北师大版选择性必修第一册Unit3CONSERVTIONSectionⅢGrammar__定语从句学案
展开Grammar——定语从句
语法图解
探究发现
①Do you remember the girl who taught us English?
②This is the place where he used to live.
③Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.
④A middleaged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.
⑤A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.
[我的发现]
1．限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约的作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确，因而不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。
2．非限制性定语从句在句中主要起补充说明的作用，非限制性定语从句与主句之间往往有逗号隔开，独立存在，省略也不会影响整个句子的意思。
一、限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句，是对先行词从本质或特征上进行限制的一种定语从句，它所修饰的词代表一个(些)或一类特定的人或事、物。限制性定语从句与被修饰词之间的关系密切，对其起限定作用，因此不可缺少，否则会影响全句的意义。限制性定语从句前不用逗号。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有：who，whom，that，which，whose；关系副词有：where, when, why。
The gift (that/which) I gave to her is a pet dog.
我给她的那份礼物是一只宠物狗。
(the gift 在后面从句中相当于gave的宾语成分，所以关系代词that / which可以省略。)
A man who is lazy can ’t learn much.
一个懒的人学不了多少东西。
(a man 在后面从句中相当于主语成分，所以who不能省略。)
They are the people whose houses were destroyed in the earthquake.
他们是他们的房子在地震中被摧毁的那些人。
This is the place where/in which my father works.
这是我爸爸工作的地方。
She still remembered the days when/during which she was studying in China.
她仍然记得在中国学习的那一段日子。
Could you give me the reason why/for which you was late for school?
你能给我解释一下你为什么迟到吗？
[即时演练1] 用关系代词或关系副词填空
①September is the day when students go back to school after a summer vocation.
②I don ’t like the way that you treat animals.
③The reason why he won the first place in the competition is that not only did he follow the teacher ’s advice, but also he trained hard.
二、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句与被修饰词之间的关系松散，不能对其起限定作用，而是提供有用的补充。在口语中用停顿表示，在书面表达中用逗号与句子的其他部分分开，因此句中的关系代词不能省略。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有：who，whom，which，whose，as；关系副词有：where, when。
I gave her a gift, which is a pet dog.
我给了她一份礼物，是一只宠物狗。
(先行词为物，引导非限制性定语从句时，用which而不用that。)
He didn ’t win the championship, which I hadn ’t expected.
他没获得冠军， 这一点是我没预料到的。
(which引导非限制性定语从句可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句子的含义。)
He is a lazy man, who can ’t learn much.
他很懒，学不了什么东西。
He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother.
他急于想去医院看望他的继母， 他把他的继母当作亲生母亲一样热爱和尊敬。
After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life.
毕业后， 我决定留在重庆， 在那里我曾度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。
He will come here tomorrow, when he will be free.
他明天有空的时候会来这里。
[即时演练2] 用关系代词或关系副词填空
①We finally got to the village, where we saw rows of newlybuilt houses.
②His movie won several awards at the film festivals, which was beyond his wildest dream.
③It was a great joy to work with all these people, every one of whom is such a nice person.
④His English, which used to be very poor is now excellent.
三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1．在句中作用不同
(1)限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用， 使该词的含义更具体， 更明确。
限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。
Do you remember the boy who played football yesterday?
你还记得昨天打篮球的那个男孩吗？
(2)非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切， 只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。
如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。
Mr. Wang, who gave a speech yesterday, is an expert in the hospital.
王先生是这家医院的一位专家，昨天做了一个演讲。
2．外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开； 而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切， 所以可以用逗号将其与主句隔开。
This is the place where he used to live.
这是他曾经居住的地方。
They went back to London，which was their hometown.
他们回到了伦敦，那里是他们的家乡。
3．先行词内容有所不同
大多数限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语， 而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句， 此时非限制性定语从句常由which 引导。
A fiveyearold boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.
一个五岁的孩子会说两门外语，这让在场的人都很吃惊。
4．关系词的使用情况有所不同
(1) that不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
误：He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.
正：He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.
[名师点津] 值得注意的是， 不少同学误认为只有which 才能引导非限制性定语从句， 这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时， 如果先行词指人， 则用who, which或whose引导； 先行词指物可用which引导； 先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时， 可用when, where引导。
We ’ll graduate in July, when we will be free.
我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。
Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held.
他们上周日到达了南京， 有个会议要在那里举行。
(2) 关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替， 但whom在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。
This is the girl (whom/who) I met in the street.
这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。
This is Jack, whom you haven ’t met before.
这是杰克，你以前没见过。
[名师点津] 在限制性定语从句中， 先行词指人时可用that 代替who/whom, 但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时， 不可用that 代替who/whom.
误：She has a sister, that is a teacher.
正：She has a sister, who is teacher.
(3) 关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去， 非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省略。
This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.
这就是他昨天丢的那本书。
The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.
他昨天丢了这本书，但现在已找到了。
[即时演练3] 用关系代词或关系副词填空
①Have you ever been to Xi ’an, which I left ten years ago.
②The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
③I ’ll find a nice girl, whom I want to marry.
④I ’ll come at ten, when I ’ll be free.
⑤I still remember the days (that/which) I spent in Beijing.
⑥All the neighbors admire this family, where the parents are treating their child like a friend.
四、which和as引导非限制性定语从句的异同
1．相同点
两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语，位于主句之后有时可互换。
The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted.
会议被推迟了，这正是我们所希望的。
2．区别
(1)as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性从句只能位于主句之后。
As is known to all, fish can ’t live without water.
众所周知，离开了水，鱼儿无法生存。
She told me she won the match, which was a lie.
她告诉我她赢得了比赛，这是一个谎言。
(2)as常用“正如”含义，常用的结构有as we know/as is known to all(众所周知)；as often happens(正如常发生的那样)；as is often the case(情况常常如此); as we all can see(正如我们看到的); as be announced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported, as the saying goes(俗话说)等。这些结构常放在句首，偶尔也可以放在句中或句末。
As is known to all, China is a developing country.
众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
As the saying goes, “All roads leads to Rome”.
俗话说，“条条大路通罗马”。
[即时演练4] 用as或which填空
①Kate was late for school, as often happened.
②He didn ’t say anything at the meeting, as/which seemed very strange.
③My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well.
④Air, as we all know, is gas.
Ⅰ.用关系代词或关系副词填空
1．Occasions are quite rare when my parents share their opinions with me.
2．Can you tell me a situation where body language is the only form of communication?
3．I, who am your closest friend, will always support you.
4．We went through a period when communication is difficult in the earthquake stricken area.
5．It is reported that two schools, both of which are being built in our hometown, will open next year.
6．Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, during which time he studied hard and was elected chairman of the Students ’ Union.
7．In China there is midautumn festival, when people admire the moon and give gifts of mooncakes.
8．Signs and posters should be put up in areas where smoking is not allowed.
9．He is one of the students who are good at classical music.
10．The rain washed away the track, which prevented the train from running.
Ⅱ.补全句子
1．I will never forget the autumn when I went to the Fragrant Hill to see the red leaves with you.
我将不会忘记和你一起去香山看红叶的那个秋天。
2．As the teacher told me yesterday, we should be confident of our future.
正像老师昨天说的那样，我们要对未来充满信心。
3．In our class, we have some students whose compositions are well written.
我们班有很多作文写得好的学生。
4．This is the most impressive TV that has never been put on show before.
这是一部以前从未上映过的给人印象最深刻的电视剧。
5．Hard work is the only way that leads to your success.
努力工作是引导你成功的唯一办法。
6．The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
太阳温暖了地球，使得万物得以生长。
7．I will keep you informed if the place where we ’re to have the Speech Contest is decided.
如果我们举办演讲比赛的地点定下来，我会通知你的。
8．This is the painter whose house a lot of pictures were stolen from.
这就是那位家里有许多画被盗的画家。
9．The bridge on which they were standing collapsed.
他们站在上面的那座桥倒塌了。
10．The child was addicted to computer games, which worried his parents very much.
这孩子沉迷于玩电脑游戏，这使他父母很担心。
Ⅲ.语法填空
As the name suggests, Sichuan Hot Pot was born in Sichuan Province, 1 is known for its 2 (prefer) for spicy food. This mouthburning and tonguenumbing hot pot has been gaining a large amount of attention in recent years in foreign countries.
The 3 (common) accepted theory traces the Sichuan Hot Pot back to early 20 century when the port workers and fishermen who worked and lived along the Yangtze River could not afford 4 (eat) the regular cuts of meat so they figured out a way to cook cheap meats and offal(内脏) 5 boiling them in a pot of extremely spicy soup. The use of spicy soup was first 6 (intend) to cover the taste from the offal. However, after some 7 (adjust) of fragrant spices, this one pot meal became a popular dish in Sichuan region.
After years of continuous development, eating Sichuan Hot Pot today 8 (be) no longer what the poor like. Offal still remains as classic hot pot ingredients, 9 high quality meats and seafood ingredients are also common on the menu. The modern hot pot has been shaped into a complex meal that starts with sliced meat, offal, and seafood, 10 (follow) by vegetables and ends with noodles.
1．which 考查定语从句。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Sichuan Province，且先行词在从句中作主语，指物，应用关系代词which。故填which。
2．preference 考查词性转换。上文its为形容词性物主代词，修饰名词，应用preference，且preference在此处表示“偏好”，为不可数名词。故填preference。
3．commonly 考查副词。修饰空后动词accept应用副词commonly，作状语。故填commonly。
4．to eat 考查非谓语动词。表示“负担得起做某事”的短语为afford to do sth。故填to eat。
5．by 考查介词。此处表示“通过，借助”，应用介词by。故填by。
6．intended 考查固定短语。结合句意表示“为了……”可知，短语为be intended to。故填intended。
7．adjustments 考查词性转换和名词单复数。此处作介词after的宾语应用名词adjustment，且adjustment为可数名词，由some修饰应用复数。故填adjustments。
8．is 考查主谓一致。根据today可知此处描述目前的状况，应用一般现在时，主语为动名词短语eating Sichuan Hot Pot，谓语动词应用单数。故填is。
9．but 考查连词。结合前后文语境可知，空处前后句为转折关系，应用连词but。故填but。
10．followed 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，follow在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语sliced meat, offal, and seafood构成动宾关系，故应用过去分词作状语。故填followed。
