can make yur visit mre interesting.
3细节理解题，根据最后一段A friend als brings anther way f thinking when yu talk abut the exhibits.可知，朋友能够帮助我们相处不同的想法。
4主旨大意题。根据文章的布局可以看出是告诉我们如何参观博物馆。
说明文
议论文
记叙文
在开头
√(较常见)
√
√
在结尾
√(较少见)
√
√
在中间
√
√
中心贯穿全文
√(较常见)