人教新目标（Go for it)版英语八年级下册 Unit 2 I’ll help to clean up the city parks（教案 ）

透析中考英语语法动词不定式

一、动词不定式的结构

1. 动词不定式的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可不带to

否定形式是not to+动词原形

2. 动词不定式仍然具有动词的功能，可以接宾语或状语而构成不定式短语。例如：

to beat the opponent  打败对手
to put on your coat   穿上你的大衣
to drive fast        快速驾车
to return home      归国，回家

注意：不定式之前的to 与介词to功能不同。介词to 之后要接名词或代词的宾格，或相当于名词的短语作它的宾语。而不定式的 to的后面需要跟原形动词。

例如： speak to him (to是介词) 
        to speak English (to是不定式 )
二、动词不定式的句法功能

1、动词不定式作主语

当动词不定式作主语时，其谓语动词常用单数。例如：

To see is to believe. (百闻不如一见。)

To say something is one thing; to do it is another.  说是一回事，做是另一回事。

To help animals is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)

It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)

It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间)

当动词不定式在句子中作主语时,通常使用it作形式主语而真正主语则是不定式或不定式短语，以使句子保持平衡。例如：

It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。

It is not difficult to work out the problem.

It's very kind of you to help us.　 

It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。

1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：

例如： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

例如：　It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。

2、动词不定式作表语

不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：

　　 My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。

　　 His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。

3、动词不定式作宾语

及物动词ask，agree，beg，choose，decide，expect, fail，hesitate，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，plan，prepare，promise，refuse，want，wish , would like,  prefer等要求动词不定式作宾语。例如：

We want to learn some body languages.我们想学习一点身势语。

She has decided to go to Guangzhou tomorrow.她已经决定明天去广州。

No one can afford to buy such an expensive suit.没有人能担负起买如此昂贵的服装。

4、动词不定式作宾语补足语

有的动词后接带to的动词不定式作补语；有的动词后接不带to的动词不定式。

1）能以带to的不定式作宾补的动词有：ask，allow， get，warn，tell，invite，force， beg， wish，want， expect， encourage， advise， persuade，permit， request， order， cause， call on , would like,  teach等。例如：

Would you like me to help you? 你要我帮忙吗？

Father will not allow us to play on the street.

2）用不带to的不定式作宾补的动词有see，hear，watch，notice，observe，listen to，look at，feel，let，have，make等。但是，这类句子变为被动语态时，不定式符号to仍保留。例如：

I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。

 =He was seen to dance.

The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。

=They were made to work the whole night.

5、动词不定式与疑问词、介词的连用

decide，find out， forget，know，learn，remember，wonder等动词常接“疑问词+ 动词不定式”这个结构，用作宾语。疑问词一般是what，who（m），where，how，whether，which。例如：

Would you teach us how to drive a car? 你愿意教我们如何开车吗？

Let me tell you what to do now.让我来告诉你现在该做什么。

   当宾语是不定式(短语)时，如果其后有宾语补足语，则须用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在补语之后，即：“主语 +谓语 + it +宾补+不定式（短语）”。常见的谓语动词有think, make, feel, find, etc.例如：

I don't think it is necessary to buy a bigger computer.我认为没有必要买那个大功能的计算机。

He found it important to study the situation in Russian.他发现研究俄国形势非常重要。

6、动词不定式作定语

不定式做定语修饰名词通常要放在所修饰的名词之后(又称后置定语)。这类名词经常使用的有： time, way, chance, right(权力)，need(需要)，decision(决定)，opportunity(机会)， effort(努力)，courage(勇气)，struggle(斗争)等。往往表示未发生的动作。例如：

例如：
Mr. Wang is a man to believe in.  王先生是一位值得信赖的人。
I think he is a man to depend on.  我认为他是一个可以依赖的人。
Can you find anything to read at the dentist?  在牙诊所你可以找到可阅读的东西吗?
The boy found no one to play with.  这孩子找不到人跟他一块玩。

I have a lot of work to do.　我有许多事要做。

There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。

7、动词不定式作状语

不定式通常在句子里可作目的、条件、原因和结果状语。

1）   目的状语　

常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do,　so as to do,　so（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）。例如：

　　  He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.　他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

　　  I come here only to say good-bye to you.　我来仅仅是向你告别。

2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。

    I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。

　　  He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。

3） 表原因

I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。

She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。

  4）表示理由和条件

He must be a fool to say so.他可定是傻子才这样说。

You will do well to speak more carefully.如果你仔细说，你会做得更好。

三、练习

（  ）1. You were silly not _______your car.

A. to lock   B. to have locked   C. locking   D. having locked

A .to issue   B. being issued   C. to have issued    D. to be issued

（  ）3. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_________ in broad daylight yesterday.

 A. robbed                   B. to have been robbed

 C. being robbed              D. having been robbed

（  ）4. The meeting _______ next week is sure to be a great success.

A. to take place          B. to be taken place             

C. to have taken place           D. being taken place

（  ）5. As a result of my laziness, I failed ________ my work in time.

A. and finished　　B. to finish　　　　C. and finishing　　D. to finished

（  ）6. I am sorry ______ written you a letter at the time.

A. to have not　　　　B. to not have　　　　C. not to have　　　　D. not having

（  ）7. He could do nothing but _______for the bus _________.

  A. wait, to come    B. wait; come      C. waiting; coming     D. waited; came

（  ）8 .It is a problem that doesn't need ________ right now.

A. to solve　　B. solving　　　　C. being solved　　D. to be solving

（  ）9. There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _______ trouble.

A. making     B. to make       C. to have made      D. having made

（  ）10 I remember _______him _______the bike needed __________.

A. hearing, saying, to repair        B. to hear, say,  to repair

C. hearing, say, repairing          D. to hear, saying, to be repaired

（  ）11. Robert is said to __________ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied     B. to study     B. to be studying     D. to have been studying

（  ）12. I’m gong to Xi’an next week. Have you anything __________ to your parents?

A. to take      B. to be taken      C. to be bought to      D. to buy

（  ）13. when are they __________ in their plan?

A. hand      B. handed       C. to hand        D. give

（  ）14. --Are you a student?

--No, but I used _________.

A. to be       B. to was          C. to do        D. to be a

（  ）15. I stopped to listen, and my son seemed _________ himself _________ in the living room.

  A. to enjoy,  to shut         B. to be enjoying, shutting  

C. to be enjoying, shut       D. to have enjoyed, having shut