2022北京东城区高三下学期一模考试英语试题含答案

北京市东城区2021—2022学年度第二学期高三综合练习（一）

英语

本试卷共11页，共100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）

第一节完形填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

Every year, around 20,000 American teenagers age out of foster care (寄养) at 18, and have to start their lives by themselves.

Ella first became aware of foster care when her parents were considering adopting a child. Although the ___1___ didn’t work out, Ella often found herself thinking about that child. “I’m really close with my family, and just couldn’t imagine being ___2___ on my own at 18,” she says.

Later, Ella visited Children Services, with a list of questions, trying to ___3___ what aging out looked like. One question was “What’s not being ___4___ for these young people?”. Near the top of the list was furniture. “The idea of moving into an apartment and not having a bed to sleep on pulled at my heartstrings,” says Ella.

Ella contacted her parents’ friends asking if they had spare furniture to ___5___. And a local furniture store offered free space and delivery truck. Then she formed Chair-ity, a nonprofit providing furniture for young adults who have ___6___ foster care.

Watching those in need receive a bed, a table—whatever—was transformational. Ella remembers Hannah, a former foster care girl who couldn’t afford any furniture. When Hannah ___7___ to Chair-ity, Ella asked what she needed. “Everything,” she replied. When she found her once ___8___ apartment stood a full kitchen set, a bed, and a table, she said, “It really relieved my pressure.”

“To think what hadn’t been thought about in years could bring so much happiness to somebody was ___9___,” Ella says.

Today, Chair-ity has given furniture to nearly 200 young adults. As word has got out, Ella has received donations from more and more people. She’s convinced these contributions give those young people _____10_____ and confidence.

1. A. plan B. job C. way D. task

2. A. occasionally B. completely C. frequently D. slightly

3. A. explain B. understand C. expect D. recall

4. A. met B. built C. meant D. kept

5. A. arrange B. sell C. fix D. donate

6. A. left B. found C. improved D. thanked

7. A. looked up B. reached out C. held on D. gave in

8. A. quiet B. cold C. small D. empty

9. A. promising B. puzzling C. amazing D. pressing

10. A. purpose B. freedom C. hope D. guidance

第二节语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）

A

阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。

A few weeks ago, I accidentally dropped a plate and it broke into a billion pieces! I’d had it for about 40 years. This morning, we had a parcel ___11___ (deliver) to my son. He opened it and ___12___ (proud) handed a new plate to me, which he had bought with his own savings, saying that he knew ___13___ upset I was and wanted to surprise me!

B

阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。

On 15 May, 2021, China became the second country ___14___ (land) a spacecraft on Mars. The rover, Zhurong, ___15___ (carry) to Mars on board the Tianwen 1 spacecraft, which was launched in July 2020. Equipped with cameras and a radar, Zhurong’s task was to search for signs of life. It ___16___ (work) on Mars surface for over ten months and is in good shape.

C

阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。

COP26, known as “Conferences of the Parties”, was the latest in a series of ___17___ (meeting) bringing together governments to protect the environment. Its main goal was to take measures ___18___ climate change—long—term changes in world weather patterns that are linked to human activities including farming, industry and transport. Gases such as carbon dioxide, ___19___ are produced by these activities, trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere and cause temperatures to rise, ___20___ (lead) to extreme floods, heatwaves and storms.

第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分）

第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

A

The Great Wall Marathon is designed to be more than just a race. We want you to be able to run in amazing places, surrounded by friendly people, and exposed to new cultural experiences. It’s not just about the race—it’s about enjoying time together with family, friends, and other running minded spirits.

Itinerary

※On Route Inspection Day, the Race Officials will provide you with a Race Briefing, which will cover everything from a weather forecast to a brief presentation of the start/finish procedures. All runners are expected to walk the 3.5 km section of the wall that is part of the marathon, half-marathon and 8.5 km Fun Run course. Race Officials and Medical Staff will be present to answer any questions you may have.

Rules & Regulations

Full marathon runners must be at least 18 years old on Race Day. Half-marathon runners must be at least 16 years old. Fun Run participants must be at least 12 years old. Fun Run participants under the age of 12 are also welcome, so long as they are accompanied by a runner aged 16 or above.

The cut-off time for all distance events is 8 hours. All runners with a net finishing time slower than 8 hours will receive a FNT (Finished No Time) on the result list.

If you decide to change distances during the race, i.e. if a half-marathon runner decides to follow the marathon route, he or she will receive a certificate but not an official time. The race result will read FNT. The same applies to a marathon runner who changes distances during the race. All runners who change distances before Race Day will be registered accordingly and receive an official time.

Visa Information

6 — 8 weeks prior to the race you will receive the service voucher which you can use for acquiring a visa.

For more details please visit us online at www.greatwallmarathon.com.

21. What will participants do on Route Inspection Day?

A. Enjoy the Fun Run. B. Join in a 3.5 km walk.

C. Get medical insurance. D. Attend a training course.

22. According to the rules, full marathon participants ______.

A. will receive a FNT on the result list B. can change distances on Race Day.

C. should be at least 12 years old D. will be awarded medals

23. What is the purpose of the passage?

A. To advertise a sport event. B. To promote a cultural tour.

C. To introduce a marathon camp. D. To publicize a place of interest.

B

Rene Compean was no stranger to Angeles National Forest. He’d hiked the park numerous times. But when hiking along a new path, the 45-year-old was lost.

As the day faded into darkness, his concern turned to fear. With only a little water in his backpack and 10% battery remaining on his cellphone, Compean was unprepared for anything more than the two-hour trip he’d planned.

Compean climbed to a spot where he found one bar of signal. “SOS. My phone is going to die. I’m lost,” he texted a friend, attaching a photo showing where he was. The shot showed his legs hanging over a rock face. All Compean could do then was wait. The temperature was dropping fast. Dressed only in shorts, and a sweatshirt, the hiker was chilled to the bone. He hugged himself into a tight ball. And after spotting two mountain lions, he spent the night on high alert.

Sixty miles away, Ben Kuo was working at home when he read a posting from the police, showing an image of a man’s legs. The search-and-rescue teams had spent the previous night unsuccessfully looking for Compean, so they released the photo, hoping someone might recognize the location.

“I’ve always loved looking for where photos are taken,” Kuo says. He frequently tries to identify where movie scenes or commercials were filmed. He’s often successful. When he saw the image, he automatically pulled up a satellite map on his laptop. “There’s an amazing amount of information you can get from satellites,” he says. The first thing he noticed in Compean’s photo was plenty of greenery. After comparing it to the satellite map, Kuo realized something: “He’s got to be on the south side because there’re not any green valleys on the north side.”

That finding led him to an area that looked like the territory in the image. The final step was cross- referencing the original photo with 3-D images of the area. The locations matched!

After spending 27 hours in the wilderness, Compean was found.

Compean’s story probably would have ended differently had it not been for the man with strong satellite skills and a sharp eye for detail.

24. What caused Compean to get lost on the hike?

A. The thick forest. B. The unfamiliar route.

C. The coming of nightfall. D. Low battery on the phone.

25. Kuo was able to offer help because of ______.

A. his photo reading ability B. his sense of responsibility

C. his professional experience D. his familiarity with the area

26. What can we learn from this story?

A. One good turn deserves another.

B. Chance favors the prepared mind.

C. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.

D. There’s no such thing as useless knowledge.

C

Last year scientists reported using a neural implant (神经植入物) in a man’s brain to restore his ability to communicate. The man has been partially paralyzed and unable to produce comprehensible speech since suffering a severe stroke. It is the latest advance in the exploding field of brain-computer interfaces (接口), or BCIs, which allow computers to read information out of a living brain.

Brain-computer interfaces are possible because of two facts. The first is that your brain contains hundreds of tiny maps. Each represents specific features of your physical feelings and intended actions. And crucially, the basic set of brain maps and their locations within the brain are very similar across individuals.

Thanks to their specialized functions and universal locations, brain maps are ideal entry points for BCI technologies. Picking up signals from a brain map is only the first step in making a useful BCI. Although the location of a brain map is the same across individuals, the details—what patterns of activity within the map mean—differ from person to person. In a sense, the unique features of your specific brain maps serve as a kind of encryption (加密), safeguarding your specific thoughts and feelings from would-be spies.

That brings us to the second fact that makes BCIs possible. Thanks to advances in machine learning, scientists have developed programs that can learn to recognize key patterns in a vast sea of numbers. They train these programs to decode (解码) brain signals by feeding them tons of examples. Researchers developing BCIs often create such examples by instructing an individual to think specific thoughts at specific times, creating a neural curriculum for the program to learn from.

While the universal features and locations of brain maps make them obvious entrances for BCIs, the unique features of your brain maps tend to protect them from spying eyes. In cases where BCIs have successfully read specific thoughts or intentions from a brain, it has been with the permission of the individual whose brain was being read. But there are surreptitious ways to train decoders on your brain without your knowledge. This can happen if your neural data falls into the hands of companies with detailed information about your activities.

Like all technologies, brain-computer interfaces are not necessarily good or bad. Yet while harvesting the benefits of BCIs, we need to ensure that we have the means to protect ourselves from corporations with every motive to take advantage of this technology for their financial gain.

27. What can we learn about brain maps?

A. They carry unique messages.

B. They can process encrypted signals.

C. Their functions vary from person to person.

D. Their locations reveal human thinking patterns.

28. What can we infer from the passage?

A. BCIs can boost brain signals dramatically.

B. BCIs could help recover from brain injuries.

C. Machine learning enables BCIs to read mind.

D. The decoding of brain may be affected by BCIs.

29. What does the underlined word “surreptitious” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?

A. Secure. B. Stable.

C. Standard. D. Secret.

30. What does the passage mainly talk about?

A. The future trend of BCIs. B. The potential risks of BCIs.

C. The working principle of BCIs. D. The general applications of BCIs.

D

Journal-based peer review—the process of subjecting a scientific research paper to the inspection of others who are experts in the same field—is generally held up as the quality assurance mechanism for research. It claims to be an essential measure which prevents publishing faulty papers. Reviewing a paper can delay its publication by up to a year; is that a price worth paying to ensure the trustworthiness of the published literature? Well, yes and no.

I’m not yet ready to abandon journal-based peer review. I’d still like to see all papers pass some sort of checking stage before formal publication, but I feel the ground moving. The growing use of preprints, drafts of papers which are posted online without having been peer reviewed, is a crucial part of that shift because they bring academics back to what research publication is all about: the rapid circulation of new results so they can be read, analyzed and built upon. Publication in journals has become more about fame and this has affected both the motivations of authors and the job of reviewers.

Competition for prized spots in journals drives scientists to do some of their best work. But the excessive (过多的) rewards for publishing in top journals are encouragements to corner-cutting, as stories polished by leaving out inconvenient data are more likely to be taken up. And the job of the reviewer also becomes distorted: it is more often now to decide not whether a paper is any good, but whether it is good enough for the journal considering publication. For top journals, that can depend as much on newsworthiness as scientific quality.

These problems are well known, but the tragedy for science is that few people are willing to break away from the present system. However, as biologist Ron Vale argued recently—fittingly, in a preprint—preprints may be a way out because they don’t involve a major shift away from the norm. That may seem an odd claim given that preprints have been in existence for twenty years, yet have not been adopted universally. This slow uptake is not only a reflection of the built-in conservatism of scientists, but also a result of the widespread misunderstanding that journals won’t accept manuscripts which have been posted online as preprints. There is also a fear that publication of papers without peer review risks opening the floodgates to “junk science”—something which, so far at least, has yet to occur.

Preprints enable the informal scientific discussions once restricted to correspondence between individuals. They could also become an effective outlet for negative results—a vital aspect of the scientific process often ignored by the journals’ excessive preoccupation (关注) with new discoveries. Furthermore, preprints significantly increase the number of times papers are read and cited by others. By taking advantage of the web’s culture of openness and accessibility, preprints should help to refocus attention where it matters—on the work itself, not where it is published.

31. According to Paragraph 1, what is the popular opinion on peer review?

A. It limits the number of research works.

B. It ensures the quality of scientific papers.

C. It removes public doubts about publication.

D. It changes the process of scientific publishing.

32. The author may agree that scientific journals ______.

A. urge scientists to pursue integrity in their work

B. rely on reviewers to revise faulty research papers

C. choose articles for their appeal over scientific value

D. try to cut costs to maintain their position in the field

33. What’s the author’s opinion on the growing use of preprints?

A. It will contribute to junk science.

BIt may end the practice of peer review.

C. It promotes the spread of research findings.

D. It improves the quality of scientific publication.

34. This is basically a passage to ______.

A. make comparison B. confirm a concept

C. encourage innovation D. propose a practice

第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）

根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

When you’re behind the wheel, distractions (分心) cost lives. Nevertheless, drivers take selfies, and respond to text messages. ____35____

Smartphones are often at the root of these tragedies. As Big Tech sets its sights on modern vehicles, it’s appropriate to ask if it’s time to limit attention-stealing technology that distracts the driver.

Big Tech wants to take on the automotive industry. And it is good at grabbing both attention and information from users. At first, the goal of these technology companies was to give away services at no cost, simply to attract a customer base. ____36____ Their increasing thirst for valuable user information has led them to the automotive industry, where a whole new world of data awaits. Location data, frequent destinations, passenger preferences—such data is found in family cars. ____37____

Mobile tech is walled off from vehicle operating systems by software that keeps infotainment (information and entertainment) features away from the mission-critical driving electronics. If auto makers give up their core operating system to tech powerhouses, they will essentially become hardware suppliers to Silicon Valley.

____38____ Their responsibility is to keep attention on the road, providing vehicle information and a small amount of entertainment options while getting passengers from place to place as safely as possible. Smartphone makers and digital-media providers don’t have this priority. They want eyes on their products, not on the road.

With electric vehicles transforming the auto industry and artificial intelligence more common than ever, we’re at a dangerous moment. ____39____ Because their hardware is wrapped around families, they have a duty to keep them safe. The only way they can do that is to maintain control of the driver’s seat.

The quality, safety and security will make or break trust in auto makers. Without it, cars will be simply one more intrusive and risky mobile device.

A. Car companies have priorities opposed to those of Big Tech.

B. Now they exist to sell information about their users to advertisers.

C. They enjoy the convenience and fun brought by modern technology.

D. Car makers are, and should be, the most trusted technology companies in the world.

E. Currently video-streaming services are starting to be built into car operating systems.

F. And operating systems and autonomous-driving software are all gateways for this information.

G. Statistics show that an average of eight people a day die in accidents caused by distracted driving.

第三部分：书面表达（共两节，32分）

第一节（共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分）

阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。

It’s after midnight and you’ve been studying all day. Empty energy drinks line the table and you sigh, “Tomorrow, I’ m getting ice cream. I deserve to treat myself.”

This year, the so-called “treat yourself culture” has expanded far beyond what was once a reward-based mindset. Now, “treating yourself” has become more about stress-caused indulgence (放纵). It represents the more deep-seated issues with the stress we regularly put ourselves under.

The root of the problem lies in our belief that we should be doing more work if it isn’t hard enough. Especially at a top university, I constantly find myself wanting to do more. I want more credits, a higher-grade point average, and more responsibilities I’ll later use as conversation topics in interviews. This drive is by no means a bad thing. We all are trying to eventually land in a place where we can relax and live a more enjoyable life. However, there are a lot of problems with this logic. Without sounding completely hopeless and pessimistic, it is possible that the future we imagine in our twenties will not become reality. Therefore, it is important to integrate things that make us happy with work, school or life induced stress.

Psychology certainly supports this belief. While having good self-control was positively associated with happiness, being able to enjoy life’s little pleasures without feeling ashamed of doing so is just as important. For example, even if you have a busy schedule of work, make time to stop by your favorite coffee shop or spend ten minutes to go on a walk outdoors.

I cannot urge you to give up your late nights of studying, energy drinks and all. I cannot tell you to always choose to do something that makes you happy over something you have or should do. Frankly, this is just not the way life works. We have to put up with the hard work and put in the time. Without pain, we’d also lose happiness and joy. It’s all about balance.

So, instead of looking at everything as a way to handle the stress and something to “treat myself”, let’s try to make treating ourselves a far more common practice in the busy lives we lead.

40What causes the so-called “treat yourself culture”?

41. What does “this logic” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

42. Decide which part of the following statement is wrong. Underline it and explain why.

• Working hard plays a more important role in a happy life than enjoying life’s little pleasures.

43. Are you a follower of “treat yourself culture”? Why or why not? (In about 40 words)

第二节（20分）

44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。目前，市动物园正在为一只幼虎全球征名。请给你的英国笔友Jim写一封电子邮件，内容包括：

1. 介绍活动；

2. 邀请参加。

注意：1. 词数100左右；

2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

Dear Jim,

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

【答案】1A2. B3. B4. A5. D6. A7. A8. D9. C10. C

【答案】11. delivered

12proudly

13. how

【答案】14. to land

15. was carried

16. has worked

【答案】17. meetings18. on

19. which20. leading

【答案】21. B22. B23. A

【答案】24. B25. A26. D

【答案】27. A28. C29. D30. C

【答案】31. B32. C33. C34. C

【答案】35. G36. B37. F38. A39. D

【答案】40. Stress.

41. It refers to the idea that if we work hard we will eventually land in a place where we can relax and live a more enjoyable life.

42. ·Working hard plays a more important role in a happy life than enjoying life's little pleasures.

According to the passage, working hard is as important as enjoying life's little pleasures to a happy life. They're equally important.

43. 言之有理即可。Yes, I am. Because I think it can help me relax after working for a long time. But after reading this article, I must make a change, I will make treating myself a far more common practice in my life.

【44题答案】

【答案】Dear Jim,

How are you doing recently? I’m writing to tell you some information. At present, the city zoo is seeking a name for a young tiger globally.

The young tiger was born in the city zoo last month. The city zoo hopes to seek a name for it, which can not only meet the characteristics of tigers, but also represent Chinese culture. People from all over the world can participate in this activity.

Since I know you are interested in animals, I sincerely invite you to join it. I wonder if you have any special thoughts about this activity. Looking forward to your reply.

                                                                                                                                                      Yours,

                                                                                                                                                     Li Hua