2022年中考英语冲刺题型专项训练：阅读理解-2（含答案）

这是一份2022年中考英语冲刺题型专项训练：阅读理解-2（含答案），共17页。
2022年中考英语冲刺题型专项训练：阅读理解-2
〖小试牛刀】

Reading Oliver James'Affluenza, I thought about what often happens at home.My 12yearold daughter is in tears.“I have to take a test tomorrow.I don't understand any of it, ”she cries out.After shouting and shutting her door, she calms down enough to go through her notes.The following day I ask her how the test went and she just says “OK. I got a nine.”
“Wow, well done！”I say, before she finishes with “But I never get a ten！”
According to James, this obsession with getting top marks has been a bad development, which encourages people to think of education in terms of work and money.To test this, I asked my daughter why she was so worried about her tests.She looked at me as if I was thick.“Well, if I don't get good grades, I won't get into university. Then I probably won't get a good job and I won't be able to afford nice things like a car and stuff.”
I was quite surprised, because I don't consider myself a pushy parent.But James suggests showing any interest in grades sends the message that what is important is results and it leaves students feeling failures even if they are very bright.He points to the Danish system(体制)of education as a better model.Creating happy citizens who have good social skills is seen as more important than high achievements at school or the needs of business.
For me, I cannot remember the last time I had to work out the area of a circle, recite a Shakespeare poem or grammar rules, yet I have lived a happy life.What I really needed to learn at school was how to make polite conversations, or how to avoid getting into debt or how to develop good personality.
This is in fact similar to what Oliver James really has in mind.And he is looking for schools where students are encouraged to find and follow their own interests, something more like Tongjon.Tongjon has been developed in some Korean private schools.It is quite different from the more rigid system of learning things by heart that is used in Korea, and indeed in many other school systems around the world.
As the Russian poet Pushkin said, “Inspiration(灵感)is needed in geometry(几何学)just as much as in poetry ”, and inspiration does not come from endlessly revising for tests or getting worried about them .
36. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Social skills are as important as high grades.
B. Interest in grades can shake selfconfidence.
C. The writer regrets not having studied hard at school.
D. Danish educational system is for very smart students.
37. The writer wants to tell us that ________.
A. learning happily is the key to self-development
B. top marks may be helpful to increase one's interest
C. tests should be improved to give children inspiration
D. education should meet one's needs for work and money
BA
解析：第1题推理判断题。文章第4段第2句“but James suggests showing any interest in grades sends the message that what is important is results and it leaves students feeling failures even if they are very bright.”可知James认为过分追求成绩会让学生感到失败，即使他们非常聪明，因此可以推断对成绩的兴趣可能会动摇信心。B 选项符合。
第2题主旨大意题。文章都在围绕过分要求考试的坏处和培养快乐市民的好处展开的。所以作者想要告诉我们，快乐的学习是自我成长的关键。A 符合。
〖考点分类】
推理判断题
知识点1：推理判断题的特点
推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。
这类推断通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。

知识点2：推理判断题的解题思路
做推断题时，应根据短文中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较，从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。要求在通篇理解文章的基础上，以文章提供的事实为依据，将已表述的和隐含的信息结合起来进行思考、分析，透彻理解全文，以领会作者的真正意图，从而做出正确的推理和判断，切不可凭空想象，主观臆断。

知识点3：推理判断题的常见设问方式
1． We can infer /conclude from the passage that ______．
2． It can be inferred /concluded (from the passage) that ________．
3． The author strongly suggests that_______________．
4． What do you think would happen (to…) at the end of the story?/ next?
5． We can infer from the text that _______．
6． From the story we can guess _____
7． Here “it” means________．
8． The underlined word “it” in the passage refers to _______．
9． The passage is probably from_______

知识点4：推理判断题的常见类型：
1． 推断文章的出处(题材)
2． 与文章细节相关的推断
3． 对文章后续内容的推断
4． 数字相关的计算推断

1． 文章出处相关的推测：
解题思路：
词类文章要求学生可以根据文章的内容及形式，推断出文章的出处，即与题材和体裁相关的考查，做此类题时，
首先需要积累一些与此类题型相关的词汇: novel/ story/ poem/ newspaper/ textbook/ magazine/ poster其次，看文章的表现形式
表格类的应用文的文章一般出自报纸和杂志；形式规整的，内容结尾押韵的，一般属于诗歌；而有对话和故事情节的，则属于小说类。
综上，做与文章出处相关的推测题，需要对各类题材有一定的掌握和总结。
例
My Year Abroad
This month in Travelers Corner there are three teenagers’ experiences in year-abroad programmes．
Mariko Okada – Tokyo
My year abroad in the United States was a fantastic experience． I’m not a shy person, and I was very comfortable speaking to everyone． So I got lots of speaking practice． I also learned lots of interesting things about American culture． When I got home, my friends all said that I had improved so much! I hope to go back again in the future．
Carla Fonseca – Rio de Janeiro
I spent last year studying English in London． I’m from a small town, and London is a very big city． Sometimes I felt it was too big． There were so many people to talk to, but I always felt bad about my English． I missed my family, and I really missed my two cats． My roommate was always using our telephone, so I hardly had the chance for a nice long talk with my parents． I think it was a good experience for me, but I’m glad to be home!
Alvin Chen – Hong Kong
Studying in New Zealand was a fun experience for me, but it was also lots of hard work! I had English classes six hours a day, five days a week——with lots of homework． I also kept a diary of my experience． I like to write, and I wrote two or three pages in my diary every day． On Saturdays, my homestay family took me to lots of interesting places and showed me so many wonderful things about the culture． I’m really glad I went!
27． Travelers Corner is most probably ．
A． a sports club newsletter B． a science documentary
C． a travel magazine D． a news website
解析：和例1中的一样，根据文章结构和内容推测文章的出处，从第一段可以看出，下面三个讲的是在国外的经历，所以不应该是A的简要,B的纪录片和D的新闻网站。
答案：C
2． 细节相关的推断：
解题思路：此类题型与单纯的细节题不一样，在文章中不能直接找到相同的表述，而是从文章的细节推断出诸如作者的观点和人物的性格；找出代词的指代等类似的题目；这就要求学生对文章的细节格外的关注。
对于记叙文需要关注对话的内容和文字表述的人物的说话方式；
对于说明文和议论文则需要建立在理解全文的基础上做题。
例
“What is success?” Mr Gruber asked his 6th grade business class． It was his opening conversation for the first class of the term．
“Success is riding in a sweet car, watching an 80-inch TV, and living in a place with at least twelve rooms．” One student answered, earning laughs from all the students．
Mr Gruber smiled, but shook his head． “Tom, that is excess(过量)． That is not success．”
“How about being able to provide for your family?” A blonde girl named Sandy in the front suggested as an answer．
“Now we’re getting closer,” Mr Gruber smiled, “but try thinking about what you need and what you want．”
“Getting everything you want．” Tom shouted out an answer again, trying for more laughs．
Mr Gruber sighed． “ I believe we’ve already talked about excess versus(与…比较) success．”
“Getting everything you need, but some of what you want?” James, sitting in the back wondered aloud．
“Quite right!” Mr Gruber clapped． “Success is getting everything you need and some of what you want． The more you get that you want, the more successful you are． You do reach a point where you are living in excess, though．”
“What does this have to do with business?” Tom asked． It seemed if it wasn’t funny, he wasn’t happy．
“Well, Tom, think of it this way: the point of business is to make a living to support your family． Once you have properly seen to (确保) their needs, you can then see to getting the extras that you want．”
“What if I don’t have a family?” he continued to be difficult．
“Then you have to provide for yourself, a family of one．”
“He has goldfish to think about!” Peter, Tom’s friend, shouted out．
“Then he needs to provide for a family of one with a fishbowl．” Mr． Gruber corrected himself．
Tom nodded, satisfied with that answer．
“So in the next nine weeks, we’re going to study basic business situations, like having a checking account and understanding credit cards．”
Tom rubbed his hands together excitedly． “When do we get to start spending?”
“You already are, Tom． You’re spending time with us!” Mr. Gruber laughed． “Now, let’s see what you guys know about credit cards…”
37． Which student didn’t seem to be taking the class seriously?
A． Tom B． James C． Peter D． Sandy
39． What do you think of Mr. Gruber according to the passage?
A． Strange B． Patient C． Shy D． Proud
解析：本篇文章对话式记叙文，37题，根据文章2-4段：
“Success is riding in a sweet car, watching an 80-inch TV, and living in a place with at least twelve rooms．” One student answered, earning laughs from all the students．
Mr Gruber smiled, but shook his head． “Tom, that is excess(过量)． That is not success．”
“How about being able to provide for your family?” A blonde girl named Sandy in the front suggested as an answer．
“Now we’re getting closer,” Mr Gruber smiled, “but try thinking about what you need and what you want．”
“Getting everything you want．” Tom shouted out an answer again, trying for more laughs．
Mr Gruber sighed． “ I believe we’ve already talked about excess versus(与…比较) success．”可以推断出Tom只是为了博得笑声，其实并未认真回答问题，所以可以推测出Tom并没有很认真对待课堂；
39题根据整篇文章，推断人物的品质，而一般此类文章可以根据人物的动作和言语来推断，文章以对话展开，可以从老师对学生的态度，即使是无厘头的回答也能够认真纠正，推测出，这位老师很有耐心。
答案：37． A 39． B

3． 文章后续内容的推断
解题思路：
这一类题型在推断题中难度比较大，要求读者对文章的整体结构有一个很好的认识。
做此类题型，需要首先对文章的整体结构及文章的发展脉络有一个基本的认识，和中文的文章很相似，总结完基本的段落大意，则很容易推断出下一步的方向。
例
For an entire day, forget about the clock. Eat when you’re hungry and sleep when you’re tired. What do you think will happen?
You may be surprised to find that your day is much like most other days. You’ll probably get hungry when you normally eat and tired when you normally sleep. Even though you don’t know what time it is, your body does.
These patterns of daily life are called circadian rhythms（生理节奏）, and they are more than just habits. Inside our bodies are several clocklike systems that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle. Throughout the day and night, our inner clocks direct changes in temperature, body chemicals, hunger, sleepiness and more.
Everyone’s rhythms are different, which is why you might like to stay up late while your sister always wants to go to bed early. But on the whole, everyone is programmed to feel tired at night and energetic during the day.
Learning about our body clocks may help scientists understand why problems arise when we act out of step with our circadian rhythms. For example, traveling across time zones can make people wake up in the middle of the night. Regularly staying up late can make kids do worse in tests.
“There is a growing sense that when we eat and when we sleep are important parts of how healthy we are,” says Steven Shea, director of the Sleep Disorders Program at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. One way to learn about how our body clocks tick is to mess them up and see what happens. That’s what neurologist（神经病学家）Frank Scheer and his workmates did in a recent study.
Staying up night after night, their studies suggest, could make kids extra hungry and more likely to gain weight. And regularly sleeping too little, Scheer says, may be one cause of the recent increase in childhood obesity.
33. What will the writer most probably talk about next?
A. Other examples of what people will do when their body clocks go wrong.
B. Medicines that can keep people from putting on weight.
C. Why it is important to have a normal body clock.
D.What circadian rhythms are.
A
解析：由最后一段可知，这段讲解了熬夜和不规则的熟练会导致肥胖，都是生物钟紊乱带来的不良影响，故接下来应该写可能的其他的不良影响。

主旨大意题
知识点1：主旨大意类题目的特点
主旨是文章的核心，即文章的中心思想或主题。主旨题主要是考查考生能否分辨主题和细节、是否具备提纲挈领的能力，即是否能在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结。这类题大约占总题量的30%。主旨题一般会放在第一个或者最后一个考。
这类题要求阅读时不但要看懂个别的句子，而且要能够根据作者思路的展开，把握作者在整片文章中的观点，因此必须看懂全篇文章的意思。做此类题时，应通读全文，理解文章大意，充分理解主题句的意义。
知识点2：主旨大意类题目的常见设问方式
1. 主题类
(1) The main idea/ key point of the passage is ________．
(2) The passage is mainly about ___________．
(3) The topic discussed in the passage is ________．
(4) What is the passage mainly about?
(5) Which of the following statements best express the theme of the passage?
(6) What’s the main point/main idea/central thought of the passage?
例
Hi, I’m John Donald, on the Voice of America.
We are checking out the top three songs in the Billboard chart（美国单曲排行榜）ending this week.
The third place goes to One Republic with “Counting Stars”. This song has already hit number one in the United Kingdom. But how high has One Republic risen in its US homeland? Well, they haven’t had a US number one single yet. Back in 2007, their first single “Apologize” reached the second place, while hitting number one in more than a dozen countries.
The second place comes Lorde with another former（以前的）title-holder（冠军保持者）, “Royals”.
Up at number one is a famous partner Eminem and Rihanna with “The Monster”. How many times have they worked together? If you said twice, you’re wrong. This is their fourth. You probably remember their huge 2010 hit “Love The Way You Lie” and they also sang together “Love The Way You Lie (Part II)”. Finally, the pair worked together on “Numb”, which appears on Rihanna’s latest album（唱片）Unapologetic.
That’s it for now, but let’s meet again next week for a new chart.
30. What is the passage mainly about?
A. New songs introduction.
B. Some singers’ recent situation.
C. Some singers’ private lives.
D. The three most popular songs in the Billboard chart this week.

D.解析：由文章第二段可知，文章在讲述美国单曲排行榜前三首歌曲
2． 标题类
(1)The best title/headline for this passage might be______．
(2)The text (passage) could be entitled __________．
(3)The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is ________．
(4)What is the best title for the passage?
(5)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?

例
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with need and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball — simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.
What can be a suitable title for the text?
A:. Take It or Leave It B. Lesson from Kids
C. Live More with Less D. The Pleasure of Giving
C
根据文章第一段可知，作者想要教会孩子how to live more with less，而23段是作者的尝试。
3． 作者意图类
(1)The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is ___．
(2)The passage is meant to __________．
(3)The purpose of this article is _______．
(4)The author’s purpose is to show _______．
(5)The purpose of the writer in writing this passage is _______．
(6)The writer writes this text to _______．
(7)The writer believes/suggests that _______．
(8)In this passage the writer tries to tell us that ______．
例
We were doing the best to control the fire of the burning garage． Outside, I heard the sounds of cats crying． I couldn’t stop- I would have to look for the cats after the fire was put out．
It took a long time to finally bring the big fire under control． No one inside was hurt． At that point I was free to find out where the cat noises were from． There was still a lot of smoke and heat coming from the building． I followed the meowing to the sidewalk in front of the garage． There, crying and huddled together, were five frightened kittens ． They must have been inside the building, as their fur was badly hurt．
I wanted to find the mother cat． It was obviously that she had gone into the burning garage and carried out all her babies, one by one——unbelievable．
We finally found her． Her paws and face were blackened, and her fur was burned all over． You could even see her reddened skin under the burned fur． She could hardly move． I picked her up, and she relaxed in my arms as much as her pain would allow． I was determined to save this brave little cat and her family．
The veterinarian told me they would watch the kittens and their mother for the night, but they weren’t confident about the about the mother’s chances．
About a week later, I found out she was going to live． We named her Scarlet because of her reddened skin．
I was happy to see Scarlet get together with the kittens again． She touched each of them, nose to nose． She had risked her life five times-and it had paid off． All of her babies had survived．
As a firefighter, I see heroic acts every day． But what Scarlet showed me that day was the kind of bravery that can only come from a mother’s love．

The writer talks about the cat’s story to show that____．
A ．animals should be taken good care of．
B． mother’s love can be great and brave．
C． it is meaningful to help others．
D． a cat always has nine lives．
解析：本篇文章是记叙文，没有明显的主题句。读完文章后不难发现全篇主要是讲母爱的伟大与勇敢。因此答案选B。
答案：B。
〖巩固训练】


推理判断题（细节推断类）+主旨大意题（主题类）
Mr. Sun is in the hot seat for stealing a woman’s seat on a high-speed train on Aug 21, 2018.
A video online showed the man, Sun, taking a window seat in a second-class coach（车厢）of a train from Jinan to Beijing on Tuesday and refusing to give it to the woman who had the seat on her ticket.
“You have three choices — stand, take my seat or go to the dining coach,” Sun told the young woman in the video. According to the tickets, Sun’s seat was one row behind the woman’s. Sun refused to return to his own seat, saying that he couldn’t stand up. When asked by a train worker why he did not stand up, he answered “I did not know how”. He kept his words even after the train arrived at his stop, requiring train workers to find a wheelchair for him. Clearly, he did not need one when getting on the train. Later, the woman was led to the business-class coach where she was given a better seat for the trip.
The video quickly spread online. Many internet users criticized（批评）Sun for his actions. Some even dug up his name, education and work history and posted the information online. In the end, Sun was fined 200 yuan and will not be allowed to buy train tickets for 180 days.
This punishment was based on rules for dealing with troublesome passengers set out by railway authorities（政府部门）. The rules came into use on May 1, 2018. According to the rules, passengers who disturb（扰乱）public order will be fined up to 500 yuan and be prevented from buying train tickets for some time.
However, more things like this have still happened, pushing authorities to work out even more strict rules. On Sept 19, Mrs. Zhou took a window seat on a train from Hunan to Guangdong. When the window seat passenger asked her to give the seat back, she refused.
In turn, the government of Guangdong province set up new rules that came into use on Dec 1. High-speed train passengers who refuse to move after taking others’ seats will face fines from 500 to 2,000 yuan. Their information will be shared with other parts of the national railway network, which will influence their right to buy train tickets.
What can be inferred（推断）from the passage?
A. Mr. Sun’s legs were hurt and couldn’t stand up.
B. Fewer people would like to take a high-speed train because of the new rules.
C. People in Guangdong will be limited to take a plane if they break the new rules.
D. Authorities will make more strict rules to prevent such kind of things happening.
What is the passage mainly about ?
A. Strange passengers on the train. B.Bad behaviours on the train.
C. Punishment on the train. D. Rules on the train.
DB
解析：第一题推理判断题。由文章“However, more things like this have still happened, pushing authorities to work out even more strict rules.”可知，政府部门将制定更严格的规则来阻止这种事情发生，D符合。
第二题主旨大意题。本文主要讲解高铁霸座时间以及政府采取的惩罚措施，所以讲述的是火车上的坏行为。B符合。
〖总结训练】
巩固
推理判断题（后续推断题）+主旨大意题（标题选择题）
For too many people, the harm begins early in life. Four out of ten babies born in the United States do not form a strong relationship with either parent, and they will pay for that in the rest of their lives.
New research from Princeton University confirms what other researchers have already found: the number of babies who are lack of the close relationship is rather big, which prevents them having a fair chance of having a successful life.
That finding is supported by many other research projects, including a study from the University of Rochester showing that nearly one third of US parents don’t know what to expect from their newborns, or how to help them grow and learn and get along with others. Babies, as others have pointed out, don’t come with an owner’s guide book.
The basic problem, according to the Princeton’s study, is that 40 per cent of babies in the US live in fear or distrust of their parents, and that will turn into aggressiveness (侵犯), defiance (违抗) and hyperactivity (多动) as they grow into adults.
Of that number, 25 per cent don’t have a close relationship with their parents because the parents don’t satisfy their needs. And 15 per cent find their parents are so troubling that they will avoid them whenever possible.
That will not necessarily result in a lifetime of violence, but it will make living a successful life much more difficult.
“They can overcome(克服) it,” sociologist Sophie Moullin of Princeton, the leader of that study, said in a telephone interview. “It’s not a make-or-break situation, but they might find it harder to control their behaviour.”
Moullin, along with his teammates from Columbia University and the University of Bristol in England, studied more than 100 research projects, to reach their conclusions.
Many reasons lead to the problem, including poverty(贫穷), ignorance(无知), and stress among parents who are so busy with their own problems that a new child is sometimes more than they can deal with.
Yet strong relationships, the researchers say, are amazingly simple to achieve.
36. What may be discussed in the following paragraph?
A. Findings of other projects similar to this topic.
B. Examples of the results of lacking strong relationships.
C. Simple ways of achieving strong relationships with a baby.
D. Reasons for failing in building up strong relationships with a baby.
37. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A. It’s harder to control children’s behaviour
B. What a little love means to a little one
C. The problems of the parents in the United States
D. The problems of the babies in the United States
CB

提升
推理判断题（细节推理题）+主旨大意题（标题选择题）
Around the world more and more people are taking part in dangerous sports and activities. Of course, there have always been people who have looked for adventures—those who have climbed the highest mountains, travelled into unknown parts of the world or sailed in small boats across the greatest oceans(海洋). Now, however, there are more people who look for an excitement from a risky activity which may only last a few minutes or even seconds.
I would think bungee jumping to be a good example of such an activity. You jump from a high place (perhaps a bridge or a hot-air balloon) 200 metres above the ground with an elastic (有弹性的) rope tied to your ankles(脚踝). You fall at up to 150 kilometres an hour until the rope stops you from hitting the ground. It is said that about 2 million people around the world have now tried bungee jumping. Other risky activities include jumping from tall buildings and diving(跳水) into the water from the top of high places.
Why do people take part in such activities as these? Some psychologists suggest that it is because life in modern world has become safe and boring. Not very long ago, people’s lives were often in danger. They had to go out and hunt for food, diseases could not easily be cured, and life was harder than that of the present days.
Nowadays, to many people, life offers little excitement. They live and work in safe conditions; they buy food in shops; and there are doctors and hospitals to look after them if they become ill. The answer for some of these people is to look for danger in activities such as bungee jumping.
36. People probably take part in dangerous sports nowadays because __________.
A. they have a lot of free time
B. they can go to hospital if they are injured
C. there isn’t so much excitement in life
D. they no longer need to hunt for food
37. What is the best title of this passage?
A. Modern Life is Boring
B. Dangerous Sports: What and Why
C. Bungee Jumping: Is It Really Dangerous?
D. Need for Excitement
答案：CB

3．总结：学到了什么(知识、方法)、知识网络化
优化：学后练后反思(调节元认知)、记忆方法
推理判断题+主旨大意题
推理判断题
1、专题特点：
该专题主要是针对中考中阅读理解题型中的推测题进行了命题特点以及解题技巧的梳理。此题型要求考生在理解文章内容(可以是部分)或者文章题材之后，推断出文章的出处，或者后续内容，考生需要分析文章结构的篇章结构，抓住文章中的细节点，从而找出做出推断。近几年的考试趋势是根据细节推断的题目增加，考察学生对文章整体内容的把握。

2、解题方法:
对于文章出处类的推断题，需要从文章内容中总结出文章的题材，再进行推断；
对于细节推断题，需要通读整篇文章，并利用排除法进行推断；
对于文章后续内容推断，则需要进行段落主旨大意和文章结构的分析，进行猜测。

3、注意事项:
推断题除了与细节相关的题目，一般在文章中是找不到原句的，若一旦出现原原本本的句子可以排除。

主旨大意题解题技巧
1. 整体思路
(1)仔细阅读全文，判断发现主题句
文章的主题句有的文章有而有的却没有，这就需要学生认真地阅读文章，仔细判断(如果有，它经常出现在文章的开始和结尾处，但也不能排除出现在文章中间的可能)。另外，不要被表象所迷惑。有的文章列举一个或几个人们比较熟悉的事例或是用一些具体的事例来说明一个人们不熟悉或是抽象的内容，这时要看清的是文章的本质而不是表面现象。
(2)对文章进行分析、归纳和概括并得出正确结论
这种情况下大多文章中是找不到主题句的，要求学生在理解全文的基础上自己进行总结。对全文的概括要完整，不能以点带面，以偏概全。在具体的答题过程中学生会发现有个别选项是对的，但它对文章的概括不是很完整，这也不是我们所要的最佳答案。
另外，选择“最佳标题”的题目也是属于文章的主旨，但是标题不仅要能完整地概括全文，还要简洁明了，并能吸引读者，这也是学生在选择最佳标题时应把握的一条原则。


〖强化训练】

推理判断题（作者意图）+主旨大意题（标题选择）

The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups．Silences may be thoughtful，or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say．A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness（固执），or worry．Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable； therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap with conversation．Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs．
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people，just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do．Therefore，when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops，what maybe implied（暗示） is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing．In these cultures，silence is a call for careful thought．
Other cultures may use silence in other ways，particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power．For example，Russian，French，and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion．However，Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority（权威） rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her．In still another use，persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect，particularly to an elder or a person in authority．
Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing．Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient's silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily．A nurse who understands the healing （治疗）value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures．
32．What does the author advise nurses to do about silence？
A．Let it continue as the patient pleases
B．Break it while treating patients．
C．Evaluate its harm to patients．
D．．Make use of its healing effects．
33．What may be the best title for the text？
A．Sound and Silence． B．What It Means to Be Silent
C．Silence to Native Americans． D．Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold
32．D．考查细节推理，根据文章最后一句 A nurse who understands the healing（治愈） value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures．明白沉默的治愈价值的护士能使用这种理解来帮助他们护理来自他们自己或是其他文化的病人．可知本题答案为D选项．
33．B．考查主旨大意，文章主要讲的是沉默在不同的文化中所代表的含义，故本题答案为B选项．


〖课后习题】

主旨大意题（主题类）
After that, we went on down the river. It was very dark that night and it wasn’t easy to see where we were going. Suddenly, a big steamboat came at us very fast, and the next minute it was right over us. Jim and I jumped off the raft (木筏) into the water. The boat hit the raft and went on up the river.
When I came up out of the water, I couldn’t see Jim anywhere. I called out his name again and again, but there was no answer. “He’s dead!” I thought. Slowly, I swam to the side of the river and got out. I saw that I was near a big old wooden house. Suddenly a lot of very angry dogs jumped out at me. They made a terrible noise and someone called from the house, “Who’s there?”
“George Jackson,” I answered quickly. “I’ve fallen off a river boat.”
Well, the people who lived in that house were very kind, and they took me in and gave me some new clothes and a good meal. I told them that my family were all dead, so they said I could stay with them as long as I wanted. It was a beautiful house and the food was good there, so I stayed.
A few days later one of the slaves in the house came to me and said, “Come with me!” Together, we went down to some trees by the river. “In there!” he said and went away.
On the ground, I found a man, asleep. It was Jim! I was really pleased to see him. When the steamboat hit the raft, Jim told me, the raft didn’t crash. Jim swam after it and caught it. Then he began to look for me.
We decided to leave at once. It’s all right living in a house for a little while, but you feel more free and easy and comfortable on a raft.
33. Which of these old sayings best fits this story?
A. It never rains but it pours. B. Every dog has its day.
C. Burn the candle at both ends. D. Many hands make light work.
B

推理判断题（细节推理）+主旨大意题（作者意图）
A 12-year-old girl from Virginia, US, never thought that a simple message she put online could bring her big problems. She posted the words, “Killing. Meet me in the library Tuesday.”, with three emojis(表情符号) of a gun, a knife and a bomb on Instagram, a social media(社交媒体). She was told that she broke the law because of threatening(威胁) her school.
This problem is not far away from us. Not long ago, Ni Hanxiang, a Chinese student at a university in the US, was sent back to China after expressing on social media that he would kill his teachers if he failed to pass his exams.
In China, posting threatening words online is also against the law. In 2013, Wu Hongfei, a singer, got into trouble for saying on Weibo that she wanted to blow up a building.
“Threatening happens not only face to face but also through the Internet, social media and the telephone,” said Mr. Cao, a lawyer from Chongqing. “Although the law of China protects people’s right of free speech, it doesn’t include words that threaten others’ lives and national safety.”
“Some people may not mean to threaten. They may just be trying to say “I’m strong”, said Fred Pratt, a lawyer from the US.
The girl’s mother said her daughter was a good kid who had never been in trouble before. Ni Hanxiang also said he didn’t realize that what he put online was so serious.
“But not knowing the law doesn’t mean the law will treat you any differently if you break it,” says David Allen Green, a lawyer from the UK. So, do you think we’d better spend a minute or two thinking about the words or emojis we use on social media before we press “send”?
36. From this passage, we can infer(推断) that ________.
A. Fred Pratt thinks some people just want to say “I’m strong”
B. the girl’s mother thought her daughter was a good child
C. cheating in an examination at school may be in prison in China
D. putting threatening words on QQ may bring you problems
37. This passage mainly wants to tell us that _______.
A. we shouldn’t break the US law if we study at a university in the US
B. students and singers shouldn’t post words or emojis on social media
C. we should be careful when we send words or emojis on social media
D. students should study hard at school and not use the Internet too much
DC

推理判断题+主旨大意题
What is the first thing you notice when you walk into a shop? The products displayed at the entrance? Or the soft background music?
But have you ever noticed the smell? If it isn’t special, the answer is likely to be no. But though a shop’s scent (气味) may not be compared with sounds, it is certainly there. And it is providing to be an increasing powerful tool in encouraging people to purchase (购买).
A brand store has become famous for its special scent which floats through the quite dark hall and out to the entrance. A smell may be attractive but it may not just be used for freshening air. One sports goods company once reported that when it first introduced scent into its stores, customers’ willingness to purchase increased by 80 percent.
When it comes to the best shopping streets in Paris, scent is just as important to a brand’s success as the quality of its window displays and goods on sales. That is mainly because shopping is a very different experience to what it used to be.
Some years ago, the focus (聚焦) for brand name shopping was on a few people with sales assistants’ disproving attitude (伪善的态度) and don’t-touch-what-you-can’t-afford displays. Now the rise of electronic purchase has opened up famous brands to a wider audience. But while e-shops can use sights and sounds, only bricks-and-mortar stores (实体店) can offer a full experience from the minute customers step through the door to the moment they leave. Another brand store seeks to (追寻) much more than a shop, but rather a destination. And scent is just one way to achieve this.
Now a famous store uses man-made smell to make sure that the soft scent of baby powder floats through the kid department, and coconut scent in the swimsuit department. A department store has even opened a new lab, inviting customers on a journey into the store’s windows to smell books, pots and drawers, in search of their perfect scent.
35. E-shops are mentioned in the passage to ______________.
A. show the advantages of brick-and-mortar stores
B. force shop assistants to change their attitude
C. push stores to use sights and sounds
D. introduce the rise of e-shopping
36. The underlined word “destination” in Paragraph 5 means ______________ .
A. an area that exhibits goods
B. a place where travelers like to stay
C. a place where customers love to go
D. a goal that a store expects to meet
37. The main purpose of the passage is to ______________ .
A. compare and introduce B. examine and recommend
C. discuss and review D. inform and explain
A C D

35、 解析：细节推理题。文中提到But while e-shops can use sights and sounds, only bricks-and-mortar stores (实体店) can offer a full experience from the minute customers step through the door to the moment they leave.网店可以运用视觉听觉，而只有实体店可以给顾客带来完整的感官体验。因此提到网店的目的是在彰显实体店的优势。因此选A。
37. 解析：主旨大意题中的作者意图题。本文介绍了实体店通过气味来吸引顾客，并解释了这一现象的原因。因此D选项符合。