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上海市长宁区2021-2022学年高三上学期一模英语试题
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这是一份上海市长宁区2021-2022学年高三上学期一模英语试题，共26页。试卷主要包含了用单词的适当形式完成短文，选用适当的单词或短语补全短文，完形填空，阅读理解，六选四，概要写作，汉译英，建议信等内容，欢迎下载使用。
上海市长宁区2021-2022学年高三上学期一模英语试题
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Accenting Accents
To be a “slasher”, a person with multiple occupations, is a recent popular concept among young Chinese. However, Xu Kaifei 1．（do） this since 20 years ago.
Born and brought up in Haikou, Hainan Province in South China, Xu is a now new media journalist. But the 36-year-old, 2． stage-name is Jin’anzai, is better known as a rapper（说唱歌手）.
Xu’s high school years were filled with pop songs from Hong Kong, 3．（write） in the Cantonese dialect, which is mostly spoken in south China, including Hong Kong. 4．（listen） to them, he realized that few people used the Hainan dialect to write songs. In 2008, he wrote a rap song, Domldoml, meaning 5． to do in Hainanese.
“Hainanese is not a systematic language. It is difficult to rhyme（押韵） when rapping. But the artist wrote good words. Also, the genre（类型） of this song is advanced, many years ahead of today’s Hip Hop trend,” a music fan posted on Net Ease Cloud Music, a music platform set up by Internet technology giant Net Ease, commenting 6． Xu’s effort.
7． Xu’s social media account has only about 26,000 followers, much less than famous pop stars’ accounts, he is still proud of his music because 8． records his hometown’s beautiful dialect. Over 80 percent of the population in Hainan speak Hainanese, according to the website of the Hainan Provincial Government. In 2019, over 9 million people9．（estimate） to live in Hainan.
Today, more and more songs and films are including dialects. It not only creates an artistic effect but also guides dialect speakers 10．（rediscover） their language. Such artistic offerings can break geographical limitations and win the appreciation of people in other areas.
二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．abandoned；B．adventure；C．allow；D．appreciate
E. curving；F. effortlessly；G. exploring；H. outlines
I. relatively；J. territory；K. winds
Marvelous Mallorca
Located off the southern coast of Spain, the island of Mallorca is often praised as one of the jewels of the Mediterranean. As the Spanish royal family’s preferred summer vacation spot, Mallorca 11． charms visitors with its beautiful villages and mountains covered in orange and lemon trees.
Since it is a(n) 12． small island, Mallorca is best seen by bicycle. The Serra de Tramuntana Mountain range runs along the island’s north-western coast and covers nearly 30 percent of the island’s 13．, which makes it a cyclist’s dream.The 14． roads that cross the tall peaks and rocky cliffs provide some of the most challenging cycling on the island.
However, most of the island’s visitors come to see Mallorca’s splendid coast. Though there are several busy beach resorts built specifically for tourists, you’re better off 15． the 260 beaches around the island on your own. Along the south coast, you’ll find white sands and clear blue waters seemingly made just for diving. In the east, keep an eye out for hidden bays that 16． for peaceful swimming even in high season.
Although Mallorca’s beaches have been its main attraction for many years, more recently, visitors have begun to appreciate the island’s cultural attractions too. Many of Mallorea’s grand old houses and 17． farms are being turned into resorts where visitors can enjoy the relaxed lifestyle of the Mallorcan countryside.
Palma, Mallorca’s lively capital, is also home to many museums, historic buildings, and galleries. Here you’ll be able to 18． paintings by great Spanish master such as Picasso, Dali, and Miro, whose former house in the city’s western district is open to visitors.
As the day 19． down, spend an evening enjoying a freshly caught supper in one of Palma’s oceanfront restaurants while taking in a beautiful Mallorcan sunset. What better way to wrap up your Spanish 20．?
三、完形填空
Hugely ambitious in scope, The Lord of the Rings occupies an uncomfortable position in 20th century literature. This book of J.R.R.Tolkien’s poses a challenge to modern literature and its defenders. (Tolkien on his 21 : “Some who have read the book, or at any rate have reviewed it, have found it boring, ridiculous, or annoying; and I have no cause to complain, since I have similar opinions of their works, or of the kinds of writing that they evidently 22 .”) Yet The Lord of the Rings has enjoyed massive and enduring popularity. It would seem that Tolkien’s work supplied something that was 23 among the formal innovations of 20th century fiction, something for which readers were hungry. But what was it, and why was it important?
It seems that the key point lies in Tolkien’s wholehearted rejection of modernity and modernism. This is what so powerfully 24 some readers, and just as powerfully drives away others. In his book J.R.R.Tolkien: Author of the Century, T.A．Shippey expands on this idea by arguing that Tolkien saw his story of Middle-earth not as fiction or invention, but as the 25 of something genuine that had become buried beneath the fairy tale and nursery rhythm.
“However fanciful Tolkien’s creation of Middle earth was,” Shippey writes, “he did not think that he was entirely 26 . He was ‘reconstructing’, he was harmonizing conflicts in his source-texts, sometimes he was supplying entirely new concepts, but he was also reaching back to an imaginative world which he believed had once really 27 , at least in a collective imagination.”
The book is also deeply grounded in Tolkien’s linguistic expertise （语言专长） —he 28 whole languages for his characters. Sometimes he became so absorbed in the creation of languages, in fact, that he 29 the story itself for months or years at a time, believing he could not continue until some inconsistency（不一致）in his invented world had been resolved. But Tolkien’s great intellect and knowledge is not the source of his 30 ; without his storytelling gift, The Lord of the Rings would be little more than a curiosity. And this gift seems to originate straight from his 31 to break from classical and traditional forms.
Tolkien himself often spoke of his work as something ‘found’ or ‘discovered’, something whose existence was 32 of him. It’s wise to be careful with this sort of interpretation, but it seems 33 that he believed his work to be something given, something revealed, which contained a kind of truth beyond measure. 34 , his details have the weight of reality, and because of this his great sweep of story feels real as well; you might say that his 35 castles are built with a certain amount of genuine stone.
21．A．books B．critics C．readers D．ambitions
22．A．dislike B．challenge C．review D．prefer
23．A．common B．possible C．missing D．funny
24．A．annoys B．influences C．attracts D．concerns
25．A．recovery B．designing C．analysis D．questioning
26．A．taking it down B．making it up C．turning it down D．looking it up
27．A．remained B．struck C．moved D．existed
28．A．spoke B．invented C．neglected D．recalled
29．A．put aside B．set up C．look into D．get along
30．A．style B．tension C．success D．tradition
31．A．decision B．request C．struggle D．refusal
32．A．representative B．independent C．conscious D．thoughtful
33．A．clear B．weird C．unfair D．pitiful
34．A．As a result B．On the contrary C．Even so D．What’s worse
35．A．ancient B．broken C．imaginary D．foreign
四、阅读理解
It was one of the most destructive days in the history of our planet, and now we know how it played out. Scientists have pieced together the first day of the dinosaurs’ extinction, by drilling into the crater(火山口)that formed from the asteroid(小行星)that caused their downfall.
The asteroid, which led to the extinction of all dinosaurs that can’t fly, crashed into the Gulf of Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula some 66 million years ago. In 2016, a scientific drilling project by the International Ocean Discovery Program got rocks from the impact site, which has been underwater for a long time. Now, scientists have analysed these rocks to travel back in time to that particular day itself.
“It’s an expanded record of events that we were able to recover from within ground zero,” said Dr Sean Gulick, a geophysicist at the University of Texas at Austin and leader of this study. “It tells us about impact processes from an eyewitness location.”
In just 24 hours following the impact, a layer of material 130m thick was deposited. This include charcoal, which provides evidence for the intense wildfires that are thought to have been caused by the crash.
Meanwhile, the impact also led to a huge tsunami, an extremely large wave in the sea caused by an earthquake, as evidenced by layers of rocks and sand in the core samples, which appear to have been deposited by flooding waters.
One thing conspicuously missing from the samples, though, is the element of sulphur(硫磺). Although the surrounding area is full of sulphur-rich rocks, the crater is unusually sulphur-free. This supports the idea that the asteroid impact instantly vaporised sulphurous rocks, releasing the sulphur into the atmosphere, where it remained and reflected away the Sun’s light, cooling the Earth’s climate.
Although the impact had destructive effects on a regional level, it’s this large-scale global cooling that’s thought to be behind the dinosaurs’ eventual extinction, as well as that of countless other plant and animal species.
“The real killer has got to be atmospheric,” said Gulick. “The only way you get a global mass extinction like this is an atmospheric effect.”
36．Dr Sean Gulick is quoted in paragraph 3 in order to ______.
A．stress the impact of the crash
B．illustrate the significance of their study
C．explain what they did in their study
D．state the reason for dinosaurs’ death
37．The word “conspicuously”(in paragraph 6)is closest in meaning to“______”.
A．obviously B．restlessly C．occasionally D．potentially
38．Which of the following is a cause of the dramatic drop in temperature mentioned in the passage?
A．The tsunami.
B．The wildfires.
C．The vapourised sulphur.
D．The deposit of rocks.
39．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A．Touching on the dinosaur’s time
B．Drilling into the day the dinosaurs died
C．Why we need to study the atmospheric effect
D．What we should know about the history of our planet
What Are the Limits of Human Endurance?
Paragraph 1:______
When it comes to running, how far and how fast you can go is determined by a number of physical factors, including your VO2 max (the volume of oxygen you can pump round your body) and your lactate (乳酸盐) threshold, which is the point at which your body produces more lactate than it can break down (a build-up of this chemical makes you run less efficiently). Some of this is genetic, some of it comes from training. But in recent years, sports scientists have also come to recognise the importance of mental strength. The longer you run, the more important a well-thought-out mental strategy is. Common strategies for coping with pain include motivational self talk and distraction techniques to help block negative thoughts.
Paragraph 2:______
Thirty years ago, scientists calculated that the fastest possible marathon, in perfect conditions and with the perfect athlete, would be 1 hour 58 minutes. And we’re getting close. This September, Kenyan long-distance runner Eliud Kipchoge set a new world record of 2:01:39 at the Berlin Maraton—a race ideally suited to fast times because of its flat course, few corners, and typically good weather conditions. Sports physiologists think that the two-hour limit could be broken in the next few decades, as a bigger talent pool of runners, plus advances in training technology, create ever more ideal combinations of athlete and running conditions.
Paragraph 3: ______
Long-distance running stresses the body; recent research from the University of the Peloponnese in Greece found that post-race levels of inflammation(炎症) in the blood of ultra endurance runners (those who run races longer than a marathon)showed similar descriptions to people with cancer or cirrhosis. However, over the next few days, the runners’ levels returned to normal, suggesting that they have a remarkable ability to recover after an extreme workout. Good training is partly about helping you know when, for instance, you’ve crossed the line from ‘good pain’ into ‘bad pain’.
40．Match each paragraph with one of the following questions, and then make the choice.
①Is endurance in the mind or in the muscles?
②Is endurance running bad for you?
③Will endurance running become a hit?
④Will anyone ever run a two-hour marathon?
A．Paragraph l:①; Paragraph2:②; Paragraph3:③
B．Paragraph 1:④; Paragraph 2:①; Paragraph3:②
C．Paragraph 1:④; Paragraph 2:②; Paragraph3:③
D．Paragraph 1:①; Paragraph2:④; Paragraph3:②
41．According to the research, how can distraction techniques help long distance runners?
A．By raising their VO2 max.
B．By helping them concentrate.
C．By lowering their lactate threshold.
D．By preventing them feeling discouraged.
42．What can be learned from the passage?
A．Good training can help you find out your limits.
B．The world marathon record is 1 hour 58 minutes.
C．Marathon training technology hasn’t changed a lot.
D．Long distance running causes lasting harm to our health.
It seems difficult to explain the persistent success of scientific theories at describing nature. I explore this challenge in my book, What Science Is and How It Really Works. If the history of science teaches us anything, it is that the ability of a theory to predict unobserved phenomena and lead to amazing new technologies is no proof that said theory is “true”.
For example, Isaac Newton’s mechanics enabled surprisingly accurate predictions of other astronomical phenomena, such as Halley’s comet （哈雷彗星） arriving later than normal in 1759 due to the gravitational effects of passing close to Jupiter. Even more impressive, in the early 1800s when astronomers determined that the orbit （轨道） of Uranus failed to match Newtonian predictions, they concluded that Newton’s theory was not wrong; rather, the existence of a previously unobserved planet was proposed and was later found exactly where it was expected to be （and named Neptune）.
Such successes of the scientific revolution were so impressive that philosophers developed whole new theories of knowledge to try to explain how scientists appeared to have used observation and reason to discover fundamental truths. In doing so, scientists attempted to dismiss what logicians have known for long: that no amount of correctly predicted effects can prove a supposed cause.
But don’t the successes of Newtonian mechanics prove that the laws Newton proposed must really be true? Otherwise how could the theory have picked a single spot in the vast expanse of the universe and found exactly where Neptune was?
Things do not always work out this way, however. In 1859, astronomers determined that the orbit of Mercury was not behaving, over time, as Newtonian mechanics predicted. So another new planet （named Vulcan） was proposed. Unlike the prediction of Neptune’s existence, this supposition did not pan out; rather, Newtonian mechanics was an incorrect theory in this context. A different scientific theory- Einstein’s theory of relativity—was required to later explain Mercury’s movement.
So, what really helps credibility more? To insist that we know that atoms, black holes, and dark matter are real because of how many observations we can explain and predictions we can make by supposing their existence? Or to simply admit that science cannot support a claim of absolute truth regarding the abstract, unobserved scientific objects and laws that are proposed to govern this world?
One could argue that if scientists don’t bang the gong （锣） of “truth”, then it may only quicken the dismissal of science as just another opinion. However, I would argue that this position does not give the intended audience enough credit, and that claiming absolute truth does more harm than good, not only for the interaction of science with the public, but for the practice of science. If data are important to the sciences, then let us accept the historical data on science itself.
43．Which of the following did the laws of Newton fail to provide accurate predictions for?
A．The planet of Mercury varied in its composition.
B．Halley’s comet arrived later than normal in 1759.
C．Neptune was located where it was expected to be.
D．The Sun had another planet named Vulcan.
44．Why does the writer mention logicians in paragraph 3?
A．To introduce another way of scientific thinking.
B．To imply what mistake scientists may have made.
C．To make a comparison between logicians and scientists.
D．To help explain the cause and effect of certain phenomena.
45．The phrase “pan out”（in paragraph 5） most probably means ______.
A．appear B．be divided C．shrink D．be proved
46．Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with?
A．Only by enough observations can a theory be proved true.
B．Never can we rule out the possibility that a theory is wrong.
C．Einstein’s theory of relativity works better than any other theory in astronomy.
D．Newtonian mechanics doesn’t fit today s context because it was established long ago.
五、六选四
Trading Ages
It took five hours every morning to make Karoline and Nick look like elderly people in their seventies. They were given a synthetic wrinkled skin, false teeth and false hair. They also wore body suits to make them look fatter and contact lenses to make their eyes look older. The discomfort of the makeup, the heavy suits, and the contact lenses (which made their eyesight worse)gave them a small taste of the physical problems of old age. They were also coached to walk and speak like people in their seventies. 47．. There was a video diary to record their experiences and hidden cameras to record how other people reacted to them.
48． Karoline was astonished to be ignored by some workmen, who only hours before had been whistling at her when she had been an attractive young woman. Nick said, “I learned that how people treat you depends on what you look like.” On one occasion a bus driver treated him very rudely when he tried to pay his fare with a large bill. “I was amazed. He wouldn’t have talked like that to my young self.”
There is a point in the documentary when Karoline breaks down and cries. It comes at the end of a day out with her two new senior citizen friends, Betty and Sylvia. It is partly because she feels guilty that she is tricking them, but mainly because she realizes that they are individuals, and not just members of what she had previously thought of as “the elderly.” “They were talking about real things and I felt unqualified. They had been through so much. 49．. It was as if I was seeing the young people inside them. Before I would have just seen the wrinkles.”
50． Nick said, “I’d never thought about getting old before.” Karoline said, “The whole experience of living as an old person helped me to understand them far better and also to understand myself. I felt in a way that they were just young people in an old body trying to deal with the problems of old age. I’m not ready to be 73, but I’m not scared like I was.”
A.It made me realize how ignorant I was.
B.Though she loved her 86-year- old grandmother she had found it hard to visit her.
C.Both Karoline and Nick found making the program life changing.
D.Afterward, both of them described the “invisibility” of being old.
E.Then they had to live each day, for a month, as an old person.
F.Nick was also nearly robbed when he was taking money out of an ATM.
六、概要写作
51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Brainpower: Use It or Lose It?
Where brainpower is concerned, the old rule of ‘use it, or lose it’ holds true from the start. Babies who receive love and encouragement from their parents develop the neural (神经的)connections they need to get on in life. But what happens to those who fail to get this support?
It would be comforting to believe that such children escape long term damage by being too young to speak, or know any different, but the evidence suggests otherwise.
At a recent meeting of the Royal Society of Medicine, the participants were shown slides taken with a powerful scanner comparing the brains of ‘normal’ three-year-old with those who had been raised in poverty or in orphanages. The work was done by Bruce Perry of the Child Trauma Academy in Houston, Texas. The scans showed that the frontal-temporal areas of the brain, those responsible for personality and enabling a person to display and regulate emotions, showed little activity.
For years it has long been known to scientists that animals brought up in enriched environment have larger and more complex brains than animals that grow up in disadvantaged situations, so experts like Perry assumed that the same would hold true for humans. However, it is only now, thanks to powerful scanners that allow this theory to be put to the test, that the damage is clearly visible. Perry explains the reason for the abnormality is that the brain develops in a ‘use-dependent’ way, growing, organising and working according to experience. With the right stimulation, the brain makes the connections it needs. Without it, synapses (突触), junctions between the neurons used to transport the brain’s messages, actually dissolve. “Negative experiences play a vital role in organising the neural system in the developing brain,” says Perry; in other words, ill-treatment in infancy leads to faulty wiring in the brain.
七、汉译英（整句）
52．有时候孩子们的想法很值得考虑。（worth）（汉译英）
53．顾客们打电话来询问商店开门营业的时间。（inquire）（汉译英）
54．这不是员工认同的方法，也不是长久之计。（Neither…nor））（汉译英）
55．为了让运动员睡得安心，释放比赛的紧张压力，冬奥村为他们提供了可在四种模式之间转换的床。（In order）（汉译英）
八、建议信
56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生王磊，最近在学校英语报“Advice Column”上看到如下一则信息。给这位署名为“Worried”的读者写一封邮件，针对他的问题提出建议，内容须包括：
1）你的建议
2）你的理由
（信的开头已经为你写好。）
My best friend seems anxious a lot. She bites her fingernails and always looks tired. I don’t think she’s eating right, either, How can I convince her to take better care of herself?
— Worried
参考答案
1．has been doing
2．whose
3．written
4．Listening
5．what
6．on
7．Although/Though/While
8．it
9．were estimated
10．to rediscover
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了从事多种职业的徐开飞作为说唱歌手用海南方言写歌。
1．
考查时态。句意：然而，徐开飞从20年前就开始这样做了。根据句中时间状语since 20 years ago可知，用现在完成时。这里表示动作一直持续到现在，并仍然要继续下去，所以用现在完成进行时。故填has been doing。
2．
考查定语从句。句意：但这位36岁的新媒体记者，艺名金安在，更广为人知的是他是一名说唱歌手。先行词在非限定性定语从句中作名词stage-name的定语，所以用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。
3．
考查非谓语动词。句意：徐开飞的高中时代充满了来自香港的流行歌曲，这些歌曲是用粤语写成的，粤语在包括香港在内的中国南方地区普遍使用。名词pop songs与write之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。故填written。
4．
考查非谓语动词。句意：听着这些歌，他意识到很少有人用海南方言写歌。逻辑主语he与listen之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。故填Listening。
5．
考查疑问词。句意：2008年，他写了一首说唱歌曲Domldoml，意思是用海南话做什么。这里考查“动词+疑问词+ to do”结构，表示“什么”，用疑问代词what。故填what。
6．
考查介词。句意：此外，这首歌的类型很先进，比当今的嘻哈潮流超前多年，”一名乐迷在互联网科技巨头网易成立的音乐平台网易云音乐上评论徐开飞的努力。comment on对……评论。故填on。
7．
考查连词。句意：虽然徐开飞的社交媒体账号只有大约26000名粉丝，远远少于知名流行歌手，但他仍然为自己的音乐感到自豪，因为它记录了家乡的美丽方言。前后句之间为转折关系，所以用转折连词。故填Although/Though/While。
8．
考查代词。句意：虽然徐开飞的社交媒体账号只有大约26000名粉丝，远远少于知名流行歌手，但他仍然为自己的音乐感到自豪，因为它记录了家乡的美丽方言。代指前句中名词his music，所以用代词it。故填it。
9．
考查时态和语态。句意：2019年，海南人口估计超过900万。根据句中时间状语In 2019可知，用一般过去时。主语people与estimate之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填were estimated。
10．
考查非谓语动词。句意：它不仅创造了一种艺术效果，而且还引导说方言的人重新发现他们的语言。guide sb. to do sth.引导某人做某事。故填to rediscover。
11．F
12．I
13．J
14．E
15．G
16．C
17．A
18．D
19．K
20．B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了西班牙马略卡岛的旅游概况。
11．
考查副词。句意：作为西班牙王室首选的夏季度假胜地，马略卡岛以其美丽的村庄和长满橘子树和柠檬树的山脉轻松地吸引了游客。修饰动词charms，用副词形式。副词effortlessly为“毫不费力地；轻易地”之意。故选F。
12．
考查副词。句意：由于它是一个相对较小的岛屿，骑自行车看马略卡岛是最好的。修饰形容词small，前用副词形式。副词relatively为“相对地”之意。故选I。
13．
考查名词。句意：塞拉德特拉蒙塔纳山脉沿着该岛的西北海岸延伸，覆盖了该岛近30%的土地，这使它成为自行车爱好者的梦想。名词所有格island’s后接名词形式。名词territory为“领土，领域”之意。故选J。
14．
考查形容词。句意：弯弯曲曲的道路穿过高高的山峰和岩石悬崖，这是岛上最具挑战性的骑行之一。名词roads前用形容词修饰。形容词curving为“弯曲的”之意。故选E。
15．
考查非谓语动词。句意：虽然有几个繁忙的海滩度假村是专门为游客建造的，但你最好还是自己探索岛上的260个海滩。介词off后接动名词形式。动词exploring为“探索”之意。故选G。
16．
考查动词。句意：在东部，注意隐蔽的海湾，即使在旺季也能让人们平静地游泳。分析句子结构可知，定语从句中缺少动词。allow for考虑到； 顾及。故选C。
17．
考查非谓语动词。句意：马略卡许多宏伟的老房子和废弃的农场正在被改造成度假村，游客可以在这里享受马略卡乡村轻松的生活方式。名词farms且与abandon之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词形式作定语。动词abandon为“抛弃”之意。故选A。
18．
考查动词。句意：在这里，你可以欣赏到毕加索、达利和米罗等西班牙大师的画作，米罗位于城市西区的故居对游客开放。be able to能够，后接动词原形。动词appreciate为“欣赏”之意。故选D。
19．
考查动词。句意：随着一天的结束，你可以在帕尔马海滨的一家餐厅享受一顿刚刚抓到的（海鲜）晚餐，同时欣赏美丽的马略卡日落。wind down放松；慢下来；接近尾声。根据句中时态可知，用一般现在时。主语是 the day，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故选K。
20．
考查名词。句意：还有什么更好的方式来结束你的西班牙之旅呢?形容词性物主代词your后接名词形式。名词adventure为“冒险，奇遇”之意。故选B。
21．B
22．D
23．C
24．C
25．A
26．B
27．D
28．B
29．A
30．C
31．D
32．B
33．A
34．A
35．C
【分析】
本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了《指环王》作品及其作者J.R.R.Tolkien的写作风格。
21．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：评论者是这样评论Tolkien：“有些读过这本书的人，或者至少是评论过这本书的人，认为它无聊、荒谬或令人讨厌。A. books书；B. critics评论家；C. readers读者；D. ambitions抱负。根据“Some who have read the book, or at any rate have reviewed it, have found it boring, ridiculous, or annoying; and I have no cause to complain, since I have similar opinions of their works, or of the kinds of writing that they evidently ____2____.”可知，后文是评论者对于Tolkien这本书的评价。故选B。
22．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我没有理由抱怨，因为我对他们的作品或他们明显喜欢的写作风格有相似的看法。A. dislike不喜欢；B. challenge挑战；C. review评论；D. prefer更喜欢。根据“and I have no cause to complain,”可知，Tolkien不抱怨的理由是他对他们喜欢的写作风格有相似的看法。故选D。
23．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Tolkien的作品似乎提供了一些在20世纪小说的形式创新中所缺失的东西，一些读者渴望得到的东西。 A. common共同的；B. possible可能的；C. missing失去的；D. funny可笑的。根据“something for which readers were hungry.”可知，一些读者之所以喜欢 Tolkien的作品，是因为他的作品提供了一些在20世纪小说的形式创新中所缺失的东西。故选C。
24．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：正是这一点有力地吸引了一些读者，也同样有力地赶走了另一些读者。A. annoys恼怒；B. influences影响；C. attracts吸引；D. concerns关注。根据“It seems that the key point lies in Tolkien’s wholehearted rejection of modernity and modernism.”可知，Tolkien对现代性和现代主义的彻底拒绝吸引了一些读者。故选C。
25．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：T.A. Shippey在他的《J.R.R.Tolkien：世纪作家》一书中进一步阐述了这一观点，他认为Tolkien并不把他的中土世界故事视为虚构或虚构，而是将那些被埋藏在童话和托儿所节奏之下的真实的东西重新找回来。A. recovery恢复；B. designing设计；C. analysis分析；D. questioning质疑。根据“Author of the Century, T.A. Shippey expands on this idea by arguing that Tolkien saw his story of Middle-earth not as fiction or invention,”可知，Shippey认为Tolkien的作品是将那些被埋藏在童话和托儿所节奏之下的真实的东西重新找回来。故选A。
26．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：Shippey写道，“他并不认为这完全是他编造出来的。他在‘重建’，他在协调他的原始文本中的冲突，有时他提供全新的概念，但他也在回到一个想象的世界，他相信这个世界曾经真的存在过，至少在一个集体的想象中。”A. taking it down写下；B. making it up编造；C. turning it down拒绝；D. looking it up查询。根据“He was ‘reconstructing’”可知，Tolkien作品的内容并不完全是他编造出来的。故选B。
27．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Shippey写道，“他并不认为这完全是他编造出来的。他在‘重建’，他在协调他的原始文本中的冲突，有时他提供全新的概念，但他也在回到一个想象的世界，他相信这个世界曾经真的存在过，至少在一个集体的想象中。”A. remained保持；B. struck打；C. moved移动；D. existed存在。根据“at least in a collective imagination.”可知，Tolkien相信所编造的世界曾经真的存在过。故选D。
28．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这本书也深深植根于托尔金的语言学专长——他为他的人物创造了完整的语言。A. spoke讲；B. invented发明；创造；C. neglected忽略；D. recalled回忆。根据“Sometimes he became so absorbed in the creation of languages,”可知，Tolkien为他的人物创造了完整的语言。故选B。
29．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：事实上，有时他如此专注于语言的创造，以至于他把故事本身放在一边好几个月或几年，认为他无法继续下去，除非他虚构的世界中的一些矛盾得到解决。A. put aside存储；B. set up创立；C. look into调查；D. get along进展。根据“believing he could not continue until some inconsistency（不一致）in his invented world had been resolved.”可知，Tolkien把故事本身存放在一边好几个月或几年，以解决一些没有解决的的矛盾。故选A。
30．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是Tolkien的智慧和知识并不是他成功的源泉。A. style风格；B. tension进展；C. success成功；D. tradition传统。根据“without his storytelling gift, The Lord of the Rings would be little more than a curiosity. And this gift seems to originate straight from his ____11____ to break from classical and traditional forms.”可知，Tolkien成功的源泉并非他的智慧和知识。故选C。
31．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种天赋似乎直接来源于他拒绝打破古典和传统的形式。A. decision决定；B. request请求；C. struggle奋斗；D. refusal拒绝。根据“without his storytelling gift, The Lord of the Rings would be little more than a curiosity.”可知，Tolkien的天赋源于他拒绝打破古典和传统的形式。故选D。
32．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Tolkien自己经常说他的作品是“找到”或“发现”的东西，它的存在是独立于他的。 A. representative代表的；B. independent独立的；C. conscious有意识的；D. thoughtful体贴的。根据“Tolkien himself often spoke of his work as something ‘found’ or ‘discovered’,”可知，Tolkien认为自己作品的东西的存在是独立于他的。故选B。
33．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：谨慎对待这种解释是明智的，但很明显，他相信他的作品是被给予的，被揭示的，包含着一种无法衡量的真理。A. clear清楚的；B. weird离奇的；C. unfair不公平的；D. pitiful慈悲的。根据“It’s wise to be careful with this sort of interpretation,”可知，Tolkien认为自己作品是明显可以被给予的，被揭示的。故选A。
34．
考查短语词义辨析。句意：因此，他的细节具有现实的分量，也正因为如此，他宏大的故事情节也让人感觉真实。A. As a result结果；因此；B. On the contrary相反；C. Even so虽然如此；D. What’s worse更糟糕的是。根据“his details have the weight of reality, and because of this his great sweep of story feels real as well;”可知，因此Tolkien的细节具有现实的分量。故选A。
35．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你可能会说他想象中的城堡是用一些真正的石头建造的。A. ancient古代的；B. broken破碎的；C. imaginary想象的；D. foreign外国的。根据“____14____, his details have the weight of reality, and because of this his great sweep of story feels real as well;”可知，这里指Tolkien作品中想象中的城堡。故选C。
36．B
37．A
38．C
39．A
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。一项科学研究表明导致恐龙灭绝的原因是小行星撞击地球后引起的大气变化。
36．
推理判断题。根据第三段Sean Gulick博士所说的话“It’s an expanded record of events that we were able to recover from within ground zero(这是一个我们可以从撞击地收集的延伸记录)”及“It tells us about impact processes from an eyewitness location.(它从目击者的角度告诉我们撞击的过程)”可知，Sean Gulick博士在介绍这一研究的意义。故选B。
37．
词句猜测题。根据第六段第二句“Although the surrounding area is full of sulphur-rich rocks, the crater is unusually sulphur-free.(尽管周围地区布满了富含硫磺的岩石，但火山口却不含硫)”可知，在火山口采集的样品里的没有硫，进而前一句是在表达样品里的硫元素明显全部消失了。因而可知“conspicuously”表示“明显地”，与“obviously”意思相近。故选A。
38．
细节理解题。根据第六段最后一句“This supports the idea that the asteroid impact instantly vaporised sulphurous rocks, releasing the sulphur into the atmosphere, where it remained and reflected away the Sun’s light, cooling the Earth’s climate.(这支持了这样一种观点，即小行星撞击会使含硫岩石瞬间蒸发，将硫释放到大气中，并留在大气中反射太阳光，从而冷却地球气候)”可知，地表温度下降的原因是硫的蒸发。故选C。
39．
主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Scientists have pieced together the first day of the dinosaurs’ extinction, by drilling into the crater that formed from the asteroid that caused their downfall.(科学家们通过钻入导致恐龙灭绝的小行星形成的陨石坑，拼凑出恐龙灭绝的第一天) ”结合本文主要内容可知，A项“Drilling into the day the dinosaurs died(探索恐龙灭绝的那一天)”适合做本文标题。故选A。
【点睛】
40．D
41．D
42．A
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类耐力的极限。
40．
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Some of this is genetic, some of it comes from training. But in recent years, sports scientists have also come to recognise the importance of mental strength.(有些是遗传的，有些来自训练。但近年来，运动科学家也开始认识到精神力量的重要性。)”可知，本段主要介绍了耐力主要受人体内的乳酸影响，但科学家也认识到精神力量的重要性。所以本段的小标题是“耐力是在思想中还是在肌肉中?”；第二段“Thirty years ago, scientists calculated that the fastest possible marathon, in perfect conditions and with the perfect athlete, would be 1 hour 58 minutes. And we’re getting close.(30年前，科学家们计算出，在完美的条件下，在完美的运动员的配合下，最快的马拉松可能是1小时58分钟。我们越来越接近了)”可知，本段介绍人类离两个小时内跑完马拉松越来越近了。所以本段的小标题是“有人会跑两个小时的马拉松吗?”；第三段“recent research from the University of the Peloponnese in Greece found that post-race levels of inflammation（炎症） in the blood of ultra endurance runners （those who run races longer than a marathon） showed similar descriptions to people with cancer or cirrhosis. However, over the next few days, the runners’ levels returned to normal, suggesting that they have a remarkable ability to recover after an extreme workout. (希腊伯罗奔尼撒大学最近的一项研究发现，超耐力跑者(那些跑得比马拉松还长的跑者)的血液中，赛后的炎症水平与癌症或肝硬化患者相似。然而，在接下来的几天里，跑步者的水平恢复到了正常水平，这表明他们在极端锻炼后有着惊人的恢复能力)”可知，本段介绍耐力对人体的影响。所以本段的小标题是“耐力跑对你有害吗?”所以小标题的顺序为①④②。故选D。
41．
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Common strategies for coping with pain include motivational self talk and distraction techniques to help block negative thoughts. (常见的应对疼痛的策略包括动机性的自我对话和分散注意力的技巧来帮助阻止消极的想法。)”可知，通过阻止长跑运动员感到沮丧，分散注意力的技术可以帮助他们。故选D。
42．
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Good training is partly about helping you know when, for instance, you’ve crossed the line from ‘good pain’ into ‘bad pain’. (好的训练在一定程度上是帮助你知道，例如，你什么时候从“好疼痛”跨越到“坏疼痛”。)”可知，好的训练可以帮助你发现自己的极限。故选A。
43．D
44．B
45．D
46．B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章作者通过具体的事例来说明科学理论也有可能是错误的。
43．
细节理解题。根据文章第五段“In 1859, astronomers determined that the orbit of Mercury was not behaving, over time, as Newtonian mechanics predicted. So another new planet （named Vulcan） was proposed. Unlike the prediction of Neptune’s existence, this supposition did not pan out; rather, Newtonian mechanics was an incorrect theory in this context.( 1859年，天文学家确定，随着时间的推移，水星的轨道并不像牛顿力学预测的那样。因此，另一颗新行星(命名为火神)被提出。与海王星存在的预言不同，这个假设没有得到证实；相反，牛顿力学在这种情况下是一个错误的理论。)”可知，牛顿定律没有准确预测太阳有另一颗行星叫火神。故选D。
44．
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“In doing so, scientists attempted to dismiss what logicians have known for long: that no amount of correctly predicted effects can prove a supposed cause. (在这样做的过程中，科学家们试图驳斥逻辑学家们早就知道的事实：再多的正确预测的结果也不能证明一个假设的原因。)”可推断，作者在第三段提到逻辑学家来暗示科学家可能所犯的错误。故选B。
45．
词义猜测题。根据文章第五段划线词前句“So another new planet （named Vulcan） was proposed. Unlike the prediction of Neptune’s existence, (因此，另一颗新行星(命名为火神)被提出。与海王星存在的预言不同，)”和后句“rather, Newtonian mechanics was an incorrect theory in this context.(相反，牛顿力学在这种情况下是一个错误的理论。)”可知，另一颗新行星的假设没有得到证实。所以pan out为“证明、证实”之意。故选D。
46．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“However, I would argue that this position does not give the intended audience enough credit, and that claiming absolute truth does more harm than good, not only for the interaction of science with the public, but for the practice of science. (然而，我想说的是，这种立场并没有给目标受众足够的信任，声称绝对真理弊大于利，不仅对科学与公众的互动，而且对科学的实践也是如此。)”可推断，作者认为我们永远不能排除一种理论是错误的可能性。故选B。
47．E
48．D
49．A
50．C
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了卡罗琳和尼克通过一个节目体验老年人的生活状态。
47．
根据前文“It took five hours every morning to make Karoline and Nick look like elderly people in their seventies. They were given a synthetic wrinkled skin, false teeth and false hair. They also wore body suits to make them look fatter and contact lenses to make their eyes look older. The discomfort of the makeup, the heavy suits, and the contact lenses （which made their eyesight worse） gave them a small taste of the physical problems of old age. They were also coached to walk and speak like people in their seventies.( 每天早上都要花五个小时把卡罗琳和尼克打扮得像七十多岁的老人。他们的皮肤是人工合成的，有皱纹，还有假牙和假头发。他们还穿紧身衣让自己看起来更胖，戴隐形眼镜让自己的眼睛看起来更老。不舒服的妆容、厚重的衣服和隐形眼镜(这让他们的视力变差)让他们尝了一点老年身体问题的滋味。他们还被训练像70多岁的人一样走路和说话。)”和下文“There was a video diary to record their experiences and hidden cameras to record how other people reacted to them. (有一个视频日记记录他们的经历，还有隐藏的摄像头记录其他人对他们的反应。)”可知，视频日记和隐形摄像机会记录卡罗琳和尼克以老年状态生活一段时间。所以选择项E.Then they had to live each day, for a month, as an old person. (然后他们要作为老年人生活一个月)符合上下文语境。故选E。
48．
根据后文“Karoline was astonished to be ignored by some workmen, who only hours before had been whistling at her when she had been an attractive young woman. Nick said, “I learned that how people treat you depends on what you look like.” On one occasion a bus driver treated him very rudely when he tried to pay his fare with a large bill. “I was amazed. He wouldn’t have talked like that to my young self.”(卡罗琳吃惊地发现，几个小时前，她还是个迷人的年轻女子，工人们还在对她吹口哨。尼克说：“我明白了人们如何对待你取决于你的长相。”有一次，当他要付一大笔车费时，一个公共汽车司机对他非常粗鲁。“我很惊讶。他不会这样对年轻时的我说话。”)”可知，本段是描写卡罗琳和尼克作为老年状态生活的感觉。所以选择项D. Afterward, both of them described the “invisibility” of being old. (之后，两人都描述了变老的“被忽视”的感觉)符合上下文语境。故选D。
49．
根据前文“It comes at the end of a day out with her two new senior citizen friends, Betty and Sylvia. It is partly because she feels guilty that she is tricking them, but mainly because she realizes that they are individuals, and not just members of what she had previously thought of as “the elderly.” “They were talking about real things and I felt unqualified. They had been through so much. (这是在她和她的两位新老年朋友贝蒂和西尔维娅外出的一天结束的时候。部分原因是她觉得自己欺骗了他们，但主要是因为她意识到他们是独立的个体，而不仅仅是她之前认为的“老年人”的成员。“他们在谈论真实的事情，我觉得自己不够格。”他们经历了太多)”和后文“It was as if I was seeing the young people inside them. Before I would have just seen the wrinkles.(就好像我看到了里面的年轻人。以前我只会看到皱纹)”可知，这里描述卡罗琳当时的感受。所以选择项A. It made me realize how ignorant I was. (这让我意识到我是多么无知)”符合上下文语境。故选A。
50．
根据后文“Nick said, “I’d never thought about getting old before.” Karoline said, “The whole experience of living as an old person helped me to understand them far better and also to understand myself. I felt in a way that they were just young people in an old body trying to deal with the problems of old age. I’m not ready to be 73, but I’m not scared like I was.”( 尼克说：“我以前从没想过会变老。”卡罗琳说：“作为一个老人的整个生活经历帮助我更好地了解他们，也了解自己。在某种程度上，我觉得他们只不过是年轻人，身在老年人的躯体里，试图解决老年的问题。我还没准备好73岁，但我已经不像以前那样害怕了。”)”可知，本段陈述卡罗琳和尼克体验老人后对自己生活的改变。所以选择项C.Both Karoline and Nick found making the program life changing. (卡罗琳和尼克都发现让这个节目改变生活)符合上下文语境。故选C。
51．Research finds that children growing up without emotional support suffer from long-term brain damage. Scientists have known that animals brought up in unfavorable situations have relatively small and simple brains. Now, owing to scanners, experts have confirmed that the principle fits the growth of human children because synapses disappear without proper stimulation.(52 words)
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究发现，在没有情感支持的情况下成长的儿童会遭受长期的大脑损伤。科学家们已经知道，在不利环境中长大的动物的大脑相对较小和简单。现在，由于扫描仪的存在，专家们已经证实这一原理适合人类儿童的成长，因为没有适当的刺激突触就会消失
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①Babies who receive love and encouragement from their parents develop the neural connections they need to get on in life. But what happens to those who fail to get this support?
②It would be comforting to believe that such children escape long term damage by being too young to speak, or know any different, but the evidence suggests otherwise.
③For years it has long been known to scientists that animals brought up in enriched environment have larger and more complex brains than animals that grow up in disadvantaged situations, so experts like Perry assumed that the same would hold true for humans.
④However, it is only now, thanks to powerful scanners that allow this theory to be put to the test, that the damage is clearly visible.
⑤With the right stimulation, the brain makes the connections it needs.
⑥Without it, synapses (突触), junctions between the neurons used to transport the brain’s messages, actually dissolve.
2.缜密构思
将第3要点进行重组，将第1、2和4、5、6几个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Research finds that children growing up without emotional support suffer from long-term brain damage.
Scientists have known that animals brought up in unfavorable situations have relatively small and simple brains.
Now, owing to scanners, experts have confirmed that the principle fits the growth of human children because synapses disappear without proper stimulation.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Research finds that children growing up without emotional support suffer from long-term brain damage.运用宾语从句和现在分词作定语对第一段和最后一段前半部分内容进行总结，表达高级。
[高分句型2] Now, owing to scanners, experts have confirmed that the principle fits the growth of human children because synapses disappear without proper stimulation.运用宾语从句和because引导的原因状语从句对最后一段的部分内容进行总结，表达高级。
52．Sometimes, children's ideas are well worth considering.
【详解】
考查短语和时态。 be worth doing值得做某事。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。根据句意，故翻译为 Sometimes, children's ideas are well worth considering.
53．Customers called to inquire about the opening hours of the store.
【详解】
考查短语、时态和非谓语动词。 inquire about 查问； 询问；opening hours营业时间。句中用不定式作目的状语。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。根据句意，故翻译为Customers called to inquire about the opening hours of the store.
54．Neither is this a way that/which the employees recognize nor a long-term solution.
【详解】
考查短语、时态、定语从句和倒装句。neither ... nor ...既不……也不……，否定词位于句首，句子用运用部分倒装结构。句中先行词为way，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用关系代词that或which引导。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。根据句意，故翻译为Neither is this a way that/which the employees recognize nor a long-term solution.
55．In order for the athletes to sleep at ease and release their tension of he competition, the Winter Olympic village provides them with beds that can switch between four modes.
【详解】
考查短语、时态、定语从句和非谓语动词。in order to为了，引导目的状语。at ease 自在；安适；provide sb. with sth.提供某人某物。句中先行词为beds ，在定语从句作主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。根据句意，故翻译为In order for the athletes to sleep at ease and release their tension of he competition, the Winter Olympic village provides them with beds that can switch between four modes.
56．Dear Worried,
I am sorry to hear that your friend is suffering from anxiety. Here I would like to give you some suggestions to help her.
First, you can advise her to talk with people who she trusts. Chatting with others works out well because a casual talk can help her move away from the anxiety for a moment. Besides, doing exercise is a good way to relieve the anxiety. It can help her to relax both physically and mentally. So, why not ask her to go out for some sports? Finally, ask her to try a warm bath and take a cup of warm milk before going to bed, helping her to have a good rest.
I hope you will find my suggestions useful, and wish your friend get rid of anxiety soon.
Yours,
Wang Lei
【分析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给署名为“Worried”的读者回信，就他提出的问题给予合理的建议并阐述理由。
【详解】
1.词汇积累
想要做：would like to→want to
此外：Besides → What’s more
建议：suggestions→advice
可以；能够：can→ be able to
2.句式拓展
合并简单句
原句：Besides, doing exercise is a good way to relieve the anxiety. It can help her to relax both physically and mentally.
拓展句：Besides, doing exercise is a good way to relieve the anxiety, which can help her to relax both physically and mentally.
【点睛】
[高分句型1]I am sorry to hear that your friend is suffering from anxiety.（运用了that引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2]Chatting with others works out well because a casual talk can help her move away from the anxiety for a moment. （运用了because引导的状语从句）
上海市长宁区2021-2022学年高三上学期一模英语试题
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Accenting Accents
To be a “slasher”, a person with multiple occupations, is a recent popular concept among young Chinese. However, Xu Kaifei 1．（do） this since 20 years ago.
Born and brought up in Haikou, Hainan Province in South China, Xu is a now new media journalist. But the 36-year-old, 2． stage-name is Jin’anzai, is better known as a rapper（说唱歌手）.
Xu’s high school years were filled with pop songs from Hong Kong, 3．（write） in the Cantonese dialect, which is mostly spoken in south China, including Hong Kong. 4．（listen） to them, he realized that few people used the Hainan dialect to write songs. In 2008, he wrote a rap song, Domldoml, meaning 5． to do in Hainanese.
“Hainanese is not a systematic language. It is difficult to rhyme（押韵） when rapping. But the artist wrote good words. Also, the genre（类型） of this song is advanced, many years ahead of today’s Hip Hop trend,” a music fan posted on Net Ease Cloud Music, a music platform set up by Internet technology giant Net Ease, commenting 6． Xu’s effort.
7． Xu’s social media account has only about 26,000 followers, much less than famous pop stars’ accounts, he is still proud of his music because 8． records his hometown’s beautiful dialect. Over 80 percent of the population in Hainan speak Hainanese, according to the website of the Hainan Provincial Government. In 2019, over 9 million people9．（estimate） to live in Hainan.
Today, more and more songs and films are including dialects. It not only creates an artistic effect but also guides dialect speakers 10．（rediscover） their language. Such artistic offerings can break geographical limitations and win the appreciation of people in other areas.
二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A．abandoned；B．adventure；C．allow；D．appreciate
E. curving；F. effortlessly；G. exploring；H. outlines
I. relatively；J. territory；K. winds
Marvelous Mallorca
Located off the southern coast of Spain, the island of Mallorca is often praised as one of the jewels of the Mediterranean. As the Spanish royal family’s preferred summer vacation spot, Mallorca 11． charms visitors with its beautiful villages and mountains covered in orange and lemon trees.
Since it is a(n) 12． small island, Mallorca is best seen by bicycle. The Serra de Tramuntana Mountain range runs along the island’s north-western coast and covers nearly 30 percent of the island’s 13．, which makes it a cyclist’s dream.The 14． roads that cross the tall peaks and rocky cliffs provide some of the most challenging cycling on the island.
However, most of the island’s visitors come to see Mallorca’s splendid coast. Though there are several busy beach resorts built specifically for tourists, you’re better off 15． the 260 beaches around the island on your own. Along the south coast, you’ll find white sands and clear blue waters seemingly made just for diving. In the east, keep an eye out for hidden bays that 16． for peaceful swimming even in high season.
Although Mallorca’s beaches have been its main attraction for many years, more recently, visitors have begun to appreciate the island’s cultural attractions too. Many of Mallorea’s grand old houses and 17． farms are being turned into resorts where visitors can enjoy the relaxed lifestyle of the Mallorcan countryside.
Palma, Mallorca’s lively capital, is also home to many museums, historic buildings, and galleries. Here you’ll be able to 18． paintings by great Spanish master such as Picasso, Dali, and Miro, whose former house in the city’s western district is open to visitors.
As the day 19． down, spend an evening enjoying a freshly caught supper in one of Palma’s oceanfront restaurants while taking in a beautiful Mallorcan sunset. What better way to wrap up your Spanish 20．?
三、完形填空
Hugely ambitious in scope, The Lord of the Rings occupies an uncomfortable position in 20th century literature. This book of J.R.R.Tolkien’s poses a challenge to modern literature and its defenders. (Tolkien on his 21 : “Some who have read the book, or at any rate have reviewed it, have found it boring, ridiculous, or annoying; and I have no cause to complain, since I have similar opinions of their works, or of the kinds of writing that they evidently 22 .”) Yet The Lord of the Rings has enjoyed massive and enduring popularity. It would seem that Tolkien’s work supplied something that was 23 among the formal innovations of 20th century fiction, something for which readers were hungry. But what was it, and why was it important?
It seems that the key point lies in Tolkien’s wholehearted rejection of modernity and modernism. This is what so powerfully 24 some readers, and just as powerfully drives away others. In his book J.R.R.Tolkien: Author of the Century, T.A．Shippey expands on this idea by arguing that Tolkien saw his story of Middle-earth not as fiction or invention, but as the 25 of something genuine that had become buried beneath the fairy tale and nursery rhythm.
“However fanciful Tolkien’s creation of Middle earth was,” Shippey writes, “he did not think that he was entirely 26 . He was ‘reconstructing’, he was harmonizing conflicts in his source-texts, sometimes he was supplying entirely new concepts, but he was also reaching back to an imaginative world which he believed had once really 27 , at least in a collective imagination.”
The book is also deeply grounded in Tolkien’s linguistic expertise （语言专长） —he 28 whole languages for his characters. Sometimes he became so absorbed in the creation of languages, in fact, that he 29 the story itself for months or years at a time, believing he could not continue until some inconsistency（不一致）in his invented world had been resolved. But Tolkien’s great intellect and knowledge is not the source of his 30 ; without his storytelling gift, The Lord of the Rings would be little more than a curiosity. And this gift seems to originate straight from his 31 to break from classical and traditional forms.
Tolkien himself often spoke of his work as something ‘found’ or ‘discovered’, something whose existence was 32 of him. It’s wise to be careful with this sort of interpretation, but it seems 33 that he believed his work to be something given, something revealed, which contained a kind of truth beyond measure. 34 , his details have the weight of reality, and because of this his great sweep of story feels real as well; you might say that his 35 castles are built with a certain amount of genuine stone.
21．A．books B．critics C．readers D．ambitions
22．A．dislike B．challenge C．review D．prefer
23．A．common B．possible C．missing D．funny
24．A．annoys B．influences C．attracts D．concerns
25．A．recovery B．designing C．analysis D．questioning
26．A．taking it down B．making it up C．turning it down D．looking it up
27．A．remained B．struck C．moved D．existed
28．A．spoke B．invented C．neglected D．recalled
29．A．put aside B．set up C．look into D．get along
30．A．style B．tension C．success D．tradition
31．A．decision B．request C．struggle D．refusal
32．A．representative B．independent C．conscious D．thoughtful
33．A．clear B．weird C．unfair D．pitiful
34．A．As a result B．On the contrary C．Even so D．What’s worse
35．A．ancient B．broken C．imaginary D．foreign
四、阅读理解
It was one of the most destructive days in the history of our planet, and now we know how it played out. Scientists have pieced together the first day of the dinosaurs’ extinction, by drilling into the crater(火山口)that formed from the asteroid(小行星)that caused their downfall.
The asteroid, which led to the extinction of all dinosaurs that can’t fly, crashed into the Gulf of Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula some 66 million years ago. In 2016, a scientific drilling project by the International Ocean Discovery Program got rocks from the impact site, which has been underwater for a long time. Now, scientists have analysed these rocks to travel back in time to that particular day itself.
“It’s an expanded record of events that we were able to recover from within ground zero,” said Dr Sean Gulick, a geophysicist at the University of Texas at Austin and leader of this study. “It tells us about impact processes from an eyewitness location.”
In just 24 hours following the impact, a layer of material 130m thick was deposited. This include charcoal, which provides evidence for the intense wildfires that are thought to have been caused by the crash.
Meanwhile, the impact also led to a huge tsunami, an extremely large wave in the sea caused by an earthquake, as evidenced by layers of rocks and sand in the core samples, which appear to have been deposited by flooding waters.
One thing conspicuously missing from the samples, though, is the element of sulphur(硫磺). Although the surrounding area is full of sulphur-rich rocks, the crater is unusually sulphur-free. This supports the idea that the asteroid impact instantly vaporised sulphurous rocks, releasing the sulphur into the atmosphere, where it remained and reflected away the Sun’s light, cooling the Earth’s climate.
Although the impact had destructive effects on a regional level, it’s this large-scale global cooling that’s thought to be behind the dinosaurs’ eventual extinction, as well as that of countless other plant and animal species.
“The real killer has got to be atmospheric,” said Gulick. “The only way you get a global mass extinction like this is an atmospheric effect.”
36．Dr Sean Gulick is quoted in paragraph 3 in order to ______.
A．stress the impact of the crash
B．illustrate the significance of their study
C．explain what they did in their study
D．state the reason for dinosaurs’ death
37．The word “conspicuously”(in paragraph 6)is closest in meaning to“______”.
A．obviously B．restlessly C．occasionally D．potentially
38．Which of the following is a cause of the dramatic drop in temperature mentioned in the passage?
A．The tsunami.
B．The wildfires.
C．The vapourised sulphur.
D．The deposit of rocks.
39．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A．Touching on the dinosaur’s time
B．Drilling into the day the dinosaurs died
C．Why we need to study the atmospheric effect
D．What we should know about the history of our planet
What Are the Limits of Human Endurance?
Paragraph 1:______
When it comes to running, how far and how fast you can go is determined by a number of physical factors, including your VO2 max (the volume of oxygen you can pump round your body) and your lactate (乳酸盐) threshold, which is the point at which your body produces more lactate than it can break down (a build-up of this chemical makes you run less efficiently). Some of this is genetic, some of it comes from training. But in recent years, sports scientists have also come to recognise the importance of mental strength. The longer you run, the more important a well-thought-out mental strategy is. Common strategies for coping with pain include motivational self talk and distraction techniques to help block negative thoughts.
Paragraph 2:______
Thirty years ago, scientists calculated that the fastest possible marathon, in perfect conditions and with the perfect athlete, would be 1 hour 58 minutes. And we’re getting close. This September, Kenyan long-distance runner Eliud Kipchoge set a new world record of 2:01:39 at the Berlin Maraton—a race ideally suited to fast times because of its flat course, few corners, and typically good weather conditions. Sports physiologists think that the two-hour limit could be broken in the next few decades, as a bigger talent pool of runners, plus advances in training technology, create ever more ideal combinations of athlete and running conditions.
Paragraph 3: ______
Long-distance running stresses the body; recent research from the University of the Peloponnese in Greece found that post-race levels of inflammation(炎症) in the blood of ultra endurance runners (those who run races longer than a marathon)showed similar descriptions to people with cancer or cirrhosis. However, over the next few days, the runners’ levels returned to normal, suggesting that they have a remarkable ability to recover after an extreme workout. Good training is partly about helping you know when, for instance, you’ve crossed the line from ‘good pain’ into ‘bad pain’.
40．Match each paragraph with one of the following questions, and then make the choice.
①Is endurance in the mind or in the muscles?
②Is endurance running bad for you?
③Will endurance running become a hit?
④Will anyone ever run a two-hour marathon?
A．Paragraph l:①; Paragraph2:②; Paragraph3:③
B．Paragraph 1:④; Paragraph 2:①; Paragraph3:②
C．Paragraph 1:④; Paragraph 2:②; Paragraph3:③
D．Paragraph 1:①; Paragraph2:④; Paragraph3:②
41．According to the research, how can distraction techniques help long distance runners?
A．By raising their VO2 max.
B．By helping them concentrate.
C．By lowering their lactate threshold.
D．By preventing them feeling discouraged.
42．What can be learned from the passage?
A．Good training can help you find out your limits.
B．The world marathon record is 1 hour 58 minutes.
C．Marathon training technology hasn’t changed a lot.
D．Long distance running causes lasting harm to our health.
It seems difficult to explain the persistent success of scientific theories at describing nature. I explore this challenge in my book, What Science Is and How It Really Works. If the history of science teaches us anything, it is that the ability of a theory to predict unobserved phenomena and lead to amazing new technologies is no proof that said theory is “true”.
For example, Isaac Newton’s mechanics enabled surprisingly accurate predictions of other astronomical phenomena, such as Halley’s comet （哈雷彗星） arriving later than normal in 1759 due to the gravitational effects of passing close to Jupiter. Even more impressive, in the early 1800s when astronomers determined that the orbit （轨道） of Uranus failed to match Newtonian predictions, they concluded that Newton’s theory was not wrong; rather, the existence of a previously unobserved planet was proposed and was later found exactly where it was expected to be （and named Neptune）.
Such successes of the scientific revolution were so impressive that philosophers developed whole new theories of knowledge to try to explain how scientists appeared to have used observation and reason to discover fundamental truths. In doing so, scientists attempted to dismiss what logicians have known for long: that no amount of correctly predicted effects can prove a supposed cause.
But don’t the successes of Newtonian mechanics prove that the laws Newton proposed must really be true? Otherwise how could the theory have picked a single spot in the vast expanse of the universe and found exactly where Neptune was?
Things do not always work out this way, however. In 1859, astronomers determined that the orbit of Mercury was not behaving, over time, as Newtonian mechanics predicted. So another new planet （named Vulcan） was proposed. Unlike the prediction of Neptune’s existence, this supposition did not pan out; rather, Newtonian mechanics was an incorrect theory in this context. A different scientific theory- Einstein’s theory of relativity—was required to later explain Mercury’s movement.
So, what really helps credibility more? To insist that we know that atoms, black holes, and dark matter are real because of how many observations we can explain and predictions we can make by supposing their existence? Or to simply admit that science cannot support a claim of absolute truth regarding the abstract, unobserved scientific objects and laws that are proposed to govern this world?
One could argue that if scientists don’t bang the gong （锣） of “truth”, then it may only quicken the dismissal of science as just another opinion. However, I would argue that this position does not give the intended audience enough credit, and that claiming absolute truth does more harm than good, not only for the interaction of science with the public, but for the practice of science. If data are important to the sciences, then let us accept the historical data on science itself.
43．Which of the following did the laws of Newton fail to provide accurate predictions for?
A．The planet of Mercury varied in its composition.
B．Halley’s comet arrived later than normal in 1759.
C．Neptune was located where it was expected to be.
D．The Sun had another planet named Vulcan.
44．Why does the writer mention logicians in paragraph 3?
A．To introduce another way of scientific thinking.
B．To imply what mistake scientists may have made.
C．To make a comparison between logicians and scientists.
D．To help explain the cause and effect of certain phenomena.
45．The phrase “pan out”（in paragraph 5） most probably means ______.
A．appear B．be divided C．shrink D．be proved
46．Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with?
A．Only by enough observations can a theory be proved true.
B．Never can we rule out the possibility that a theory is wrong.
C．Einstein’s theory of relativity works better than any other theory in astronomy.
D．Newtonian mechanics doesn’t fit today s context because it was established long ago.
五、六选四
Trading Ages
It took five hours every morning to make Karoline and Nick look like elderly people in their seventies. They were given a synthetic wrinkled skin, false teeth and false hair. They also wore body suits to make them look fatter and contact lenses to make their eyes look older. The discomfort of the makeup, the heavy suits, and the contact lenses (which made their eyesight worse)gave them a small taste of the physical problems of old age. They were also coached to walk and speak like people in their seventies. 47．. There was a video diary to record their experiences and hidden cameras to record how other people reacted to them.
48． Karoline was astonished to be ignored by some workmen, who only hours before had been whistling at her when she had been an attractive young woman. Nick said, “I learned that how people treat you depends on what you look like.” On one occasion a bus driver treated him very rudely when he tried to pay his fare with a large bill. “I was amazed. He wouldn’t have talked like that to my young self.”
There is a point in the documentary when Karoline breaks down and cries. It comes at the end of a day out with her two new senior citizen friends, Betty and Sylvia. It is partly because she feels guilty that she is tricking them, but mainly because she realizes that they are individuals, and not just members of what she had previously thought of as “the elderly.” “They were talking about real things and I felt unqualified. They had been through so much. 49．. It was as if I was seeing the young people inside them. Before I would have just seen the wrinkles.”
50． Nick said, “I’d never thought about getting old before.” Karoline said, “The whole experience of living as an old person helped me to understand them far better and also to understand myself. I felt in a way that they were just young people in an old body trying to deal with the problems of old age. I’m not ready to be 73, but I’m not scared like I was.”
A.It made me realize how ignorant I was.
B.Though she loved her 86-year- old grandmother she had found it hard to visit her.
C.Both Karoline and Nick found making the program life changing.
D.Afterward, both of them described the “invisibility” of being old.
E.Then they had to live each day, for a month, as an old person.
F.Nick was also nearly robbed when he was taking money out of an ATM.
六、概要写作
51．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Brainpower: Use It or Lose It?
Where brainpower is concerned, the old rule of ‘use it, or lose it’ holds true from the start. Babies who receive love and encouragement from their parents develop the neural (神经的)connections they need to get on in life. But what happens to those who fail to get this support?
It would be comforting to believe that such children escape long term damage by being too young to speak, or know any different, but the evidence suggests otherwise.
At a recent meeting of the Royal Society of Medicine, the participants were shown slides taken with a powerful scanner comparing the brains of ‘normal’ three-year-old with those who had been raised in poverty or in orphanages. The work was done by Bruce Perry of the Child Trauma Academy in Houston, Texas. The scans showed that the frontal-temporal areas of the brain, those responsible for personality and enabling a person to display and regulate emotions, showed little activity.
For years it has long been known to scientists that animals brought up in enriched environment have larger and more complex brains than animals that grow up in disadvantaged situations, so experts like Perry assumed that the same would hold true for humans. However, it is only now, thanks to powerful scanners that allow this theory to be put to the test, that the damage is clearly visible. Perry explains the reason for the abnormality is that the brain develops in a ‘use-dependent’ way, growing, organising and working according to experience. With the right stimulation, the brain makes the connections it needs. Without it, synapses (突触), junctions between the neurons used to transport the brain’s messages, actually dissolve. “Negative experiences play a vital role in organising the neural system in the developing brain,” says Perry; in other words, ill-treatment in infancy leads to faulty wiring in the brain.
七、汉译英（整句）
52．有时候孩子们的想法很值得考虑。（worth）（汉译英）
53．顾客们打电话来询问商店开门营业的时间。（inquire）（汉译英）
54．这不是员工认同的方法，也不是长久之计。（Neither…nor））（汉译英）
55．为了让运动员睡得安心，释放比赛的紧张压力，冬奥村为他们提供了可在四种模式之间转换的床。（In order）（汉译英）
八、建议信
56．Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生王磊，最近在学校英语报“Advice Column”上看到如下一则信息。给这位署名为“Worried”的读者写一封邮件，针对他的问题提出建议，内容须包括：
1）你的建议
2）你的理由
（信的开头已经为你写好。）
My best friend seems anxious a lot. She bites her fingernails and always looks tired. I don’t think she’s eating right, either, How can I convince her to take better care of herself?
— Worried
参考答案
1．has been doing
2．whose
3．written
4．Listening
5．what
6．on
7．Although/Though/While
8．it
9．were estimated
10．to rediscover
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了从事多种职业的徐开飞作为说唱歌手用海南方言写歌。
1．
考查时态。句意：然而，徐开飞从20年前就开始这样做了。根据句中时间状语since 20 years ago可知，用现在完成时。这里表示动作一直持续到现在，并仍然要继续下去，所以用现在完成进行时。故填has been doing。
2．
考查定语从句。句意：但这位36岁的新媒体记者，艺名金安在，更广为人知的是他是一名说唱歌手。先行词在非限定性定语从句中作名词stage-name的定语，所以用关系代词whose引导。故填whose。
3．
考查非谓语动词。句意：徐开飞的高中时代充满了来自香港的流行歌曲，这些歌曲是用粤语写成的，粤语在包括香港在内的中国南方地区普遍使用。名词pop songs与write之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。故填written。
4．
考查非谓语动词。句意：听着这些歌，他意识到很少有人用海南方言写歌。逻辑主语he与listen之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。故填Listening。
5．
考查疑问词。句意：2008年，他写了一首说唱歌曲Domldoml，意思是用海南话做什么。这里考查“动词+疑问词+ to do”结构，表示“什么”，用疑问代词what。故填what。
6．
考查介词。句意：此外，这首歌的类型很先进，比当今的嘻哈潮流超前多年，”一名乐迷在互联网科技巨头网易成立的音乐平台网易云音乐上评论徐开飞的努力。comment on对……评论。故填on。
7．
考查连词。句意：虽然徐开飞的社交媒体账号只有大约26000名粉丝，远远少于知名流行歌手，但他仍然为自己的音乐感到自豪，因为它记录了家乡的美丽方言。前后句之间为转折关系，所以用转折连词。故填Although/Though/While。
8．
考查代词。句意：虽然徐开飞的社交媒体账号只有大约26000名粉丝，远远少于知名流行歌手，但他仍然为自己的音乐感到自豪，因为它记录了家乡的美丽方言。代指前句中名词his music，所以用代词it。故填it。
9．
考查时态和语态。句意：2019年，海南人口估计超过900万。根据句中时间状语In 2019可知，用一般过去时。主语people与estimate之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填were estimated。
10．
考查非谓语动词。句意：它不仅创造了一种艺术效果，而且还引导说方言的人重新发现他们的语言。guide sb. to do sth.引导某人做某事。故填to rediscover。
11．F
12．I
13．J
14．E
15．G
16．C
17．A
18．D
19．K
20．B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了西班牙马略卡岛的旅游概况。
11．
考查副词。句意：作为西班牙王室首选的夏季度假胜地，马略卡岛以其美丽的村庄和长满橘子树和柠檬树的山脉轻松地吸引了游客。修饰动词charms，用副词形式。副词effortlessly为“毫不费力地；轻易地”之意。故选F。
12．
考查副词。句意：由于它是一个相对较小的岛屿，骑自行车看马略卡岛是最好的。修饰形容词small，前用副词形式。副词relatively为“相对地”之意。故选I。
13．
考查名词。句意：塞拉德特拉蒙塔纳山脉沿着该岛的西北海岸延伸，覆盖了该岛近30%的土地，这使它成为自行车爱好者的梦想。名词所有格island’s后接名词形式。名词territory为“领土，领域”之意。故选J。
14．
考查形容词。句意：弯弯曲曲的道路穿过高高的山峰和岩石悬崖，这是岛上最具挑战性的骑行之一。名词roads前用形容词修饰。形容词curving为“弯曲的”之意。故选E。
15．
考查非谓语动词。句意：虽然有几个繁忙的海滩度假村是专门为游客建造的，但你最好还是自己探索岛上的260个海滩。介词off后接动名词形式。动词exploring为“探索”之意。故选G。
16．
考查动词。句意：在东部，注意隐蔽的海湾，即使在旺季也能让人们平静地游泳。分析句子结构可知，定语从句中缺少动词。allow for考虑到； 顾及。故选C。
17．
考查非谓语动词。句意：马略卡许多宏伟的老房子和废弃的农场正在被改造成度假村，游客可以在这里享受马略卡乡村轻松的生活方式。名词farms且与abandon之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词形式作定语。动词abandon为“抛弃”之意。故选A。
18．
考查动词。句意：在这里，你可以欣赏到毕加索、达利和米罗等西班牙大师的画作，米罗位于城市西区的故居对游客开放。be able to能够，后接动词原形。动词appreciate为“欣赏”之意。故选D。
19．
考查动词。句意：随着一天的结束，你可以在帕尔马海滨的一家餐厅享受一顿刚刚抓到的（海鲜）晚餐，同时欣赏美丽的马略卡日落。wind down放松；慢下来；接近尾声。根据句中时态可知，用一般现在时。主语是 the day，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故选K。
20．
考查名词。句意：还有什么更好的方式来结束你的西班牙之旅呢?形容词性物主代词your后接名词形式。名词adventure为“冒险，奇遇”之意。故选B。
21．B
22．D
23．C
24．C
25．A
26．B
27．D
28．B
29．A
30．C
31．D
32．B
33．A
34．A
35．C
【分析】
本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了《指环王》作品及其作者J.R.R.Tolkien的写作风格。
21．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：评论者是这样评论Tolkien：“有些读过这本书的人，或者至少是评论过这本书的人，认为它无聊、荒谬或令人讨厌。A. books书；B. critics评论家；C. readers读者；D. ambitions抱负。根据“Some who have read the book, or at any rate have reviewed it, have found it boring, ridiculous, or annoying; and I have no cause to complain, since I have similar opinions of their works, or of the kinds of writing that they evidently ____2____.”可知，后文是评论者对于Tolkien这本书的评价。故选B。
22．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我没有理由抱怨，因为我对他们的作品或他们明显喜欢的写作风格有相似的看法。A. dislike不喜欢；B. challenge挑战；C. review评论；D. prefer更喜欢。根据“and I have no cause to complain,”可知，Tolkien不抱怨的理由是他对他们喜欢的写作风格有相似的看法。故选D。
23．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Tolkien的作品似乎提供了一些在20世纪小说的形式创新中所缺失的东西，一些读者渴望得到的东西。 A. common共同的；B. possible可能的；C. missing失去的；D. funny可笑的。根据“something for which readers were hungry.”可知，一些读者之所以喜欢 Tolkien的作品，是因为他的作品提供了一些在20世纪小说的形式创新中所缺失的东西。故选C。
24．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：正是这一点有力地吸引了一些读者，也同样有力地赶走了另一些读者。A. annoys恼怒；B. influences影响；C. attracts吸引；D. concerns关注。根据“It seems that the key point lies in Tolkien’s wholehearted rejection of modernity and modernism.”可知，Tolkien对现代性和现代主义的彻底拒绝吸引了一些读者。故选C。
25．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：T.A. Shippey在他的《J.R.R.Tolkien：世纪作家》一书中进一步阐述了这一观点，他认为Tolkien并不把他的中土世界故事视为虚构或虚构，而是将那些被埋藏在童话和托儿所节奏之下的真实的东西重新找回来。A. recovery恢复；B. designing设计；C. analysis分析；D. questioning质疑。根据“Author of the Century, T.A. Shippey expands on this idea by arguing that Tolkien saw his story of Middle-earth not as fiction or invention,”可知，Shippey认为Tolkien的作品是将那些被埋藏在童话和托儿所节奏之下的真实的东西重新找回来。故选A。
26．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：Shippey写道，“他并不认为这完全是他编造出来的。他在‘重建’，他在协调他的原始文本中的冲突，有时他提供全新的概念，但他也在回到一个想象的世界，他相信这个世界曾经真的存在过，至少在一个集体的想象中。”A. taking it down写下；B. making it up编造；C. turning it down拒绝；D. looking it up查询。根据“He was ‘reconstructing’”可知，Tolkien作品的内容并不完全是他编造出来的。故选B。
27．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：Shippey写道，“他并不认为这完全是他编造出来的。他在‘重建’，他在协调他的原始文本中的冲突，有时他提供全新的概念，但他也在回到一个想象的世界，他相信这个世界曾经真的存在过，至少在一个集体的想象中。”A. remained保持；B. struck打；C. moved移动；D. existed存在。根据“at least in a collective imagination.”可知，Tolkien相信所编造的世界曾经真的存在过。故选D。
28．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这本书也深深植根于托尔金的语言学专长——他为他的人物创造了完整的语言。A. spoke讲；B. invented发明；创造；C. neglected忽略；D. recalled回忆。根据“Sometimes he became so absorbed in the creation of languages,”可知，Tolkien为他的人物创造了完整的语言。故选B。
29．
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：事实上，有时他如此专注于语言的创造，以至于他把故事本身放在一边好几个月或几年，认为他无法继续下去，除非他虚构的世界中的一些矛盾得到解决。A. put aside存储；B. set up创立；C. look into调查；D. get along进展。根据“believing he could not continue until some inconsistency（不一致）in his invented world had been resolved.”可知，Tolkien把故事本身存放在一边好几个月或几年，以解决一些没有解决的的矛盾。故选A。
30．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是Tolkien的智慧和知识并不是他成功的源泉。A. style风格；B. tension进展；C. success成功；D. tradition传统。根据“without his storytelling gift, The Lord of the Rings would be little more than a curiosity. And this gift seems to originate straight from his ____11____ to break from classical and traditional forms.”可知，Tolkien成功的源泉并非他的智慧和知识。故选C。
31．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种天赋似乎直接来源于他拒绝打破古典和传统的形式。A. decision决定；B. request请求；C. struggle奋斗；D. refusal拒绝。根据“without his storytelling gift, The Lord of the Rings would be little more than a curiosity.”可知，Tolkien的天赋源于他拒绝打破古典和传统的形式。故选D。
32．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Tolkien自己经常说他的作品是“找到”或“发现”的东西，它的存在是独立于他的。 A. representative代表的；B. independent独立的；C. conscious有意识的；D. thoughtful体贴的。根据“Tolkien himself often spoke of his work as something ‘found’ or ‘discovered’,”可知，Tolkien认为自己作品的东西的存在是独立于他的。故选B。
33．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：谨慎对待这种解释是明智的，但很明显，他相信他的作品是被给予的，被揭示的，包含着一种无法衡量的真理。A. clear清楚的；B. weird离奇的；C. unfair不公平的；D. pitiful慈悲的。根据“It’s wise to be careful with this sort of interpretation,”可知，Tolkien认为自己作品是明显可以被给予的，被揭示的。故选A。
34．
考查短语词义辨析。句意：因此，他的细节具有现实的分量，也正因为如此，他宏大的故事情节也让人感觉真实。A. As a result结果；因此；B. On the contrary相反；C. Even so虽然如此；D. What’s worse更糟糕的是。根据“his details have the weight of reality, and because of this his great sweep of story feels real as well;”可知，因此Tolkien的细节具有现实的分量。故选A。
35．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：你可能会说他想象中的城堡是用一些真正的石头建造的。A. ancient古代的；B. broken破碎的；C. imaginary想象的；D. foreign外国的。根据“____14____, his details have the weight of reality, and because of this his great sweep of story feels real as well;”可知，这里指Tolkien作品中想象中的城堡。故选C。
36．B
37．A
38．C
39．A
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。一项科学研究表明导致恐龙灭绝的原因是小行星撞击地球后引起的大气变化。
36．
推理判断题。根据第三段Sean Gulick博士所说的话“It’s an expanded record of events that we were able to recover from within ground zero(这是一个我们可以从撞击地收集的延伸记录)”及“It tells us about impact processes from an eyewitness location.(它从目击者的角度告诉我们撞击的过程)”可知，Sean Gulick博士在介绍这一研究的意义。故选B。
37．
词句猜测题。根据第六段第二句“Although the surrounding area is full of sulphur-rich rocks, the crater is unusually sulphur-free.(尽管周围地区布满了富含硫磺的岩石，但火山口却不含硫)”可知，在火山口采集的样品里的没有硫，进而前一句是在表达样品里的硫元素明显全部消失了。因而可知“conspicuously”表示“明显地”，与“obviously”意思相近。故选A。
38．
细节理解题。根据第六段最后一句“This supports the idea that the asteroid impact instantly vaporised sulphurous rocks, releasing the sulphur into the atmosphere, where it remained and reflected away the Sun’s light, cooling the Earth’s climate.(这支持了这样一种观点，即小行星撞击会使含硫岩石瞬间蒸发，将硫释放到大气中，并留在大气中反射太阳光，从而冷却地球气候)”可知，地表温度下降的原因是硫的蒸发。故选C。
39．
主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Scientists have pieced together the first day of the dinosaurs’ extinction, by drilling into the crater that formed from the asteroid that caused their downfall.(科学家们通过钻入导致恐龙灭绝的小行星形成的陨石坑，拼凑出恐龙灭绝的第一天) ”结合本文主要内容可知，A项“Drilling into the day the dinosaurs died(探索恐龙灭绝的那一天)”适合做本文标题。故选A。
【点睛】
40．D
41．D
42．A
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类耐力的极限。
40．
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Some of this is genetic, some of it comes from training. But in recent years, sports scientists have also come to recognise the importance of mental strength.(有些是遗传的，有些来自训练。但近年来，运动科学家也开始认识到精神力量的重要性。)”可知，本段主要介绍了耐力主要受人体内的乳酸影响，但科学家也认识到精神力量的重要性。所以本段的小标题是“耐力是在思想中还是在肌肉中?”；第二段“Thirty years ago, scientists calculated that the fastest possible marathon, in perfect conditions and with the perfect athlete, would be 1 hour 58 minutes. And we’re getting close.(30年前，科学家们计算出，在完美的条件下，在完美的运动员的配合下，最快的马拉松可能是1小时58分钟。我们越来越接近了)”可知，本段介绍人类离两个小时内跑完马拉松越来越近了。所以本段的小标题是“有人会跑两个小时的马拉松吗?”；第三段“recent research from the University of the Peloponnese in Greece found that post-race levels of inflammation（炎症） in the blood of ultra endurance runners （those who run races longer than a marathon） showed similar descriptions to people with cancer or cirrhosis. However, over the next few days, the runners’ levels returned to normal, suggesting that they have a remarkable ability to recover after an extreme workout. (希腊伯罗奔尼撒大学最近的一项研究发现，超耐力跑者(那些跑得比马拉松还长的跑者)的血液中，赛后的炎症水平与癌症或肝硬化患者相似。然而，在接下来的几天里，跑步者的水平恢复到了正常水平，这表明他们在极端锻炼后有着惊人的恢复能力)”可知，本段介绍耐力对人体的影响。所以本段的小标题是“耐力跑对你有害吗?”所以小标题的顺序为①④②。故选D。
41．
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Common strategies for coping with pain include motivational self talk and distraction techniques to help block negative thoughts. (常见的应对疼痛的策略包括动机性的自我对话和分散注意力的技巧来帮助阻止消极的想法。)”可知，通过阻止长跑运动员感到沮丧，分散注意力的技术可以帮助他们。故选D。
42．
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Good training is partly about helping you know when, for instance, you’ve crossed the line from ‘good pain’ into ‘bad pain’. (好的训练在一定程度上是帮助你知道，例如，你什么时候从“好疼痛”跨越到“坏疼痛”。)”可知，好的训练可以帮助你发现自己的极限。故选A。
43．D
44．B
45．D
46．B
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章作者通过具体的事例来说明科学理论也有可能是错误的。
43．
细节理解题。根据文章第五段“In 1859, astronomers determined that the orbit of Mercury was not behaving, over time, as Newtonian mechanics predicted. So another new planet （named Vulcan） was proposed. Unlike the prediction of Neptune’s existence, this supposition did not pan out; rather, Newtonian mechanics was an incorrect theory in this context.( 1859年，天文学家确定，随着时间的推移，水星的轨道并不像牛顿力学预测的那样。因此，另一颗新行星(命名为火神)被提出。与海王星存在的预言不同，这个假设没有得到证实；相反，牛顿力学在这种情况下是一个错误的理论。)”可知，牛顿定律没有准确预测太阳有另一颗行星叫火神。故选D。
44．
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“In doing so, scientists attempted to dismiss what logicians have known for long: that no amount of correctly predicted effects can prove a supposed cause. (在这样做的过程中，科学家们试图驳斥逻辑学家们早就知道的事实：再多的正确预测的结果也不能证明一个假设的原因。)”可推断，作者在第三段提到逻辑学家来暗示科学家可能所犯的错误。故选B。
45．
词义猜测题。根据文章第五段划线词前句“So another new planet （named Vulcan） was proposed. Unlike the prediction of Neptune’s existence, (因此，另一颗新行星(命名为火神)被提出。与海王星存在的预言不同，)”和后句“rather, Newtonian mechanics was an incorrect theory in this context.(相反，牛顿力学在这种情况下是一个错误的理论。)”可知，另一颗新行星的假设没有得到证实。所以pan out为“证明、证实”之意。故选D。
46．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“However, I would argue that this position does not give the intended audience enough credit, and that claiming absolute truth does more harm than good, not only for the interaction of science with the public, but for the practice of science. (然而，我想说的是，这种立场并没有给目标受众足够的信任，声称绝对真理弊大于利，不仅对科学与公众的互动，而且对科学的实践也是如此。)”可推断，作者认为我们永远不能排除一种理论是错误的可能性。故选B。
47．E
48．D
49．A
50．C
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了卡罗琳和尼克通过一个节目体验老年人的生活状态。
47．
根据前文“It took five hours every morning to make Karoline and Nick look like elderly people in their seventies. They were given a synthetic wrinkled skin, false teeth and false hair. They also wore body suits to make them look fatter and contact lenses to make their eyes look older. The discomfort of the makeup, the heavy suits, and the contact lenses （which made their eyesight worse） gave them a small taste of the physical problems of old age. They were also coached to walk and speak like people in their seventies.( 每天早上都要花五个小时把卡罗琳和尼克打扮得像七十多岁的老人。他们的皮肤是人工合成的，有皱纹，还有假牙和假头发。他们还穿紧身衣让自己看起来更胖，戴隐形眼镜让自己的眼睛看起来更老。不舒服的妆容、厚重的衣服和隐形眼镜(这让他们的视力变差)让他们尝了一点老年身体问题的滋味。他们还被训练像70多岁的人一样走路和说话。)”和下文“There was a video diary to record their experiences and hidden cameras to record how other people reacted to them. (有一个视频日记记录他们的经历，还有隐藏的摄像头记录其他人对他们的反应。)”可知，视频日记和隐形摄像机会记录卡罗琳和尼克以老年状态生活一段时间。所以选择项E.Then they had to live each day, for a month, as an old person. (然后他们要作为老年人生活一个月)符合上下文语境。故选E。
48．
根据后文“Karoline was astonished to be ignored by some workmen, who only hours before had been whistling at her when she had been an attractive young woman. Nick said, “I learned that how people treat you depends on what you look like.” On one occasion a bus driver treated him very rudely when he tried to pay his fare with a large bill. “I was amazed. He wouldn’t have talked like that to my young self.”(卡罗琳吃惊地发现，几个小时前，她还是个迷人的年轻女子，工人们还在对她吹口哨。尼克说：“我明白了人们如何对待你取决于你的长相。”有一次，当他要付一大笔车费时，一个公共汽车司机对他非常粗鲁。“我很惊讶。他不会这样对年轻时的我说话。”)”可知，本段是描写卡罗琳和尼克作为老年状态生活的感觉。所以选择项D. Afterward, both of them described the “invisibility” of being old. (之后，两人都描述了变老的“被忽视”的感觉)符合上下文语境。故选D。
49．
根据前文“It comes at the end of a day out with her two new senior citizen friends, Betty and Sylvia. It is partly because she feels guilty that she is tricking them, but mainly because she realizes that they are individuals, and not just members of what she had previously thought of as “the elderly.” “They were talking about real things and I felt unqualified. They had been through so much. (这是在她和她的两位新老年朋友贝蒂和西尔维娅外出的一天结束的时候。部分原因是她觉得自己欺骗了他们，但主要是因为她意识到他们是独立的个体，而不仅仅是她之前认为的“老年人”的成员。“他们在谈论真实的事情，我觉得自己不够格。”他们经历了太多)”和后文“It was as if I was seeing the young people inside them. Before I would have just seen the wrinkles.(就好像我看到了里面的年轻人。以前我只会看到皱纹)”可知，这里描述卡罗琳当时的感受。所以选择项A. It made me realize how ignorant I was. (这让我意识到我是多么无知)”符合上下文语境。故选A。
50．
根据后文“Nick said, “I’d never thought about getting old before.” Karoline said, “The whole experience of living as an old person helped me to understand them far better and also to understand myself. I felt in a way that they were just young people in an old body trying to deal with the problems of old age. I’m not ready to be 73, but I’m not scared like I was.”( 尼克说：“我以前从没想过会变老。”卡罗琳说：“作为一个老人的整个生活经历帮助我更好地了解他们，也了解自己。在某种程度上，我觉得他们只不过是年轻人，身在老年人的躯体里，试图解决老年的问题。我还没准备好73岁，但我已经不像以前那样害怕了。”)”可知，本段陈述卡罗琳和尼克体验老人后对自己生活的改变。所以选择项C.Both Karoline and Nick found making the program life changing. (卡罗琳和尼克都发现让这个节目改变生活)符合上下文语境。故选C。
51．Research finds that children growing up without emotional support suffer from long-term brain damage. Scientists have known that animals brought up in unfavorable situations have relatively small and simple brains. Now, owing to scanners, experts have confirmed that the principle fits the growth of human children because synapses disappear without proper stimulation.(52 words)
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究发现，在没有情感支持的情况下成长的儿童会遭受长期的大脑损伤。科学家们已经知道，在不利环境中长大的动物的大脑相对较小和简单。现在，由于扫描仪的存在，专家们已经证实这一原理适合人类儿童的成长，因为没有适当的刺激突触就会消失
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①Babies who receive love and encouragement from their parents develop the neural connections they need to get on in life. But what happens to those who fail to get this support?
②It would be comforting to believe that such children escape long term damage by being too young to speak, or know any different, but the evidence suggests otherwise.
③For years it has long been known to scientists that animals brought up in enriched environment have larger and more complex brains than animals that grow up in disadvantaged situations, so experts like Perry assumed that the same would hold true for humans.
④However, it is only now, thanks to powerful scanners that allow this theory to be put to the test, that the damage is clearly visible.
⑤With the right stimulation, the brain makes the connections it needs.
⑥Without it, synapses (突触), junctions between the neurons used to transport the brain’s messages, actually dissolve.
2.缜密构思
将第3要点进行重组，将第1、2和4、5、6几个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Research finds that children growing up without emotional support suffer from long-term brain damage.
Scientists have known that animals brought up in unfavorable situations have relatively small and simple brains.
Now, owing to scanners, experts have confirmed that the principle fits the growth of human children because synapses disappear without proper stimulation.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Research finds that children growing up without emotional support suffer from long-term brain damage.运用宾语从句和现在分词作定语对第一段和最后一段前半部分内容进行总结，表达高级。
[高分句型2] Now, owing to scanners, experts have confirmed that the principle fits the growth of human children because synapses disappear without proper stimulation.运用宾语从句和because引导的原因状语从句对最后一段的部分内容进行总结，表达高级。
52．Sometimes, children's ideas are well worth considering.
【详解】
考查短语和时态。 be worth doing值得做某事。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。根据句意，故翻译为 Sometimes, children's ideas are well worth considering.
53．Customers called to inquire about the opening hours of the store.
【详解】
考查短语、时态和非谓语动词。 inquire about 查问； 询问；opening hours营业时间。句中用不定式作目的状语。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。根据句意，故翻译为Customers called to inquire about the opening hours of the store.
54．Neither is this a way that/which the employees recognize nor a long-term solution.
【详解】
考查短语、时态、定语从句和倒装句。neither ... nor ...既不……也不……，否定词位于句首，句子用运用部分倒装结构。句中先行词为way，在定语从句中作宾语，所以用关系代词that或which引导。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。根据句意，故翻译为Neither is this a way that/which the employees recognize nor a long-term solution.
55．In order for the athletes to sleep at ease and release their tension of he competition, the Winter Olympic village provides them with beds that can switch between four modes.
【详解】
考查短语、时态、定语从句和非谓语动词。in order to为了，引导目的状语。at ease 自在；安适；provide sb. with sth.提供某人某物。句中先行词为beds ，在定语从句作主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。根据句意，故翻译为In order for the athletes to sleep at ease and release their tension of he competition, the Winter Olympic village provides them with beds that can switch between four modes.
56．Dear Worried,
I am sorry to hear that your friend is suffering from anxiety. Here I would like to give you some suggestions to help her.
First, you can advise her to talk with people who she trusts. Chatting with others works out well because a casual talk can help her move away from the anxiety for a moment. Besides, doing exercise is a good way to relieve the anxiety. It can help her to relax both physically and mentally. So, why not ask her to go out for some sports? Finally, ask her to try a warm bath and take a cup of warm milk before going to bed, helping her to have a good rest.
I hope you will find my suggestions useful, and wish your friend get rid of anxiety soon.
Yours,
Wang Lei
【分析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给署名为“Worried”的读者回信，就他提出的问题给予合理的建议并阐述理由。
【详解】
1.词汇积累
想要做：would like to→want to
此外：Besides → What’s more
建议：suggestions→advice
可以；能够：can→ be able to
2.句式拓展
合并简单句
原句：Besides, doing exercise is a good way to relieve the anxiety. It can help her to relax both physically and mentally.
拓展句：Besides, doing exercise is a good way to relieve the anxiety, which can help her to relax both physically and mentally.
【点睛】
[高分句型1]I am sorry to hear that your friend is suffering from anxiety.（运用了that引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2]Chatting with others works out well because a casual talk can help her move away from the anxiety for a moment. （运用了because引导的状语从句）
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