板块1 第1讲 名词和数词-2022高考英语一轮复习【名师导航】配套Word教参(外研版·老教材老高考)
展开这是一份板块1 第1讲 名词和数词-2022高考英语一轮复习【名师导航】配套Word教参(外研版·老教材老高考)，共8页。
第1讲 名词和数词
[前沿最新动态]
题型 | 高考典题试做 | 命题角度解读 |
语 法 填 空 | 1．(2020·浙江卷)Later, they learned to work with the seasons (season), planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields. 2．(2020·1月·浙江卷)For Japan，the numbers (number) are more striking—22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050. 3．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause)． 4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several invitations(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. | 1．给出名词的单数形式，考查其复数形式； 2．给出数词的基数词，考查其序数词。 |
短 文 改 错 | 1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick. chopstick→chopsticks 2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations. vacations→vacation 3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)When I was little, Friday's night was our family game night. Friday's→Friday 4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons.eighteen→eighteenth | 1．可数名词单复数的错用； 2．可数名词与不可数名词的误用； 3．名词与名词所有格的误用； 4．序数词和基数词的误用。 |
考点一 名词的数
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2020·绵阳联考)The paper was used for sealing up holes in walls and roofs(roof) in the cold and freezing winter.
2．The pianos(piano) in the other shop will be cheaper，but they are not as good.
3．Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves (wolf) would kill their farm animals or pets.
4．I spent ten minutes walking up and down the high street, desperately avoiding eye contact with passersby (passerby)．
5．An ant has two stomachs (stomach). One holds the food for itself and the other is for food to be given to other ants.
Ⅱ.单句改错
6．(2020·太原阶段测评)It is one of the official language of the United Nations to develop more effective communication.language→languages
7．(2020·合肥第一次质量检测)My favourite sport is swimming, so I decided to go swimming in the sea one afternoon with my friend, Wang Fei and Li Lei.friend→friends
一、名词单数变复数的规则变化
变化规则 | 例词 | |
一般情况加 s | map→maps；girl→girls； house→houses；mouth→mouths | |
以th结尾的 词，加s | month→months；truth→truths | |
以s，x，sh，ch 结尾的，加es | class→classes；box→boxes； brush→brushes；match→matches 但是stomach(胃)的复数是stomachs； ox(公牛)的复数是oxen | |
“辅音字母＋y” 结尾的，变y为 i加es | city→cities；country→countries； party→parties；factory→factories 注意：以元音字母＋y结尾的则直接 加s，如boy→boys；toy→toys | |
以“辅音字母 ＋o”结尾的词 一般加es | tomato→tomatoes；potato→potatoes； hero→heroes；Negro→Negroes； mango→mangoes 注意：1．少数名词加s或es均可， 如volcano→volcano(e)s； mosquito→mosquito(e)s 2．少数名词只加s，如piano→pianos； photo→photos | |
以“元音字母 ＋o”结尾的词， 加s | radio→radios；zoo→zoos； bamboo→bamboos | |
以f，fe结尾 的词，通常 变f或fe为 v，再加es | half→halves；leaf→leaves； shelf→shelves；thief→thieves； wolf→wolves；wife→wives； life→lives；knife→knives 但是也有的直接加s，如roof→roofs； chief→chiefs还有两种复数形式 的，如handkerchief→handkerchiefs/ handkerchieves | |
合成名词变复 数时，通常只将 里面所含的主体 名词变成复数， 如果没有主体名 词，则将最后一 部分变成复数 | soninlaw→sonsinlaw passerby→passersby storyteller→storytellers gobetween→gobetweens grownup→grownups | |
二、名词单数变复数的不规则变化
变化情况 | 例词 |
特殊变化 | child→children；foot→feet； tooth→teeth；mouse→mice； man→men；woman→women 注意：由man或woman构成的合成 词，其复数形式也是men和women， 如an Englishman→two Englishmen； 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans |
有些名词的单 复数有不同的 拼写方法 | 细菌bacterium(单数)→bacteria(复数)； 资料、数据datum(单数)→data(复数)； 现象phenomenon(单数) →phenomena(复数) |
考点二 名词的所有格
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2020·江西五校第一次联考)In addition, the hostess'(hostess) cooking will guarantee you a wonderful chance of tasting delicious Chinese food.
2．The article concludes that parents' (parents) education affects their children's future.
3．“Today's (today) story is about the success of a poor child，” the teacher said.
4．We'd better stay in a hotel that is just a stone's (stone) throw from the railway station for the sake of convenience.
5．Studies show that a child's (child) character is greatly influenced by his/her home environment.
Ⅱ.单句改错
6．(2020·福州质量检测)But with my teammates encouragement, I was able to communicate smoothly with them.teammates→teammates'
7．My father new book, which is to be published next week, is sure to be another hit.father→father's
8．I deleted an afternoon work on the computer by mistake, which made me annoyed.afternoon→afternoon's
名词的所有格
1．有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加's。
his father's boss 他爸爸的老板
2．表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等无生命的事物后也可加's，表示其所有格。
today's paper 今天的报纸
England's shore 英国的海岸
the car's design 这辆车的设计
3．在某些习惯用语中，也需要加's所有格。
a stone's throw 近在咫尺
keep sb. at arm's length 与某人保持距离；不亲近某人
be at one's wits' end 黔驴技穷
4．如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加's，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加's。
Jane and Mary's mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)
Jane's and Mary's mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)
5．双重所有格：“a/two/some ...＋名词＋of＋名词's/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格，“of＋名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。
a friend of her mother's 她妈妈的一个朋友
two photos of hers 她的两张照片
考点三 数词——基数词与序数词
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2020·枣庄模拟)Its celebrations happened as early as the fifth(five) century.
2．The elevator broke down and we had to walk up to the tenth (ten) floor.
3．Saturn is the second (two) biggest planet in the solar system.
4．Each year, hundreds (hundred) of the animals are killed for their fur.
5．I'm a frequent traveller and I eat out twice (two) a day.
6．It has been snowing, roughly every third (three) day, for as long as I've had the flu.
Ⅱ.单句改错
7．In the twenty century，local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals.twenty→twentieth
8．Today, experts believe that nearly twothird of the world's population live within eighty kilometers of the seacoast.twothird→twothirds
9．Some men are old at sixtyfive; others are still as lively as crickets in their ninety.ninety→nineties
一、基数词和序数词
1．表数量的数词叫基数词，如one, two, three，...
2．表顺序的数词叫序数词，如first, second, third, fourth, fifth，...
二、基数词变序数词的规则
1．一二三要单独记：one→first, two → second, three → third
2．th要从四加起：four → fourth, five → fifth，...
3．eight少个t：eight → eighth
4．nine删除e：nine → ninth
5．ve用f来代替：five → fifth, twelve → twelfth
6．ty变成tie：twenty → twentieth
三、序数词的使用
1．序数词在句中主要作定语，一般情况下序数词前要加定冠词。
Monday is the second day of a week. 星期一是一周的第二天。
2．序数词前有时加不定冠词，表示“又一、再一”，相当于another。
Would you like a second cup of tea? 你还想再来一杯茶吗？
I had a third apple.我(吃了两个苹果后)又吃了一个苹果。
3．first, second等有时可表示一批人或物。
The first milu deer came from China in the 1860s.
最早的一批麋鹿是在十九世纪六十年代从中国引进的。
四、分数：分子用基数词，分母用序数词；分子大于1，分母用复数。
1/3: one third，2/5: two fifths
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