专题04+阅读理解之猜词题+-【查漏补缺】2022年高考英语三轮冲刺过关

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专题04 阅读理解之猜词题（原卷版）

词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。

一、思维导图



二、方法点拨

设问形式
　　1. The underlined word ＂…＂ in the second(third…) paragraph refers to(means) ______.

　　2. By saying that ＂…＂ in the first(second…) paragraph, the author means that ______.
　　3. In paragraph …, ＂…＂ can be replaced by ＂______＂.
　　4. The meaning of ＂…＂ in paragraph… is related to ______.
　　5. Which of the following has the closest meaning to…(paragraph…)?
6. The underlined sentence in the … paragraph probably means that _____.
对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍几种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。
一 、相似法：
利用同义词、近义词（词组）或相似的结构猜测词义。在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。
【例】
…Fermat’s Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. …
65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?
A. To encourage people to raise questions.
B. To cause difficulty in understanding.
C. To provide a person with an explanation.
D. To limit people’s imagination.
【答案】B
【解析】由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具有数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。
二、对比法：
利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。
表示对比的信号词有yet, but, while, though, however, otherwise, on the one hand...on the other hand, for one thing...for another thing, instead of等。
【例】
…A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. …
74. What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?
A. A party designed by specialists.
B. A plan requiring careful thought.
C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble.
D. A demand made by guests.
【答案】C
【解析】根据前句的否定doesn’t与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty, trouble相近。答案为C。
三、释义法：
有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。
常见的词有：mean, that is, in other words, for example, for instance, such as...
【例】
“Organic produce is always better, ” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides (农药), and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.
62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?
A. Growing interest in organic food.
B. Better quality of organic food.
C. Rising market for organic food.
D. Higher prices of organic food.
【答案】A
【解析】由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为A。
四、语境法：
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。
1．根据对比关系猜测词义
　　在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。
　　例如：A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
　　What does the underlined word ＂hassle＂ (paragraph 1) probably mean?
　　A. a party designed by specialists
　　B. a plan requiring careful thought
　　C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
　　D. a demand made by guests
　　根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。
2．根据比较关系猜测词义
　　同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
　　例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
　　该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是＂健谈的＂。
3．根据因果关系猜测词义
　　在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。
　　例如：I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
　　The word ＂presumptuous＂ in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to ＂__________ ＂.
　　A．full of respect
　　B．too confident and rude
　　C．lacking in experience
　　D．too shy and quiet
　　根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（＂既然你是我的上司＂），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：＂冒失的，放肆的＂意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。
　　Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.
　　根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：＂修剪（树枝等）＂的意思。
4．根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义
　　在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。
　　例如：William Shakespeare said. ＂The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.＂
　　The underlined word ＂mingled＂ in the last paragraph most probably means .
　　A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
　　句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了 a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：＂混合的，交织的＂，答案是：B。
　　Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is ＂yes＂, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.
根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins 是一家医疗中心。
【例】
（2019·江苏卷）In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone before:he couldn't find the park's volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature — that's what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.
Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is，however，a second les known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera; almost the whole park-2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
60. What does the underlined word "blow-up" in the last paragraph most probably mean？
A. Hot-air balloon. B. Digital camera.
C. Big photograph. D. Bird's view.
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。讲述了二十世纪六十年代Bob Christiansen在研究黄石公园的火山历史时，奇怪地发现到处看不到火山的影子，原来，这儿的火山并不是像我们大部分人想象的那种圆锥体形状的高耸的样子，而是一个巨大的洞，这个洞太大了以至于从地面上的任何地方都看不见。
【答案】C
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors’ centers.可知，美国国家航空和宇宙航行局为测试一些新的高海拔照相机而拍摄了黄石公园的照片。一位深思熟虑的官员把其中的一些照片副本转交给了公园管理部门，认为他们可能会将其放大以供一个游客中心展示。故可知，此处意为将照片放大，选C。
五、构词法：
阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。
1．根据前缀猜测词义
　　例如：Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?
　　根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：＂男女同校教育的＂意思。
2．根据后缀猜测词义
　　例如：It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．
　　后缀 -ise/ize意思是＂使成为…；使…化＂，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：＂未被商业化的＂。
3．根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
　　例如：Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.
　　Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂设计精巧的＂意思。
　　We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists.
　　根据合成词中的mass（大量的）和produce（生产），我们可以推测 mass-produce的意思是：＂大批量生产；规模生产＂的意思。
【例】

…Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.” …
70. The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means ________________.
A. value B. result
C. performance D. connection
【答案】B
【解析】运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组come out 的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果。

词汇拓展
1.合成法
man-made handwriting
copyright greenhouse
all-round typewriter
breakthrough high-class
blacklist one-way
English-speaking
2.派生法
A.否定前缀
un-（不）unimportant in-/im-/ir-/il-（不）impossible
dis-（不）dislike mis-（不）misunderstand
B.其他前缀
re-（再）rebuild inter-（互）interchange
pre-（前）preschool anti-（反）antifreeze
non-（否）nonprofit
C.名词后缀
-er（人）teacher -er（物）cooker
-ician（人）physician
D.形容词后缀
-able（能）eatable -less（否）homeless
E.动词后缀
-en（使）widen -fy（使）satisfy
-ize（使）modernize


三、高考真题
2022年1月浙江卷A篇
For nearly a decade now,Merebeth has been a self-employed pet transport specialist. Her pet transport job was born of the financial crisis（危机）in the late 2000s．The downturn hit the real estate（房地产）firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager.The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job.One day,while driving near her home,she saw a dog wandering on the road, clearly lost. She took it home,and her sister in Denver agreed to take it. This was a loving home for sure,but 1,600 miles away.It didn’t take long for Merebeth to decide to drive the dog there herself. It was her first road trip to her new job.
Merebeth's pet delivery service satisfies her wanderlust. It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana,Washington and Oregon,she says proudly.If she wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there.She travels in all weathers.She has driven through 55 mph winds in Wyoming , heavy flooding and storms in Alabama and total whiteout conditions in Kansas.
This wanderlust is inherited from her father,she says.He moved their family from Canada to California when she was one year old,because he wanted them to explore a new place together. As soon as she graduated from high school she left home to live on Catalina Island off the Californian coast,away from her parents,where she enjoyed a life of sailing and off-road biking.
It turns out that pet transporting pays quite well at about $30,000 per year before tax.She doesn't work in summer, as it would be unpleasantly hot for the animals in the car, even with air conditioning.As autumn comes,she gets restless the same old wanderlust returning. It's a call she must handle alone,though.Merebeth says,"When I'm on the road, I'm just in my own world. I've always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I must help animals."

22.The word “wanderlust" in paragraph 2 means a desire to_?
A.make money.                                           B.try various jobs.
C.be close to nature.                                 D.travel to different places.


2021年6月北京卷
The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility.
The international scholars' warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories（签署者）of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the "ecological footprint" concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, "it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century, " Johnson said in an email.
What does the underlined word "germane" in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Scientific. B.Credible. C.Original. D.Relevant.

2021年6月新高考2卷B篇
I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo, Paris for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are the first tiger cubs that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don't make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home.
I've got two children—the younger one, Kynan, was extremely happy about the tigers arriving - but all of us really looked forward to being part of their lives and watching them grow. I wasn't worried about bringing them into my home with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed about 2.5 kg and were so small that there was absolutely no risk.
As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd get up to mischief. We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.
Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors.
When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren't there.
I'm not sad about it. I'm hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look back very fondly on the time that we had them.

5. What do the underlined words “get up to mischief” mean in paragraph 3?
A. Behave badly. B. Lose their way. C. Sleep soundly. D. Miss their mom.
2021年3月天津卷B篇
About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard（蜥蜴）was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.
I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months.
The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special.
"Let's make a cake for Dad!" I cried.
My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table!
Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.
Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary（纪录片）series The Last Dance.
The poignancy（酸楚）of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.
Humans do not shed skin（蜕皮）as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.
Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.
4.The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as           .
A.letting go of the past
B.looking for a new job
C.getting rid of a bad habit
D.giving up an opportunity

2021年1月浙江卷C篇
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩）use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5, 000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures, " she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect."
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling: "Climb on me." The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother's back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species（物种）out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans, " said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions, " she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains."
3.What does the underlined word "gulf" in the last paragraph mean?
A.Difference. B.Conflict.
C.Balance. D.Connection.


2021年6月新高考1卷C篇
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural resourses wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（栖息地）.
2.What does the underlined word "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.

2021年6月全国乙卷B篇
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones, according to a survey（调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
What does the underlined word "concede" in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue. C.Remember. D.Remark.

2021年6月浙江卷B篇
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
3.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2?
A.records B.predicts C.delays D.confirms

2020全国卷I B 篇
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的 ), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble ( 随 笔 ) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortázar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortázar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
26. ( )What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A. Debt. B. Reward. C. Allowance. D. Face value.

2020全国卷II C 篇
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria (海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur — unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,” says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species (物种). It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us,” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions. Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them — I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She’s trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.

30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.

2020全国卷III B 篇
When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants,” “The Hangover Part II” and “Zookeeper,” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
26. ( )What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Listing completely. B. Directing professionally.
C. Promoting successfully. D. Watching carefully.

2020江苏卷 C 篇
For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men’s fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists’ lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the man skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men’s blood and fat tissue.
Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins ( 蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin ( 胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.
61. ( ) The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “ ”.
A. digest the meal easily B. manage without breakfast
C. decide wisely what to eat D. eat whatever is offered

2020山东卷 C 篇
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral (葬礼) followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.

9. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Developing a serious mental disease. B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.

2020浙江卷B篇
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don’t flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red / yellow / green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9 : 37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection (十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed,” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.
For all of Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. “It’s not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he says.
In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.
25.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Increased length of green lights. B. Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C. Flexible timing of traffic signals. D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.


四、模拟综合演练
（2022·黑龙江齐齐哈尔·一模）
The world is getting greener, according to a new study published in Nature this week.
Chi Chen, lead author of the study, and his colleagues have been mining data collected by an orbiting NASA camera that monitors green vegetation on Earth’s surface, day by day. Even more interesting: They are able to show the exact causes of increasing or decreasing leaf cover in particular areas.
In some cold places, increase in leaf cover apparently resulted from global warming. Since the climate is becoming more and more temperate and the growing season is getting longer and longer, the plants are growing bigger and leafier there.
“One large area of Brazil lost vegetation. I personally checked the data, and that’s because of lack of rain,” Chen said.
The most striking changes, though, were the result of human decisions in China and India. Both countries have been getting a lot greener.
The greening of India, Chen says, comes from a huge expansion of irrigated agriculture. “Instead of having just crops when it’s raining, they also have a whole six months of cropping and greenness when it’s not raining,” he says. “This version of greening isn’t really so great for the environment, though. The irrigation drains groundwater, vegetation is wiped away at harvest time and the extra chemicals farmers use produce greenhouse gases.”
In China, though, about half of the new leaf cover that Chen detected appears to be the result of a massive reforestation effort. It’s a government-supported attempt to prevent disastrous dust storms that resulted from earlier deforestation. “They are really doing a good job,” Chen says. “They have a large and comprehensive tree planting program. Those trees will stay in place, capturing (捕捉) dust and also CO2, the greenhouse gas. They’ll store it in wood, roots and soil, doing their part to slow global warming.”
1．Which of the following best explains the underlined word “temperate” in paragraph 3?
A．Warm. B．Wet.
C．Cold D．Dry.
2．What has led to the decrease of leaf cover in the Brazilian area?
A．Tree cutting. B．Dry weather.
C．Seasonal harvest. D．Desertification.
3．How does Chi Chen probably feel about the greening in India?
A．Excited. B．Puzzled.
C．Worried. D．Annoyed.
4．What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A．The benefits of tree planting. B．The harm of global warming.
C．The costs of greening in China. D．The cause of greening in China.
（2022·辽宁·东北育才学校模拟预测）
Recordings (录音) of angry bees are enough to send big, tough African elephants running away, a new study says. Beehives ( 蜂窝) either recorded or real may even prevent elephants from damaging farmer’s crops.
Years ago, scientist Lucy King and her team found that elephants avoid certain trees with bees living in them. Today, Lucy wants to see if African honeybees might stop elephants from eating crops.
But before she asked farmers to set up beehives on their farms, she needed to find out if the bees would frighten elephants away.
Lucy found a wild beehive inside a tree in northern Kenya and set up a recorder. Then she threw a stone into the beehive, which burst into life. Lucy and her assistant hid in their car until the angry bees had calmed down. Next, Lucy searched out elephant families in Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya and put a speaker in a tree close to each family.
From a distance, Lucy turned on the pre-recorded sound of angry bees while at the same time recording the elephants with a video camera. Half the elephant groups left the area within ten seconds. Out of a total of 17 groups, only one group didn’t react to the sound of the angry bees. Lucy reported that all the young elephants immediately ran to their mothers to hide under them. When Lucy played the sound of a waterfall ( 瀑布) instead of the angry bees to many of the same elephant families, the animals were undisturbed. Even after four minutes, most of the groups stayed in one place.
Lucy is now studying whether the elephants will continue to avoid the sound of angry bees after hearing it several times. She hasn’t tested enough groups yet to know and she has now begun placing speakers in the fields to see if elephants are frightened away.
5．What can be the title of the passage?
A．Bees are the King of the Forest B．How to Keep Elephants Away
C．Don’t Get Close to Angry Bees D．Angry Bees Frighten Big Elephants Away
6．Why did Lucy throw a stone into a wild beehive?
A．To record the sound of angry bees.
B．To make a video of elephants.
C．To see if elephants would run away.
D．To find out more about the behavior of bees.
7．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Groups of elephants will make bees angry..
B．Waterfalls can make elephants stay in one place.
C．Elephants do not go near trees with bees living in them.
D．Young elephants ignore African honeybees.
8．According to the passage, Lucy ________.
A．works by herself in Africa
B．needs to test more elephant groups
C．has stopped elephants eating crops
D．has got farmers to set up beehives on their farms
（2022·山东·烟台市教育科学研究院一模）
Emerging (新兴的) economies struggled to grow through the 2010s and pessimism hangs over them now. People wonder how they will pay debts rung up during the Covid-19 pandemic and how they can grow rapidly as they did in the past.
The freshest answer is the fast-spreading digital revolution (革命). Emerging nations are adopting cutting-edge technology at a lower and lower cost, allowing them to fuel domestic demand and overcome traditional barriers to growth. Over the past decade, the number of smartphone owners has skyrocketed worldwide. The world’s emerging markets have already demonstrated the transformative effects of digital technology, which has saved the economy with old industries slowing sharply.
The digital revolution is as advanced in emerging economies as in developed ones. Among the top 30 nations by tax income from digital services as a share of GDP, 16 are in the emerging world. Since 2017, digital tax income has been growing in emerging countries at an average annual pace of 26%, compared with 11% in the developed ones.
How can it be that poorer nations are adopting digital technologies faster than the rich? One explanation is habit and its absence. In societies with plentiful physical stores and services, customers are often comfortable with and slow to abandon the providers they have. Nations lacking in schools, hospitals and banks will jump at the first digital option that comes along and quickly bridge these gaps by establishing online services.
Since 2010, the cost of starting a business has held steady in developed countries while falling sharply in emerging countries, from 66% to just 27% of the average annual income. Businessmen can now launch businesses affordably, organizing much of what they need on a smartphone.
It’s early days, too. Tech revolutions usually last a long time. Innovations like the car and the steam engine were still transforming economies half a century later. While the pandemic is weakening globalization, the age of rapid digitization has just begun. This offers many developing economies a revolutionary new path to catching up with the living standards of the developed world.
9．Where are people more willing to accept digital services?
A．In developed societies.
B．In overpopulated nations.
C．In economies with poor online services.
D．In countries short of basic public facilities.
10．How do businessmen in emerging countries benefit from digital technology?
A．They can pay less tax.
B．They make stable profits.
C．They do business at lower costs.
D．They enjoy a bigger share of the market.
11．Why are “the car and the steam engine” mentioned in the last paragraph?
A．To prove old inventions will finally go out of style.
B．To indicate digitization will have a long-term impact.
C．To explain innovations will take a long time to be adopted.
D．To imply developing countries will overtake developed ones.
12．What’s the best title of the text?
A．The Global Economy Is Looking Up
B．Emerging Economies Struggle in the Pandemic
C．Digital Tech Saves the Declining Emerging Markets
D．Digital Service Is Progressing Slowly in Rich Countries
（2022·黑龙江齐齐哈尔·一模）
Directions, luggage delivery, tasty food. Those are some of the things we’ve seen robots offering at the media center of Beijing Winter Olympics. And most of the robots we’ve seen here aren't made to look human. Instead, they present a wide range of looks.
Two of the most advanced robots regularly operate in crowded space. One greets visitors, answers questions and offers to guide people through the crowds. Another one cleans the carpeted hallways of the main press center. It speaks to passersby in a woman’s voice. It seems to be speaking English. But we cannot make it out well, because it also plays joyful music while its two front brushes are clearing dust and dirt like a futuristic street-sweeper.
Don’t assume these robots work all hours just because they’re robots. They have carefully managed schedules. For example, the snack robots just go around the media center for about 15 minutes every hour—usually only between noon and 17: 00.
Another kind of robots helps out with logistics (物流) at the media center. These robots can carry up to 300 kilograms of goods, move freely along the relatively empty halls and automatically recharge themselves. They send unique codes through text messages to the receivers when the delivery has arrived. Then they can pick up the goods with the codes.
There are even COVID-fighting robots, which move around pre-programmed areas spreading chemicals. Food ordering, making and serving in the dining room are fully automatical too. Reporters from around the world can enjoy various food options here.
In short, robots are expected to play an outstanding role in the upcoming Beijing Winter Olympics. But the most important goal is to reduce direct contact (接触) between people.
13．What can the robots do according to paragraph 2?
A．Sing and dance at the entrance.
B．Guide guests in crowded areas.
C．Cook and serve in the dining room.
D．Deliver goods and recharge automatically.
14．What can we know about the snack robots?
A．They look like street-sweepers.
B．They show up every 15 minutes.
C．They cook food on site for the guests.
D．They have pre-programmed schedules.
15．What is the main purpose of employing robots at the media center?
A．To reduce direct human contact.
B．To promote made-in-China robots.
C．To meet the challenge of labor shortage.
D．To test the reliability of AI technologies.
16．What is the best title for the text?
A．A Wonderful Day at 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics
B．Helpful Robots at Beijing Winter Olympics Media Center
C．Robots’ Important Roles at 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics
D．A Unique Robot Show at Beijing Winter Olympics Media Center
（2022·宁夏·银川一中一模）
China’s first Universal Studios theme park opened this month in Beijing. Made up of seven themed lands filled with 37 rides, it is the world’s fifth Universal Studios theme park. It has many of the popular attractions found at its counterparts in Singapore, Osaka, Los Angeles and Orlando. But there are some Universal firsts as well, including the Kung Fu Panda Land of Awesomeness.
The park has many attractions and restaurants designed to reflect the country’s cultural heritage. Guests who have been to the other Universal parks and want to experience something fresh will be most excited about the Kung Fu Panda Land of Awesomeness. Attractions here include Po’s Kung Fu Training Camp, the Carousel of Kung Fu Heroes and the Kung Fu Panda Journey of the Dragon Warrior. And yes, it does feature a Mr. Ping’s Noodle House, modeled after the movie version, among the dining options.
Among the most popular attractions are the scream-inducing Decepticoaster inside the Transformers area, and all the Harry Potter rides. The Jurassic World Adventure and the Minions simulator rides also attract long lines.
Visitors to the Wizarding World of Harry Potter can experience the globally popular Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride inside the towering Hogwarts Castle, as well as the Flight of the Hippogriff. Transformers Metrobase is where guests will experience the impressive outdoor Decepticoaster, while the Minion Land and Jurassic World Isla Nubar have plenty for the little ones.
17．What special experience will guests attain in the Kung Fu Panda Land?
A．Chinese culture. B．Thrilling rides.
C．Delicate western desserts. D．The noodles cooked by real Mr. Ping.
18．Which of the following attractions has more rides for kids?
A．Mr. Ping’s Noodle House. B．Jurassic World Isla Nubar.
C．Transformers Metrobase. D．The Wizarding World of Harry Potter.
19．What’s the purpose of writing the passage?
A．To make a contrast with other theme parks. B．To persuade tourists to visit the theme park.
C．To enhance the reputation of the theme park. D．To present a brief introduction of the theme park.
20．Which column is this passage taken from?
A．Lifestyle. B．Entertainment. C．Culture. D．Society.
（2022·宁夏·银川一中一模）
Women’s complete multivitamin dietary supplements
Our team devote ourselves to women’s wellness and realize that it is more than just taking good vitamins. That’s why we teamed up with the Fruit Tree Planting Foundation to plant 200, 000 fruit trees by 2020 in underserved communities.
Together we are committed to producing nutrient-rich fresh fruit, sustainable lifestyles and happy, healthy communities now and for generations to come.
• 150 grains
• Suggested use:As a dietary supplements, women adults take two grains per day. Chew thoroughly before swallowing after meals.
• Supplement Facts
Serving Size 2
Serving per bottle 75
Amount per serving Daily value
Calories   15
Total sugars   3g
Vitamin A   450mcg
Vitamin C   30mg
Vitamin D   25mcg
Vitamin E   18. 8g
Vitamin B-6   2mg
Calcium   100mg
Boron   150mg
• Other ingredients: Glucose, syrup, sugar, water
• Contains: tree nuts （coconut）
Processed in a facility with products that contain egg, fish, shellfish soy and tree nuts. To ensure quality and effectiveness through expiration （有 效 期） , this dietary supplement is manufactured with higher active ingredient levels than the indicated Amount Per Serving. Take only as directed. Do not exceed suggested dosage. If you have medical condition, are on medication, are pregnant or nursing or have questions regarding your nutritional needs, consult a qualified healthcare professional before using the product. An individual’s need for this product may be met through a varied and well balanced diet. Don’t use if the inner seal is broken or missing. Do not expose to excessive heat or moisture. Colors will darken over time, but this doesn’t alter the effectiveness of the product. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
21．How should people take the supplements?
A．Chew them completely. B．Swallow them after breakfast.
C．Take 2 grains every two days. D．Melt them in your mouth during lunch.
22．Which of the following component contains the minimum?
A．Vitamin E. B．Boron. C．VitaminD D． Calcium.
23．What can we learn about the supplements?
A．They’re suitable for healthy adults. B．They can’t be used to treat illness.
C．Pregnant women ought to take more. D．Their colors’ darkening is the sign of going bad.
（2022·辽宁实验中学一模）
When American Matt Stopera’s iPhone went missing, he thought, “Well, bad luck. These things happen.” One year later, Matt’s misfortune has turned to good fortune as he found a new friend and became an Internet celebrity in China.
You may already be familiar with this story since it spread on Weibo for weeks during the Spring Festival, but it started when Matt began seeing photos of a Chinese man in front of an orange tree on his photo stream (照片流). He wrote about it and some Chinese readers decided to see if they could find the mysterious man. They did. It turns out that “Brother Orange,” as he became known, owned a restaurant in Guangdong and the iPhone he was using, a gift from a nephew, was Matt’s old phone.
Matt and Brother Orange began messaging each other and a friendship blossomed with Matt invited to China to feast at Brother Orange’s restaurant on his delicious Hakkacuisine (客家菜). Matt was also overwhelmed by the warmth of the millions of Chinese who were following the story. When he opened a Weibo account he had 22 million followers almost overnight, many of them inviting him to their hometowns and offering to be his tour guide.
Matt’s story is another example of how powerful the Internet and social networking has become in bringing people together. But there is a darker side to this story and that involves how Matt’s missing iPhone turned up in China. Over three million smart-phones were stolen in America last year. Because of identification numbers, these phones can’t be used in America, so they are sent to other countries and many of them end up in China, where they can be re-activated. This is why Matt and Brother Orange could share the same iCloud account.
You should keep this in mind when buying a second-hand phone and check the serial number to see that it has not been stolen. Finding a friend through social networking is wonderful, but using a stolen phone isn’t really the best way to make the connection.
24．What happened to Matt one year after he lost his phone?
A．He was fortunate enough to get his phone back. B．He became a famous figure on American website.
C．He gained friendship and became popular in China. D．He lost another phone because of his iCloud account.
25．How did Matt and Brother Orange establish their friendship?
A．Brother Orange’s photo was found on the Internet.
B．Chinese readers tried their best to find Brother Orange.
C．Brother Orange received an iPhone from his nephew.
D．Brother Orange contacted Matt and invited him to China.
26．How did Matt’s followers react to his Weibo?
A．cautiously B．enthusiastically C．anxiously D．humorously
27．What does the story indicate?
A．It’s wonderful to find a friend through social net-working.
B．A stolen phone is the best way to make connections.
C．People should be careful when buying a second-hand phone.
D．Matt and Brother Orange set a good example to us.
（2022·广西桂林·模拟预测）
The following is the lesson plan for teaching English based on TED talks and other videos worth watching.
LESSON OVERVIEW
This lesson plan is based on a short video presenting a man who shares experiences from his unusual journey and masters vocabulary in particular travel phrasal verbs. Students will also have a lot of opportunities to speak as they will share their traveling experiences.
TRAVEL PHRASAL VERBS
The worksheet starts with tasks built around travel phrasal verbs. First, students get six sentences and they have to finish them by choosing a correct answer which will reflect the meaning of a given phrasal verb. Next, students complete questions with the correct forms of some of the phrasal verbs from the previous exercise. After that they need to discuss these questions.
QUOTE & VOCABULARY
Then, students move to the next part of the lesson plan. They have a quote by Anthony Bourdain who claims that "Travel isn't always pretty. It isn't always comfortable.….". They need to discuss it and share their opinion about it. Next, they move to a vocabulary task. After that, students have to match halves to create phrases which come from the video and include words from the previous task.
       VIDEO & DISCUSSION
The last part of the lesson plan starts with a short lead-in to the video in the form of a discussion about experiences and challenges we can face on a walking adventure. Then, students watch the video and summarize it by using their own words. Finally, to wrap up the lesson, students discuss the walking journey presented in the video and their own attitude towards such traveling.
28．What theme does this lesson focus on?
A．A special lecture. B．A travel schedule.
C．A travel experience. D．A lecture guidance.
29．How does the teacher end the lesson?
A．By exchanging ideas. B．By listing questions.
C．By making a prediction. D．By giving an examination.
30．What's the author's purpose of writing the text?
A．To tell readers how to study English.
B．To show teachers how to have an English class.
C．To inform readers of the importance of English.
D．To remind teachers of the necessity of a teaching plan.
（2022·河北石家庄·一模）
When someone damages their backbone, the injury can leave them paralyzed (瘫痪). Now, scientists have given three paralyzed men the ability to walk again, thanks to an implanted device.
The human backbone, or spine, doesn’t just help us stand up straight. Inside is the spinal cord, which carries important information between the head and the lower part of the body. This information moves around as bursts of electricity traveling between the brain and the other parts of the body. When the spinal cord is hurt, this pathway gets damaged and they can’t move their legs.
Now scientists in Switzerland have given three paralyzed men the ability to walk again. To help them walk again, the men had surgery. A special device was placed directly on the lower part of their spinal cord, below their injury. This “implant” contained sixteen electrodes, which are small objects that electricity can pass through. The researchers made sure the electrodes were lined up with nerves that control the leg muscles. The scientists controlled the implants from a tablet computer.
The patient’s brains aren’t sending “walking” messages to their legs. Instead, the tablet tells the implant to send the walking messages. The researchers used computers to generate patterns of movement, like taking a step. The patient then uses the tablet to choose the pattern and the muscles move in the chosen way. Over time, the men were able to walk using a special walker with buttons to control each leg.
The solution isn’t perfect. It’s very expensive, it requires difficult surgery, and the patients can’t walk without the system. But the scientists are hopeful that in the future, this sort of technology will allow many paralyzed people to begin to walk again in just hours.
31．What's the main function of the spinal cord?
A．It serves as a message carrier. B．It helps people stand up straight.
C．It takes control of the muscles. D．It produces signals for movements.
32．What is the implanted device expected to do?
A．Activate the damaged nerves. B．Identify the position of the injury.
C．Test the degree of the damage. D．Bridge the nerve gap made by the injury.
33．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．How the surgery is performed. B．How the device works on patients.
C．How the patients walk without aid. D．How movement patterns are designed.
34．Which can be the best title of the text?
A．Damaged nerves recover after surgery.
B．Tablets are used in a medical treatment.
C．Implant helps the paralyzed walk again.
D．Scientists made a discovery on backbones.
（2022·河北石家庄·一模）
Bob Shahmardi was 4 years old when he developed a severe disease. Success rates with the disease were relatively low at that time, but his family was lucky to live in a community that was helpful when they didn’t have many resources and it was at that time that Make-A-Wish stepped in. Through that organization, the Shahmardi family got to enjoy a trip to Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. The then 4-year-old hugged a character actor as part of a wish granted to him and his family by the organization. “It wasn’t just going on a trip. It was more about how we got through that hard time. It was fun for me, but it was lifeline for my parents. ” said Bob.
30 years later, Bob and his wife, Jill Welch, decided to turn their wedding into a fundraiser for the Make-A-Wish Foundation. Their wedding guests financed two wishes for local children, more being planned. Many donated generously to the cause, spending more, perhaps, than they might have if it was just to buy the couple a wedding gift like fine china or a kitchen appliance. Bob said their wedding donation to the Make-A-Wish Foundation isn’t going to be “one and done”. The two plan on continuing to contribute going forward.
Gloria Crockett, president and chief executive officer of the organization, said she felt it amazing to have someone who benefited come back to pay it forward to other kids looking for wishes.
Contrary to popular belief, Gloria stressed that wishes aren’t given to critically ill children as a “last wish”, but are given as a part of the treatment process. The organization granted at least 165 wishes last year. This year Gloria hopes to grant somewhere between 199 and 299 wishes, depending on funding.
35．Which of the following helped Bob realize his wish?
A．The hospital. B．Make-A-Wish. C．The community. D．Disney World.
36．What made Bob’s wedding special?
A．Collecting money for local kids. B．Receiving expensive gifts.
C．The attendance of officials. D．The number of the guests.
37．What does the underlined part “one and done” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Once-only. B．Non-stop. C．Sizable. D．Personal.
38．What did Gloria think of the wish given to Bob?
A．It was a fun experience. B．It was a lifeline.
C．It was a certain treatment. D．It was a last wish.