13. 非谓语动词及其它-2022年上海名校高中自主招生英语直通车

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第13讲： 非谓语动词及其它



考点归纳、考前巩固、真题链接

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说明: 市面上的工具书中讲至非谓语章节一般会根据非谓语的不同种类(即不定式、动名词、分词)或根据其所作的不同成分(句法功能)进行分述，各有优劣；本资料倾向于先根据不同种类分述，再根据相同成分下不同非谓语的不同作用进行总结，
内容上可能会有所重复，敬请谅解!
1. 判断句中谓语动词、非谓语动词、连词、从句数量的方法:“结构最大”(Structure First Principle)
一般情况下，一句句子中只允许有一个谓语动词；若要添加一个谓语动词，则需加入一个连词；若不增加连词，则需将谓语动词转变为非谓语动词；一般情况下，将句中所省略的连词全部补全，若有连词个，则从句有个，谓语动词有个
2. 在英语中，将不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词；非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词以及过去分词；现代专业语法将动词分为限定动词及非限定动词，一般动词具有现在时及过去时两种限定形式，具有不定式、-ing分词、-ed分词三种非限定形式
3. 谓语动词与非谓语动词的相同点:
① 对于及物动词，两者都可与宾语连用，如
They built a garden. Û They suggested building a garden.
② 两者都可以被状语修饰，如
The suit fits him very well. Û The suit used to fit him very well.
③ 两者都有主动与被动[态(voice)的变化]，一般式、进行体、完成体[体(aspect)的变化]，如
He was punished by his parents. Û He avoided being punished by his parents.
We have written the composition. Û Having written the composition, we handed it in.
④ 两者都可以有逻辑主语，如
They started the work at once. Û The boss ordered them to start the work.
4. 谓语动词与非谓语动词的不同点:
*① 非谓语动词没有时(tense)的标记，只存在态与体的变化
② 非谓语动词可以有名词作用，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，如动词不定式和动名词
③ 非谓语动词可以有形容词作用，在句中作定语、表语或宾补，如动词不定式和分词
④ 非谓语动词可以有副词作用，在句中作状语，如动词不定式和分词
5. 非谓语动词的具体句法功能:
句子成分
非谓语
主语
表语
宾语
补语
(主补、宾补)
定语
状语
同位语
介词宾语
不定式
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü

动名词
ü
ü
ü

ü

ü
ü
现在分词

ü

ü
ü
ü


过去分词

ü

ü
ü
ü


6. 不定式通常由不定式符号to + 动词原形构成，某些情况下to需省略，在句子中起名词、形容词或副词的作用；不定式可以是一般形式、进行体形式、完成体形式以及完成进行体形式，列表如下

主动态
被动态
一般形式
to write
to be written
进行体形式
to be writing

完成体形式
to have written
to have been written
完成进行体形式
to have been writing

否定式为not / never (etc.) + (to) do；to be doing表示正在进行且与谓语动词同时发生的动作
如遇到表性质的形容词(难易形容词)作表语(hard, difficult, easy等)，其后的不定式与主语存在动宾关系，则通常不定式用主动表被动
其他不定式主动表被动的内容详见时态语态章节
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7. 带to不定式与不带to不定式的情况:
① 对于边际情态助动词(need, dare)，如果作情态动词则跟不带to不定式，作普通动词则后跟带to不定式；特殊地，dare作情态动词后跟不带to不定式，作普通动词to可有可无
② let, make, have等使役动词 + 宾语，之后用不带to不定式，当使役动词为被动态时，则需将不带to不定式转为带to不定式
③ see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch, look at, listen to等感官动词 + 宾语，之后用不带to不定式，当上述动词为被动态时，则需将不带to不定式转为带to不定式
④ help或help + 宾语后既可用带to不定式，也可以不带to不定式
注意区分can’t help (to) do / can’t help but do / can’t help doing
⑤ 在某些情态成语后的to，如would rather / would sooner / would as soon (宁愿) / may as well / might as well / can’t but / can’t help but后跟不带to不定式；一些作“宁愿……而不愿”解释的词组，如would rather … than … / would sooner … than … / would as soon … as …句型中，省略号处都为不带to不定式
⑥ 介词except, but后，如果之前有动词do及其变形(do的某种形式)，则其后跟不带to不定式，否则不定式带to，如
They did nothing except work. Û There’s no choice but to wait.
形象描述为“有毒(do及其变形)无兔(to)，有兔(to)无毒(do及其变形)”(有毒则无兔子)
8. 不定式符号to的使用与省略:
① 若根据上下文可推断出内容，则可省略to后的动词及其补足部分，如
You can go if you want to.
有时to可与其后的动词、补足部分一同省略，如
You will make it if you try (to).
② 当两个带to不定式存在于并列结构(and / or)中，第二个to常可省略，但若两个不定式存在对比含义，则不能省略；总之，不省略一般都是对的，如
To be, or not to be, that is the question.
③ 重点区分不定式符号to与介词to(参见“介词”章节)
9. 不定式作主语，如To answer that question is difficult.
此时常可将其转换为以it作形式主语的句子，即It is difficult to answer that question.
故有固定结构It is + adj. + for / of + sb. + to do sth.
若形容词为描述某人的品质的(如good, wise, clever, silly, wrong等)，一般采用of，其他则使用for
不定式作表语，如Her job is to clean the hall. 比较She is cleaning the hall.
10. 不定式作宾语:
① 有些动词能直接带不定式，而不能直接带动名词，这类动词有agree, aim, apply, arrange, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pledge, prepare, pretend, profess, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, swear, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, vow等
② 上述agree, arrange, promise, resolve, claim, decide, demand, determine, hope, pretend, profess, swear, threaten等动词既能直接带不定式，也能直接带that从句
③ 若不定式作宾语时，其后还有宾补成分，则可考虑用it作形式宾语，不定式作真正宾语后置，但注意并不是任何动词都能构成it的形式宾语结构，这些动词包括find, feel, judge, think, make, believe, consider
④ 动词不定式也可作介词宾语，特殊地but, except用法见上
动词不定式也可与wh- 疑问词连用，如He gave me some advice on how to learn English.
这类能以疑问词加不定式作宾语的动词包括tell, show, know, advise, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn等，且不定式用一般式、主动式为多
注意My question is how to do the work. Û My question is what to do next.
⑤ 表希望、打算的动词若后接不定式的完成体形式，则表示过去有但未实现愿望
11. 不定式作宾语补足语:
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① 有一些动词必须先带宾语再带不定式(且必须为带to不定式)，而不能直接带不定式，这类动词包括[1]arrange for, ask for, rely on, call on, wait for等词组动词；[2]consider, declare, find, prove, think, believe, discover, feel, judge, suppose, understand, want, wish, expect等表示心理状态的动词；[3]advise, allow, forbid, permit, recommend, require, urge, ask, tell, order, beg, help, persuade, prepare, cause, force, invite, oblige, enable, get, encourage, remind, request, command, warn, drive等表示劝告、允许、禁止等动词；使役动词、感官动词一般后跟不带to不定式，详见上，注意改为被动语态时需恢复to
② 第[2]类动词中，其后的不定式总带to，通常为to be，往往可以省略，如
We considered him (to be) foolish.
但不定式为完成体形式时则不能省略，如
We considered him to have been foolish.
上述动词后的名词或代词既是动词宾语，也是不定式的逻辑主语，故一般都可与that从句互换，如I know him to be honest. Þ I know that he is honest.
③ 第[3]类动词中advise, allow, forbid, permit, recommend等动词也可直接跟动名词作宾语，如She advised giving up smoking. Þ She advised us to give up smoking.
有些表示建议的还可以改为that从句，且需注意虚拟语气，如
She urged that go to Europe. Þ She urged them to go to Europe.
④ ask, hate, intend, prefer等动词，既可直接跟不定式，也可先加宾语再加不定式，更可改成that从句，有的还可直接带动名词，如
I prefer to walk there. → They preferred her not to go with him. → They preferred that she should not go with him. → She preferred dressing formally to wearing sport clothes.
⑤ 复合宾语，如With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to cinema.
12. 不定式作定语:
① 名词有时是不定式结构的逻辑主语，一般等同于同义的定语从句，如
He was the last guest to arrive. Û He was the last guest who arrived.
名词有时是不定式结构的逻辑宾语，一般也等同于同义的定语从句，如
He has a large family to support. Û He has a large family that he must support.
名词有时与不定式结构是一种同位关系，如
I have no wish to quarrel with you.
② 如果不定式属于不及物动词，或由于意义上或结构上的需要，其后须加适当的介词，如Mary needs a friend to play with.
如果不定式修饰的名词是time, place, way则间或可省去介词，如
He has no place to live (in).
③ 作名词的修饰语的不定式采用主动态或是被动态一般无甚区别，如
Give me a list of people to invite / to be invited.
若名词作句子主语，则使用被动态更为自然，试比较
I’ve got letters to write tonight.
The cases to be investigated are not to be made public in press.
④ 有些名词如attempt, chance, effort, freedom, intention, necessity, opportunity, reason, time, way等，其后用不定式或介词 + doing意义无甚区别；而ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, mind, obligation, permission, refusal, temptation, tendency后一般跟不定式，如
Wood has a tendency to swell if it gets wet.
而delay, difficulty, excuse, experience, interest, habit, hope, idea, method, object, passion, plan, possibility, skill, success通常后跟介词 + doing，如
A hundred years ago, few people believed in the possibility of flying.
the first / the last / only / best等词常跟不定式作定语
13. 不定式作状语:
① 可表目的，如He worked day and night to get the money.
② 注意不定式作状语时，其逻辑主语即主句的主语，注意其一致性:
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ü To save money, he has tried every means.
û To save money, every means has been tried.
③ 可表结果，如He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only, just等放在不定式前表示强调，如I visited him only to find him out.
④ 可表原因，如They were very sad to hear the news.
可表程度，如It’s too dark for us to see anything.
⑤ 表目的，也可用in order to / so as to不定式表示，主要用于强调“目的”含义或表示否定
14. 不定式作独立成分，如to tell (you) the truth, to make matters worse, to sum up, to be honest, to be frank, to begin with
其中的to be + adj. 结构也可转换为adv. + speaking结构，如
to be honest = honestly speaking, to be frank = frankly speaking
15. 有些不定式往往含有否定含义，如
The furniture is heavy to move. = The furniture is too heavy to move.
否定含义与heavy等形容词的本身意义有着密切关系
但若too … to …结构前形容词表示的是喜悦、急切的心理状态，则此时too类同于very
16. 注意不定式to与do及其变形的不同作用，如
I happened to have heard of the news.
符合时态、语态要求
17. 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能；动名词可以是一般形式以及完成体形式，列表如下

主动态
被动态
一般形式
doing
being done
完成体形式
having done
having been done
否定式为not / never (etc.) + 动名词
18. 动名词作主语，如Reading aloud is very helpful.
当动名词作主语时，常用it作形式主语，如It’s no use quarrelling.
常见句型如It’s no use / no good / a waste of time doing
一般来说，较抽象的一般行为多用动名词作主语，具体、将来某动作多用不定式作主语
动名词作表语，如In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs.
表示一般性、经常性的动作多用动名词，而表示某一次将来的动作多用不定式；对于两者皆可的情况，遵从对称原则，即表语形式遵从主语形式，最常见的就是谚语“眼见为实”的表述方法，即To see is to believe. / Seeing is believing.
动名词作定语，表示所修饰词用途，且与被修饰词无逻辑上的主谓关系，例如waiting room, swimming pool, flying suit, sleeping car
19. 动名词作宾语:
① 有一些动词能带动名词而不能带不定式作宾语，常见的有admit, acknowledge, appreciate, avoid, can’t help (情不自禁), can’t resist, can’t stand, consider, delay, deny, dislike, ensure, enjoy, envy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, give up, imagine, include, keep (on), mind, miss, pardon, postpone, practise, put off, report, risk, suggest等
② 动名词的主语若是不言而喻的或已在句中出现的，则无需表示出来；但若其本身带有主语，则必须表示出来，以免引起歧义，如She insisted on me going.
③ 动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格，若逻辑主语不在句首，则也可用宾格，如I don’t mind John / John’s / him / his buying another one.
④ 有一些动词不能直接带动名词，而必须在动词后添加宾语、介词(into / from)再带动名词，如trick sb. into doing sth. / talk sb. into doing sth.
特殊地，v. + sb. + from doing sth. 结构一般带“使……不”的含义，如stop / prevent / keep sb. from doing sth. 其中介词from也可略而不用
但如果动词为被动态时则介词不能省略，试比较
We can’t stop it (from) happening. Û It can’t be stopped from happening.
除上述以外，congratulate sb. on doing sth. / accuse sb. of doing sth. 等也可归入此类
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⑤ 在attempt, begin, can’t bear, continue, hate, intend, like, love, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, start等动词之后既能直接带不定式，也能直接带动名词，基本意义无甚区别，但需注意
a) 在begin, can’t bear, cease, continue, like, love, neglect, omit, prefer, propose, start等动词后，表示一般行为用动名词居多，表示特定的、具体的动作则用不定式居多，试比较
I don’t like watching television. Û I’d like to swim today.
b) 在need, want, require, deserve等动词后，可使用动名词主动形式，这相当于用不定式被动形式，如The house wants rewiring. Û The house wants to be rewired.
试比较My radio needs repairing / to be repaired. Û I need my radio (to be) repaired.
试比较He deserves shooting first. (应先被杀) Û He deserves to shoot first. (应先射击)
c) 在begin, start之后若跟的是静态动词，或begin, start为进行体，则使用不定式，如
We began to see what he meant. / It’s beginning to rain.
d) 在attempt, intend, plan后，以跟不定式比较普通
⑥ 在forget, go on, leave off, mean, regret, remember, stop等动词后既能带不定式，也能带动名词，但含义完全不同，这类动词大致可分为以下五类分述:
a) remember, forget, regret之后，用动名词表示动作发生在“记得”、“忘记”、“后悔”之前(动名词动作已发生)，意义上doing = having done；用不定式表示动作发生在“记得”、“忘记”、“遗憾”之后(动名词动作未发生)，试比较:
I regret telling you that John stole it. = I regret that I told you …
I regret to tell you that John stole it. = I am sorry to tell you …
不过，例句1也可理解为I regret that I am now telling you …
b) stop, leave off, go on等词之后，通常用动名词作宾语[停下、继续做某事(同一件事)]，若用不定式结构便不是宾语而是目的状语，相当于in order to[停下、继续做另一事]，试比较
They stopped watching TV at 9:30. = At 9:30 they didn’t watch TV any more.
They stopped to watch TV at 9:30. = They paused at 9:30 in order to watch TV.
特别注意go on to do / go on doing对“一件事”、“另一件事”定义较为严格，如reading Text One与reading Text Two虽同指reading一事，但对于go on属两件事
c) try, mean, can’t help等词之后，根据动词本身的不同含义选择to do或doing
try to do 努力、设法 Û try doing 试着、试用
mean to do 打算(plan to do) Û mean doing 意味着
can’t help to do 不能帮忙(to可省略) Û can’t help doing 禁不住(can’t help but do)
d) agree, decide等词之后，可直接带不定式，若要带doing则需加介词，如
They agreed the remuneration (报酬).
e) encourage, permit, allow, recommend, advise等词之后，可直接带doing，若要带不定式则需添加自己的逻辑主语，如
She doesn’t allow .
⑦ 在以下一组句子中，使用doing或to do无甚区别
I like .
但在以下一组句子中则语义略有不同，试比较
I hate
ⓐ句表示的是一般的说谎行为，此时telling lies的逻辑主语泛指一般的人，而ⓑ句表示的是特指的说谎行为，逻辑主语为主句的主语I，又如
20. 分词分为现在分词与过去分词，两者典型的区别在于
现在分词表主动、进行；而过去分词表被动、完成
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21. 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能；动名词可以是一般形式以及完成体形式，列表如下

及物动词 write
不及物动词 go
主动态
被动态
主动态
一般形式
writing
being written
going
完成体形式
having written
having been written
having gone
否定式为not + 现在分词
现在分词的主动态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示动作同时发生，完成体形式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示动作之前发生，常作状语；现在分词的被动态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示动作同时发生的被动动作，完成体形式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示动作之前发生，且为被动的动作；分词完成体形式只能作状语
22. 现在分词作定语时，如果分词单独作定语则放在所修饰名词前，如果是分词短语作定语则放在所修饰名词后，如
In the following years he worked even harder.
如上例句，现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，表示正在进行或经常发生的动作，此处in the following years = in the years that followed
现在分词作表语，如The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.
be doing既可表示现在进行时，也可表示现在分词作表语，区别在于其表示进行的动作是进行时，若表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成的系表结构
23. 现在分词作宾语补足语:
① 如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾补，如感官动词see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, listen to, look at及使役动词find, get, keep与leave, catch等，如
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?
② 以上的绝大多数动词后可带to do或doing作宾补，试比较其区别
I noticed an old man
ⓒ句表示的是动作正在进行，即非全过程，而ⓓ句表示的是动作已完成，即全过程
③ 当人称代词在主句中作宾语，随后又跟现在分词作宾补，则此时人称代词只能用宾格，如
ü They caught him cheating on the exam.
û They caught his cheating on the exam.
24. 现在分词可在句中作状语，表示多种意义，兹各举一例如下，一般都可转换为对应从句
时间状语 Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.
现在分词表示的动作若较短暂，且与谓语动作紧接着发生，通常使用一般形式，如
Hearing the news, the children jumped with joy.
原因状语 Being a hardworking young man, he is praised by all his fellow workers.
条件状语 Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
让步状语 Many boys, having had few advantages in their youth, have nevertheless done great things for their country.
结果状语 He spread a rumour that the president was going to resign, leading to a great confusion in that country.
表伴随 The old man was fast asleep, holding a book in his hand.
此外，有一些表示说话人对说话内容所持态度的现在分词已经成为固定用语，如
Judging from what you say, he has done his best.
Generally speaking, this book is not very difficult.
这是以现在分词短语作评注性状语
现在分词还可以带从属连词，如
When sleeping, I never hear a thing.
Though understanding no Greek, Charles was able to communicate with him.
也可作独立结构，如
Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises.
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
其中的having been或being间或可以省去，如
The question (having been) settled, the meeting adjourned.
有时也可由介词with引出，如
With the tree growing tall, we get more shade.
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25. 过去分词只有一种形式
过去分词作定语:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般置于名词前，如果是短语则后置，过去分词作定语相当于一个被动态的定语从句，表示动作发生在谓语所表示动作之前
过去分词作表语:
cf. The window is broken. (系表) Û The window was broken by the boy. (被动)
26. 过去分词作前置定语(修饰语):
① 来自及物动词的过去分词作前置修饰语通常带有被动意义和完成意义；而能作上述用法的现在分词有的来自及物动词，有的来自不及物动词，通常带有主动意义和未完成意义，如
frozen food Û a freezing wind a finished article Û the last finishing touch
a bored traveller Û a boring journey a recorded talk Û a recording machine
② 有些过去分词通常不能单独作前置修饰语，但若加前缀un- 或者构成符合形容词后便可作作前置修饰语，如
uninvited guests badly-built house
an undetermined boundary highly-developed industry
来自不及物动词的过去分词很少用作前置修饰语，如果能作前置修饰语则其仅表示完成意义，而无被动意义，如
a retired worker = a worker who has retired fallen leaves = leaves that have fallen
过去分词作后置修饰语相当于一个缩略的定语从句，如
One of the houses (which were) wrecked by the storm belonged to my grandfather.
27. 过去分词作补语:
① 许多现在分词、过去分词已被形容词化
-ed与 -ing型形容词的区别: 前者用于描述人的感受，后者用于修饰引发该感受的人或事
② 古英语遗留下来的过去分词问题参见第一章
③ 能以过去分词作宾补的动词主要分成以下三类:
a) see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉、心理状态的词，如
We found her greatly changed.
I saw the students assembled in the hall.
I saw Tom seated on the bench. (= sitting)
b) make, get, have, keep等表致使含义的词，如
I have my hair cut every ten day. He was trying to make himself understood.
Please keep us informed of the latest developments.
注意have sth. done结构中，have有三种不同含义，试比较
We had the problems solved. (使，有意行为)
She had her arm broken in an accident. (遭受，非有意行为)
I have not any money left. (有)
注意have的一些结构:
have … do / doing / done 此处have作使、让，have的主语多为人，如
I’m going to have you write an article.
They have the car waiting for us at the gate. / I won’t have you talking so much now!
You’d better have your leg examined.
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have … to do / to be done 此处have作有解释，如
We still have a lot of problem to solve.
I have many documents to be typed.
c) like, want, wish, order等表希望、要求含义的词，如
I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.
28. 过去分词可在句中作状语，表示多种意义，兹各举一例如下，一般都可转换为对应从句
时间状语 Once appointed supreme commander, he took the stern measures expected of him.
原因状语 Deeply moved, he thanked her again and again.
条件状语 United, we stand; divided, we fall.
让步状语 Beaten by the police and sent to jail, Gandhi invented the principle of nonviolent resistance.
表伴随 He went to Beijing that year, disguised as a merchant.
过去分词还可以带从属连词when, although, though, as if, if, even if, once, unless, until等，如
The dictionary will look nice when printed.
Though surrounded, the guerillas were not discouraged.
Once published, the book caused a remarkable stir.
上述结构可视作一个省略主语 + be的从句，注意主语一致问题
也可作独立结构，如
My work done, we went home straight away.
有时也可由介词with引出，如
They sat in the room with the curtains drawn.
29. 独立(主格)结构(建议理解)——带主语的分词结构
① n. / pron. + 现在分词，如
Mr. Li being a senior teacher, we all respect him.
② n. / pron. + 过去分词，如
Their work done, the workers left the factory.
独立结构作状语类似于with结构，有时可交替使用
30. 综述 非谓语动词的逻辑主语:
① 作表语、宾语、状语时，其逻辑主语即句子主语，如
His wish is to live in a flat.
② 作定语时，其逻辑主语即被修饰词，如
Toys made in China are very popular.
③ 作宾补时，其逻辑主语即该句宾语，如
Many parents urge their children to attend extra classes in holiday.
④ 若非谓语动词需自己独立的主语
a) 不定式可使用for / of sb. 注意of仅用于表示人物性格、特点的形容词后
b) 动名词作主语则可用名词所有格或物主代词，如His coming late made me angry.
提示: 此处不可使用him
动名词作宾语则可用名词宾格 / 宾格代词或名词所有格 / 物主代词，如
Can you imagine my / me eating these things within ten minutes?
c) 独立(主格)结构
v 考前巩固
I. Correct errors, if any, in the following sentences. Only the sentences in English need revising. Pay special attention to what you’ve learnt in this chapter.
1. It’s necessary of you to learn some English.
2. The medicine can’t help getting rid of your cold.
3. Tom stopped listening, but there was no sound.
4. He suggested us to watch a movie.
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5. They were made work day and night.
6. We don’t have paper to write.
7. The meeting being held next month is sure to be a great success.
8. Seeing from the hill, the town looks magnificent.
9. How often I have regretted not to take his advice!
10. I don’t know how to do. I’m confusing.
11. She can do everything except to cook.
12. He is a leader loving by the people.
13. He felt it an honor to taking part in the work.
14. Remember posting the letter on your way home, David.
15. I need my television repairing.
16. Tom failing in the exam made me unhappy.
17. Once seen, I don’t want to see it again. (这看过一遍就不想看第二遍了。)
18. Why not asking your parents for help?
19. He is to be blamed.
20. Turning to the left, and you will find the zoo.
II. Add to where necessary.
1. Rather than _____ run the risk of losing everything they accepted his term.
2. I could do nothing but _____ pretend _____ know nothing.
3. Why not _____ urge him _____ reconsider his decision?
4. Mr. Jones was made _____ answer innumerable questions.
5. Why don’t get your wife _____ explain it to you?
6. Help the girl in front of you _____ carry the baskets.
7. Her whole life had been spent in listening to other people _____ talk.
8. She had no choice but _____ obey.
9. What can I do then except _____ watch them _____ carry you away?
10. Are you willing to let your wife _____ be controlled by destiny?
III. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms, choosing among the infinitive, the gerund, the present participle and the past participle.
1. He was in low spirits and even considered _____ (go) away.
2. The criminal even threatened _____ (murder) the president.
3. Practise _____ (put) the tip of your tongue between your teeth and blowing: You will pronounce perfect th’s!
4. I can’t help _____ (wonder) whether we should risk _____ (go) without raincoats.
5. Don’t tell me you always escape _____ (fine) because you have a very fast sports car!
6. Tim decided _____ (put) broken glass on top of his wall _____ (prevent) boys _____ (climb) over it.
7. The doctor advised _____ (stay) longer in hospital.
8. We all appreciate your _____ (want) _____ (help) us in our difficulties.
9. The witness denied _____ (see) the accused man.
10. Michael has delayed _____ (write) to her till today.
11. I didn’t mean _____ (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn’t resist ____ (try) one.
12. Most people prefer _____ (spend) money to _____ (earn) it.
13. We don’t allow _____ (smoke) in the lecture room.
14. This problem needs _____ (look into).
15. I love _____ (lie) on my back and staring at the sky.
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16. He permitted _____ (arrive) late with an excuse.
17. I wish he would stop _____ (pretend) to be an expert on Byzantine Art.
18. I remember _____ (allow) them _____ (play) in my garden without first _____ (ask) for permission.
19. Do you wish your breakfast _____ (bring) to your room, madam?
20. I don’t want that kind of thing _____ (keep) happening.
21. I’m not going to have you _____ (mix up) with this sort of business.
22. Don’t forget to have him _____ (come).
23. I caught the boys _____ (steal) apples from my garden.
24. Can you get the clock _____ (go) again?
25. The lecturer soon got us _____ (think).
26. I’ll get the book _____ (send) to you next mail.
27. You should make your views _____ (know).
28. I’ll leave you _____ (settle) all the business.
29. It’s better to leave something _____ (unsay).
30. He kept them _____ (work) all day.
31. Hereafter I want you to keep me _____ (inform) of how things are going with you.
32. I felt a great weight _____ (take off) my mind by this promise.
33. I saw the man _____ (knock down) and the driver _____ (drive) away.
34. The rent you ask sounds reasonable for the size of the cottage. How would you like it _____ (pay)?
35. I won’t have anything _____ (say) against him behind his back.
IV. Complete the sentences by using the present or the past participle form of the verb in brackets.
1. Mrs. Allison will charm everyone at the party. She is a _____ (charm) woman.
2. Has something troubled you? Did you receive some _____ (trouble) news?
3. Will your _____ (increase) salary enable you to buy a new car?
4. Did you try to encourage your son? Did you give him any _____ (encourage) advice?
5. The _____ (fall) snow was frozen hard.
6. Dick jumped out of the way of the _____ (approach) train.
7. We need another copy of the _____ (sign) contract.
8. The _____ (return) package had no stamps on it.
9. Sheila is the _____ (adopt) daughter of a well-known banker.
10. The Chief felt thoroughly lost in the _____ (crowd) streets of London.
V. Combine the following sentences by using suitable non-predicative verbs.
1. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare.
2. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper.
3. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed.
4. She didn’t want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before.
5. She entered the room suddenly. She found them smoking.
6. She asked me to help her. She realized that she couldn’t move it alone.
*VI. Combine each group of sentences into a single sentence by using clauses, non-predicative verbs or both.
1. Tommy has entered a key university in Shanghai.
He was once praised by his high school teacher for his diligence.
2. This is a good spot for picnic.
A river flows on one side.
A large tree provides shade.
We can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll.
3. The town folk envied Horace.
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Horace had come into a small fortune.
With the fortune he bought a big house.
With the fortune he also obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in Britain.
4. He had greatly wronged his only daughter.
She might never forgive him.
This idea almost drove him crazy.
5. The story written in plain language.
It consists of three parts.
It has an interesting plot.
The plot centres round an old aristocratic family.
The family lived in 17th-century France.
6. Far above the waters of a beautiful lake stand five pavilions.
The pavilions are in Chinese style.
They stand over the tops of the tall pine trees.
The pine trees grow on the steep slopes of a hill.
7. The old man stopped farther down the street.
He leaned against a lamp-post.
He listened to a song.
The song was cheerful.
It came out from a restaurant.
The restaurant was on the opposite side of the street.
8. Mr. Jacob was Tony’s former employer.
He had promised Tony a half-day job.
The job would give Tony £20 a week.
It was necessary to break this news to his family, Tony thought.
VII. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1. 只喝一杯咖啡就会使我整晚睡不着。(keep)
2. 我们对他的不辞而别感到很惊讶。(without)
3. 看到奶奶有些睡意，他拉上窗帘并把电视的音量调低了。(turn)
4. 你为什么不在网上订票呢？(Why)
5. 要保持身体健康，我们应该每天抽出一定的时间来锻炼。(health)
6. 在寒冷的冬日喝杯热饮真是惬意。(It)
7. 阅读电子书籍渐渐成为年轻人的新时尚。(trend)
8. 请避免经常11点以后睡觉。(avoid)
9. 得知他心情不好，我建议他与朋友聊聊天，以去除烦恼。(suggest)
10. 今天报纸上的这篇文章值得一看。(worth)
11. 你已经使我没什么可说的了。(leave)
12. 做这种实验值得吗？(worthwhile)
13. 重修这条运河已经给国民经济带来许多好处。(bring)
14. 看到面前坐着这么多人，他感到很紧张。(feel)
15. 我在四川住过许多年，对那里很了解。(familiar)
16. 我们开始敲门，以为那就是他的住所。(knock)
17. 由于太兴奋，他不知说什么好。(know)
18. 她坐在那里一声不响，泪水顺着面颊流下来。(with结构)

v 真题链接
Choose the best answer.
1. Friendship is like money: easier made than _____.
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A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept
2. _____ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement,
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
3. Unless _____ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
4. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _____ in making the earth a better place to live.
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
5. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _____ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
6. The research is so designed that once _____ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
7. – How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
– The key _____ the problem is to meet the demand _____ by the customers.
A. to solving…making B. to solving…made C. to solve…making D. to solve…made
8. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving _____ their products more competitive.
A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made
9. Quite a few people used to believe that disaster _____ if a mirror was broken.
A. was sure of striking B. was sure of having struck
C. was sure to be struck D. was sure to strike
10. Though _____ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
11. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
12. _____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
13. Prices of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
14. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _____ for another hour.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting
15. When _____, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
16. In order to make our city green, _____.
A. it is necessary to have planted more trees B. many more trees need to plant
C. our city needs more trees D. we must plant more trees
17. With a lot of difficult problems _____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
18. _____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
19. Finding her car stolen, _____.
A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searching thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help
20. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _____ everything.
A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told
21. _____ anything about the accident, he went to work as usual.
A. Not known B. Known not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing
22. – There’s a hole in your bag. – I know. I am going to have it _____.
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A. mend B. mending C. mended D. to be mended
23. The next morning she found the man in bed, _____ dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
24. Tell him _____ the window.
A. to shut out B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
25. The furniture _____ on October 15 was seriously damaged because of a road accident.
A. being delivered B. having delivered
C. having been delivered D. delivered
26. He had his leg _____ in the match yesterday.
A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking
27. I can’t imagine _____ that with them.
A. do B. to do C. being done D. doing
28. Most of the people _____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
29. – Good morning. Can I help you?
– I’d like to have this package _____, madam.
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
30. All _____ will be present at the conference.
A. parties concerned B. parties concerning C. concerned parties D. concerning parties
31. _____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
32. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _____ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
33. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _____ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
34. The secretary worked late into the night, _____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
35. The Olympic Games, _____ in 776 BC, did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
36. The _____ world population is the result of recent advances in medical science.
A. increased B. increase C. being increasing D. increasing
37. _____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
38. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _____ by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
39. European football is played in 80 countries, _____ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
40. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
41. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door, ____ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
42. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what _____ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
43. Some people believe that some numbers show the _____ side of a person’s personality.
A. hiding B. hid C. hidden D. hide
44. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _____.
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A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
45. Walking past the park, I couldn’t help _____ some children flying kites.
A. stop to watch B. stopping watch C. stopping to watch D. to stop to watch
46. Generally speaking, _____ according to directions, the drug has no side-effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
47. – What do you think made the woman so upset?
– _____ weight.
A. As she put on B. Put on C. Putting on D. Because of putting on
48. The manager, _____ his factory’s products were poor in quality, decided to give his workers further training.
A. knowing B. known C. to know D. being known
49. Don’t be discouraged. _____ things as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life.
A. Taking B. To take C. Take D. Taken
50. Time should be made good use of _____ our lessons well.
A. learning B. learned C. to learn D. having learned
51. My advisor encouraged _____ a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take
52. _____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
53. Don’t leave the water _____ while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
54. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _____ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
55. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _____ the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
56. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time _____ the exam.
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
57. _____ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed
C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
58. Helen had to shout _____ above the sound of the music.
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
59. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _____ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
60. You were silly not _____ your car.
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
61. _____ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared
62. _____ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted
63. – The last one _____ pays the meal. – Agreed.
A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving
64. I smell something _____ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute?
A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt
65. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _____ could be heard outside the classroom.
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A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed D. to open and close
66. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother’s voice _____ him.
A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call
67. There is nothing more I can try _____ you to stay, so I wish you good luck.
A. being persuaded B. persuading C. to be persuaded D. to persuade
68. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _____, he gladly accepted it.
A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished
69. – Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
– Just a minute. I’ll have Bob _____ you to your room.
A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing
70. He is a student at Oxford University, _____ for a degree in computer science.
A. studied B. studying C. to have studied D. to be studying
71. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _____ in a short period.
A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve
72. – Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
– Sorry. With so much work _____ my mind, I almost break down.
A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled
73. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _____, and asked myself what I was going to do.
A. moved B. moving C. to move D. being moved
74. “Things _____ never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself.
A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. have lost
75. He is a very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _____ in his lectures.
A. interested B. interesting C. interest D. to interest
76. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there _____ for a space flight.
A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained
77. All the staff in our company are considering _____ to the city centre for the fashion show.
A. to go B. going C. to have gone D. having gone
78. She wants her paintings _____ in the gallery, but we don’t think they would be very popular.
A. display B. to display C. displaying D. displayed
79. Peter received a letter just now _____ his grandma would come to see him soon.
A. said B. says C. saying D. to say
80. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _____ every day.
A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water
81. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _____.
A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard
82. _____ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.
A. Driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven
83. You can’t imagine what difficulty we had _____ home in the snowstorm.
A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking
84. He let me repeat his instruction _____ sure that I understand what was _____ after he went away.
A. to make…to be made B. making…doing
C. to make…to do D. making…to do
85. At least 107 people were reported _____ in the ever recorded worst snow that struck southern China last winter.
A. to kill B. to be killed C. to have been killed D. to have killed
16
86. No matter how frequently _____, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed
87. At the shopping center, he didn’t know what _____ and _____ with an empty bag.
A. to buy…leave B. to be bought…left C. to buy…left D. was to buy…leave
88. – Let me tell you something about my Chinese teacher.
– I remember _____ about her yesterday.
A. telling B. being told C. to tell D. having told
89. Having no money but _____ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.
A. not to want anyone B. wanted no one C. not wanting anyone D. to want no one
90. The old lady needed _____ as she was in her 80s.
A. to look after B. looking after C. look after D. being looked after
91. – Why are you always making me drink milk?
– _____ enough calcium for you to grow tall and strong.
A. Get B. To get C. Getting D. To be getting
92. Many students _____ around, I explained the story into details.
A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing
93. He has a lot of friends and never mind himself _____ alone by his busy parents.
A. leaving B. to leave C. to be left D. being left
94. I explained the theory as clearly as possible, _____ to make it easy _____.
A. hope…to understand B. hoped…understood
C. hoping…to understand D. to hope…to be understood
95. To balance a budget is to show that the sum of a man’s earnings _____ the sum of his expenditures.
A. equals B. equal C. equaled D. equaling
96. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used _____ late for his lecture.
A. to have students B. for students’ being C. for students to be D. to students’ being
97. When I was on the track team, I used to _____ the 400-meter.
A. run B. running C. be running D. being running
98. They are going to have someone ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
99. She was so pleased that she felt like _____.
A. to find someone to talk B. to find someone to talk to
C. finding someone to talk D. finding someone to talk to
100. While _____ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to _____ the deaf.
A. remembering…help B. remembered…helping
C. remembering…helping D. to be remembered…help
参考答案：
考前巩固
I. 1. … for you … 2. … can’t help to get rid of …
3. … stopped to listen … 4. … suggested us watching …
5. … were made to work … 6. … to write on.
7. … meeting to be held … 8. Seen from …
9. … not taking … 10. … know how to do it …
11. … except cook. 12. … loved by …
13. … to take … 14. … to post …
15. … my television to be repaired. 16. Tom’s …
17. Having seen it once, … 18. Why not ask …
19. … is to blame. 20. Turning to the left, you will …
II. 1. / 2. /…to 3. /…to 4. to
5. to 6. (to) 7. / 8. to
9. /…/ 10. /
III. 1. going 2. to murder
3. putting 4. wondering…going
5. being fined 6. to put…to prevent…climbing
7. staying 8. wanting…to help
9. having seen 10. writing
11. to eat…trying 12. spending…earning
13. smoking 14. to be looked into / looking into
15. lying 16. arriving
17. pretending 18. allowing…to play…asking
19. (to be) brought 20. to keep
21. mixed up 22. come
23. stealing 24. going
25. thinking 26. sent
27. known 28. to settle
29. unsaid 30. working
31. informed 32. taken off
33. knocked down…driving 34. paid
35. said
IV. 1. charming 2. troubling 3. increased 4. encouraging
5. fallen 6. approaching 7. signed 8. returned
9. adopted 10. crowded
V. 1. Knowing that he was poor, I offered to pay his fare.
2. Finding / Having found no one at home, he left the house in a bad temper.
3. Exhausted by his work, he threw himself on his bed.
4. Having heard the story before, she didn’t want to hear the story again.
5. Entering the room suddenly, she found them smoking.
6. Realizing that she couldn’t move it alone, she asked me to help her.
VI. 1. Tommy, once praised by his high school teacher for his diligence, has entered a key university in Shanghai.
2. With the river on one side and a large tree providing shade, this is a good spot for a picnic, and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll.
3. The town folk envied Horace, who had come into a small fortune with which he bought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in Britain.
4. The idea that his only daughter whom he had greatly wronged might never forgive him almost drove him crazy.
5. The story, written in plain language, consists of three parts with an interesting plot centering round an old aristocratic family living in 17th-century France.
6. Far above the waters of a beautiful lake and over the tops of the tall pine trees growing on the steep slopes of a hill stand five Chinese-style pavilions.
7. Farther down the street, the old man stopped and leaned against a lamp-post, listening to a cheerful song coming out of a restaurant on the opposite side of the street.
8. Tony thought it necessary to break the news to his family, that Mr. Jacob, his former employer, had promised him a half-day job at £20 a week.
VII. 1. Drinking only a cup of coffee will keep me awake all night.
2. We were greatly surprised that he had left without saying goodbye.
3. Seeing Grandma a little sleepy, he drew the curtains and turned the TV down.
4. Why not / Why don’t you book tickets online?
5. To keep us in good health, we should set aside some time to exercise ourselves everyday.
6. It is pleasant to have a cup of hot drink on a cold winter day.
7. Reading electronic books is becoming a new trend for young people.
8. Please avoid going to bed after 11 often.
9. Knowing that he is in a bad mood, I suggest his chatting with friends to get rid of worries.
10. This article in today’s newspaper is worth reading.
11. You have left me very little / nothing to say.
12. Is it worthwhile doing such experiments?
13. Rebuilding this canal has already brought many benefits to our national economy.
14. Seeing so many people before her, she felt very nervous.
15. Having lived in Sichuan for many years, I’m quite familiar with that place.
16. We began to knock at the door, thinking that was his home.
17. Being so excited, he didn’t know what to say.
18. She sat there silent, with tears streaming / running down her cheeks.

真题链接
1~10 ADABB DBADC 11~20 DCBAA DCADD
21~30 DCABD BDADA 31~40 ACDBC DDCAB
41~50 DBCCC BCACC 51~60 DCBBB DCDCB
61~70 DBCAC ADAAB 71~80 ABBAA DBDCA
81~90 AADAC ACBCB 91~100 BBDCA DAADB