2022年九年级中考英语语法知识梳理--冠词学案
展开2022年九年级中考英语语法知识梳理
冠词
冠词是英语中位于名词前面的一种特殊虚词。它不能单独使用,只放在名词的前面,并帮助名词表达某种含义,故称为冠词。冠词有三个,即a,an和the;冠词分为三类,a,an被称为不定冠词;the被称为定冠词;名词前不用冠词时被称为零冠词。
不定冠词
1.不定冠词概说
不定冠词a,an通常用于单数的可数名词前,复数名词或不可数名词前不可使用不定冠词a或an;表示“一”的概念时,a/an与one同义,但不强调数量。a用于辅音开头的单词前,一般弱读为/ə/,在强调时可重读为/ei/;an用于元音开头的单词前,一般弱读为/ən/,在强调时可重读为/æn/。如:a computer一台电脑;an old man一位老人;an ugly woman一个相貌丑陋的女人。
注意:
①这里的元音和辅音指的是音素,不是指字母。如:a university一所大学;an honest man一个诚实的人。
②有些以元音字母开头的单词,其发音却是辅音,前面的冠词要用a。常考单词有:a useful book一本有用的书;a university professor一位大学教授;a European 一个欧洲人;a one-eyed horse一匹独眼的马;a uniform 一套制服;a “u ”一个字母u。
③有些以辅音字母开头的单词,其发音却是元音,前面的冠词要用an。常考单词有:an hour一个小时;an honest boy一个诚实的男孩;an “f”一个f字母;an “l” (m,n,s,x)一个l(m,n,s,x)字母。
④以u字母开头,发元音的单词有:an umbellar一把雨伞;an ugly man一个丑陋的人;an unknown man一名无名小卒。
2.不定冠词a,an的8种用法
(1)表示某人或某物,但不具体说明是何人或何物。如:
There is a dog lying on the ground.有一只狗躺在地上。
(2)用于可数名词单数前,表示某一类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如:
An elephant is much stronger than a man.大象比人强壮得多。(不能翻译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。)
(3)表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:
He is an English teacher.他是个英语老师。
(4)表示“一”这个数量而又不特别强调数量。如:
There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。
(5)用于首次出现,一方不知道的人或物的名词前。如:
There is a man swimming in the river.有个人在河里游泳。
(6)用于序数词前,表示“再一、又一”的意思。如:
I tried a third time,but failed again.我又试了一次,可是仍然失败了。
(7)用于速度、价格、时间等表示单位的名词前,有“每一”的意思。如:
This cloth is 10 yuan a meter.这布每米十元。
I go shopping twice a week.我每周去购物两次。
(8)用于部分固定短语词组中。
①用于have,take,make,give等动词与具有动作意义的名词连用表示一种短暂动作的固定词组中。如:
have a look 看一看 have a walk 散步 have a break休息一下
have a try 试一试 have a bath 洗澡
take a look 看一看 take a rest 休息 take a walk散步
take a break 休息一下 take a bath 洗澡
make a decision 做出决定 make a choice 做出选择 make a plan制定计划
give a smile 微笑 give a whistle 吹口哨 give a shout大喊大叫
②用于与时间、数量、方式有关的短语词组中。如:
a moment ago 刚才 after a while 过了一会 half an hour 半小时
a bit 一点 a little 一点 a few 几个
a lot 许多 a number of 许多;大量的 a pair of 一副、一双
a kind of 一种 a piece of 一张、一片 twice a week 一周两次
with a smile 微笑着 in a loud voice 大声地 in a low voice 低声地
in a hurry 匆忙地 in a word 总之
③用于一些常用动词短语中。如:
have a cold 感冒 catch a bad cold 患重感冒
have a good time 玩得开心 make a noise 发出嘈杂声
do a good deed 做好事 give a lesson 上课
have a lesson 听课 make a face 做鬼脸
make a mistake 犯错;出错 make a living 谋生
give sb.a hand 给某人帮忙 make an apology to sb.向某人道歉
have a cough 咳嗽 have a fever 发烧
take an interest in 对……感兴趣 have a headache 头疼
【习题速递】
1.The teenagers had _____ good time in the summer camp in their sister school.
A.a B.an C.the D./
2.The young man from _____ European country has stayed in the room for _____ hour.
A.a;an B.an;a C.an;an
3.— What can I do for you,sir?
— I want _____ iPhone 6S plus for my wife as _____ useful gift.
A.an;a B.a;an
C.an;the D.a;a
4. Cheer up!You will get _____ A in the listening test.
A.a B.the C.an D./
5. What _____ ugly painting!I can't believe it is the master's work.
A.a B.an C./
6. Tom wants to study at _____ university in Europe,but hasn't decided which one to go to yet.
A.an B.a C.the D.不填
【答案点拨】
1.答案:A have a good time是固定短语,意为“玩得开心”,故选A。句意:这群青少年在他们姐妹学校的夏令营活动中玩得很开心。
2.答案:A European的第一个音是辅音音素,其前用a表示“一个”;hour的第一个音是元音音素(字母h不发音),其前用an表示“一个”,根据句意,“这个来自欧洲某国的年轻人已经在房间里待了一个小时了。”这两个空格处都泛指“一个”,故选A。
3.答案:A iPhone的发音以元音开头,要用an,而useful则以辅音开头,要用a,根据句意均为泛指,故选A。句意:—先生,您想买什么?—我想要一个苹果6S plus作为一份有用的礼物送给我妻子。
4.答案:C 字母A以元音音素开头,其前用an表示“一个A”,故选C。句意:打起精神!你将在听力考试中得到一个A。
5.答案:B ugly以元音音素开头,用an,故选B。句意:多么丑陋的绘画啊!我不相信这作品出自大师之手。
6.答案:B university是辅音音素/j/开头的单词,用a university表示“一所大学”,故选B。句意:汤姆想在欧洲的一所大学学习,但是现在还没有决定去哪所大学。
定冠词
1.定冠词概说
定冠词the 与指示代词this,that,these,those意义相当,在辅音前读/ðə/,在元音前或强调时读/ði/,表示某个或某些特定的人或事物,意为“这、那、这些、那些”等。定冠词the 既可用于可数名词的单数或复数前,也可用于不可数名词前。
2.定冠词the的15种基本用法
(1)用于表示特指的人或事物名称前。如:
The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.那个手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克。
(2)用于谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物的名词前。如:
Look at the blackboard,Lily.莉莉,请看黑板。
(3)用于复述前面提到过的人或事物的名词前。如:
There is a man under the tree.The man is called Robert.树下有个人,那个人叫罗伯特。
(4)用在可数名词单数前,表示一类人或事物。如:
The compass was invented in China.指南针是中国发明的。
The horse is taller than the dog.马比狗高。
(5)用于世界上独一无二的事物名称前。如:
The earth turns around the sun.地球绕太阳旋转。
(6)用在表示方位的名词前面。如:
There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.长江以南地区将会刮大风。
(7)用在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:
Who is the first one to get to school?谁是第一个到校的人?
Of all the stars,the sun is the nearest to the earth.在所有的恒星当中太阳离地球最近。
(8)用在乐器名称的前面。如:
He began to play the violin at the age of 5.五岁时他开始拉小提琴。
注意:
乐器有西洋乐器和中国乐器之分,西洋乐器的名称前加定冠词the,而中文乐器的名称前无需加冠词。
piano violin guitar erhu pipa
Can you play the piano?你会弹钢琴吗?
西洋乐器除piano(钢琴)外,常用的还有:violin(小提琴),guitar(吉他),organ(风琴),flute(笛子),drum(鼓)等;常用的中文乐器有:erhu(二胡),pipa(琵琶)等。
(9)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:
I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山。
(10)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:
He is from the United States of America.他来自美国。
(11)用在姓氏的复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人。如:
The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.下个月格林一家要去峨眉山。
(12)用在部分形容词的前面表示一类人。如:
I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山。
(10)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:
He is from the United States of America.他来自美国。
(11)用在姓氏的复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人。如:
The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.下个月格林一家要去峨眉山。
(12)用在部分形容词的前面表示一类人。如:
the rich富人;the poor穷人;the young年轻人;the old老人;the sick病人;the wounded伤员;the blind盲人等等。
(13)用于形容词或副词的比较级前,构成“the +比较级,the +比较级”句型,表示“越……,就越……。”如:
The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you'll make.你越仔细,出的错就会越少。
(14)same之前一般用定冠词the 。如:
Lucy and Lily look the same.露西和莉莉看上去长得一样。
(15)用于一些固定词组中。
①与时间相关的短语词组。如:
at the same time 同时 in the end 最后
all the time 一直 in the day 在白天
in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上 the day before yesterday 前天
the day after tomorrow 后天 all the year round 一年到头
at the age of 在……岁时 at the same time 同时
in the past 在过去 on the eve of 在……的前夕
in the 1990s 在20世纪90年代
②与地点相关的短语词组。如:
at the top of 在……的顶部 at the end of 在……的末端
in the middle of 在……的中间 at the corner of 在……拐角
in the sky 在天空中 in the world 在世界上
in the street 在街上 in the east of 在……东部
on the right 在右边 on the left 在左边
on the playground 在操场上 at the back of 在……的后面
③由词组构成的常用地名。如:
the Great Wall 长城 the Yellow River 黄河
the Yangtze River 长江 the Summer Palace 颐和园
the Palace Museum 故宫 the West Lake 西湖
the US 美国 the UN 联合国
the WTO 世界贸易组织 the History Museum 历史博物馆
④其他固定词组。如:
make the bed 铺床 by the way顺便说一下
on the way 在路上 go to the cinema看电影
join the army 参军 join the League入团
tell the truth 说实话 listen to the radio听收音机
with the help of 在……的帮助下
【习题速递】
1.Tianjin is _____ beautiful city in _____ north of China.
A.a;a B.a;the C.the;不填 D.不填;the
2. — When is Father's Day in the United States?
— It's on _____ third Sunday in June.
A.a B.the C./
3. There is a pencil on the floor._____ pencil is Peter's.
A.A B.An C.The D./
4.— Excuse me.Where's _____ school library?
— This way,please.
A.an B.the C.a
5.— Do you know _____ girl with long curly hair?
— Yes,she is Mary.She plays _____ piano very well.
A.a;/ B.the;/ C.the;the D.a;the
6.— We should go to school by bus instead of by car.
— Yeah,_____ cars we use,_____ pollution there will be.
A.fewer,less B.less,fewer
C.the less,the fewer D.the fewer,the less
【答案点拨】
1.答案:B 由句意“天津是一个美丽的城市”可知第一空表示“一个”用不定冠词a;in the north of是固定词组,意为“在……北部”,故选B。
2.答案:B third是序数词,序数词前要用定冠词the,故选B。句意:“美国父亲节是什么时候?”“在六月份的第三个星期天。”
3.答案:C pencil在此是第二次提到,表特指,应用定冠词the,故选C。句意:地板上有一支铅笔,这支铅笔是彼得的。
4.答案:B 句中特指学校的图书馆,用定冠词the;an/a表泛指,故选B。句意:“打扰一下,学校图书馆在哪里?”“这边请。”
5.答案:C 第一空girl被with引导的介词短语所修饰,表示特指用定冠词the;第二空piano为乐器,乐器名称前用定冠词the,故答案为C。句意:“你认识那个头发又卷又长的女孩吗?”“是的,她是玛丽。她钢琴弹得非常好。”
6.答案:D 根据句意“我们上学应该乘公交车而不要乘小汽车。”“是的。小汽车用的越少,污染就越少。”表示“越……,就越……”用“the+比较级,the+比较级”句型。故选D。
零冠词
1.零冠词概说
名词前不用任何冠词的现象被称为零冠词。零冠词是英语中必须掌握的内容,也是中考经常考到的内容之一。
2.名词前不用冠词的11种情况
(1)国家名和人名前通常不用冠词。如:
China is a very large country.中国是个大国。
Mary is my sister.玛丽是我妹妹。
(2)由“专有名词+普通名词”构成的专有名词前不用冠词。如:
Beijing Airport北京机场;Nanjing Road南京路;Zhongshan Park中山公园;
Qinghua University清华大学;Tian'anmen Square天安门广场。
(3)泛指一类人或事物的复数名词前不用冠词。如:
Computers are very useful.电脑很有用。
Men are cleverer than monkeys.人比猴子聪明。
(4)man泛指人类时其前不用冠词。如:
Man cannot live without air or water.没有空气和水人就不能生存。
(5)不是特指的物质名词或抽象名词前不用冠词。如:
Money is not everything.金钱不是万能的。
Music can bring pleasure to people.音乐能给人带来欢乐。
(6)名词前已有指示代词this,that,these,those和物主代词my,your,his,her,our,their,its或不定代词some,any,no,each,every等作定语时不用任何冠词。如:
My pen is much more expensive than yours.我的钢笔比你的贵多了。
Don't touch that stone.It's dangerous.不要动那块石头。它很危险。
(7)表示季节、月份、星期的名词前一般不用冠词。如:
He was born on February 18,2005.他出生在2005年2月18日。
They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.春天他们通常在山上植树。
(8)语言、学科、一日三餐饭前不用任何冠词。如:
Miss Smith can't speak Chinese.史密斯小姐不会说汉语。
Math is hard to learn.数学很难学。
We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭。
(9)节日、假日前一般不用冠词。如:
On Children's Day the boys often get presents from their parents.在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物。
(10)球类运动和棋类名词前不用任何冠词。如:
The children play football on Saturday afternoons.孩子们星期六下午踢足球。
I often play chess with him on Sunday.星期天我经常和他下棋。
(11)在人名、称呼语、头衔、职务的名词前一般不用任何冠词。如:
What color are Mr Green's shoes?格林先生的鞋是什么颜色的?
The President gave a talk on TV.总统在电视里做了一次演讲。
(12)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用任何冠词。如:
They are now at People's Cinema.他们现在在人民影院。
[歌诀巧记] 不用冠词的情况
学科球类三餐饭,四季星期月份前,节日假日建筑物,称呼习语和头衔。
(13)否定词no后的名词不用任何冠词。如:
There is no desk in the room。房间里没有课桌。
(14)by后表示交通工具的名词前不用冠词。如:
by bus 乘公共汽车 by train 乘火车 by plane 乘飞机
by bike 骑自行车 by ship 乘轮船 by boat 乘小船
by car 乘小汽车 by taxi 乘出租车
(15)介词或连词连接两个相同或相对应的单数名词时不用冠词。如:
day and night 日日夜夜 all day and all night 整日整夜地
day after day 日复一日 arm in arm 胳膊挽着胳膊
hand in hand 手拉手 face to face 面对面地
shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地 side by side 肩并肩地
step by step 逐渐地 from time to time 时不时地
(16)一些习惯用语中不用任何冠词。
①一些由“介词+名词”构成的词组中不用冠词。
at night 在夜晚 at noon 在中午 all day 整天
at home 在家 at work 在工作 at school 在上学
at table 在吃饭 at first 起初 at last 最后;终于
after school 放学后 for example 例如 in hospital 住院
in danger 处于危险中 in time 及时 in surprise 惊奇地
in town 在城里 in fact 事实上;实际上 in silence 沉默不语;静静地
in trouble 处于困境中 in front of 在……的前面 on foot 步行
on duty 值日 on fire 着火 with pleasure 高兴地;乐意地
in ink 用钢笔 in pencil 用铅笔
②在一些动词短语中,习惯上不用冠词。
ask for help come back to life 苏醒 have sports 进行运动
learn ...by heart 背诵 lose weight 减肥 pay attention to 注意
take care of 照顾 take part in 参加 watch TV 看电视
go to school 去上学 go to bed 睡觉 listen to music 听音乐
keep in touch with 与……保持联系
【习题速递】
1.— Will you stay for _____ supper with us?
— Sure.I'd love to.Home cooking is just what I like.
A.a B.an C.the D./
2. — My father often goes to work on _____ foot.
— It is good for health.But my father drives _____ car.
A.the;the B./;an C./;the D.the;/
3.I think playing _____ football is a good way to learn the spirit of teamwork.
A.a B.an C.the D./
4. — Uncle is coming by _____ train tomorrow.
— Let's go to _____ railway station to meet him.
A.a;the B./;a C./;the
5.— Do you know _____ woman in red?
— Yes,she is a professor of _____ Anshun College.
A.the;/ B.a;/ C.the;an D.the;the
【答案点拨】
1.答案:D 根据句意“你会留下来与我们一起吃晚饭吗?”“当然愿意。家常菜正是我所喜欢的。”一日三餐前用零冠词。故选D。
2.答案:C 根据句意“我爸爸经常步行去上班。”“(它)有益于身体健康。但是我爸爸开车去(上班)。”第一空on foot为固定短语;第二空表特指,故选C。
3.答案:D 球类运动前用零冠词,故选D。句意:我认为踢足球是学习团队精神的一个好途径。
4.答案:C “by+交通工具”为固定用法;the railway station意为“火车站”,表特指,故选C。句意“明天叔叔要乘火车来。”“让我们去火车站接他吧。”
5.答案:A 第一空是特指穿红衣服的妇女,用定冠词the;第二空后大学名称前不用冠词,故选A。句意“你认识那个穿红衣服的妇女吗?”“认识,她是安顺大学的教授。”
冠词位置的4种特殊情况
冠词通常位于名词的前面,当形容词修饰名词时,冠词通常位于形容词前。如:a good student一个好学生;an honest boy一个诚实的男孩;the happy family那个幸福的家庭。下列3种情况较为特殊:
(1)当名词被what,such,half,many修饰时,不定冠词a或an要放在这些词的后面。
What an interesting book it is!多么有趣的一本书啊!
I have never seen such an animal.我从来没有见过这样的动物。
He waited there for half an hour.他在那儿等了半个小时。
Many a man is fit for the job.很多人适合该工作。
(2)当名词前的形容词被副词as,so,too,how修饰时,不定冠词a或an要放在形容词之后。
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.这是我度过的最愉快的一天。
The teacher asked so hard a question that none of us could answer it.老师问了一个很难的问题,我们都回答不上来。
Maggie is too young a girl to be left by herself at home.玛吉太小,不能把她单独留在家里。
How timely a rain we've got in so dry a season!在如此干燥的季节里,这真是一场及时雨啊!
(3)当单数可数名词被quite,rather修饰时,不定冠词a或an放在quite或rather之后。
She is wearing quite a beautiful sweater.她穿着一件非常好看的毛衣。
(4)当定冠词the与all,both,half等词连用修饰名词时,定冠词应放在这些词之后。
All the books are written in English.所有的书都是用英语写的。
Both the boys are interested in computer games.那两个男孩都对电脑游戏感兴趣。
They only walked half the journey.他们只走了一半的路程。
【语法专练 体验中考】
1.When leaders of Chinese mainland (大陆)and Taiwan met in Singapore for _____ first time since 1949,President Xi said,“Today will be remembered in _____ history.”
A.the;the B.the;/ C./;/ D./;the
2.The family will have _____ good time in Shanghai Disneyland.
A.a B.an C.the D.\
3. — Have you seen _____ cartoon film Zootopia ?
— Of course,it's _____ most interesting film I've ever seen.
A.a;the B.the;a C.a;a D.the;the
4.She went to a European university to study art._____ university is really amazing.
A.An B.The C.A
5.— What did you do last night,Bob?
— First I did my homework,and then I played _____ piano for half _____ hour.
A.the;a B./;an C.the;an D.a;the
6. — _____ chocolate bread you want is done now.
— What _____ delicious smell!
A.A;the B.A;不填 C.The;a D.The;不填
7.— Have you read a book called The Merchant of Venice ?
— Yes._____ book is very interesting.
A.An B.A C.The D./
8.Edward and William are brothers.There is _____ uncommon similarity between _____ two boys.
A.an;不填 B.an;the C.a;不填 D.a;the
9.We usually have three meals _____ day.We have _____ breakfast at eight in the morning every day.
A.a;the B.a;a C.a;/ D./;the
10 Brazil,_____ country in South America,will hold _____ 31st Olympic Games in August,2016.
A.a;a B.a;the C.the;a D.the;the
11 I have _____ pet cat.It is so cute.
A.a B.an C.the D./
12. — Would you please turn off _____ TV?
— OK,just a minute.
A.a B.an C.the
13. There is _____ “h” in the word “hour”,and the “h” doesn't make _____ sound.
A.an;a B.a;any C.an;any
14.There is _____ book in my backpack._____ book is very heavy.
A.a;The B.a;A C.the;A D.the;The
15.— What do you usually have for breakfast?
— Some bread,_____ egg and a glass of milk.
A.a B.an C.the
【答案速递】
1.B 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.A 14.A 15.B