21天备考2022年中考英语语法教案

这是一份21天备考2022年中考英语语法教案，共47页。教案主要包含了温馨提示，口诀记忆，知识拓展等内容，欢迎下载使用。





目录


DAY 1： 常见句子种类 - 1 -
DAY 2: 特殊句型 - 8 -
DAY 3： 简单句 - 12 -
DAY 4: 主谓一致 ~ 语法一致原则 - 14 -
DAY 5: 主谓一致 ~ 语法一致原则 - 16 -
DAY 6: 主谓一致 ~ 就近一致原则 - 18 -
DAY 7: 并列句 ~ 表示并列关系 - 19 -
DAY 8: 并列句 ~ 表示转折关系 - 20 -
DAY 9: 并列句 ~ 表示选择关系 - 20 -
DAY 10: 并列句 ~ 表示因果关系 - 21 -
DAY 11: 状语从句 ~ 时间状语从句 - 22 -
DAY 12: 状语从句 ~ 地点状语从句 - 24 -
DAY 13: 状语从句 ~ 条件状语从句 - 24 -
DAY 14: 状语从句 ~ 原因状语从句 - 24 -
DAY 15: 状语从句 ~ 让步状语从句 - 27 -
DAY 16: 状语从句 ~ 结果状语从句 - 28 -
DAY 17: 状语从句 ~ 目的状语从句 - 30 -
DAY 18: 宾语从句 - 33 -
DAY 19: 定语从句 ~ 关系代词 - 38 -
DAY 20: 定语从句 ~ 关系副词 - 40 -
DAY 21: 定语从句 ~ 重难点 - 41 -
练习参考答案 - 44 -














常见句子种类

英语句子按照使用的目的和交际功能分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1. 陈述句
用来叙述一件事情或表明说话人的看法、态度等，句末用“ . ”，一般读作降调。包括肯定陈述句和否定 陈述句，陈述句的语序一般为“主语 + 谓语”。

(1) 肯定陈述句
陈述句的肯定形式分为两种：一种为正常语序，一种为倒装语序。
I understand the sentence . ( 正常语序 )
On the top of the mountain stands an old tree . ( 倒装语序 )

(2) 否定陈述句
1) 如果句子谓语含有 be 动词、助动词或情态动词等，其否定形式是在这些词之后加 not。 I have not heard the latest news about the football match .
2) 如果句子谓语是实义动词，其否定形式是在实义动词之前加 don’t/doesn’t/didn’t。 We didn’t expect to meet her right here .
3) 其它否定词，如 no, never, hardly, seldom 等用在句子中也可构成否定式。 He can hardly speak French .
4) 含 had better/ would rather 的陈述句在 had better/ would rather 后加 not 构成否定句。 You’d better not take off your coat .
I would rather not stay at home .

【温馨提示】
have 既可以作实义动词，又可以做助动词。因此，have 有两种否定形式。
1) 当 have 作实义动词时， 有一定的含义。如吃 ( 早餐 ) ，喝 ( 茶 ) ，玩 ( 得开心 ) ，拥有， 使让等。 I didn’t have breakfast this morning .
2) 当 have 作助动词时， 无实际意义， 而是为了帮助实义动词构成现在完成时、过去完成时等时态。


2. 疑问句
用来提出问题让对方回答的句子叫做疑问句。疑问句的句末用问号“?”。疑问句包括：一般疑问句、特 殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

(1) 一般疑问句
对某一情况的“是、否”提出疑问的句子叫做一般疑问句， 读时句尾一般用升调。一般疑问句通常用“Yes. ” 或“No. ”来回答。

1) 一般疑问句的构成
一般疑问句常用 “Be 动词 + 主语 + 表语 …?” 或 “ 助动词 / 情态动词+ 主语 + 谓语 …?” 结构来表达。 Are they from France?

2) 一般疑问句的否定式
一般疑问句的否定形式为 “Be 动词 / 助动词/ 情态动词+not+ 主语 …?” 或 “Be 动词 / 助动词/ 情态动词+ 主语 +not…?”
Won’t you be there tomorrow?
Will you not have a cup of tea?

3) 一般疑问句的答语
①用 yes 或 no 来回答的一般疑问句 -Is he a bank clerk?
-Yes, he is .
-No, he isn’t .

②用 yes, no 之外的词回答的一般疑问句
一般疑问句也可用 certainly, surely, of course, I think so, all right, certainly not, not at all, never, sorry, not yet, I’m afraid not 等来回答。
-Will you please introduce me to the football club?
- Sure .
- Sorry, I’m afraid you are not old enough .

(2) 特殊疑问句
就句子的某一部分进行提问的疑问句叫做特殊疑问句。基本结构为“特殊疑问词 +be 动词 / 助动词 / 情 态动词 (+ 主语 ) + 谓语 (+ 其它 ) ”。主要由疑问代词、疑问副词及 how 构成的固定词组引导。

1) 普通特殊疑问句




由特殊疑问词引导，主要用来询问信息： ①疑问代词：由于对主语、表语、宾语的提问。常用的疑问代词有 who 、whom 、whose 、which 、what。 -Who will you ask for help when you are in trouble?
-My parents, I think .

②疑问副词：用于对状语的提问， 常用的疑问副词有 when、where( 何地 ) 、why( 为什么) 、how( 如何 ) 等。 When were you born?

2) 强调特殊疑问句
对普通疑问句进行强调，表达惊奇、愤怒等感情色彩。
①在疑问词后加 ever.
Whoever will be invited to the party?
②在疑问词后加表示惊讶、诅咒的词，如 on earth, in the world, the hell, the devil 等。 Where on earth have you been hiding?
③在日常会话中，特殊疑问句常以省略形式出现。 Where to go?
④用固定短语 how about/what about/how come 等提问，构成固定短语特殊疑问句。 I am really tired . How about having a rest?

3) 特殊疑问句的答语
特殊疑问句的答语是根据特殊疑问词来确定的，因此不用 yes 或 no 。回答时可用一个词或短语，也可以 用一个完整的句子。
-Who broke the window?
-Jack .

(3) 反意疑问句
反意疑问句是在陈述句后附加一个简短问句 ( 附加问句 ) ，陈述句和附加问句之间用逗号隔开。附加问句 的动词、时态及主语均与陈述部分保持一致，且主语必须用人称代词。



1) 反意疑问句的构成 ①前肯后否：肯定陈述句 + 否定附加问句 You have paid the gas bill, haven’t you? ②前否后肯：否定陈述句 + 肯定附加问句 She is not good at playing the violin, is she?

2) 反意疑问句的答语

【温馨提示】

1) 否定附加问句的“动词”必须用其缩写形式。
2) 朗读时，附加问句用升调。






反意疑问句一般用 “Yes” 或 “No” 回答，但要注意时态及人称代词的呼应。在回答这类问句时，不管前 面的陈述句是肯定的还是否定的， 要根据客观事实来回答；符合事实要用 “Yes”，不符合事实要用 “No”。 -He isn’t a doctor, is he?
-Yes, he is .
-No, he isn’t .

【口诀记忆】

反意疑问句的用法
前肯后否是习惯， 前否后肯也常见；
短句 not 若出现， 必须缩写是习惯；
问句代词是关键， 前后时态不能变；
问答反意疑问句， 客观事实是依据；
肯定 yes 否定 no，这句务必记心头。


3) 重难点 —— 反意疑问句特定用法
陈述部分含有特殊主语，其疑问部分需要根据具体情况而定
①陈述句的主语是不定代词 no one, nobody, everyone, someone, everybody, somebody, none 等时，其附 加问句的主语如果要强调全部可用 they, 强调个体也可以用 he。
No one phoned me while I was out, did they?
Someone is expecting you, isn’t he?

②陈述句的主语是 everything, anything, something, nothing, 附加问句的主语用 it。 Everything goes well with you, doesn’t it ？

③陈述句主语是 one, 附加问句的主语在正式场合用 one, 在非正式场合用 you。 One can’t be too careful, can one / you?

④陈述句的主语是指示代词时，其后的附加问句的主语要用相应的人称代词，即 this 或 that 后用it, these 或 those 后用 they。
That was a hundred years ago, wasn’t it?

⑤当陈述句的主语是从句、不定式 ( 短语 ) 、动名词 ( 短语 ) 时，反意疑问部分的主语用 it。 What you need is more important, isn’t it?

陈述部分含有特殊的词
①含有情态动词 must
A . 用法：必须、禁止

陈述句 You must go now, 附加疑问句 needn’t you?
B . 应该 ( 提出建议 )
陈述句 We must have a discussion this evening, 附加疑问句 needn’t we?
C . 一定、想必
a . 对现在情况的推测
陈述句 You must be very tired, 附加疑问句 aren’t you?
b . 对过去情况的推测
陈述句 It must have rained last night, 附加疑问句 didn’t it?
c . 对已经完成情况的推测
陈述句 He must have studied English for years, 附加疑问句 hasn’t he?

②含有情态动词 ought to 时，附加问句用 ought 或 should。
陈述句 He must have studied English for years, 附加疑问句 hasn’t he?

③含有情态动词 used to 时，反意疑问部分的谓语动词有两种形式，一种是 usedn’t，另一种是 didn’t。 She used to be a teacher, usedn’t/didn’t she?

④含有情态动词 had better 时，反意疑问句用 had 或 should。 You’d better go with me, hadn’t you? /shouldn’t you?

⑤含有 have/had/has to 时，反意疑问句部分通常用 do 的相应形式。 We have to get up at four tomorrow morning, don’t we?

⑥陈述部分含有 no, never, nothing, nowhere, rarely, hardly, seldom, few, little 等否定或半否定词时，附 加问句用肯定式；若陈述部分用了带否定词缀的派生词，如 helpless, hopeless, dislike, useless, unable, unfair 等，后面的附加问句则用否定式。
You have never read Gorky’s works, have you?
You dislike playing the piano, don’t you?

⑦当陈述部分是 there be 句型时，其后的附加问句仍用 there。 There will be a special exhibition tomorrow, won’t there?

⑧当陈述部分是 I am 时，反意疑问部分用 aren’t I。 I’m working now, aren’t I?

陈述部分是祈使句
①陈述部分是肯定的祈使句，后面的附加问句一般用 will you 或 won’t you。
Come in and sit down, won’t you?



②以 Let’s 开头的祈使句，后面的附加问句要用 shall we; 而以 Let us 或 Let me 开头的祈使句，其后的问 句部分应用 will you。
Let’s try another way, shall we?

③若陈述部分是否定的祈使句， 附加问句除了用 will you 外，也可用 can you。此时附加问句必须为肯定式。 Don’t make so much noise, will/can you?

并列句和复合句中的反意疑问句
①若陈述部分是一个主从复合句，附加疑问句一般要与主句一致。
He said that he was late for the lecture, didn’t he?

②当陈述部分是 “I’m sure/I’m afraid/I (don’t) think( 或 suppose, expect, imagine, believe 等 ) + 宾语从句 ”
结构时，附加问句应与从句一致，但要注意陈述部分的否定转移现象。
I don’ believe he cares for clothes, does he?

(4) 选择疑问句
说话者提供两种或两种以上的情况要对方进行选择的疑问句叫做选择疑问句。供选择的部分用 or 连接， 且成分相同。

1) 选择疑问句的构成
①一般疑问句 + 第一选项+or+ 第二选项？ Are you going to the classroom or to the library?
②特殊疑问句 + 第一选项+or+ 第二选项？
Which dress do you like, the green one or the yellow one?
3. 祈使句
祈使句用来表达请求、命令、劝告等语气。祈使句的谓语动词没有时态、数的变化。
(1) 第二人称作主语的祈使句
第二人称作主语的祈使句通常省略主语 you ，用动词原形开头。
(You) Get up quickly, or you’ll be late for school .

(2) 以 let 开头的祈使句
这类祈使句通常以 let 开头，后面的动词用原形，表示建议。
Let’s run to the police station on Fourth Street .

(3) 祈使句的否定形式
祈使句的否定形式一般在句首加 don’t，有时也可用 never 构成。
Never judge a person by looks .

(4) 祈使句的强调
有时为了指明向谁提出请求或命令、加强语气或表示感情色彩，可将祈使句中的主语表示出来，以起强 调作用。另外祈使句还可在句首加 do 来进行强调。
Tom and Mary come here .

4. 感叹句
感叹句是一种表示强烈感情的句式， 表达喜悦、愤怒、厌恶或赞赏等感情色彩。一般以 what 或 how 开头，
how 作状语，修饰形容词或副词；what 作定语，修饰名词( 名词前可有形容词或冠词 ) 。读时用降调， 句末用感叹号。
(1) what 引导的感叹句
1) What+ 形容词 + 复数可数名词 (+ 主语 + 谓语 ) ! What lovely flowers those are! 那些花多美啊 !

2) What+ 形容词 + 不可数名词 (+ 主语 + 谓语 ) ! What cold weather it is! 好冷的天气 !

3) What+ a/an+ 形容词 + 名词 (+ 主语 + 谓语 ) ! What a clever boy he is! 多么聪明的男孩啊！

4) What (+ 形容词 )+ 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语 ! What kind women they are!

(2) how 引导的感叹句
1) How+ 形容词 +a/an+ 单数可数名词 (+ 主语 + 谓语 ) ! How beautiful a girl (she is) !

2) How+ 主语 + 谓语 ! How time flies!

3) How+ 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语 ! How tall you are!

(3) 两种感叹句的互换
“How+ 形容词 +a/an+ 单数可数名词 (+ 主语 + 谓语 ) !” 形式的感叹句可以与
“What+ a/an+ 形容词 + 单数可数名词 (+ 主语 + 谓语 ) !” 形式的感叹句互相转化，且意义不变。 How long a way it is from Beijing to New York! = What a long way it is from Beijing to New York!









特殊句型
1. There be 句型
There be 句型主要用以表达 “ 某处 ( 或某时 ) 有某人 ( 或某物 ) ”。
There is a pen and two pencils on the desk . 书桌上有一支钢笔和两只铅笔。

(1) 肯定句： There be + 主语 + 地点 / 时间状语。
There is a boy beside the tree .

(2) 否定句： There be +not+ 主语 + 其他。
There isn’t any water in the bottle .

(3) 一般疑问句及其肯定或否定回答
Is/Are+ there+ 主语 + 其他？
肯定回答 Yes, there is/are .
否定回答 No, there isn’t/aren’t .

-Is there any room in the house?
-Yes, there is .
-No, there isn’t .

(4) 特殊疑问句结构：特殊疑问词 + be + there + 其他 ?
-How many teachers are there in your school?
-There are 2,000 .

(5) There be 句型的时态
1) 一般现在时结构： there is/are There is a book on the desk .
2) 一般将来时结构： there will be 或 there is/are going to be There is going to be a football match tomorrow.
3) 一般过去时结构： there was/were

There was a village near the woods .
4) 现在完成时结构： there have/has been
There have been four candidates in the competition .
5) 与情态动词连用的 there be 句型 : there may/must/can/… be There must be someone outside . Who can it be?

(6) There be + 名词 + 现在分词
1) 使用现在分词表示动词正在进行。 There is someone waiting for him .
2) 有时现在分词不表示动作正在进行，而是表示一种状态。 There is a dog lying on the floor.

(7) There be + 名词 + 不定式
使用不定式表示该动作尚未发生。
There is nobody to look after the child .

(8) There be 和 have 的区别
There be 表示 “ 某地或某时存在某人或某物 ”，而 have 则表示 “ 某人或某地方拥有某物 ”，表示 “ 所有， 拥有关系 ”。
There are three books in her schoolbag .
I have two schoolbags .

(9) There be 的就近一致原则
1) There be 句型中真正的主语是 be 动词后的名词，所以 be 动词根据其后的名词单复数决定。 There are thirty students in my class .

2) 如果 there be 之后是并列的主语且第一个主语又是单数名词，按就近一致原则确定 be 的单数形式。 There is a book, three pencils and some erasers on the desk .
2. So/Neither/Nor 倒装句

英语句子中的主语通常在谓语动词之前，这种语序为自然语序；反之，如果谓语动词在主语之前，这种 语序就称为倒装语序。倒装语序又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。这里，我们讲一下 So/Neither/Nor 引起的 部分倒装。


(1) So/Neither/Nor 倒装句的结构
1) so+ 助动词 /be 动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 Lucy is a good student, and so is Lily.

2) neither/nor+ 助动词 /be 动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 You didn’t do your homework, and neither/nor did I .

(2) So/Neither/Nor 倒装句的用法
1) 两种结构常用来说明前面所说的情况也同样适用于后面的人或物，意思是 “ 某人 / 物也是这样。 ” 这种 结构中的助动词、be 动词或情态动词在形式上要与前面句子的谓语保持一致，而其单复数则由后面的主 语决定。

2) so 结构依附于肯定句，肯定前面的肯定情况也适用于后面的人 / 物，意为“ ... 也…”；
“neither/nor”结构依附于否定句， 表示前面的否定情况也适用于后面的人 / 物， 意为“ ... 也不…”。 Tom watched TV last night, and so did Ann.
【知识拓展】
“so+ 助动词 /be 动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 ” 与 “so+ 主语 + 助动词 /be 动词 / 情态动词 ” 的区别 1) -Tom passed the driving test .
- So did he . (“he” 指的是另外一位男士而不是指 Tom)
2) -Tom passed the driving test . - So he did . (“he” 指的是 Tom)

练习一
一、选择最恰当的答案
1. _________ less milk in this bottle than in that one .
A . There have B . There has C . There is D . There are
2. Please _________ your exam papers once again before handling them in .
A . going over B . went over C . go over D . to go over
3. _________ wake up your sister, Ben . She needs a good sleep .
A . Don’t B . Doesn’t C . Aren’t D . Can’t
4. -I never drink coffee .
-________ .
A . So do I B . So did I C . Neither did I D . Neither do I


5. --Lucy is interested in classic music .
-________ .
A . So does Tom B . So is Tom C . Neither did Tom D . Neither was Tom
6. - ________ fine weather it is! Shall we go hiking in the hills?
- Why not?
A . What B . What a C . How D . How a
7. _______ excellent speech our monitor made! I enjoyed every minute of it .
A . What an B . What C . How D . What a
8. _________ convenient it is to communicate with each other through WeChat!
A . What B . What a C . How D . How a

二、根据所给要求完成句子，每空格限填一词
1. John went to church with his brother last Sunday morning . ( 改为否定句 ) John _________ _________ to church with his brother last Sunday morning .
2. A serious earthquake destroyed the scenery in Jiuzhaigou . ( 改为一般疑问句 ) ________ a serious earthquake ________ the scenery in Jiuzhaigou?
3. I was taking a walk with my friend this time yesterday. ( 改为一般疑问句 ) __________ __________ taking a walk with your friend this time yesterday?
4. The high-speed highway to the small town will be built in 2020 . ( 对划线部分提问 ) ________ _______ the high-speed highway to the small town be built?
5. She tries to improve her memory by using various memorizing methods . ( 对划线部分提问 ) __________ __________ she try to improve her memory?
6. Grace does online shopping four times a month . ( 对划线部分提问 ) _________ _________ does Grace do online shopping?
7. The shop sells things at a lower price in our neighbourhood . ( 改为反意疑问句 )
The shop sells things at a lower price in our neighbourhood, _______ _______?
8. Let’s roll up our sleeves to work harder. ( 改为反意疑问句 )
Let's roll up our sleeves to work harder, __________ __________?










简单句

英语句子按照结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。只有一个主语 ( 或并列主语 ) 和一个谓语 ( 或并列 谓语 ) 构成的句子叫做简单句。

五种基本句型
1. 主 + 谓
They walked and laughed .
主语 谓语
(1) 大多数动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，纯不及物动词为数很少。常见的有 apologize, appear, arrive, come, disappear, dive 等。例如： She never lies .
(2) 有的及物动词也可用作不及物动词。常见的有 wash, sell, lock, wear, write, read 等。例如： My recent book sells very well .

2. 主 + 谓 + 宾
A stone hit me on the head .
主语 谓语 宾语
英语中绝大多数及物动词都是只带一个宾语的动词。常见的有 accept, admire, admit, affect, afford, announce, borrow, bury, celebrate 等。
(1) 一些动词常用作不及物动词，有时又可以作及物动词，但词义往往有差别。 My father runs (经营) a big shoe factory.
(2) 有时宾语后必须加上一个与宾语有关的状语，否则句子就不完整。 You can put the dishes in the kitchen .

3. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾
My father bought me a new bike .
主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
这是带双宾语的句式结构，可改为 to 型或 for 型的句式。
He bought her a watch . = He bought a watch for her.
She promised me a nice gift . = She promised a nice gift to me .


4. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
I can hear someone playing the violin next door.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
(1) 形容词作宾补 They painted the door red .
(2) 不定式作宾补 We have invited all our friends to come .
(3) 名词或名词短语作宾补 We made her secretary.
(4) 现在分词作宾补 We all like watching Yao Ming playing football .
(5) 过去分词作宾补 I’ve never heard the song sung .

5. 主 + 系 + 表
He became a famous doctor.
主语 谓语 表语
这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。常见的连系动词如下：
(1) 表示状态的连系动词常见的有 be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, remain, stay 等。 I can’t stay awake any longer.
(2) 表示转变或结果的连系动词常见的有 become, get, grow, turn, go, come, fall, prove 等。 The weather is becoming warmer.
练习二
一、选出划线部分在句子中的成分
( ) 1. He made it clear that he would leave the city.
A . 主语 B . 谓语 C . 宾语 D . 宾补
( ) 2. He loves music more than anything else in the world .
A . 主语 B . 谓语 C . 宾语 D . 宾补 ( ) 3. They pushed the door open .
A . 主语 B . 谓语 C . 宾语 D . 宾补
( ) 4. He didn't come . That is why he didn't know about the news .
A . 主语 B . 谓语 C . 宾语 D . 宾补
( ) 5. He was asked to sing an English song .
A . 主语 B . 谓语 C . 宾语 D . 宾补

二、连词成句
1. are going to, for the twins, a birthday party, we, have


.
2. us, Chinese history, the famous professor, last Sunday, gave, on, a lecture
.
3. are good for, fruits and vegetables, to keep fit, people, fresh
.



~ 语法一致原则




所谓 “ 一致 ” 是指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在 “ 人称 ” 和 “ 数 ” 方面的一致，这种一致常由三种不同的原则支配，即语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就 近一致原则。
1. 单数主语 + 单数谓语；复数名词 + 复数谓语
句子的谓语动词与主语的中心词保持一致，不受主语修饰语的影响。
The manager is going to take a dinner party tonight .
My wages are low, but my taxes are high .

2. 并列结构作主语
(1)and 和both…and… 连接的并列成分作主语
and 和both…and… 连接的并列成分作主语，谓语动词通常用复数。若连接的是不可数名词，谓语动词 也用复数形式。
Mr. Black and Mrs . Black have a son called Tom .
(2)“each…and each…”, “every…and every…” 及 “no…and no…” 类
此类结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Each man and each woman is asked to help .
In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education .
No boy and no girl is admitted in .

【知识拓展】

(1) 如果 and 和both…and… 连接的并列成分作主语， 指同一个人、事物或概念时， 谓语动词要用单数形式。 The conductor and the composer were greeted by a crowd of people . ( 指乐队指挥和作曲家两个人 ) The conductor and composer were greeted by a crowd of people . (and 后无冠词，指兼有乐队指挥和作曲 家两种身份的同一个人 )

(1) 有些由 and 连接的名词，由于关系密切常被视为一个整体，因此用作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Truth and honesty is the best policy.



常见的这一类词有：

a knife and fork 一副刀叉
a watch and chain 一只带表带的表
fish and chips 炸鱼和薯条
law and order 法律与治安
a cup and saucer 一套茶碟茶杯
truth and honesty 城实
bread and butter 涂奶酪的面包
meat and potatoes 肉炒土豆


3. 复数意义的集体名词作主语
表示复数意义的集体名词如 people ，police, cattle 等作主语时，谓语动词总是用复数形式。 Many people make it a habit to take regular exercise .

4.glasses/ trousers/ plants/ shoes 等 + 复数谓语
一些由两部分构成的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。
The trousers are all right . Now please try on the shirt .

5. A + with/ along with/ together with/ as well as 等短语 +B
主语后带有 with, along with, together with, as well as, no less than, along with, but 等短语时，谓语动词 不受这些短语的影响，仍然与主语 A 保持一致，又称为 “ 就远原则 ”。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
Nobody but Tom and Tim was in the classroom .

6. 定语从句中的主谓一致
定语从句中关系代词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应与先行词的单复数一致。
Those people who are for his plan are to sign their names right on this paper.
The news that has been published in today’s newspaper isn’t true .

【温馨提示】
1) 在“one of+ 复数名词 + 定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式。 He is one of my friends who are working hard.
2) 在“the (only) one of+ 复数名词 + 定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。 He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.










主谓一致 ~ 语法一致原则

主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单复数意义， 而不是语法上的单复数形式， 这就是意义一致原则。 有时主语形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，那么谓语动词也用复数形式，反之亦然。
1. 表示数量概念的词作主语
(1) 表示时间、距离、价值、重量等的名词作主语
表示时间、距离、价值、重量等的复数名词或名词短语作主语，通常看作整体，谓语动词用单数形式。 One hundred kilometres is a long distance .
Two hours is too short for the visit .

(2) a number of & the number of
“a number of + 名词复数 ” 作主语时，表示 “ 许多 ……” 谓语动词用复数；
“the number of + 名词复数 ” 作主语时，表示 “…… 的数目 ” 谓语动词用单数。
A number of cars are parked in front of my house .
The number of the students has increased recently.

(3) 数量词 +of + 单数名词 / 不可数名词 + 单数谓语
数量词 +of + 复数名词 + 复数谓语
此结构中常用的数量词有 most, rest part, half, several, many, few, 分数、百分数等。谓语动词与 of 后的 名词保持一致。
Half of the apples have been rotten .
Half of the apple has been rotten .

(4)more than one/ many a + 单数名词 + 单数谓语
“more than one/ many a + 单数名词 ” 作主语时，尽管意义上表示 “ 许多 ……”，但因为其中心词为单数名 词，谓语动词仍用单数。
More than one way has been tried to stop pollution .
Many a student wants to reduce homework .

2. 不定式 / 动名词 / 从句作主语
不定式、动名词或从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但 and 连接的两个或多个不定式、动名词或



从句作主语表示不同概念时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Reading often means learning .
To say something is usually easier than to do something .
Swimming in summer and skating in winter are my greatest pleasure .

3. “the + 形容词 / 分词 ” 作主语
“the + 形容词 / 分词 ” 表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式；表示一类事物或抽象概念时，谓语动词用单 数形式。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found .

4. 集体名词作主语，如 family, team, staff, class, group, government 等，若表示整体概念，其谓语动词 用单数形式；若表示集体中的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式。
My family is a small one .
My family all like classical music .

5. 复数形式、单数意义的名词作主语
复数形式、单数意义的名词，如 electronics, news, maths, physics, politics, the United Nations 等形式上 看似复数，但意义上视为单数，作主语时谓语动词用单数。
The United States is an English-speaking country.
The good news is that tomorrow will be fine and sunny.

6. 单复数同形的名词作主语
单复数同形的名词，如 sheep, fish, deer, means, species, series 等作主语，表示单数意义时，谓语动词用 单数，反之用复数。
Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution .
All possible means have been tried to save the girl .

7. 不定代词作主语
不定代词 either, neither, each, the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, someone, something, everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等在句中作主语时谓语动词用单数。 Is there anything wrong with your bike?
Everyone is ready for the sports meeting .

8. 用 “one, every one, each one, any one, each, either, neither 等 +of+ 复数名词 ” 作主语时，谓语动词 用单数形式。
Every one of the students is studying hard .
Neither of the girls is pretty.










主谓一致 ~ 就近一致原则

谓语动词的人称和数与邻近的名词或代词保持一致，即为就近一致原则。

1. There/here be 结构
在 there/here be 结构中，be 动词的单复数与其后的主语保持一致，如果有多个并列主语时，be 动词与最 邻近的主语保持一致。
There is a school in the village .
Here are some books and a letter for you .

2. 由 either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but (also)…, not…but… 或 or 连接两个并列主语时，其 谓语动词的单复数形式需要和并列主语中相 “ 邻近 ” 的那部分保持一致。
Neither her sisters nor Mary is going to the party tomorrow.
Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle .
练习三
一、选择最恰当的答案
1. Something ______ wrong with my TV set .
A . has B . have C . is D . are
2. His parents as well as he very kind to me .
A . is B . are C . do D . does
3. What they have done _______ useful to the people .
A . are considered B . is considered
C . have been considered D . will be considered
4. Not only my younger sister but also my brothers _______ swimming .
A . like B . likes C . has liked D . have liked
5. Here _______ a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you .
A . are B . were C . was D . is

二、用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子
1. There ______ plenty of rain in this area every year. (be)
2. A lot of people ______ swimming in the river at the moment . (be)
3. The number of students in this school ______ (be) about 800.
4. A large number of students ______ singing English songs a lot . (enjoyed)










并列句 ~ 表示并列关系

并列连词表示单词、短语、从句或句子间有并列关系。用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫 做并列句。其结构为“简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句”。
1. and “ 和，而且 ”
可以用来连接两个或两个以上的单词、短语或句子，表示一种顺接的关系。 and 在译成中文时，不一定要 翻译出 “ 和 ” 来。
My father bought me a present, and I like it very much .

2. both …and… “ 两者都 ”
可用来连接两个并列的主语、谓语、宾语、表语和状语等。连接两个并列的主语时谓语动词通常用复数形式。 I can speak both English and Chinese .

3.neither…nor… “ 两者都不 ”
连接两个相同的句法单位，如主语、谓语、宾语、表语等。如果它们连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词用就
近原则。
Neither he nor I can speak a foreign language .

4. not only… but also… “ 不但 … 而且 …”
连接两个相同的句法单位，如主语、谓语、宾语、表语等。如果它们连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词用就
近原则。
Not only the students but also the teacher has missed the school bus .

5. as well as 语意同 not only… but also…，意为 “ 除了，还有 ”
但是 not only… but also… 强调的是后者， 而 as well as 强调的是前者。所以当 as well as 引导并列主语时， 谓语动词的数与前面的主语保持一致。
He as well as his students gets up at 6 o’clock .



~ 表示转折关系
~ 表示选择关系




(1) but 但是： It has no mouth, but it can talk .
(2) however 然而： He worked hard . However, he failed .
(3) while 而： Lucy likes red while Lily likes white .
(4) yet 然而： School is over, yet all the teachers are still working .



1 .or 用在选择疑问句中连接被选择的对象， 意为 “ 或， 还是 ”；用于否定句中连接并列成分， 表示 “ 和，与 ” 的意思。例如：① Would you like coffee or tea? ② I don’t like bread, rice or porridge .

2. either…or… “ 不是 …… 就是 ……” 这两个连词主要表示一种选择关系时，either…or… 通常引导两个 相同的句法单位，当连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词用就近原则。例如： Either he or she is going to help
you .

3. not…but… “ 不是 …… 而是 ……” 引导两个相同的句法单位，当连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词用就 近原则。例如： Not Lily but her parents go to the park every day.

【温馨提示】
① 在否定句中，如果所接的两部分都有否定词，那么用 and 而不用 or 连接。 There is no water and no air on the moon .
② or 在祈使句中意为 “ 否则 ” ，句型为： “ 祈使句，or …”=“If you don’t… ，you’ll…” ，or 在这 里表示 “( 请你做 …) 否则你就会 …” ，含有明显的转折意味。
Hurry up ，or you will be late . = If you don’t hurry up ，you will be late .














并列句 ~ 表示因果关系

1.so 所以
Kate was ill, so she didn’t go to school .
2. for 可译为 “ 因为 ”，但只是为主句中所说的话提供推断的理由加以解释，且 for 引导的句子往往放于 主句之后，前面用逗号隔开。
I have to stay up late, for I have lots of homework to do .

3.therefore 因此
Tom didn’t do his homework; therefore, he can’t answer his teacher’s questions .

4.thus 因此
We do not own the building . Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it .

【温馨提示】
therefore, thus 是副词，不能直接连接两个句子。

练习四
一、选择最恰当的答案
1. It’s raining . Take an umbrella with you, ________ you’ll get wet .
A . and B . but C . so D . or
2. Parents should keep an eye on little children all the time, ________ they can easily get hurt .
A . or B . and C . but D . so
3. There was something wrong with my car, ________ I went to work by underground .
A . for B . so C . or D . but
4. The flight was delayed by the storm, _______the passengers had to wait at the airport .
A . but B . or C . so D . for
5. Please practice playing the violin regularly, ________ you will improve your skills .
A . and B . or C . but D . so
6. Do you still want to go camping in such cold weather ________ have you changed your mind?
A . and B . or C . but D . so



7. Mom hated the latest action movie, ______ Dad thought it was a good one .
A . so B . and C . or D . but
8. Jimmy set out early for the airport, ________ he wouldn’t catch the plane .
A. and B. then C. so D. or








状语从句 ~ 时间状语从句

时间状语从句

在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的、表示主句动作发生的时间的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。

1.when 引导的时间状语从句
① when 意为 “ 当 …… 时 ” ，引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生。 I feel very happy when you come to see me .
When you are crossing the street, you must be careful .
② when 引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以用延续性动词，也可以用终止性动词。
He was working at the table when I went in .
I worked for a foreign company when I was in Shanghai .

2. while 引导的时间状语从句
while 引导时间状语从句时常译为 “ 与 …… 同时，在 …… 期间 ” 。while 引导的从句常用延续性动词或表 示状态的动词。
They rushed in while we were discussing problems .
Father was cleaning the car while I was playing computer games .

3.as 引导的时间状语从句
as 引导时间状语从句时可以表达 “ 正当，一边 …… 一边，随着 “ 等意思。
①表示某一事发生，另一事立即发生。
As the sun rose, the fog disappeared .
②表示某事发生的过程中另一事发生。
As he was speaking, there was a loud explosion .
③表示两个动作同时发生。
As she sang, tears ran down her cheeks .




4. before 引导的时间状语从句
before 引导的时间状语从句通常表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。
He telephoned that he couldn’t come before the concert began .

5. after 引导的时间状语从句
after 引导的时间状语从句通常表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。
I will go out to play basketball with you after I finish my homework .

6. till/until 引导的时间状语从句
① until/till 引导时间状语从句用于肯定句时，主句的动词是延续性动词，表示动作或状态一直持续到 until/till 所表示的时间，意为 “ 某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止 ”。
We waited until he came .
②用于否定句时，主句谓语动词是非延续性动词，从句为肯定，意为 “ 某动作直到某时间才开始 ”。 I didn’t buy this book until he came .
③ till 不可以置于句首，而 until 可以。 Until you told me I had no idea of it .

7. not until 引导的时间状语从句
① not… until 句型中的倒装句 Not until he came did I buy this book .
② not… until 句型中的强调句
It was not until he came that I bought this book .

8.as soon as 引导的时间状语从句
as soon as 引导的从句表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即发生，常译为 “ 一 …… 就 ……”。该从句 经常用一般现在时表示将来时态，即主将从现。
I’ll call you as soon as I get there .
We began to work as soon as we got there .

9. since 引导的时间状语从句
since 引导的时间状语从句， 表示 “ 自 …… 以来 ” ，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时， 从句用一般过去时。 I have worked in the company since I graduated from Beijing University.

10.by the time 引导的时间状语从句
by the time 译为 “ 到 … 时 ” ，后接的句子用现在时， 主句通常用将来完成时；后接的句子用一般过去时， 主句通常用过去完成时。
By the time he arrives, we will already have left California .











状语从句 ~ 地点状语从句
地点状语从句

在复合句中，地点状语从句表示事件发生的地点或方位，在句子中做地点状语，可置于句首或句尾。由 下列引导词引导： where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere 等。
1. where 引导的地点状语从句 , 译为 “ 在 … 地方 ”。
Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions .
2. wherever 引导的地点状语从句，译为 “ 在任何 … 地方 ”。
They went wherever they could find work .
3. anywhere 引导的地点状语从句，译为 “ 任何地方 ”，含义与 wherever 相近。
You can go anywhere you want .
4.everywhere 引导的地点状语从句，译为 “ 到处 ”，含义与 wherever 相近。
They were warmly received everywhere they went .








状语从句 ~ 条件状语从句

条件状语从句

在句子中作条件状语的从句称为条件状语从句。条件状语从句可置于句首，句尾，有时还可以置于主语和 谓语之间。主要由 if, unless, as/so long as 等引导。
1.if 引导的条件状语从句 , 译为 “ 如果 ”。
① 主句用现在时：表示此事在特定的情况下经常发生， 也用于表示总是正确的一般事实， 常称为零条件。 If you water a plant, it grows .
② 主句用将来时：表示此事将来可能会发生。 ( 主将从现 )


You will surely succeed if you work hard .
③ If 引导的条件状语从句和宾语从句的区别。
A . if 引导条件状语从句，译为 “ 如果 ”，通常考查的内容为：主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示 将来。
I won’t take part in Julie’s birthday if I am not invited .
B . if 引导宾语从句，译为 “ 是否 ”，如果主句是一般现在时，那么宾语从句可根据时间状语从句选用各种 对应的时态；如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句要用过去的某种时态。
I don’t know if my uncle will come to the party tomorrow.

2. unless 引导的条件状语从句，译为 “ 如果不，除非 ” 表示否定的条件。
We are going to have a picnic unless it rains.

【温馨提示】
unless 作 “ 如果不 ” 的意思时，常可与 if…not 互换。
He will accept the job unless the salary is too low.=He will accept the job if the salary is not too low.

3. as/so long as 引导的条件状语从句，译为 “ 只要 ”，表示使某事成为现实的必要条件，强调主从句情况 并存。
As long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed .

4. 条件状语从句的同义结构。祈使句 / 名词词组 ( ，)+ and/then/or+ 简单句 ( 常用将来时 )
前半部分相当于 if 条件句，可用动词或名词开头；后半部分的简单句常用一般将来时，有时也用一般现 在时。
Give me somewhere to stand, and I will move the earth .
=If you give me somewhere to stand, I will move the earth .
One more word, and I will turn you out of the door.
Use your head, then you’ll find a way.
Work harder, or you will never pass the exam.










状语从句 ~ 原因状语从句
原因状语从句
在句子中作原因状语的从句称为原因状语从句。表示主句动作或状态发生的原因或理由。原因状语从句 可置于句首，句尾。主要由 because, since, as, now (that) 等引导。

1 .because 引导的原因状语从句 , 译为 “ 因为 ”。
because 表因果关系的语气最强，用来回答 why 的问句，所引出的原因往往是听话人所不知道或最感兴趣 的， because 引导的原因状语从句往往比主句显得更为重要。
He didn’t go to work because he was ill .
【温馨提示】
because 和 for 的区别：
for 是一个并列连词，由 for 连接的表原因的句子常看作并列句，它只提供一些补充说明或对前一 个分句加以解释，不可前置。because 引导的从句可前可后，而 for 引导的分句只能后置，且往往 须用逗号或分号与前一个分句隔开。
The days were short, for it was now December.
2. since 引导的原因状语从句，译为 “ 既然 ”。
since 表示人们已经知道的事实，不需要强调的原因，通常放在句首。 since 引导的从句是次要的，重点强 调主句的内容。
Since everybody is here, let’s get started .

3. as 引导的原因状语从句，译为 “ 由于 ”。
as 表示十分明显的原因，所引导的从句常位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后，着重点在主句，原因或理 由只是附带说明，不用于回答 why 的问题，常用于口语 .
She didn’t hear us come in as she was asleep .
As you weren’t there, I left a message .

4. now (that) 引导的原因状语从句，译为 “ 既然 ”，与 since 接近。
now (that) 主要用于口语，表示微弱的原因，主从句因果关系不明显；和 since 的区别在于： since 表示原 先已存在的情况，而 now (that) 表示由于新情况的出现而促成某事的发生。
Now that it has stopped raining, let’s start at once .










状语从句 ~ 让步状语从句

让步状语从句
在句子中作让步状语的从句称为让步状语从句。表示主句动作或状态发生的让步或理由。让步状语从句 可置于句首、句尾。主要由 because, since, as, now (that) 等引导。
1.although/though 引导的让步状语从句，译为 “ 虽然，尽管 ”。
① although 和 though 意义一样，一般情况下可互换使用，只是 although 的语气较重，大多置于句首。 Although I didn’t know anybody at the party, I had a good time .
Though there is air all around us, we cannot see it .
② although 不能与 but 连用，因为 but 是并列连词；但可以与 yet, still, nevertheless 连用，因为它们是副 词，可使前后关系更明确。
Though it was cold, yet he went out without a coat .
③ 在非正式英语中， though 可以表示 “ 然而，不过 (=however)” ，且置于句末，用逗号与句子分开。 It’s very cold outside . It’s nice and warm here, though .

2.even if/ even though 引导的让步状语从句，译为 “ 虽然，尽管，即使 ”。
表示语气更强的让步， even though 更强调对 “ 既成事实 ” 的让步， even if 更强调对 “ 假设 ” 的让步。 She is going to have problems in finding a job even if she gets her level A .
Even though he’s 24 now, he’s still like a child .

3. whether (...) or not 与 whether…or… 引导的让步状语从句
whether ( . . .) or not 与 whether…or… 都是 “ 不管 ” 的意思，指结果不变。
Anyway, it’s a good story whether or not it’s true .
All the nations should be equal whether they are strong or not .










状语从句 ~ 结果状语从句

结果状语从句
在句子中作结果状语的从句称为结果状语从句。表示主句某一动作或状态所产生的结果。主要由 so that, so…that… 和 such…that… 等引导。

1.so that 引导的结果状语从句，译为 “ 因此 ”。从句前有时用逗号与主句分开。
I got a fever, so that I won’t go to school .
He worked hard at school, so that he gained high grades in the exam .

2.so …that… 引导的结果状语从句，译为 “ 如此 … 以至于 …”。
① 在 “so…that…” 结构中， so 是副词，修饰形容词或副词。引导结果状语从句时，常用于以下结构： so + 形容词 / 副词 + that+ 从句
so + 形容词 +a(n)+ 单数可数名词 + that+ 从句
so + many/few (+ 复数可数名词 ) + that+ 从句
so + much/little (+ 不可数名词 ) + that+ 从句
Kathy is so lovely that we all like to play with her.
Huangguoshu Waterfall is so beautiful that I want to come here again next year.
It’s so interesting a film that we all want to see it .
He made so many mistakes that he failed the exam once again .
Such a little boy has so little difficulty in working out this problem that I admire him very much .

②重点：当 “so…that…” 引导结果状语从句时， 从句若是否定式， 可与“too…to”、“not…enough to” 结构互换 . My sister is so young that she can’t go to school .
=My sister is too young to go to school .
=My sister is not old enough to go to school .

3. such…that… 引导的结果状语从句，译为 “ 如此 … 以至于 …”。
①在 “such…that…” 的结构中， such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词短语。常用于以下结构： such + a(n)+ 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that+ 从句
such + 形容词 + 复数可数名词 + that+ 从句


such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that+ 从句
His plan was such a good one that we all agree to accept it .
They are such kindhearted teachers that people in the village all respect them .
We had such terrible weather that we couldn’t finish the work on time .

②有时 “such + a(n)+ 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that+ 从句 “ 结构可与 ”so + 形容词 +a(n)+ 单数可数名词 +that+ 从句 ” 结构互换。
Mr. Wang is such a humorous teacher that we all like him .
=Mr. Wang is so humorous a teacher that we all like him .
③在 “so/such…that…” 结构中， “so/such…” 部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装语序。 So excited was he that he could not fall into sleep .


~ 目的状语从句




目的状语从句

在句子中作目的状语的从句称为目的状语从句。表示主句动作或状态发生的目的或动机。常位于主句之后。 主要由 in order that, so that 等引导。
1. in order that 和 so that 引导的目的状语从句。
① in order that“ 目 的是为 了 …” ，so that “ 以便 ”， 引 导目 的状语从句 时， 谓语通 常由情态动词 can/ could, will/would 构成。
He works hard in order that he can serve his country well .
He got up early so that he wouldn’t be late .
② so that 引导的目的状语从句和结果状语从句的区别
so that 引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语动词里常有 can, could, may, might 等情态动词，而引导结果状 语从句时则没有。
He always works hard so that he may make great progress . ( 目的 )
He always worked hard, so that he made great progress . ( 结果 )

2. 目的状语从句与不定式，介词短语的互换。
从句主语和主句主语一致时，可用 so as to, in order to 替换目的状语从句。
He studied every day in order that he could succeed .=He studied every day in order to succeed .
We will sit in front of the hall so that we can hear better.=We will sit in front of the hall so as to hear better.

【知识拓展】

方式状语从句
在句子中作方式状语的从句称为方式状语从句。方式状语从句一般位于句尾，有时位于句中。主要由 as, just as, as if/as though 等引导。


1) as 引导的方式状语从句，译为 “ 按 …… 的方式，就像，如同 ”。
Will you do the experiment as I am doing?
Leave the children as they are .
2) just as 引导的方式状语从句，译为 “ 正如 ”。 Most plants need air just as they need water.

3) as if/as though 引导的方式状语从句，译为 “ 好像，仿佛 ”。
①二者引导的方式状语从句所表示的情况是事实或具有很大可能性时，通常用陈述语气，常与 look/seem/
taste/smell/sound 等词连用。
It looks as if it is going to rain .
It seems as if the boy has lost his way. ②从句所表示的情况不是事实，而是主观的想象或夸大性的比喻，通常用虚拟语气。 The injured man acted as if nothing had happened to him .

比较状语从句
比较状语从句也是一种方式状语，用于表示同等程度的比较。比较状语从句常用的引导词为 than( 比 ) 。 此外， as 常用在 as…as( 和 …… 一样 ) 和 not as/so…as (…… 不如 ……) 结构中，引导比较状语从句。而 且这类从句通常以省略形式出现。
1) than 引导的比较状语从句，译为 “ 比 ”。 I can walk faster than you can run .


2) as…as 引导的比较状语从句，译为 “ 和 …… 一样 ”。 She earned as much as she had done .

3) not as/so…as 引导的比较状语从句，译为 “…… 不如 ……”。 The work is not so easy as you think .

【温馨提示】
在比较状语从句中常用动词 do 作替代词。
You need that money than I do .
I know you better than he does .



练习五

一、选择最恰当的答案
1. Dr. Smith will never leave his patients ________ he is sure all of them are taken good care of.
A . since B . unless C . if D . though
2. ________ the journey was tiring, Jeff thought it was worth both the time and the money.
A . As B . Since C . Unless D . Although
3. Mr. Black walked around and offered help _______we were doing an experiment .
A . while B . although C . until D . unless
4. The two companies decided to work together ________ they had common interest .
A . because B . unless C . but D . or
5. It is hard to review the knowledge we learn in class ________ we take notes .
A . if B . unless C . when D . after
6. Tom won’t play computer games ________ he finishes his homework .
A . if B . so that C . unless D . although
7. You’ll not make any progress ________ you get rid of your bad habit of study.
A . because B . after C . if D . unless
8. The British swimmer received a lot of cheers from the audience ________ he lost the race .
A . as soon as B . though C . until D . before

二、保持句意基本不变完成句子
1. Keep working hard, and you will achieve success . ______ ______ keep working hard, you will achieve success .
2. Sometimes children are too young to tell the bad from the good .
Sometimes children are ________ young ________ they can’t tell the bad from the good . 3. I shall leave the restaurant if the waiter doesn’t come soon .
I shall leave the restaurant ________ the waiter ________ soon .
4. She is working hard in order to get everything ready in time .
She is working hard ________ ________ everything can be ready in time .
5. I won’t go to the party if I’m not invited .
I won’t go to the party ________ ________ invited .
6. Unless you clean your teeth regularly, you may get toothache . ________ you ________ clean your teeth regularly, you may get toothache .










宾语从句

在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。名词性从句在复合句中能担任：主语、宾语、表语、 同位语、介词宾语等。名词性从句分为：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
宾语从句
跟在动词、介词、形容词后，在句子中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。

1. 宾语从句的句法功能
①作动词的宾语
I believe that you can finish your work on time .
②作介词的宾语
It depends on whether it will be fine tomorrow.
③作系表结构的宾语
We are sure that we can solve the problem together.

2. 宾语从句的连接词
①从属连词
A . that 在从句中无意义，不充当任何成分，在口语或者非正式文体中常被省略。 He said that two US college students created an “online marketplace” on campus .
B . 当表示对宾语从句所表达的内容不确定时要用 if 或whether 引导，意为 “ 是否 ”。 Nobody knows whether he likes to go to school or not .

【温馨提示】
只用 whether 不用 if 的情况
a . 引导介词后的宾语从句时
I’m interested in whether he joins the army.
b . 直接与 or not 连用时
I asked your secretary whether she could come or not .
c . 与不定式连用时
I really don’t know whether to accept or refuse .
d . 有些动词，如 leave, put, discuss, doubt 等后的宾语从句常用 whether 引导。
We are discussing whether we should group these three companies .







②连接代词
主要有 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 等。连接代词一般指疑问，但 what, whatever 除了可指疑问，也可指陈述。它们在宾语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语等， 因此不 能省略。
This book will show you what the best CEOs should know.

③连接副词
主要有 when, where, why, how 等。它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可以省略。
He didn’t tell me when we could meet again .

3. 宾语从句的语序
陈述句作宾语从句时，仍然用原陈述句；疑问句作宾语从句时，要改为陈述语序，即按照 “ 主语 + 谓语 ”
的顺序。例如： I want to know whether you can come or not .
【温馨提示】
当宾语从句的原句是以下句子，或者是 what, who 作主语时，语序不变。
(1) What’s wrong (with you)? (2) What’s the matter? (3) What’s happening? (4) Who is over there? (5) I don’t know what’s the matter. (6) Can you tell me who is over there?
4. 宾语从句的时态
①当主句中谓语是一般现在时，一般将来时或祈使句时，从句中谓语不受主句谓语时态的影响，可以按
需要使用任何时态。
I hear that he’ll be back in a few days .
I hear that he came back a few days ago .

②当主句谓语时过去时态时，从句中的时态一般为过去的某种时态 ( 如：一般过去时、过去进行时、过去 将来时、过去完成时 ) ，以便与主句谓语的时态保持一致。
She said she was much better than before .
She said that they had seen the film several times .

③当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理或事实时，宾语从句的时态用一般现在时。 They said that the earth is round .
【口诀记忆】

宾语从句的时态口诀
主现从任意
主过从过
真理从现



5. 宾语从句的简化
①当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且主句的谓语动词是 hope, wish, decide, agree, choose 等时，从 句可简化为不定式结构。
I hope that I can receive your letter. =I hope to receive your letter.

②当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且主句的谓语动词时 know, remember, forget, learn 等时，从句 可简化为 “ 疑问词 + 不定式 “ 结构。
She doesn’t know what she could do next . = She doesn’t know what to do next .

③当 tell, ask, show, teach 等动词后面带双宾语，且从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为 “ 疑 问词 + 不定式 “ 结构。
Could you tell me how I can get to the museum? = Could you tell me how to get to the museum .

④当主句的谓语动词是 find, see, watch, hear 等感官动词时， 从句常常简化为 “ 宾语 + 宾语补足语 “ 结构， 宾语补足语为不带 to 的不定式或者动词 -ing 形式。
She found that the wallet was lying on the ground . = She found the wallet lying on the ground .

⑤宾语从句也可以简化为名词或名词短语。
I don’t believe what the girl said . = I don’t believe the girl’s words .

6. 宾语从句的否定前移
主语是第一人称 I/we, 主句谓语动词是表示 “ 想，认为 ” 等意义的动词，如 think, believe, imagine, suppose, expect, guess 等，若后面的从句是否定意义时，从句的否定一般要转移到主句中。其反义疑问句 的人称和时态一般与宾语从句一致。主语是其他人称时，从句的否定一般不转移。
We think you can’t play the guitar. (×)
We don’t think you can play the guitar. ( √ )
He doesn’t think that he is fit for the job . (×)
He thinks that he isn’t fit for the job . ( √ )
【知识拓展】
1) 直接引语和间接引语的意义和构成
直接引用别人的原话， 放入引号内， 叫做直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的话， 被转述的话不放入引号内， 叫做间接引语。将直接引语变为间接引语，间接引语多以宾语从句的形式表现出来。
直接引语： He said, “I am a middle school student . ”
间接引语： He said (that) he was a middle school student .




2) 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在下列动词后的宾语从句，谓语动词用原形 ( 没有时态形式，也不表示主语是单数或复数 )。前面加not
表示否定形式。但在动词 suggest, recommend 后接宾语从句可用 should+ 动词原形。 I suggested that he (should) take a test soon .

表示建议
suggest 建议， recommend 建议， advise 建议
表示主张
insist 坚持， hold 主张， urge 敦促
表示要求
ask 要求， require 要求， demand 要求， desire 希求， prefer 宁愿， arrange 安排
表示命令
order 命令， command 命令

【温馨提示】
suggest 的用法：
1) suggest doing sth .
2) suggest (that) sb . (should) do sth .



练习六
一、选择最恰当的答案
1. Have you decided ________ for Australia?
A . when will you leave B . when do you leave
C . you will leave when D . when you will leave
2. Can you tell me ________?
A . where does Tom live B . where Tom living
C . Tom lives where D . where Tom lives
3. The old man asked me ________ .
A . where did I take the photo B . where do I take the photo
C . where I took the photo D . where I take the photo
4. I think ________ you will like him .
A . that B . if C . why D . how
5. I didn’t know ________ he will come or not .
A . that B . whether C . if D . how


6. I wonder ________ .
A . how much cost these shoes B . how much do these shoes cost
C . how much these shoes cost D . how much are these shoes cost

二、根据所给要求完成句子，每空格限填一词
1. “When will you finish the project on Internet safety ？ ”the official asked . ( 改为宾语从句 ) The official asked ________ I ________ finish the project on Internet safety.
2. John asked, “Can you look after my pet dog while I’m away?” ( 改为宾语从句 )
John asked ________ I ________ look after his pet dog while he was away.
3. Could you please tell me how I can operate the machine? ( 改为简单句 )
Could you please tell me ________ ________ operate the machine ？
4. Every child wants to know “what does Santa Clause really look like?” ( 改为宾语从句 )
Every child wants to know ________ Santa Clause really ________ like .
5. “Light travels faster than sound . ” My teacher told Mark . ( 改为宾语从句 )
My teacher told Mark ________ light ________ faster than sound .










定语从句 ~ 关系代词

定语可以由形容词、名词、动名词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来担任， 也可以由一个从句来担任。 担任定语功能的从句称为定语从句。定语从句在句子中的作用相当于形容词，又称为形容词性从句。
关系代词引导的定语从句
1. 关系代词 that 引导的定语从句
That 指人或物，在从句中可作主语或宾语，还可作表语。作宾语或表语时可省略。
Jack is no longer the person (that/who/whom) I met five years ago .

【温馨提示】
that 作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that 之前，如介词提前则需要用which 或 whom。 The man with that/who you talked just now is my neighbor. (×)
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbor. ( √ )


2. 关系代词 which 引导的定语从句
a . which 一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。 This is the book (which) you are looking for.
b . 在定语从句中作介词的宾语。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop .
【温馨提示】
1) 只用 that 不用 which 的情况
①先行词既有 “ 人 ” 又有 “ 物 ”
He was watching the children and parcels that filled with the car.
②先行词是不定代词 all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything 等
Is there anything that you don’t understand?
③先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰 This is the only book that I can find .
④先行词被最高级和序数词修饰
This is the best book that I have ever read .
⑤主句中已有 which, who, what 疑问代词，避免重复
Which is the hotel that you like best?


【温馨提示】

⑥先行词被 all, some, any, no, few, little, only 等修饰时
Any man that doesn’t have a sense of duty can’t do the thing well .
2) 只用 which 不用 that 的情况
①用于非限制性定语从句中
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world .
②用于 “ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 结构中
I’m looking for a container in which I can put all these peaches .

3. 关系代词 who, whom 引导的定语从句
二者都用于指人。who 在定语从句中作主语、宾语，whom 在定语从句中作宾语。作宾语的关系代词 who, whom 可以省略 ( 介词后作宾语的关系代词除外)。
I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards .
Her sister married a man she met on a plane .

【温馨提示】
在现在英语中，定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 whom 也可用 who 代替，但 who 不用于介 词后。在非限制性定语从句中， whom 不可用 who 替代。
I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday.

4. 关系代词 whose 引导的定语从句
Whose 表示所有关系，作用如同形容词性物主代词，whose 后面一定要接上名词， “whose+ 名词 ” 在从句 中可以做主语，动宾／介宾
I know a friend whose brother is a pop singer.
It is a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time .

5. 关系代词 as 引导的定语从句
a . 引导限制性定语从句，当先行词有 the same, such, as, so 修饰时，要用 as 来引导定语从句。构成 the same… as, such…as, as…as, so…as 结构。
b . as 还可以引导非限制性定语从句，可以放在主句的前面， 中间或者末尾。而 which 引导的非限制性定 语从句只能放在主句的后面。
c . as 和 which 都可以指代主句中的一个先行词或整个句子的内容， 有时可以互换。 as 引导的从句有 “ 正如， 正像 ” 之意，而 which 则无此意，如： as is known to all, as is expected, as is often the case, as everybody can see 等。
This is such an interesting book as I would like to read .










定语从句 ~ 关系副词

1. 关系副词 when 引导的定语从句
在从句中作时间状语。常可用 on which, in which, at which, during which 等代替。
April Fool’s Day is the day when people make fun of others . (=April Fool’s Day is the day on which people make fun of others .)

2. 关系副词 where 引导的定语从句
在从句中作地点状语。常可用 in which, on which, at which, to which 等替代。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

3) . 关系副词 why 引导的定语从句
在从句中作原因状语，可以用 for which 代替。 why 不可引导非限制性定语从句，此时可用 for which。 Is this the reason why she refused our offer?











定语从句 ~ 重难点

1. 关系代词和关系副词的辨析
1) 用关系代词还是用关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语， 就必须要用关系代词， 而不及物动词则要用关系副词。
This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (×)
This is the mountain village which I visited last year. ( √ )

2) 看定语从句中缺少什么成分以确定是选用关系代词还是关系副词。如果定语从句中缺少主语、宾语、 定语或表语，则这个关系词应是关系代词；如果定语从句中缺少时间状语、地点状语或原因状语，则这
个关系词应是关系副词。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born .

2. 介词 + 关系代词引导的定语从句
有时定语从句中的介词可以提到关系代词之前，形成 “ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 的结构，该结构中的关系代词 可用 which, whose, whom, 不可以用 that 或 who。该结构中的介词可以根据定语从句中谓语的搭配，与先
行词的搭配或者句子意义来确定。
This is the house of which I spoke .

3. 限制性定语从句 & 非限制性定语从句
逗号知雌雄
限制性定语从句：从句给先行词提供一个必要的信息，说明先行词的身份和性质，或是用来限制先行词 的范围 - 去掉引起误解和歧义。
非限制性定语从句：提供附加而非必要性的信息， 只是对先行词作进一步的解释／补充／说明 - 去掉不会 引起误解和歧义。
I don’t like people, who are never on time .
There are two factors that determine an individual’s intelligence .

4. 定语从句用法的其他要点
①主谓一致问题



关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。 A . 先行词是单数，从句的谓语动词用单数；先行词是复数，从句中的谓语动词用复数。 Mr. Smith, who is now downstairs, is asking to see you .
The Smiths, who are now downstairs, are asking to see you .

B . “one of+ 复数名词 ” 后的定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式； “the (only) one of+ 复数名词 ” 或 “the very/ right one of + 复数名词 ” 后的定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
Jeff is one of the students who were awarded .
Jeff is the only one of the students who was awarded .

② what 不可引导定语从句
What 本身是 “ 复合关系代词 ”，等同于 “ 先行词 + 关系代词 (which/that)”。因此， 不能用 what 引导定语从句。 Tell me what is happening . = Tell me all that is happening .

③宜用 who 不宜用 that 的情况
A . 先行词是指人的不定代词时。
先行词如果是 one, ones, anyone 时，不宜用 that。
One who has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth .
B . 先行词为 those 且指人时，关系代词宜用 who。
Those who have good manners will be highly respected .
C . 当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或定语从句被分割时。
Professor Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English .
D . 在 there be 开头的句子中宜用 who 。 There is an old man who wants to see you .

④ way 和 time 后接定语从句的情况
A . 当先行词是 way，且意为 “ 方式、方法 ” 时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：that/in which/ 不填。 注意：关系词在从句中必须作状语。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，按正常的定语从句分析。
B . 当先行词是 time 时，若 time 作 “ 次数 ” 讲， 应用that 引导定语从句， that 可省略；若 time 作 “ 一段时间 ” 讲，应用关系副词 when 或介词 at/during + which 引导定语从句。

⑤抽象名词 situation, stage, point 等后接定语从句的情况
A . 先行词为 case ，condition ，situation ，position ，point ，stage 等名词，表示情况、方面、处境时用关 系副词 where .
B . 先行词为 time, day, season, age, occasion 等时间名词时其后的定语从句用 when 引导。


5. 定语从句的解题方法
①先行词还原法
如果认为是定语从句，可以把前面的先行词直接还原到从句中，看从句的意义是否通顺、完整。 ② 四部分析法
一看指人还是物，二看介词在何处，三看句中作何用，四看是否属特殊。
练习七
一、用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子
1. -Do you like the pop singer?
-No, I prefer the singer ________ can sing folk music .
A . which B . who C . wher D . how
2. The man ________ is wearing a blue jacket is Jim's uncle .
A . who B . whom C . which D . /
3. Do you know the young lady ________ your mother is talking?
A . who B . whom C . with whom D . which
4. -Does the teacher know everybody ________ planted the trees? -Yes, he does .
A . which B . whose C . where D . who
5. The letter ________ I received from him yesterday is very important .
A . who B . where C . what D . that
6. -Where is the scientist ________ gave us the talk yesterday?
-He has gone back to Qinghua University.
A . whom B . who C . whose D . which
7. I hate people ________ talk much but do little .
A . whose B . whom C . which D . who
8. I'm looking at the photograph ________ you sent me with your letter.
A . who B . whom C . which D . it


练习参考答案
练习一
一、 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. C
二、 1. didn’t go 2. Did destroy 3. Were you 4. When will 5. How does 6. How often
7. Doesn’t it
8. shall we

练习二
一、 1. D 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. A
二、
1. We are going to have a party for the twins .
2. The famous professor gave us a lecture on Chinese history last Sunday.
3. Fresh fruits and vegetables are good for people to keep fit .

练习三
一、 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. D
二、 1. is 2. are 3. is 4. enjoy

练习四
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. D

练习五
一、 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. B
二、 1. If you 2. so that 3. unless comes 4. so that 5. unless I’m 6. If don’t

练习六
一、 1. D 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. C
二、 1. when would 2. whether/if could 3. how to 4. what looks 5. that travels

练习七
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. C