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2022年中考英语语法考点精要梳理手册(全国通用)
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中考英语语法考点精要梳理手册
十一 语态
语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语的关系。当主语是动作的执行者时用主动语态(某人做某事);当主语是动作的承受者时,用被动语态(某事被某人做)。
考点一 各种常见时态的被动语态
被动语态的构成:助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(即p.p.)。被动语态常用的时态共有8种:
时态
构成
例句
一般现在时
am / is / are+p.p.
Bananas are grown in the south of China.
香蕉在中国南部种植。
一般过去时
was / were+p.p.
The car was bought last year.
这辆汽车是去年买的。
一般将来时
will/shall+be+p.p.
be going to be+p.p.
The building will be finished in a month.
这座楼将在一个月后竣工。
现在进行时
am/is/are being+p.p.
The trees are being watered by the workers.
工人们在浇树。
现在完成时
have/has been+p.p.
My car has been repaired for a week.
我的车已修一个星期了。
过去进行时
was/were being+p.p.
The trees were being cut down at that time last night.
昨天晚上的那个时候树被砍倒了。
过去完成时
Had been+p.p.
By the time we got there,the fire had been put out.
我们到那儿时,火已经被扑灭了。
过去将来时
should/would be+p.p.
They said the work would be finished on time.
他们说工作将会按时完成。
考点二 主动语态变为被动语态的方法
主动语态变为被动语态时,通常遵循以下三个步骤:
1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语动词改为与其时态相对应的被动形式,且与被动语态的主语保持人称和数的一致。
3.将主动语态的主语改为介词by的宾语,置于句末。“by+宾语”在句中常省略。
请对比下面的主动句和被动句:
考点三 被动语态的几种特殊形式
1.含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句
含有双宾语的主动句变成被动句时有两种变法:
(1)把指“人”的间接宾语变为主语,指“物”的直接宾语保留不变。
My father gave me a new bike.
I was given a new bike by my father.
我爸爸给了我一辆新自行车。
(2)把指“物”的直接宾语变为主语,间接宾语前要加介词to(在send,pass,write,give,show,bring等动词之后)或for(在buy,cook,make,order,choose等动词之后)。
My teacher gave me some advice. 老师给了我一些建议。 Some advice was given to me by my teacher.
Mary bought me a new book. 玛丽给我买了一本新书。 A new book was bought for me by Mary.
2.含有复合宾语的主动句变被动句
(1)含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句时,要将其中的宾语变成主语,宾语补足语不变。
Jim asked Tom to go for a walk. 吉姆叫汤姆去散步。Tom was asked by Jim to go for a walk.
(2) 在主动句中,一些表示感官或使役意义的动词,如hear,watch,see,feel,notice,let,make,have和help等后面的宾语补足语是动词不定式时,主动语态中要用不带to的动词不定式,但在变为被动语态时,不定式符号to应补出。
The boss made them work for 16 hours a day.
They were made to work for 16 hours a day(by the boss).
老板让他们一天工作16个小时。
【巧记口诀】
感使动词好奇怪,
to来to去费神猜。
主动句里to拿走,
被动句中to回来。
3.短语动词的被动形式
许多不及物动词加介词或副词后构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词。在变为被动语态的时候,不能把短语动词分开,也不能漏掉短语动词中的介词或副词。
Tony always takes care of his sister.
His sister is always taken care of by Tony.
托尼总是照顾他妹妹。
4.主动形式表示被动意义
(1)某些表示主语质地、自身特征的动词,如write,wash,sell,read,clean,cook等,常和副词well或easily连用,用主动形式表示被动意义。这些动词在这种情况下,一般用作不及物动词。
The shop opens at six in the morning. 这家商店上午六点开门。
The pen writes well. 这支钢笔写起来很流利。
(2)feel,sound,taste,smell等动词常用主动形式表示被动意义。
The songs sound good.这些歌听起来很好听。
(3)在表示“需要”意义的need,want,require等词后接主动的动词-ing形式表示被动意义。
The house needs repairing. 这座房子需要修理。
(4)在be worth doing句型中,句子的主语是doing的逻辑宾语,但是仍然使用主动形式。
The film is well/better worth watching. 这部电影很值得看。
【巧记口诀】
巧记被动语态用法
谁做动作不知道,或说谁做不必要;
言者强调承受者,被动语态都最好。
宾语提前主语变,时态人称be 关键;
过去分词勿变错,原主变宾by 后见。
不定式若省略to,请听观感使让助;
但有一点要记住,被动语态补上to。
语态专题提升演练
考点一 各种常见时态的被动语态
1.—Who’s the little girl in the photo, Laura?
—It’s me. This photo when I was five.
A.is taken B.takes C.was taken D.took
2.—I want to teach in the poor countryside of Qinghai when I graduate from the college.
—Me, too. Teachers very much there.
A.need B.are needing C.are needed D.needed
3. A lot of new roads in order to develop the villages in the next five years.
A.built B.were built C.build D.will be built
4.People who to the party are very excited.
A.have invited B.has been invited C.will invite D.have been invited
考点二 主动语态变为被动语态的方法
1.Bob gave me a nice present. (改为被动语态)
A nice present me by Bob.
2.Ann told me to buy some food. (改为被动语态)
I to buy some food by Ann.
考点三 被动语态的几种特殊形式
1.These rules are made the disabled.
A.protect B.protected C.to protect D.protecting
2.—What are you going to do? —My bike is broken. It needs .
A.repair B.repaired C.repairing D.be repaired
十二 主谓一致
主谓一致是指谓语动词和主语在人称和数上保持一致,遵循三个原则:语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近一致原则。
考点一 语法一致原则
主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上一致,即主语是单数形式时,谓语动词也采用单数形式;主语是复数形式时,谓语动词也采用复数形式。
1.当and或both ...and ...连接两个或两个以上的名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Tom and Mike are good friends.汤姆和迈克是好朋友。
Both Lucy and Lily are students.露西和莉莉都是学生。
2.不定代词either,neither,each one,the other,another,anybody,anyone,anything,
someone,somebody,something,everyone,everybody,everything,nobody,no one,nothing等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Is there anything wrong with your bike? 你的自行车有什么毛病吗?
Everyone is ready for the sports meeting. 大家都为运动会做好了准备。
3.由each,each ...and each ...,every,every ...and every ...作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Each boy and each girl was given a new uniform. 给了每一个男孩和每一个女孩一件新校服。
4.主语后接有with,along with,together with,as well as,including,besides,like,except,but等词或短语时,谓语动词的数由主语的单、复数形式决定。
Mr. Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing. 格林先生将和他的夫人及两个女儿一块儿来北京。
5.a number of+名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;the number of+限定词+名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
A number of trees were cut down. 许多树木被砍倒了。
The number of the students in our class is 32. 我们班的学生人数为32。
6.“a lot of (lots of,plenty of,a pile of,piles of,most of)+名词”和“分数或百分数+名词”等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于名词。如果是不可数名词,则谓语动词用单数形式;如果是可数名词复数,则谓语动词用复数形式。
Lots of people have been there.很多人去过那儿。
7.由“a pair(a kind,a series ...)+of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;“pairs(kinds ...)+of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
A pair of sunglasses is lying on the table. 桌子上放着一副太阳镜。
Fifty pairs of shoes are made each day. 每天能制作50双鞋。
8.某些只有复数形式的名词(如clothes,trousers,shorts,pants,shoes,gloves ...)作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
My glasses were worn out.我的眼镜坏了。
9.不定式或动词-ing形式作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Reading is learning.读书就是学习。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
考点二 意义一致原则
意义一致又叫概念一致,即谓语动词用单数还是复数要看主语所表达的概念。
1.由and连接的两个名词作主语,如果是指同一概念(即and后面无冠词),则谓语动词用单数形式。
The teacher and writer is coming to give us a talk next week. 那位老师兼作家下周要给我们做报告。
The singer and dancer has been invited to the party. 那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家被邀请参加了晚会。
2.表示金钱、价格、时间、距离、长度等复数名词、词组作主语时,一般被看作一个整体,谓语动词常用单数形式。
Five years is a long time. 五年是一段很长的时间。
3.集体名词(如family,team,crowd,company,class,group,government ...)如果表示整体概念,则谓语动词用单数形式,如果表示集体中的成员,则谓语动词用复数形式。
My family are going on vacation next month.我们一家人下个月要去度假。
My family is a small one with three people. 我家是一个有三口人的小家庭。
4.people,police,cattle等集合名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The police are helping a girl find her parents. 警察正在帮助一个女孩找她的父母。
People there are living a happy life. 那儿的人们生活得很快乐。
考点三 就近一致原则
有时谓语动词的形式与靠近它的主语一致,这种原则叫作就近一致原则。
1.由either ...or ...,neither ...nor ...,not only ...but (also) ...,not ...but ...或or连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词与较近的主语保持一致。
Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle. 不只是我父母,我也盼望看到我叔叔。
2.there be ...和here be ...这两个句式中的动词be常与最近的主语在数上保持一致。
There is a table and three chairs in Tom’s room. 在汤姆的房间有一张桌子和三把椅子。
主谓一致专题提升演练
考点一 语法一致原则
1.My sister with my parents dumplings when I got home yesterday evening.
A.are making B.is making C.was making D.were making
2.In our school library there a number of books and the number of them growing larger and larger.
A.is; are B.has; is C.are; is D.have; are
3.—The price of vegetables so quickly these days. —Oh, no, but I don’t think so.
A.afford B.rises C.improves D.raise
4.Climbing hills of great help to our health.
A.was B.were C.is D.are
考点二 意义一致原则
1. Two months a long time. We can visit our grandparents during the vacation.
A.am B.is C.are
2.—David has been away for more than 25 days.
—I miss him very much. You know, 25 days short.
A.is B.isn’t C.are D.aren’t
3.The singer and writer from Japan.
A.are B.is C.come D.have
考点三 就近一致原则
1.—What would you like to have for supper?
—Either noodles or rice OK. I don’t mind.
A.are B.were C.is D.was
2.Neither Tom nor I interested in playing the game.
A.am B.is C.are D.be
3.There many new words in Lesson Nine, so it is very easy.
A.is B.aren’t C.isn’t D.are
中考英语语法考点精要梳理手册
(学练结合版)
十三 句子的种类
考点一 肯定句变否定句
陈述句是用来叙述一件事情或表明说话人的看法、态度等的句子。包括肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。肯定句变否定句的方法有:
1.若句中有be动词、情态动词或助动词,则分别在它们的后面加上not。
①Ann is a doctor.安是一名医生。 →Ann isn’t a doctor.安不是一名医生。
②Jim can swim.吉姆会游泳。 →Jim can’t swim.吉姆不会游泳。
③I will buy a bike.我打算买一辆自行车。 →I won’t buy a bike.我不打算买一辆自行车。
2.句中谓语动词是实义动词或be以外的连系动词时,要在该动词前加don’t,doesn’t或didn’t,且该动词要用原形。另外,还需要将原句子中的some改为any;too改为either;already改为yet;and改为or。
I have some apples,too.我也有一些苹果。 →I don’t have any apples,either. 我也没有苹果。
Tom did his homework last night. 昨天晚上汤姆做家庭作业了。
→Tom didn’t do his homework last night. 昨天晚上汤姆没有做家庭作业。
【巧记口诀】
各种时态的肯定句变否定句
变成否定有方法,“有”“将”“是”后not加,
一般现在和过去,如果谓语为实义,
don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)加上去,
还有一点要注意,后面的动词用原形。
考点二 一般疑问句
所谓一般疑问句,就是可以用yes或no来回答的疑问句。
1.肯定式的一般疑问句
此类一般疑问句的结构为:“be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语+其他?”。
Are you a worker?你是一名工人吗?
Can you swim?你会游泳吗?
Do you like playing football?你喜欢踢足球吗?
2.否定式的一般疑问句
此类一般疑问句主要表示反问或惊讶,通常在be动词、情态动词或助动词后加not的简略式n’t,并放在句首。
在否定式的一般疑问句的答语中,yes应翻译成“不”,no应翻译成“是的”。
—Aren’t you a writer?难道你不是一名作家吗? —No,I’m not.是的,我不是。
考点三 特殊疑问句
由特殊疑问词或短语引导的疑问句,叫特殊疑问句。常见的特殊疑问词或短语有 what,who,whose,which,when,where,how,what time,how much,how many,how long等。
特殊疑问词或短语作主语时,句子的语序与陈述句的语序相同;当特殊疑问词或短语作句子的宾语、状语等时,应用“疑问词+一般疑问句”语序。
Who will give us a talk?谁将给我们做报告?(作主语)
When do you get up every day? 你每天什么时候起床?(作时间状语)
考点四 选择疑问句
要求对方对两种或两种以上的情况进行选择的问句,叫作选择疑问句。选择疑问句的两个供选择的部分之间用or连接。选择疑问句有两种:一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句。选择疑问句不能用yes或no来回答。
—Do you like Tom or Jerry?你喜欢汤姆还是杰瑞? —I like Jerry.我喜欢杰瑞。
—Which do you like best,apples,oranges or bananas? 你最喜欢哪一样,苹果、橙子还是香蕉?
—I like apples best.我最喜欢苹果。
考点五 附加疑问句
1.附加疑问句的特点
附加疑问句是由两部分构成的:前一部分是对事物的陈述,后一部分是简短的提问,即“陈述句+附加疑问句”。附加疑问句前后两部分必须遵循“三同一反”的原则,即:人称相同,动词相同,时态相同,前肯后否,前否后肯。附加疑问句的答语与一般疑问句相同,即肯定回答用yes,否定回答用no。但注意在回答“前否后肯”的附加疑问句时,yes译为“不”,no译为“是的”。
Mary is a worker,isn’t she? 玛丽是一名工人,不是吗?
—You won’t go to the Summer Palace tomorrow,will you? 明天你不去颐和园,是吗?
—Yes,I will.不,我要去。/No,I won’t.是的,我不会去。
【巧记口诀】
附加疑问句用法歌诀
前肯后否是习惯,前否后肯也常见。
单词not如出现,必须缩写是习惯。
回答附加疑问句,答案含义是依据。
肯定事实用yes,否定事实用no替。
2.附加疑问部分主语及谓语的确定
(1)陈述部分含有never,few,little,nothing,nobody,no,hardly,none等表示否定意义的词时,其附加疑问句应用肯定形式。
There are few people in the room,are there? 房间里几乎没有人,是吗?
(2)陈述句部分是there be结构时,附加疑问部分用be not there。
There is an apple tree in front of the building,isn’t there? 大楼前面有一棵苹果树,不是吗?
(3)当陈述部分的主语为指事(物)的不定代词something,anything,everything等时,附加疑问句的主语应用it。
Something is wrong with your computer,isn’t it? 你的电脑出毛病了,不是吗?
(4)当陈述部分的主语为指人的不定代词somebody,anybody,everybody等时,附加疑问句的主语可用he或they,但不可用it来代替。
Somebody wants to see you,doesn’t he/don’t they? 有人要见你,不是吗?
(5)当陈述部分的主语为this,that等时,附加疑问部分的主语应用it。类似地,当陈述部分的主语为these,those等时,附加疑问部分的主语应用they。
That is a beautiful picture,isn’t it? 那是一幅美丽的图画,不是吗?
Those aren’t pear trees,are they? 那些不是梨树,是吗?
(6)若陈述句部分含有带否定前缀的词,如:unhappy,impossible,untrue,dislike等,应把陈述句看作肯定句,构成附加疑问句时,附加疑问句用否定式。
Bob dislikes volleyball,doesn’t he? 鲍勃不喜欢排球,不是吗?
Jenny looks unhappy today,doesn’t she? 珍妮今天看起来不高兴,不是吗?
(7)当陈述部分为I am 形式时,附加疑问句部分应该用aren’t I。
I’m right,aren’t I? 我是对的,不是吗?
(8)肯定祈使句的附加疑问句可以用will you或won’t you;否定祈使句的附加疑问句用will you。
Listen to me carefully,will/won’t you? 仔细听我说,好吗?
Don’t play with fire,will you? 不要玩火,好吗?
(9)以let’s开头的祈使句,附加疑问句应用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句,附加疑问句应用will you。
Let’s go to the park,shall we?让我们去公园,好吗?
Let us help you,will you?让我们来帮你,好吗?
(10)陈述句部分若为主从复合句,附加疑问部分的主语通常与主句的主语一致。
Jenny said she would come tomorrow,didn’t she? 詹妮说她明天会来,不是吗?
【提醒】 若主句的主语是第一人称I/we,其谓语动词又是think,suppose,expect,believe,imagine等,则附加疑问部分的主语和谓语一般应与从句一致(应特别注意否定转移的情况)。
I think Tom is a good student,isn’t he? 我认为汤姆是一个好学生,是吗?
We don’t think you are right,are you? 我们认为你不对,不是吗?
考点六 祈使句
祈使句表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、建议、请求或命令等。主语you通常省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号。表达请求或劝告时,祈使句句末或句首可以加上please表示委婉的语气。
1.祈使句的肯定形式
(1)动词原形(系动词用be)。
Come on!加油!
Be careful!小心!
(2)动词前加上do加强语气,表示“务必;一定”。
Do get up early tomorrow!明天一定要早起!
Do look out!千万要小心!
(3)Let+宾语+动词原形(+其他成分).
Let’s play soccer after school. 放学后我们踢足球吧。
Let me have a try again.让我再试一下吧。
2.祈使句的否定形式
(1)don’t+动词原形,表示“不要/禁止……”。
Don’t step on the grass!禁止践踏草坪!
Don’t be late for class!上课不要迟到!
(2)let开头的祈使句的否定形式分两种情况:
①Don’t let+宾语+动词原形+其他.
②Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其他.
Don’t let the children play in the street. 不要让孩子们在大街上玩耍。
Let the children not play in the street. 让孩子们别在大街上玩耍。
Let’s not argue about it anymore. 我们不要再为了这件事争吵了。
(3)公共场合的提示语中常用“no+名词/动词的-ing形式”表示“禁止做某事”。
No photos!禁止拍照!
No talking!禁止喧哗!
考点七 感叹句
类别
结构
例句
以what引导
What+a/an+adj.+单数可数(+主语+谓语)!
What a beautiful girl she is!多么漂亮的一个女孩!
What+adj.+复数可数名词(+主语+谓语)!
What tall trees they are!多么高的树!
What+adj.+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!
What bad weather it is today!今天的天气多么糟糕啊!
以how引导
How+adj.+a/an+可数单数(+主语+谓语)!
How clever a boy he is!他是一个多么聪明的男孩!
How+adj./adv.(+主语+谓语)!
How quickly Tom runs!汤姆跑得真快啊!
How+主语+谓语!
How time flies!光阴似箭!
考点八 倒装句
英语句子的顺序一般是主语在前,谓语在后。但有时因为语法结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要,会把句中的谓语提到主语前面,这种句子叫倒装句。
倒装句的常见句式:
1.there be句型
there be句型表示“存在”,真正的主语在be的后面。
There is some coffee in the cup. 杯中有些咖啡。
2.so+(相同时态)助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语,表示与上文中所述的肯定情况相同。通常上下两句主语不同。 —Jack likes rice for lunch. 杰克午饭喜欢吃米饭。 —So do I.我也是。
【提醒】 “so+主语+(相同时态)助动词/系动词/情态动词”表示“确实如此”,表示对上文所述情况的认可和肯定。通常上下两句主语相同。
—Paul likes rice for lunch. 保罗午饭喜欢吃米饭。 —So he does.是啊。(他确实喜欢)
3.neither+(相同时态)助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语,表示与上文中所述的否定情况相同。
—Jack has never been to Japan. 杰克从未去过日本。 —Neither have I.我也没去过。
4.副词开头的倒装句
以here,there,out,in,down,away等表示方位的副词开头的句子中,如果主语是名词,要用倒装形式。谓语动词的形式由倒装句句尾的主语决定。
There comes the bus.公交车来了。
Here are the results of the test.测试结果出来了。
【提醒】 如果主语是代词, 主语和谓语的语序保持不变。
Here he comes. 他来了。
only后接副词或介词短语位于句首时, 也用倒装结构。
Only in this way can we solve the problem. 只有用这种方式我们才能解决这个问题。
句子的种类专项提升演练
考点一 肯定句变否定句
1. The boys can play chess in the afternoon. (改为否定句)
The boys chess in the afternoon.
2. Tom has been to the US before. (改为否定句)
Tom to the US before.
考点二 一般疑问句
1.The nurse does all the housework in my home every day. (改为一般疑问句)
the nurse all the housework in your home every day?
2.Bruce was at home last night. (改为一般疑问句)
at home last night?
考点三 特殊疑问句
1.We will travel to the Great Wall after the exam. (对画线部分提问)
you travel after the exam?
2. The AI technology will make a difference to school education in the future. (对画线部分提问)
will the AI technology in the future?
考点四 选择疑问句
1.—Is the boy your friend your brother? —He is my brother.
A.and B.or C.but D.so
2.I like red. (用black改为选择疑问句)
you like red black?
考点五 附加疑问句
1.Don’t make so much noise, Lily, ?
A.do you B.don’t you C.will you D.won’t you
2. My sister never fights with her classmates over small things, ?
A.doesn’t she B.is she C.does she D.isn’t she
考点六 祈使句
1. everyone with politeness even those who are very rude to you, not because they are nice, but because you are.
A.Treat B.Treating C.Treated D.To treat
2. carefully, please! Look at the road sign. There is a school ahead.
A.Drive B.To drive C.Driving
考点七 感叹句
1.— excellent work you have done! —It’s very kind of you to say so.
A.What B.How C.What an D.How an
2.—The temperature is only 10℃ today.—Yes. strange the weather is in Urumqi this year!
A.How B.How a C.What D.What a
考点八 倒装句
1.—They go to school early in the morning. —
A.So do Tom. B.So Tom do. C.So does Tom. D.So Tom does.
2.—Peter doesn’t know many people here. — .
A.So do I B.So am I C.Neither am I D.Neither do I
3. Only yesterday find out that his purse was lost.
A.he was B.was he C.did he D.he did
十四 并列句和复合句
一、并列句
由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子叫并列句。常见分类:
1.表示同等、平行或承接关系,常用连词有and,not only ...but also ...,neither ...nor ...等。
2.表示转折关系,常用连词有but,yet(然而),while(而)等。
3.表示选择关系,常用连词有or,either ...or ...(要么……要么……)等。
4.表示因果关系,常见的连词有for (因为),so等。
二、复合句
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。从句须由关联词引导。初中英语教材主要涉及的复合句有宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
考点一 宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。
1.宾语从句的语序
宾语从句须用陈述语序。
Do you know how much the car is? 你知道这辆车多少钱吗?
2.宾语从句的引导词
引导词
例句
由that引导
I know (that) you are a good man.
我知道你是个好人。
由if或whether引导
I wonder if/whether you would mind making less noise.
我不知道你是否介意小点儿声。
由连接代词who,what,whose引导
Did you find out who stole the money?
你查明是谁偷的钱了吗?
由连接副词when,why,where,how引导
The granny doesn’t know where the bus stop is.
那位老奶奶不知道公共汽车站在哪里。
3.宾语从句的时态
用法
例句
当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时时,宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定(可以是任意时态)
I hear that he went to Hangzhou yesterday.
我听说他昨天去了杭州。
Mary says that she will leave China tomorrow.
玛丽说她明天要离开中国。
当主句是过去时时,宾语从句必须用过去的某种时态(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时等)
I thought that you were Li Ming’s brother.
我原以为你是李明的弟弟。
I heard that you were ill yesterday.
我听说昨天你病了。
如果宾语从句表示的是一个永恒不变的客观事实、普遍真理、科学原理、自然现象等,即使主句是过去时,从句仍然用一般现在时
The teacher told us the earth goes around the sun.
老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
When I was a little child,I knew that the sun is bigger than the moon.
当我还是小孩子的时候,我就知道太阳比月亮大。
4.否定转移现象
用法
例句
当think“认为”、expect“期待”、guess“猜想”、imagine“想象”、believe“相信”、suppose“假如”、assume“假定”等动词的主语为第一人称,且本身为一般现在时,其后的宾语从句中的否定词通常转移到主句中
串联记忆:
我认为(think)我们期待(expect)的那个猜想(guess)有假(assume)。
I don’t think I can remember the 100 new words within one hour.
我想我不能在一小时之内记住这100个生词。
I don’t believe that he will come tonight.
我相信今晚他不会来。
【巧记口诀】
宾语从句三注意,时态、语序、引导词。
主句一般现在或将来,从句时态随句意。
主句若是过去时,主从时态要一致。
宾从表达是真理,一般现在代过去。
引导词也不难,陈述要用that连。
一般问句表“是否”,if或whether来引导。
特殊问句作宾从、疑问词引导就能行。
还有一点要说明,陈述语序要记清。
主句谓动“猜想词”,“否定转移”莫忘记。
考点二 定语从句
在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句,叫作定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的是关系代词that,which,who(whom,whose)和关系副词 when,where,why等。关系代词或关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间,它既起连接作用,又充当从句中的一个成分。
A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health.
医生是照料人们身体健康的人。who是关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。
1.引导定语从句的关系代词
关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。作宾语时,可以省略。引导定语从句的关系代词主要有that,which,who (whom,whose)等。
(1)先行词指人时,定语从句由who,whom,that引导,在从句中who,that可以作主语或宾语,whom只作宾语。
This is the man who/that wanted to meet you. 这是想见你的人。
The man who/that/whom my father is talking to is Mr. Wang. 那个正和我爸爸谈话的人是王先生。
【提醒】 that和who可以指人。表示人时,当先行词为everybody,anybody,everyone,anyone等时要用who,而不用that。
Is there anyone who can answer this question? 有人能回答这个问题吗?
(2)先行词指物时,定语从句由which,that引导,在从句中可以作主语或宾语。
The book that/which I read yesterday is very interesting. 昨天我读的那本书很有趣。
The doll that/which can sing costs 200 yuan. 那个会唱歌的玩具娃娃值200元。
【提醒】 关系代词that,which可以指物,其用法有如下区别:
(1)只可用that引导的定语从句
①当先行词为everything,nothing,something,anything等不定代词时。
We should do everything that is useful to the people. 我们应该做一切对人民有用的事。
②先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等词修饰时。
You can take any seat that is free. 你可以坐任何一个空位。
③先行词被the only,the very,the right等词修饰时。
He is the very man that I’m looking for. 他就是我正在找的那个人。
④当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best movie that I have ever seen. 这是我所看过的最好的电影。
⑤当先行词被序数词修饰时。
This is the second book that I bought this week. 这是我这个星期买的第二本书。
⑥当先行词同时含有人和物时。
We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.我们谈论我们感兴趣的人和事。
(2)只用which引导的定语从句
①当关系代词前使用介词时,只能用which,不能用that。
This is the train by which we went to Beijing. 这就是我们去北京乘坐的那班列车。
②在非限制性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开,若去掉从句,整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句)中。
Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world. 足球是一项非常有趣的运动,世界各地人们都在踢。
【巧记口诀】
that与which引导定语从句的用法
that,which可互换,下列情况勿照办。
that情况比较多,下面对你说一说。
不定代词有很多,全用that准没错。
先行词前被限制,千万不要用which。
要用which别着急,介词提前逗隔离。
(3)whose 在定语从句中只用作定语,有时它还可以同of which互换。
Please pass me the book whose cover/the cover of which is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
2.引导定语从句的关系副词
关系副词在定语从句中作时间、地点、原因等状语。引导定语从句的关系副词主要有when,where,why等。
(1)when的先行词须是表时间的名词,在从句中作时间状语。
July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七、八月是天气很热的月份。
(2)where的先行词须是表地点的名词,在从句中作地点状语。
She’s going to her home where she can rest. 她要回家了,在家里她可以休息。
where的先行词也可以是有地点含义的抽象名词。
He has reached the point where a change is needed. 他已到了需要改弦易辙的地步。
(3)why的先行词只有reason,在从句中作原因状语。
Do you know the reason why I left early? 你知道我为什么早走吗?
不需要强调先行词reason时,则可省去。此时why从句为表语从句。
That’s (the reason) why she spoke. 这就是她为什么发言的原因。
考点三 状语从句
在复合句中作状语的从句叫状语从句,它可以修饰主句中的谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句由从属连词引导,从属连词不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。根据意义上的不同,状语从句可以分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句等(详见专题六连词)。
并列句和复合句专项提升演练
考点一 宾语从句
1.—Could you please tell me ?
—Sorry, I don’t know. You may ask Mr. Black over there.
A.who does the robot belong to B.who the robot belongs to
C.who did the robot belong to D.who the robot belonged to
2. I’m planning a trip to the beach tomorrow, but still can’t decide .
A.where am I going B.how I’m going to get there
C.when I’m planning it D.why am I planning it
考点二 定语从句
1.—Class, you should be thankful to those people helped and supported you.
—We will, Miss Chen.
A.which B.whom C.who D.whose
2. Yesterday Mr. Green went to his hometown and visited the old house he was born in.
A.which B.where C.what D.it
3.Disney is an amusement park you can find all the normal attractions and Disney movies and characters.
A.which B.where C.that D.when
考点三 状语从句
1.—Learning to love is like learning to walk.
—Yes, we step out bravely, we’ll find it’s not so difficult.
A.as if B.even though C.as long as D.as far as
2.—Would you please give this newly-published novel to Jack?
—Certainly, he comes back.
A.before B.as soon as C.until D.unless
3.The students can’t go home they finish cleaning the classroom, for it’s their duty.
A.when B.since C.if D.until
4. We’ll stay at home it rains tomorrow.
A.and B.if C.but D.so
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