上海市上海中学2021-2022学年高三上学期期中英语试题

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上海中学2022学年第一学期期中考试
英语试题
Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you. hear a conversation and the question about. it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you've heard
1. A. He is angry B. He is exhausted
C. He is hungry. D. He is disappointed
2. A. Go over his lesson B Attend the party
C. Eat out with friends D. Take the final exam.
3. A. She is most likely to be arrested B. She has forgotten to call the police.
C. She may have lost her driving license. D. She is lying to the police officer
4. A. Bill broke his promise B Mum will probably reward Bill
C. Bill failed in the test D. Mum is worried about Bills work
5. A. Make a recovery plat B Go back to work
C. Drop out of school D Quit her present job.
6. A. She gave him a lift home again B. She offered him an extra room
C She treated him well at her home D She spared much time for him e
7. A. She doesn't have time to find a new flat
B. She has not paid enough rent in ad
C. She is unlikely to give up the nice flat
D. She wants to decorate the flat during the holiday
8. A. Extreme sports. B. Travel ins/lance.
C. Bungee jumping. D. Diving safety.
9. A. She likes Phillips' singing very much B. She appreciates other kinds of musicals
C. She enjoys the changes of his musicals
D. She admires other singers. more than Phillips
10. A. American students are too talkative in class.
B. It's hard to learn a lot in an American school
C. One can join in schooling in different ways
D. Active participation is greatly encouraged
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear several longer conversation(s) and short passage(s), and you will be asked several questions on each of the conversation(s) and the passage(s). The conversation(s) and the passage(s) will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage
11. A One should wait for things to happen before leaving
B. One should remain silent when things are getting hard
C. One should try to take control of the difficult situation
D. One should turn to other people for instant help
12. A. By motivating himself to take action.
B. By seeking help from his friends
C. By thinking of the meaning of life.
D. By taking good care of himself
13. A Life is not always peaceful and it is full of terrible accidents
B. Keep a positive attitude and focus on survival whatever happen
C. Advanced equipment is the essential factor in surviving crises
D. Be ready to get immediate assistance when lost in the jungle.
14. A. ln 1969 B. ln 2012 C.ln1976 D. ir2016
15. A Suggested creating a university of science and technology in Egypt
B. Helped many Egyptian scientists to be awarded the Nobel Prize
C. Developed cooperation with the University of California in the U.S
D. Provided excellent Egyptian students with more financial support
16. A. For his relationship with Egyptian President.
B. For his academic performance in technology
C. For his good service in the Egyptian Army
D. For his outstanding contributions to Egypt
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. It offers different opinions on old age
B. It is about how to keep healthy in old age
C. It investigates the causes of the aging problem.
D. It reveals the secrets of living longer
18. A. The old are thought to be healthy
B. The old are reported to be poor but happy
C. The old are regarded as an unattractive group
D. The old are considered dangerous to the society.
19. A. They are easy to fall down with serious illness
B. They enjoy traveling and getting new experience
C. They are difficult to be recognized due to the changes
D. They have no more mental problems than the middle-aged
20. A Raise people's awareness of caring for the old
B. Help people take their responsibilities for the old
C. Change people's attitude towards the aged group
D. Ease people's fear and anxiety about growing old
Ⅱ.Grammar and Vocabulary
Section B
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to. make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
It is a rough world out there. Step outside of a shopping mall and you could break your leg ____1____(slip)on the doormat. Luckily, if the doormat failed to warn of coming danger, a successful lawsuit(官司) might compensate you for your troubles. Since the early 1980s, juries have begun holding more companies responsible for the customers' misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, even ladders carry a label several inches long that ____2____(warn) among other things, that you might fall off. While warnings are often necessary for companies, many still feel uncertain whether those labels can protect ___3___ from legal responsibility if a customer is injured. Actually, about 50% of the companies lose when ___4___(take) to court by the injured customer.
Now the tide appears to be turning ___5___ personal injury claims continue to grow, some courts are beginning to side with defendants(被告), especially in cases___6___ a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports successfully fought a lawsuit___7___(involve)a footballer who was paralyzed (t )in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. " We are really sorry he has become paralyzed, ___8___ helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries, "says Nimmons. The jury finally agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the injury. Meanwhile, the American Law Institute, a group of judges and lawyers, issued new guidelines stating that companies needn't warn customers of obvious dangers or annoy them with a lengthy list of possible ones ____9____information won't get buried in a sea of trivialities ( 琐事). If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not_____10_____ a protection against legal responsibility.
【答案】1. slipping
2. warms 3. them
4. taken 5. As
6. where 7. involving
8. but 9. so
10. as
【解析】
本文为说明文。本文就警告牌在使用的过程中出现了一些危险，导致消费者与公司之间发生纠纷而产生索赔展开了讨论。
【1题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：外面的世界很艰难。走出商场，你可能会在门垫上滑倒而摔断腿。根据语境可知，此空在句中作状语，其逻辑主语是you，二者是逻辑主谓关系，应使用现在分词，表主动。故填slipping。
【2题详解】
考查主谓一致及时态。句意：今天，甚至梯子上都有一个几英寸长的标签，上面写着“可能会掉下来”等警告。分析句子可知，本句是定语从句，其中定语从句修饰先行词a label，a label在定语从句中作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。本句叙述的是现在的一个客观事实，故要用一般现在时。故填warms。
【3题详解】
考查人称代词。句意：但许多公司仍然不确定，如果顾客受到伤害，这些标签是否能使他们免于承担法律责任。根据上下文的语境可知，此处的主语是许多公司many(companies)，不知道这些标签是否能使他们免于承担法律责任。可知，本空指代上文中many(companies)，并在句中作动词protect的宾语，应使用代词的宾格。故填them。
【4题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：事实上，当受伤的顾客把公司告上法庭时，大约有50%的公司蒙受了损失。“take sb. to court”为固定搭配，意为“把……告上法庭”。分析句子可知，本空的逻辑主语是50% of the companies，二者是被动关系，此处是指公司被告上法庭，应使用过去分词，表被动。故填taken。
【5题详解】
考查状语从句的连接词。句意：随着人身伤害索赔的不断增加，形势似乎正在转变，一些法院开始站在被告一边。根据语境可知，本空应使用连接词as“随着”引导时间状语从句。故填As。
【6题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：一些法院开始站在被告一边，特别是在警告标签可能不会改变任何事情的情况下。分析句子especially in cases___6___ a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.可知，本句是定语从句，其中的先行词为cases，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，应使用关系副词where引导，此处指“尤其是在这样的案件中”。故填where.
【7题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：今年5月，舒特体育总裁朱莉·尼蒙斯（Julie Nimmons）成功地打了一场官司，一名足球运动员戴着Schutt头盔而导致全身瘫痪的足球运动员。分析句子可知，本空在句中作定语，修饰名词 a law suit，它与动词involve二者是逻辑主谓关系，应使用现在分词，表主动。故填involving。
【8题详解】
考查连词。句意：我们真的很抱歉，他已经瘫痪了，但头盔的设计并不是为了防止这种伤害。分析句子可知，空格前后是转折关系，应使用but。故填but。
【9题详解】
考查连词。句意：与此同时，由法官和律师组成的美国法律研究所(American Law Institute)发布了新的指导方针，称公司不必提醒客户注意显而易见的危险，也不必用一长串可能的危险来惹恼他们，因此信息就不会被淹没在一大堆琐碎的小事中。分析句子结构及句意可知，此处使用连词so“因此”连接上下语境。故填so。
【10题详解】
考查介词。句意：这些产品的信息可能实际上是为了客户的利益而提供的，而不是作为对法律责任的保护。分析语境可知，本空缺少一个介词，根据语境可知，此处应使用介词as“作为”。故填as。
Section C
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

The ability to write well is not a gift. Sure, the special something setting apart Shakespeare or Tolstoy is a talent____11____ of disposition(性情), experience and commitment. But just being able to communicate clearly with written words is a learned skill. Because the words we use to write with are the same words we use to think with, learning to write well has implications going beyond the merely technical. As we improve our writing ability, we improve our ability to think--to build an argument, to frame issues in forceful ways, to ___12___ seemingly unrelated facts into a coherent whole.
And despite the recurring pessimistic opinions about the "end of literacy" and the "death of the ___13___ word", the reality is that we write more than ever these days. While it's a rare person who sits down with pen and paper in hand and writes a letter to a friend or loved one, we___14___ emails at an astounding rate. We also frequently write letters, proposals, memos, speeches and dozens of more___15___ types of documents In a word, we are ___16___ writing creatures.
It's no wonder that businesses repeatedly cite "communication skills" as the single most ___17___ trait in new employees. The problem, though, is that we are as a society ___18___ bad at writing. That is a great danger. Out classroom is filled with unmotivated students who could care less about writing. But being able to write well vastly improves students' potential for success as it helps them to think through problems and express their ideas more effectively
The good news is that writing well is not a gift___19___for the few but a set of skills that can be mastered by anyone. Here are some tips to help you move from being ___20___ capable to being an excellent writer. First, start a journal or a blog to get you writing regularly. Then read it so that you can find the awkward parts. Finally, be open to others' comments So if you worry about your writing ability, commit yourself now.to becoming a solid writer in the year to come.
【答案】11. AD 12. D
13. AB 14. A
15. BC 16. AC
17. BD 18. AE
19. C 20. B
【解析】
本文为说明文。本文叙述了写作能力不是天赋的。写作不仅是可以学习到的一种技术，可以让你变成一个优秀的作家，也提高了我们思考的能力。
【11题详解】
考查语境及固定搭配。句意：写得好不是天赋。当然，莎士比亚和托尔斯泰的独特之处在于他天然的性格、经验和他的奉献。但是，仅仅能够用文字清晰地交流是一种可以学习的技能。“born of ...”为固定搭配，意为“出生于...，天生的。”此处是指出生时就有的，填born。故 选AD。
【12题详解】
考查语境及谓语动词的时态。句意：随着我们写作能力的提高，我们思考的能力也在提高---确立一个论据，用有力的方式来阐述问题，把看似无关的事实组织成一个连贯的整体。根据前一句可知，写作及思考能力的提高，我们就能把看似无关的事实“组织/编织（weave）”成一个连贯的整体。由于本句叙述的是事实，且本空是动词不定式，填原形，故填weave。故选 D。
【13题详解】
考查语境及过去分词作定语。句意：尽管对“读写能力的终结”和“印刷文字的消亡”的悲观看法反复出现，但现实是，我们如今的写作量比以往任何时候都多。根据“literacy”以及“word”,可知，此处“出版的文字”，文字与出版二者是被动关系，要填printed。故选AB。
【14题详解】
考查语境及动词。句意：虽然很少有人会坐下来手里拿着纸和笔给朋友或爱人写信，但我们却会以惊人的速度发送电子邮件。根据语境可知，此处我们会不断发送邮件，“pour”意为“不断涌现”，空前是不定式符号，应使用动词原形。故选A 。
【15题详解】
考查语境及形容词作定语。句意：我们还经常写信、写建议、写备忘录、写演讲，以及写几十种更专业的文件，...分析句意可知，根据“write letters, proposals, memos, speeches” 以及后面的“... types of documents”可知，这些东西相对比较专业。形容词“specialized”，意为“专业的”。故选BC。
【16题详解】
考查语境及副词。句意：总之，我们实际上是在书写的生物。根据语境可知，此处修饰整个句子，要用副词“actually”。 故选AC。
【17题详解】
考查语境及形容词作定语。句意：难怪企业反复强调“沟通技巧”是新员工最值得拥有的特质。分析句子可知，此处在句中作定语，修饰名词trait。根据语境可知，“沟通技巧”是新员工值得拥有的（desirable）。故选BD。
【18题详解】
考查语境及副词。句意：但问题是，我们整个社会都不擅长写作。这是一个巨大的危险。根据语境可知，此处是指程度，修饰形容词bad，表示“极其，非常”。而“incredibly ”。故选AE
【19题详解】
考查语境及语态。句意：好消息是，写作好不是少数人拥有的天赋。根据语境可知，天赋是被拥有（reserve），二者是被动关系，要填reserved故选 C。
【20题详解】
考查语境及副词作状语。句意：这里有一些建议可以帮助你从仅仅是一个有能力的人变成一个优秀的作家。此处修饰形容词“capable”，应使用副词merely“仅仅”。故选B 。
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
Section A Cloze
If you examine the birth certificate of every soccer player in the last Word Cup tournament, you will most likely find the excellent players were born in the earlier months of the year. If you then examine the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup, you will find this phenomenon even more ___21___ .
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Some guess a certain astrological sign(星座) ____22____superior soccer skills; others maintain that winter-born babies have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina(it t ).But Anderson Ericsson, a 58-year-old professor who is called the expert on experts, believes in neither. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved ___23___ training a person to hear and repeat a random series of numbers. "With the first subject after 20 hours of training, his digital span rose to 20, Ericsson recalls, "and after about 200 hours of training he could repeat up to 80 numbers
This success, coupled with later research showing memory itself is not ___24___ determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is a cognitive( i in a) exercise, which means whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are ____25____ by how well each person encodes the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as ____26____ practice. It involves more than simply repeating a task ___27___ playing a C-minor scale 100 times hitting tennis serves until your shoulder pops out of its socket. ___28___ it involves stepping outside your comfort zone, setting specific and well-defined goals, focusing on ___29___ areas of expertise, obtaining immediate feedback from professionals and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying high achievers in a wide range of ____30____ including soccer, golf, chess, piano playing and darts. They gather all the data they can and make a rather shocking statement: the trait we commonly call talent is highly ____31____, And yes, expert performers are nearly always made.
Ericsson’s formula seems appealing to many tiger parents: "practice makes perfect" is naturally ____32____ to genetic determinism. By____33____ innate ability as insignificant, many are confident they can make a concert-level pianist or an Olympic figure skater of their kids as long as they push them hard enough. Ericsson, ____34____ believes what parents should learn from the science of expertise is not the effect of logging thousands of hours, but how to get kids to. ____35____ the importance and challenge of effective practice
21. A. understandable B. misleading C. appealing D. noticeable
22. A. promises B. improves C. compromises D. masters
23. A. numbers B. subjects C. memory D. practice
24 A. physically B. genetically C. fundamentally D. psychologically
25. A. overshadow B. demonstrated C. strengthened D. produced
26. A. enormous B. deliberate C. desperate D. persistent
27. A. on average B. more importantly C. for instance D. in particular
28. A. Besides B. Nevertheless C. Therefore D. Rather
29. A. various B. comprehensive C. targeted D. minor
30. A. pursuits B. occupations C. performances D. assumptions
31. A. underestimate B. overrated C. flexible D. demanding
32. A. equal B. inferior C. preferable D. beneficial
33. A. dismissing B. lacking C. recognizing D. highlighting
34. A. likewise B. therefore C. besides D. however
35. A. study B. practice C. reflect D. embrace
【答案】21. D 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. C 28. D 29. C 30. A 31. B 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. D
【解析】
本文为说明文。本文通过对足球、高尔夫、国际象棋、钢琴演奏和飞镖等领域取得高成就的人进行研究，发现天才并非是天生的，是后天通过练习创造的，即熟能生巧。
【21题详解】
考查形容词作表语。句意：如果你接着调查世界杯和职业比赛的欧洲国家青年队的话，那么你会发现这一奇怪的现象甚至更明显。A. understandable可理解的；B. misleading误导的；C. appealing有吸引力的；D. noticeable明显的。上文说“你调查所有的运动员的话，有可能会发现……”，可知“如果你接着调查的话，你会发现这种现象更明显（noticeable）”，上下文两句进行对比之后更明显。故选D。
【22题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：有人猜测某种星座的人具备更高的足球技能。A. promises使很可能，预示；B. improves提高，改进；C. compromises妥协；D. masters掌握。根据语境可知，此处是指某种星座预示（promises）某人可能具备的才能。故选A。
【23题详解】
考查名词辨析。句意：他的第一个实验涉及到记忆训练，让一个人听到并重复一系列随机的数字。A. numbers数字；B. subjects主题；C. memory记忆；D. practice练习。根据后面的“training a person to hear and repeat a random series of numbers.”以及后面的“This success, coupled with later research showing memory itself”可知，进行的记忆训练（memory training）。故选C。
【24题详解】
考查副词辨析。句意：这一成功，连同后来的实验证明了记忆本身不是由遗传决定。A. physically身体上；B. genetically遗传上；C. fundamentally基本上；D. psychologically心理上。根据本句后的“the act of memorizing is a cognitive( i in a) exercise, which means whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences” 即记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能练习，可知，这不是由遗传（genetically）决定的。故选B。
【25题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：换句话说，无论两个人在记忆力能力上可能存在怎样的天生差异，这些差异都会被每个人恰当地“解读”所记的信息所掩盖。A. overshadow掩盖，遮蔽；B. demonstrated描述，显示；C. strengthened加强，强化；D. produced生产。根据上下文的内容即是这些差异，会被人后来的理解所掩盖（overshadow）。故选A。
【26题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意：埃里克森认为，了解如何有意义地解读信息的最佳方法是一种被称为刻意练习的过程。A. enormous许多的；B. deliberate故意的；C. desperate沮丧的；D. persistent执著的，不屈不挠的。根据“It involves more than simply repeating a task”可知，这里涉及到反复的背诵，背诵就是刻意的、故意的（deliberate）。故选B。
【27题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：它不仅仅是简单地重复一个任务，例如弹100次C小调，练习击球一直到肩膀脱臼。A. on average平均；B. more importantly更重要的是；C. for instance例如；D. in particular尤其，特别。后面的100次弹奏就是一个事例。故选C。
【28题详解】
考查副词辨析。句意：更确切地说，它涉及到走出你的舒适区，设定具体和明确的目标，专注于有针对性的专业领域，从专业人士那里获得即时的反馈，关注技术和结果。A. Besides此外；B. Nevertheless尽管如此，不过；C. Therefore因此；D. Rather (纠正所说的话或提供更确切的信息) 更确切地讲，更准确地说。根据前面的“involves more than simply repeating a task...”可知，涉及的不仅仅是单纯的重复，下面提供更确切的信息，即更确切地说（rather）。故选D。
【29题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意：设定具体和明确的目标，专注于有针对性的专业领域的专业知识……A. various不同的；B. comprehensive综合的，全面的；C. targeted有针对性的；D. minor次要的，较小的。根据空前空后的“specific and well-defined goals”，“areas of expertise,”可知，本空指应该是有针对性的（targeted）。故选C。
【30题详解】
考查名词辨析。句意：因此，埃里克森和他的同事们开始寻找在足球、高尔夫、国际象棋、钢琴演奏和飞镖等广泛领域取得高成就的人。A. pursuits寻找，追求；B. occupations职业；C. performances表现；D. assumptions假设。根据后面的宾语可知，此处是寻找（pursuits）人。故选A。
【31题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意：人震惊的结论：我们通常所说的天赋特征被严重高估了。A. underestimate低估的；B. overrated高估的；C. flexible灵活的；D. demanding要求高的。根据后面一段“expert performers are nearly always made”可知，“专家级的表演都是制造出来的”可推断出“天赋被高估了（overrated）”，故选B。
【32题详解】
考查形容词辨析。句意：埃里克森的公式对于许多“虎爸虎妈”来说是可取的。“熟能生巧”自然比基因决定论更受欢迎。A. equal平等的；B. inferior较低的；C. preferable更可取的；D. beneficial有益的。 后一句“熟能生巧”对于想培养好孩子的父母来说，自己的孩子不够聪明，可通过后面的训练来实现。因此这一点自然比基因决定论更受欢迎，可知，对“虎爸虎妈”来说是更可取的（preferable）。故选C。
【33题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：很多人认为先天的能力并不重要，但他们相信，只要努力，就能把孩子培养成钢琴演奏家或奥运会花样滑冰选手。A. dismissing摒弃，对……不屑一提；B. lacking缺乏；C. recognizing意识到；D. highlighting强调。他们认为只要努力就能把孩子培养好，所以他们对于先天的能力不重视，即不屑一提（dismissing）。故选A。
【34题详解】
考查副词辨析。句意：然而，埃里克森认为，父母应该从这门专业科学中学到的不是重复数千小时工作的效果。A. likewise同样地，类似的；B. therefore因此；C. besides此外；D. however然而。根据本空前后的句子可知，此处是指转折关系，要用however。故选D。
【35题详解】
考查动词辨析。句意：而是如何让孩子去做。让孩子乐于接受有效的实践是重要的，也是挑战。A. study研究；B. practice练习；C. reflect反思；D. embrace拥抱，欣然接受，乐意采纳(思想、建议等)。根据语境可知，让学生知道如何努力，要接受（embrace）成功在于有效的实践。故选D。
Section B. Passages
(A)
I was at the funeral of my dearest friend-my mother. She finally had lost her long battle with cancer. The hurt was so intense; I found it hard to breathe at times. Always supportive, Mother clapped loudest at my school plays, held the box of tissues while listening to my first heartbreak, comforted me at my father's death, and prayed for me my entire life
When mother's illness was diagnosed, my sister had a new baby and my brother had recently married his childhood sweetheart, so it fell on me the 27-year-old middle child, to take care of her. I counted it an honor. My place had been with our mother, preparing her. meals, taking her to the doctor, reading the Bible together. Now she was in heaven. My work was finished, but I was alone
Deep in sorrow, suddenly, I heard a door open and slam shut at the back of the church. Quick footsteps hurried along the carpeted floor. A young man looked around briefly and then sat next to me. He folded his hands and placed them on his lap. His eyes started to be filled with tears.
"I’m late”, he explained, though no explanation was necessary."
After several eulogies(悼词), he leaned over and commented, "Why do they keep calling Mary by the name of Margaret?
"Because, that was her name, Margaret. Never Mary.” I whispered, wondering who the stranger was anyway.
"Isn't this the Lutheran church?"
"No, the Lutheran church is across the street."
"I believe you're at the wrong funeral Sir."
The solemnness (庄重) of the occasion mixed with the realization of the man's mistake bubbled up inside me and came out as laughter: Sharp looks from other mourners(x # 4) only made the situation seem more stupid. I peeked at the confused, misguided man seated beside me. He was laughing too, as he glanced around, deciding it was too late for an uneventful exit. I imagined Mother laughing.
At the final 'Amen, we rushed out a door and into the parking lot. "I do believe we'll be the talk of the town. By the way, my name is Rick. he smiled
That afternoon began a lifelong journey for me with this man who attended the wrong funeral, but was in the right place. A year after our meeting, we were married at a country church. This time we both arrived at the same church, right on time.
In my time of sorrow, God gave me laughter. In place of loneliness, God gave me love. This past June, we celebrated our twenty-second wedding anniversary. whenever anyone asks us how we met Rick tells them, Her mother and my Aunt Mary introduced us, and it's truly a match made in heaven
36. Only author could take care of her mom mainly because________.
A. she was the only child in the family
B. a lovely baby came into her brother’s family
C. she was the only child without a new family’s burden
D. her mom loved her much more than other children
37. What can we infer from the passage?
A. The author and Rick met 22 years ago for the first time
B. The author was supposed to have been in Lutheran Church
C. Margaret should be the name of Rick’s aunt.
D. The mourners considered the author’s joy improper.
38. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. Hope Remaining at the Funeral
B. A Heavenly Encounter
C. Two Funerals at One Time
D. Seeking God's Everlasting Love
【答案】36. C 37. D 38. B
【解析】
【分析】
本文为记叙文。作者的朋友在妈妈的葬礼上，遇到一个走错教堂的陌生人，他们由此相识并在一年后结了婚。作者认为是上帝在她悲伤的时候，上帝给了她欢笑，上帝给了她爱。天堂的妈妈介绍他们认识的，是天作之合。
【36题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“When mother's illness was diagnosed, my sister had a new baby and my brother had recently married his childhood sweetheart, so it fell on me the 27-year-old middle child, to take care of her..... Now she was in heaven. My work was finished, but I was alone”这句是说“当母亲的病被诊断出来的时候，我姐姐刚生了一个孩子，我哥哥刚和他青梅竹马的恋人结婚，所以照顾她的责任落在了我这个27岁的老二身上。送走了母亲，我是独自一人”以及最后一段作者说她和走错路的人结成夫妻，由此可推断出当时姐姐和哥哥都有家庭负担，只有我是独自一人，没有家庭负担，因此我承担了照顾母亲的责任。分析选项可知C项符合题意。故选C。
【37题详解】
推理判断题。根据第九段“I believe you're at the wrong funeral, Sir.”和第十段“The solemnness (庄重) of the occasion mixed with the realization of the man's mistake bubbled up inside me and came out as laughter: Sharp looks from other mourners only made the situation seem more stupid.”此处是指有一个人走错了教堂，参加错了葬礼，作者认为这种严肃的场合，出现了这种错误，作者笑出来。其他悼念者用犀利眼神看着我，可推知，“妈妈的葬礼自己笑出来”是不恰当的。故选D。
【38题详解】
主旨大意题。本文叙述作者的朋友在母亲葬礼上，遇到了一个人走错了教堂，参加错了的葬礼，由此两人认识了。一年后，他们结婚了。尤其是最后一段最后一句“whenever anyone asks us how we met Rick tells them, Her mother and my Aunt Mary introduced us, and it's truly a match made in heaver”可知，作者认为他们俩的相识是妈妈和玛丽阿姨（这两人当时已在天国）介绍我们认识，真是天堂般的邂逅。可知，B项 A Heavenly Encounter（这是天堂般的邂逅）符合题意。故选B。
。
【点睛】推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。根据事实细节，推断合理信息。第一题属于推理判断题。根据第二段“When mother's illness was diagnosed, my sister had a new baby and my brother had recently married his childhood sweetheart, so it fell on me the 27-year-old middle child, to take care of her..... Now she was in heaven. My work was finished, but I was alone”这句是说“当母亲的病被诊断出来的时候，我姐姐刚生了一个孩子，我哥哥刚和他青梅竹马的恋人结婚，所以照顾她的责任落在了我这个27岁的老二身上。送走了母亲，我是独自一人”以及最后一段作者说她和走错路的人结成夫妻，由此可推断出当时姐姐和哥哥都有家庭负担，只有我是独自一人，没有家庭负担，因此我承担了照顾母亲的责任。分析选项可知C项符合题意。故选C。
推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。
(B)
The close relationship between speakers and their speech has led some scholars to suggest that language determines the view we have of the world around us. Different languages segment natural phenomena differently. We name seven colors in the rainbow: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. Speakers of other languages may see only four, as did Turkish before our system was introduced, or even as few as two, roughly the lighter shades versus the darker. There is nothing in nature to demonstrate how we should chop up the spectrum of the rainbow, but when we have learned a given language, we distinguish the shades it designates, both in the rainbow and elsewhere students of language assume from such a situation that language determines much of the and patterns we see in the world around us, and that it directs our concepts and actions
Changes in the choice of language, then, might modify behavior. Today gasoline trucks are generally labeled" flammable(易燃的)". The in-prefix was taken as equivalent to that of words like "inactive", where in- means not". It is actually the in- of words like "intense", where it strengthens the meaning. The word "inflammable", then, means "highly flammable" The faulty interpretation of language, however, determined the attitudes of many speakers, who then adjusted their behavior in relation to the language. Prudent truck owners have taken notice and changed the warning to“ flammable"
Such observations led Whorf to a concept with deeper patterns of language, such as the use of tenses in the language of Europe. Tense is the linguistic expression or time. English and other European languages generally require their speakers to identify the time of an event, whether present: It is raining; past: It rained; or future: It will rain. By contrast, many languages, such as the Hopi language of New Mexico, lack expression for tense. Nor do such languages objectify time. In Hopi one cannot count days, minutes, years as though they were objects like stones. Everyday expressions like "Three years went by" are impossible in Hopi.
Comparing such languages, Whorf proposed that "our use of tense or our objectified view of time is favorable to historicity se t)and to everything connected with the keeping of records." That is to say, because of the patterns for referring to time in English and other languages, their speakers maintain records and emphasize bookkeeping, accounting, and the like. In accordance with it, ones conception of the world is relative to the language one learns
While the relativity hypothesis(假设) has attracted considerable attention, it has never been experimentally demonstrated to the valid. a large scale attempt to test the outlook of Hopi-speaking children versus English speaking children turned out to be inconclusive. It remains a task of future scholars to determine whether the hypothesis is valid and also whether one should assume a weak or strong position with regard to it. Clearly we are deeply tied to our native language. But whether it regulates our perceptions or our view of the world Is still an open question
39. The case of the label "flammable" is mentioned to prove that_________.
A. languages can affect our choices of action
B. prefixes can lead to disasters if used improperly
C. some truck drivers can adjust their behavior
D. misunderstanding can happen among speakers
40. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of tense________.
A. reflects deeper patterns of European languages
B. transforms abstract ideas into objects
C. helps avoid certain ambiguity in concepts or ideas
D. makes it possible to modern e the Hopi language
41. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Different languages often have different methods of keeping historical records
B. We need more studies to find out if we are closely related to our native tongues
C. Our mother tongues have a great influence on our world views and behavior
D. It's no easy task to confirm the link between mother tongues and our concepts
【答案】39. A 40. C 41. D
【解析】
本文为议论文。本文假设语言决定了我们对周围世界的看法，接着用事实来说明选择不同的语言可能会改变行为。通过对比欧洲语言如英语和霍皮语的对比以及对说英语的孩子和霍皮语为母语的孩子对比发现， 我们与自己的母语紧密相连，但我们的母语对我们的世界观是否有影响还不容易确定。
【39题详解】
词义猜测题。第二段全段都是在说明有关flammable标识的问题。本段以flammable这一单词为例，详细分析了语言对人的行为的影响，最后在该段倒数第二句“however, determined the attitudes of many speakers, who then adjusted their behavior in relation to the language.”得出结论，即“然而，对于语言的错误解读决定了很多说话者的态度，他们随即针对语言调整自己的行为”。由此可推断，该案例分析证明语言确实可影响我们对行为的选择。故选A。
【40题详解】
推理判断题。第三段后半部分叙述时态是运用于表达语言或时间。欧洲语言中用时态表达时间。英语和其他欧洲语言通常要求讲话者弄清楚事件发生的时间，是现在、过去 或者未来，要用到时态。相比之下，许多语言，如新墨西哥州的霍皮语，缺乏对时态的表达。这些语言也不会有具体的时间。在霍皮语中，人们不能像数石头一样数日子、分钟、年。像“三年过去了”这样的日常用语在霍皮语中是不可能写清楚。以及倒数第二段“our use of tense or our objectified view of time is favorable to historicity set and to everything connected with the keeping of records”通过比较这两种语言，沃尔夫提出，“我们使用时态或我们让时间具体化，这对历史的真实性和与记录有关的一切都是有利的。由此可知，时态是帮助我们来弄清事件的具体时间。如果没有时态就像霍皮语一样无法说明事件发生的具体时间，也无法计算时间，这样就会产生混乱或歧义。分析选项可知C项（helps avoid certain ambiguity in concepts or ideas有助于避免概念或思想上的某些歧义）符合题意。故选C。
【41题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“In accordance with it, ones conception of the world is relative to the language one learns”可知，沃尔夫的假设说一个人的世界观与他所学的语言有关。以及最后一段 “it has never been experimentally demonstrated to the valid. a large scale attempt to test the outlook of Hopi-speaking children versus English speaking children turned out to be inconclusive. It remains a task of future scholars to determine whether the hypothesis is valid and also whether one should assume a weak or strong position with regard to it. Clearly we are deeply tied to our native language. But whether it regulates our perceptions or our view of the world Is still an open question”表明，“一项大规模的对母语是霍皮语的儿童和母语是英语的儿童进行的未来前景测试的结果是不确定的。未来学者的任务仍然是确定这一假设是否有效以及一个人是否应该采取怎样的立场，显然，我们与自己的母语紧密相连。但它是否影响我们的感知或影响我们对世界的看法仍是一个悬而未决的问题”。由此可推断出，要确认母语与我们的观念之间的关系实属不易。分析选项，可知D项 （It's no easy task to confirm the link between mother tongues and our concepts要确认母语和我们的观念之间的联系并非容易）符合题意。故选D。
(C)
Freedoms challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic. We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses In Greece, in Athens(雅典) a little city in a little country, there were no helpless masses.
And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together. They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert. The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted A man was free if he was self-controlled. To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom. They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens, not because it was forced on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.
But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. It cannot be discovered once for all. If people do not prize it, and work for it, it will go. Constant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance a spiritual change which affected the whole state. It had been the Athenians pride and joy to give to their city That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds. there had to be a complete change of attitude before they could took at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work. Now instead of men giving to the state, the state was to give to them. What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object, ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing: Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share
Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility
There could be only one result. If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good, they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom. It is to be had on no other terms. Athens, the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.
But "the excellent becomes the permanent, Aristotle said. Athens lost freedom forever, but freedom was not lost forever for the world. a great American, James Madison, referred to the capacity of mankind for self-government. No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek. Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind, but once man has a great and good idea, it is never completely lost. The Digital Age cannot destroy it. Somehow in this or that man s thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action. One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action, only sure that it will do so sometimes
42. What does the underlined word "tyrannies" in Para2 refer to?
A. Countries where their people need help
B. Powerful states with higher civilization
C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.
D. Government ruled with absolute power
43. What fundamental change in attitude took place in Athens?
A. The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.
B. The Athenians no longer took their pride in the city
C. The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.
D The Athenians viewed the government as a business to work for.
44. What does the underlined sentence "There could be only one result” in Para 5 mean?
A. Athens would continue to be
B. Athens would cease to have freedom.
C. Freedom would come from responsibility.
D. Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence
45. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?
A. He is hopeful about freedom
B. He is cautious about self-government
C. He is doubtful about Greek civilization
D. He is critical of Greece’s loss of freedom
46. What is the authors understanding of freedom?
A. Freedom can be more popular in the digital age
B. Freedom may come to an end in the digital age
C. Freedom should have priority over responsibility
D. Freedom should be guaranteed by responsibility.
【答案】42. D 43. A 44. B 45. A 46. D
【解析】
【分析】
本文为说明文。文章讲述了自由的起源、演变及其在古代文化下的形态和缺陷，以及数字化世界给自由带来的挑战。作者认为自由需要责任的保证。
【42题详解】
词义猜测题。根据划线词所在的句子上下句“There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere” 即“这儿有伟大文明的辉煌帝国，但在任何地方都没有自由”。和画线词tyrannies的同位语“one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses(一个很有权势的人统治一大群无助的人)”。可知由一个非常强大的人统治着希腊无助的群众。由此可知， tyrannies是指拥有绝对统治权的政府。分析选项可知D项“用绝对权力来统治的政府”与此意思相近。故选D。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，雅典人后来态度发生了改变，因为他们开始认为政府应该为他们的劳动付费，给他们提供舒适的生活，而个人的自律和责任意识变得淡薄。A项The Athenians refused to take their responsibility（雅典人拒绝承担责任)符合题意。故选A。
【44题详解】
句意猜测题。根据第五段的“There could be only one result. If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good，they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom. It is to be had on no other terms. Athens, the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.”表明“如果人们坚持摆脱自力更生的负担和对共同利益的责任，他们将不再是自由的。责任是每个人为自由必须付出的代价。这是没有其他条件的。古希腊的雅典拒绝承担责任；她走到了自由的尽头，再也没有自由了”。由此可推断，唯一的结果就是雅典人不再享有自由。即B项Athens would cease to have freedom（雅典将不再享有自由）符合题意。故选B。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Athens lost freedom forever, but freedom was not lost forever for the world”表明“雅典永远失去了自由，但对世界来说，自由并不是永远失去的。”以及“Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind，but once man has a great and good idea，it is never completely lost．The Digital Age cannot destroy it．”意即“雅典在他的头脑中并不是遥远的地方，但一旦一个人有了伟大的好主意，它就永远不会完全消失。数字时代也无法摧毁它。”可知，作者并没有因此而失去信心，相反对自由充满了希望。分析选项可知A项（He is hopeful about freedom他对自由抱有希望）符合题意。故选A。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。文章讲述了自由的起源、演变及其在古代文化下的形态和缺陷，以及数字化世界给自由带来的挑战。第三段“And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together.... The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.”可知，自由起源于2500年前的希腊，雅典人自由地生活在一起，因为他们能够自愿在法律规定和价值体系下一起从事活动。第四段“Now instead of men giving to the state, the state was to give to them. What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object, ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing”以及第五段“Athens, the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again”可知，后来雅典人态度发生了改变，因为他们开始认为政府应该为他们的劳动付费，给他们提供舒适的生活，而个人的自律和责任意识变得淡薄，造成的唯一结果就是雅典人不再享有自由。由以上的内容可知，作者通过雅典人对自由态度变化的对比，认为自由需要责任的保证这一结论。故选D。
【点睛】在阅读中我们经常会考查猜测词义题。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广考查最多也最易失分的猜词方式，这要求考生具备整合分散、复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文（各种已知信息）并结合具体的语境推测、判断某些词或短语的词义。例如第1小题词意猜测题。根据划线词所在的句子上下句“There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere” 即“这儿有伟大文明的辉煌帝国，但在任何地方都没有自由”。和画线词tyrannies的同位语“one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses(一个很有权势的人统治一大群无助的人)”。可知由一个非常强大的人统治着希腊无助的群众。由此可知， tyrannies是指拥有绝对统治权的政府。分析选项可知D项“用绝对权力来统治的政府”与此意思相近。故选D。
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
No one enjoys the moment. You are stuck at the back of a queue and as those in other lines move ahead and get served, the time to decide arrives. ___47___
This question has now been solved by researchers at Harvard Business School. According to what they have found in a new study, they suggest people think twice before switching queues.
The research was led by Ryan Buell, an expert in service management. He looked into consumer queuing behavior after working with economists on what is known as “last-place aversion,” the discomfort people feel when they know they earn less than others or consider themselves at the bottom of the social pile for some other reason. As a result of this aversion to being the last, when a person finds himself at the end of a queue, he can make decisions that he will later regret.
Buell began by observing people at a multi-checkout grocery store and then set up an online survey. People who took part in the survey were told it would take about five minutes. In reality, it took only one minute, but when participants logged in for the survey, they were forced to wait in a virtual queue displayed on the screen. They started at the back and could wait, switch to a second queue or choose to leave.
___48___ On average, however, those who switched waited 10 percent longer than if they had stayed put. Those who switched twice ended up waiting 67 percent longer than if they had never moved.
“When we join a queue, we tend to make the most rational choice we can, which means joining the shortest queue. ___49___ Unfortunately, we can often get it wrong,” said Buell.
___50___ After that, the aversion fades. The researcher suggests people have a chat with the person in front so that they can pass the time more comfortably until someone else joins behind them. “Remember that the person in front of you was the last until you arrived, so someone will show up if you hang around long enough,” Buell said.
A. If we see a line moving faster, we might switch without having enough extra information.
B. About one in five people grew impatient at the back of the queue and switched to the other line in the hope of speeding things up.
C. Do you hold your nerve and stay put, switch to another line in the hope it moves faster, or give up altogether?
D. Based on his study, Buell says people should think hard about switching queues when they are the last in a line.
E. In an unpublished working paper on the research, Buell notes that people tend to feel unhappiest at the back of a queue for the first 10 seconds or so.
F. Although the number of people behind you has nothing to do with how long you are going to wait, it shapes your behavior.
【答案】47. C 48. B 49. A 50. E
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项关于人们排队时更换队伍与等候时间的研究，结果发现不换队伍的等候时间更短。
【47题详解】
下一段第一句说这个问题现在已经被哈佛商学院的研究人员解决了，“This question”表明此处应该会提到一个问题，故C项（你是保持镇定，原地不动，换到另一个队伍，希望它走得更快，还是干脆放弃？）符合语境。故选C项。
【48题详解】
空后说然而平均而言，换队伍比不换队伍的人多等了10%的时间，结果，那些换了两次队伍的人比从未换过队伍的人多等了67%的时间，因此此处说的是关于人们换队伍的内容，故B项（大约五分之一的人在队伍的后面变得不耐烦，转而排在另一排，希望能加快速度）符合语境。故选B项。
【49题详解】
空前说当我们加入一个队列时，我们倾向于做出最合理的选择，这意味着加入最短的队列，空后又说不幸的是我们经常会弄错，因此次应该会提到我们做的一个错误的选择，故A项（如果我们看到一排移动得更快，我们可能会在没有足够额外信息的情况下切换）符合语境。故选A项。
【50题详解】
空后说在那之后，厌烦感消失了，因此此处会提到人们在某一个时刻感到厌烦，故E项（在一篇未发表的关于这项研究的工作论文中，Buell指出，人们在排队的前十秒左右，往往会感到最不快乐）符合语境。故选E项。
【点睛】在六选四的解题过程中，空处上下文出现的暗示（特别是指示代词）往往是重要线索，例如本篇第1空，根据下一段第一句“This question has now been solved by researchers at Harvard Business School.”可知，这个问题现在已经被哈佛商学院的研究人员解决了，“This question”表明此处应该会提到一个问题，而且承接上文话题，应该是一个关于排队的问题，故C项（你是保持镇定，原地不动，换到另一个队伍，希望它走得更快，还是干脆放弃？）符合语境。
IL. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: Choose among the four possible answers the one that best completes each sentence
51.In matters of style, swim with the current; in matters of principle, stand __a rock
A. with B. as C. by D. like
【答案】D
【解析】
【详解】考查语境及介词辨析。句意：风尚的事情，随波逐流；原则问题，坚如磐石。A. with和.....一起；B. as作为，当作；像…一样，如同；C. by靠近，在…旁边，由......；D. like相似，类似，像.....：后面只跟名词或代词。根据语境可知，此处是个比喻，比喻人站的像/巨石一样坚定。As和like有“像......，如同......”。但二者是用区别的，as是介词时，可译作“作为，当作”；作连词时，“(比较时用)像…一样，如同；(指事情以同样的方式发生)和…一样”，后面一般跟省略句；C. by靠近，在…旁边，由......；D. like是介词，“相似，类似，像......”，后面只跟名词或代词。本空后面是名词a rock。可知要用like，而不能用as。故选D。
【点睛】as与like是英语中常见的两个词，他们的语义和用法很多。在语义上者两个词都可以当“像”,“正如”讲，说明人与人、物与物、动作与动作、状态与状态之间的相似之处。
一、当“像”讲时
1.语法结构的不同之处是：
as作连接词，她引导比较状语从句和方式状语从句，而且这两种从句通常为省略句。
She is a fine singer, as her mother used to be她是个好歌手，就像她母亲以前一样。
There is as much water in this cup as in that one. 这个杯子里的水和那个杯子里的水一样多。
like作介词
My sister isn't much like me. 我妹妹不像我。
The robot can't work like man. 机器人不能像人一样工作。
2、在含义上不同
like只是单纯表示比较，而且通常侧重A B两者间的比较，并不意味着A和B属于一类或完全相似，表示有些相象。
The ship looks like a high building这艘船看起来像一座高楼。
（只是看起来像一座高楼，但不是和高楼一样）
as可表示同类事物比较。通常侧重于同一性，意味着A B两者属于同一类或完全相似。
He speaks English as an Englishman.(=as well as an English.) 他英语讲得像个英国人。
（表示他英语讲得和英国人一样好）。
二、当“正如”意义讲时
1.as作关系代词或关系副词、引导定语从句。as 在这样的句子里指全句所谈到的内容，引出非限制性定于从句或限制性定语从句的固定搭配，在从句中一般做主语或宾语。
As we said before, you have done a good job. 正如我们之前所说，你做得很好。
as常用于下列词组as you know, as we agreed, as you suggested 这些词组中，as的实际意义不是比较，也不是相似，而是同一事物或人之义。
例如:as you know 的意思不是you know something like this，而是you know this。
As he knew, she wasn't much at writing. 就像他知道的，她不太擅长写作。
2.like作介词
She，like thousands of others, is fascinated by this work她和其他成千上万的人一样，对这项工作着。
3.在非正式的文体中,like,常被用来代替as if
Tom said: ”You feel like you could reach out and touch it” 汤姆说：“你觉得你好像可以伸出手去触摸它。”
52.Standard Cognition, a startup company. in California, has developed technology that works like of Amazon Go, but it seeks to sell its artificial intelligence system to businesses for use in their own stores
A. the one B. those C. that D. one
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查代词辨析。句意：Standard Cognition是加州的一家创业公司，已经开发出工作原理类似Amazon Go那样的技术。但是公司试图将他们的人工智能系统销售给其它企业，用于这些企业自己的店铺。A. the one指代前面的同类同物，B. those指代前面的同类不同物，C. that是those的单数，指代前面的同类不同特；D. one指代前面泛指的可数名词。分析句子可知，本空指代前面的与前面的technology是同类但不同物，即“类似于Amazon Go那样的技术”一样的技术，但不是Amazon Go的技术。指代前面的同类不同物的要用that。故选C。
53.Do you consider it any good______ your eyes to your cellphone every day?
A. gluing B. to glue C. having glued D. to have glued
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查固定句式。句意：你认为每天眼睛盯在手机上有什么好处吗？“it is (no) good in doing sth”为固定句式，即“做某事（没）有好处”。本句式中it作动词consider的形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的gluing your eyes to your cellphone every day。故选A。
54.He wrote lots of best-sellers throughout his life, the majority of translated into English
A. which B. what C. them D. whose
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查代词辨析。句意：他一生写了很多畅销书，大部分都译成了英文。A. which一段用于定语从句的关系词，指物； B. what什么，一般用于名词从句；C. them指代前面提及的名词复数；D. whose谁的，一般作定语。分析句子可知，本句是单句，空格处指前面的“best-sellers”，“ translated into English”在句中作定语，修饰best-sellers，指代前面的名词复数，要用them。故选C。
55.Mr. Smith is almost on time for everything. How ________ it be that he was late for the meeting?
A. can B. should C. may D. must
【答案】A
【解析】
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：史密斯先生几乎任何事情都是准时的。他怎么可能开会迟到了？ A. can可能，可能性，表示可能性时，常用于否定句和疑问句中，且有时还带有“惊奇、不相信” 等感情色彩。B. should 应该； C. may也许，表示可能性时常用于肯定句中，不用于疑问句中。D.must常用于肯定句中表推测，“一定……”的意思；本题是强调句型的一个变式：强调其特殊疑问句how的形式。根据前句“斯密斯先生几乎是很准时”可推测出“怎么可能开会迟到呢？”。根据句意可知，用于疑问句中的“可能性”且有不相信的色彩，四个选项只有“can”符合题意。故选A
【点睛】情态动词就是表示说话者对事情的一种看法，也就是一种语气。情态动词的用法一直是命题者常设置的考点和重点，平时要加强记忆。
56.Anger is an acid that can do more harm to the vessel in which it is stored than to anything it is poured
A. whenever B. that C. on which D. wherever
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查固定搭配及定语从句的关系词。句意：愤怒是一种酸性物质，它对储存它的容器的伤害大于它对任何接触它的物体的伤害。分析句子可知，本句是定语从句。“pour on..”为固定搭配，意为“倾泻在......上”。句中的anything是先行词，被定语从句“_____ it is poured”修饰，anything在从句中作pour on...的宾语，所以可用 on which。故选C。
57.The species of wildlife in Mozambique came close to when rebel and government soldiers hunted much of the animals there
A. vanish B. be vanishing C. vanishing D. being vanished
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：当叛军和政府军在莫桑比克猎杀许多野生动物时，那里的野生动物种类几乎接近消失了。“come close to...”为固定搭配，意为“接近......”其中的to为介词，后面要用动名词。故不能用A和B；the species of wildlife野生动物的物种与动词vanish是主动关系，而非被动， D错误。故选C。
58. peer pressure has a stronger impact on teenagers than any amount of government intervention, it is not surprising that the government's efforts to fight against drug abuse will meet more resistance with younger consumers.
A. In that B. Given that C. On condition that D. Although
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查状语从句的引导词。句意：考虑到同辈压力对青少年的影响比任何数量的政府干预都要大，政府打击药物滥用的努力会遇到更多年轻消费者的抵制也就不足为奇了。A. In that由于，在于；B. Given that鉴于，考虑到。C. On condition that条件是......；D. Although虽然，然而。根据前后的语境可知，前面表达的是原因，后面是结果。“given that...”意为“考虑到....”引导原因状语从句。而in that引导原因状语从句时，一般不能置于句首。故选B。
59.In a typical business situation, women, find themselves bumping their heads on "glass ceiling", a barrier to their career which may be impossible to break
A. as they might try B. try as they might
C. hardly as they try D. as they try very hard
【答案】B
【解析】
【详解】考查部分倒装及副词辨析。句意：在一个典型的商业环境中，虽然女性有可能努力尝试打破职场上的“玻璃天花板”，这是职场上的一道无法逾越的障碍。hard为副词时“努力地，艰难地”，而“hardly”意为“几乎不”。本句是说女性努力尝试打破这个障碍，所以不能用hardly，用hard。 分析句子可知，本句前后两句是转折关系。当as译为“尽管”时，只用于倒装语序结构中，语气强于 although 和 though。这种倒装常把副词置于as引导的从句的句首。如Hard as he works, he can't support his family.尽管他工作努力，可还是无法养活一家人。分析可知只有B项正确。故选B。
60.Which of the following is TRUE?
A. So naughty a boy he is that he has been labeled as a trouble maker by
B. Down did the vase fall, breaking into pieces
C. On top of the mountain can be seen a monument clearly
D. Not until then had he realized the importance of obeying the traffic rules
【答案】C
【解析】
【详解】考查倒装句型。在部分倒装中，so+形容词+a/an+可数名词的单数+系动词+主语+that从句，可知，A是错误的，此句应为：So naughty a boy is he that he has been labeled as a trouble maker by。在英语中表示方向的副词如down, up 等词置于句首，句子的主语是名词时才能完全倒装，而不是部分倒装。B项的句子Down the vase fall, breaking into pieces应该为：Down the vase fell, breaking into pieces。所以C项On top of the mountain can be seen a monument clearly符合完全倒装。D项Not until then had he realized the importance of obeying the traffic rules是部分倒装，但英语中not...until...的主语一般不用完成时，主句一般现在时，或一般将来时，一般过去时，所以应该为：D. Not until then did he realize the importance of obeying the traffic rules。故选C。
【点睛】倒装句可分为完全倒装、部分倒装。
一、完全倒装即将句子中整个谓语动词提到主语前的句子结构。此句式的主语必须是名词。
1.当out、in、down、up、away、here、there、then等副词位于句首时。例如：
.例如：Out rushed the children. 孩子们冲了出来。
如果主语是代词的话，只能是Out the children rushed.
2.当in the room、on the wall等表示地点状语的介词短语置于句首时。例如：
At the top of the hill stood the tiny chapel. 那座小教堂矗立在山顶上
二。部分倒装。部分倒装将句子中谓语动词一部分（包括助动词、be动词和情态动词）提到主语前的句子结构。
以下几种情况必须使用部分倒装：
1. 表示否定意义的副词或介词短语如not、never、seldom、little、hardly、no sooner、no longer、nowhere、by no means、in no case、on no condition、in/under no circumstances等位于句首时。
Seldom does he go out for dinner他很少出去吃饭。
2. “only+副词/介词短语/状语从句”结构位于句首时。例如：
Only then did he realize that he was wrong.到那时他才意识到他错了。
注意：关于部分倒装，有六个经典句型，是考查倒装句时的高频考点，和小简老师一起来看看。6个经典句型
经典句型1. 在not only…but also...句型中，not only位于句首时，其后句子用部分倒装，but also后的句子依然是陈述句式。例如：
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily.不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更简单了。
经典句型2. 在not…until句型中，当not until…位于句首时，其后的主句要用部分倒装。例如：
Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room.雨停了之后他才离开这房间。
经典句型3. 在so+adj./adv.+that...句型中，当so+adj./adv.位于句首时，其所在句用部分倒装，that引导的结果状语从句依然是陈述句式。例如：
So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。
经典句型4. so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语，表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者。例如：
You are young and so am I.你年轻，我也年轻。
经典句型5. neither/nor+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语，表示前面提出的某一否定的情况也同样适合于后者。例如：
You aren’t young and neither am I.你不年轻，我也不年轻。
经典句型6. 在neither...nor...句型中，两个连词后的句子都用部分倒装，意为“既不......也不......”。例如：
Neiher can I swim，nor can I skate.我既不会游泳，也不会滑冰。
第Ⅱ卷(共40分)
L Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
61. 值得一提的是,这座刚落成的教学楼配备了先进的视听设备。(worth)
62. 在新品发布前,老板要求广告公司展开调查来收集潜在客户的信息。(demand)
63. 面对着诸多不确定因零,家长对孩子的学业成绩感到焦虑是一件正常的事情。(face)
64. 要牢记:只要按部就班实现每个短期目标,我们就可以在科研上取得一个又一个的突破。(Bear)
【答案】61. It is worth mentioning that the newly-built teaching building has been equipped with advanced audio-visual equipment.
62. Before the new product is launched, the boss has demanded that the advertising agency (should) carry out a survey to collect/gather information about potential clients.
63. When they are facing/ (faced with) many uncertainties, it is natural/normal parents to feel anxious about their children's academic performance.
64. Bear in mind that as long as we reach every short-term goal step by step, we can make one breakthrough after another in scientific research
【解析】
本本大题考查用所给的词翻译英语句子。此种题首先要分析所给的汉语句意及所给词的用法，明确考核的要点，选择恰当的词语搭配。这不仅要用所给的语法项目进行恰当的翻译，同时还要注意翻译句子时要根据具体的语境。此外一定要避免汉语式的英语翻译。
【61题详解】
考查固定用法。 “Sth. be worth doing worth”为固定用法，意为“某事值得做”。“be equipped with...”为固定搭配，意为“配备有......”。此句中的根据语境可知，因此可用it作形式主语，真正的主语是“这座刚落成的教学楼配备了先进的视听设备”。故本句可译为： It is worth mentioning that the newly-built teaching building has been equipped with advanced audio-visual equipment.
【62题详解】
考查demand引导的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。Demand在表示“要求”时，所引导的宾语从句要用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should也可省略。故本句可译为：Before the new product is launched, the boss has demanded that the advertising agency (should) carry out a survey to collect/gather information about potential clients.
【63题详解】
考查face的用法。“某人面对某事时”可用“sb. face sth.” 或用“sb. be faced with...”。根据语境可知，此句是由when引导的状语从句。故本句可译为：When they are facing/ (faced with) many uncertainties, it is natural/normal parents to feel anxious about their children's academic performance.
【64题详解】
考查固定用法。“Bear ...in mind”为固定用法，意为“把......记住”。根据语境可知，bear的宾语中含有一个状语从句，“只要按部就班实现每个短期目标”可译为“as long as we reach every short-term goal step by step”，第二句中“取得突破”要运用“make one breakthrough”。故本句可译为：Bear in mind that as long as we reach every short-term goal step by step, we can make one breakthrough after another in scientific research。
Ⅱ. Summary
65.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words, Use your own words as far as possible
Parents everywhere praise their kids when they do well in school, win a ball game, or build an impressive sandcastle, anything that seems to be something "remarkable". Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, "We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be stricter." giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence
In fact they may he wrong. Too much praise can make kids afraid to try new, things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them. Still, not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they're not good enough and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments
So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused an the effort - mot the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. "We should especially recognize our children's efforts to put themselves and work hard to achieve a goal, says Donahue, author of parenting Without Fear, "Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses."
Praising the effort can also mean you need to identify the part where your kids make special
efforts in a particular scenario(情景). Instead of saying, "you are such a good baseball player", say, "you hit the ball really hard. You are an excellent first baseman. "Being specific is much better and helps kids identify with their special skill, Donahue says
【答案】Parents praise their kids to boost their confidence. However, too much praise may stop their kids from exploring new things. Kids may also feel discouraged and stop trying without adequate praise. So what matters is the quality of praise, Parents should learn to give sincere and specific praises for their efforts in a particular case
【解析】
【分析】
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。主要考察对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁语言概括文章重要信息的能力及对文章整体结构的把握能力。
【详解】写作步骤
1）细读原文。找出文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意，并列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
如本文，首先读第一段可知，本文主要叙述了孩子们在学校表现出色时，父母总会进行表扬，给予他们信心。可译为：Parents praise their kids to boost their confidence.。第二段主旨大意为：事实上他们可能错了。太多的表扬会让孩子害怕尝试新事物，或者冒险，因为害怕无法在父母表扬的地方保持领先地位。因此要恰当地表扬。此大意可重新表达为：However, too much praise may stop their kids from exploring new things. Kids may also feel discouraged and stop trying without adequate praise.于是第三段和第四段提出如何才能恰当地表扬，即“Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused an the effort - mot the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.”还要“Praising the effort can also mean you need to identify the part where your kids make special efforts in a particular scenario”，表扬重在质量，要真诚。要在特定情况下的努力给予真诚和具体的表扬。此大意可重新表述为：o what matters is the quality of praise, Parents should learn to give sincere and specific praises for their efforts in a particular case
2）在写作时概要应包括原文中的主要事实，同原文保持协调，略去不必要的细节。最后注意要点之间的衔接，安排好篇幅的比例。不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些句型转换，同义词的运用，概括，主被动语态，合并句子等，形成新的东西。
3)看是否符合规定的词数要求。
【点睛】本文结构合理，概括紧扣主题，用自己的语言来叙述全文的要点，文章篇幅安排的很有条理。句式相对简洁。文中运用了较高级的词组如boost one's confidence ; stop ... from doing ; discourage... from ... give sincere and specific praises for ...以及连接副词however ,so等。句式以简单句为主，同时运用了以what引导的what matters is the quality of praise。
Ⅲ. Guided Writing
66.Directions: Write an English composition in no less than 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese
为保护环境,政府颁布了管理条例，强制实行垃圾分类。但你所在小区的落实情况不尽人意,经常有居民垃圾不认真分类，也有居民在非指定的时间乱丢垃圾。诸如此类，不一而足。请你写一封电子邮件向有关部门负责人反映这一现状，并提出自己的合理化建议。
参考词汇：生活垃圾： household garbage:垃圾分类：garbage sorting/garbage classification
干垃圾：dry garbage 湿垃圾：wet garbage(kitchen waste)可回收垃圾：recyclables
有害垃圾：hazardous waste
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】To reduce waste pollution and protect the ecological environment, the government has issued regulations to enforce garbage classification. However, in our community some residents don't seriously classify garbage so that they don't separated dry and wet garbage from domestic garbage, and recyclable garbage is not picked up. Even some residents don't litter in designated places.
In response to this situation, we should take appropriate measures. Firstly, the residents should be told what type of garbage belongs to help them classify garbage, and the benefits can they consciously classify garbage. Secondly, attach striking labels to trash cans to remind them to throw garbage. Last but not least, supervision and inspection is necessary.
I think only when the residents and the government cooperate with each other, the garbage can be classified and used to the best .
【解析】
【分析】
本文为说明文。本文就你所在小区经常有居民垃圾不认真分类，也有居民在非指定的时间乱丢垃圾等。针对这一现象，请你写一封电子邮件向有关部门负责人反映这一现状,并提出自己的食理化建议。
【详解】本文为材料作文。针对经常有居民垃圾不认真分类，也有居民在非指定的时间乱丢垃圾等现象，写一封电子邮件向有关部门负责人反映这一现状，并提出自己的食理化建议。
第一部分叙述为保护环境，政府虽然颁布了管理条例来强制实行垃圾分类，减少废弃污染，保护生态环境，但小区的落实情况不尽人意。并简述一下情况，如经常有居民垃圾不认真分类，干湿垃圾等不分捡，甚至有的居民觉得乱扔垃圾。
第二部分提出合理化的建议，如对居民普及垃圾分类的知识及分类的好处，加强监督，让居民自觉分类垃圾等。
【点睛】本文要点完整，用词恰当。文中运用了许多较高级的句式如由so that引导的状语从句However, in our community some residents don't seriously classify garbage so that they don't separated dry and wet garbage from domestic garbage；由which引导的定语从句the government should enforce management regulations, which makes residents realize that classifying garbage is an obligation；由only引导的倒装句Only when the residents and the government cooperate with each other, the garbage can be classified and used to the best。文中运用了动词不定式作状语To reduce waste pollution and protect the ecological environment,同时顺序连词如firstly, secondly,Last but not least等的运用，使文章条理清楚。