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解密12 阅读理解七选五提分策略  考点热度   ★★★★☆内容索引核心考点1 七选五试题的语篇主题以及行文逻辑对解题的影响 核心考点2  小标题、主题句、首段尾句和标点符号等在试题解答中的作用1.考试大纲对阅读理解七选五的要求试卷中题干表述如下：根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。阅读理解七选五，即给出一篇缺少5个句子的文章，对应有七个选项，根据文章结构、内容，选出正确的句子，填入相应的空白处。该类题型要求从短文后的七个选项中（均为完整的句子）选出五个能填入文章空处的最佳选项，主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。其命题形式深受阅读多项选择题的影响，体现了《新课标》“用英语获取、处理和运用信息的能力；逐步获取用英语思维的能力。”的阅读学习和教学理念。七选五和传统题型完型填空有些类似，虽然完型填空题考查的是词汇层面，七选五考查的是句子层面，但是它们的考查方式是一样的，只要考生选择的答案能够使行文连贯，符合英文的语法以及习惯表达就行，因此，这两类题型在做题方法上有共同之处。该题型命题形式仍然具有客观题的特点，又与完形填空具有异曲同工之妙，只是选项少，以句子形式出现，考查目的和侧重点不完全相同而已。 从《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。”可以得出以下判断：该题备选项可分为主旨概括句（文章整体内容）、过渡性句子（文章结构）和注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）三类。其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置，例如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等。2.阅读理解七选五题型的特点符合《英语课程标准》中“提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”的要求和《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 说明》中“如果希望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。”的要求。如果说通常意义上的高考英语完形填空题是词法和句法范围内的考查，它是语言表达的基本单位，属于语言的组织规律，那么阅读填空题就是章法范围内的考查，是语言使用的范畴，属于言语的组织规律，简单地说，前者侧重语言的结构—语法，而后者侧重语言的使用—章法。注重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。阅读本质就是一种理解、吸收、鉴赏、评价文章的思维过程，新题型不但要求考生具备词汇、句子、语段、语篇等方面的知识，而且要有辨证、综合、分析、归纳方面的逻辑思维能力，是阅读的深层理解，也是阅读的核心和关键。 题材新颖，具有浓厚的时代气息和较高的真实性，与学生的学习经历和生活经历相适应，与新课程理念下的高考改革走向相适应，与高中英语教学实际相适应，遵循了《英语课程标准》的评价理念，保证了试题的效度、信度、真实性和公平性原则。在解题过程中，每做一道有把握的题后最好在7个选项中将其画掉缩小范围外，通过观察语言结构也可将选择范围大大缩小，心情变得更加轻松，一般可将7个选项缩小到2～4个选项，因此，也提高模棱两可题的正答率。通过观察篇章结构和设题特点，由外在特征即可预测答案。这些外在线索包括小标题、主题句、首段尾句和标点符号等。突破策略1：关注小标题在“总——分”结构的文章中，有一些由小标题引领各部分。如设空处恰好处于小标题的位置，则该处应为一个小标题。而小标题的供选项一般为祈使句，相对于其他选项，句子较短，特征较为突出。一个小标题常有两个供选项，其中一个为迷惑选项，通常也是最终多余的两个选项之一，不会是任何题的答案。小标题线索题目较为明显，学生容易发现小标题的特征，题目较为简单，学生可优先做该题。【真题示例】　(2016·全国卷Ⅱ片段)•__37__Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants，flowers，patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料).38.Still__others__may__simply__enjoy being__outdoors and__close__to__plants.However，there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.•Recall (回忆) your childhood memories...A．Know why you gardenB．Find a good place for your own garden【分析】　由该空所在位置可知这是一个小标题。A项(Know why you garden)和B项(Find a good place for your own garden)都是祈使句，故只能从这两个选项中选择。由其后内容“有些人可能认为花园……，有些人关心……然而，还有很多其他原因……”可知，本段的主题应该是A项“知道你为什么要做园艺工作”，其中的garden为动词，意为“从事园艺工作”。而B项为最终多余选项中的两个选项之一。突破策略2：留意主旨句在“总——分”结构的文章中，观察每一部分(段落)的结构，如果每一部分(段落)都有主旨句引领，这些主旨句往往句式相同，并且前面往往有实心圆点。如果设空处恰好处于段落主旨句的位置，则该处应为段落主旨句，然后根据本段内容做出选择。此类题目较为简单，学生可优先做该题。【真题示例】　(2020·全国卷Ⅰ片段)·__37__ Do not follow the people who make you feel not－good－enough.Why do you follow them？Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs？Know that your life is your own；you are the only you in this world.·Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.We are often ashamed of our shortcomings，our mistakes and our failures.38.Remember，you__are__only human.You will make mistakes，time and time again.Rather than getting caught up in how you could have done better，why not offer yourself a compassionate(有同情心)response？“That didn’t go as planned.But，I tried my best.”C．Nothing is too small to celebrate.D．Remember，you are only human.E．Set an intention for self－acceptance.F．Stop comparing yourself with others.【分析】　由每段前的实心圆点来看，每段首句是主题句。再观察下一段首句“Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.”是祈使句，应排除C选项。由空后的两个问句Why do you follow them？...your life is better than theirs？可知，本段主要讲不要和他人对比，故F项(停止与他人作比较)符合语境。突破策略3：观察首段末尾处在“总——分”结构的文章中，首段的末尾句，往往起到总起作用，引领下文。所选答案的语句通常为：“Following is the advice on how to...”“Here are a few tips to...” “The following steps may help you...”，而下文内容正是这些advice，tips，steps的具体内容。【真题示例】　(2018·浙江6月卷片段)Moving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience.Of course，you want to make sure that you become an accepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood.The easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should.__31__Perhaps one of the most important things you can do as a good neighbor is to keep your property (房产) neat，clean，and in good repair...E．Should you come across waste paper thrown out of a passing car，pick it up.F．People tend to take pride in keeping everything in their street fresh and inviting.G．Here are a few tips to help you win over everyone in the neighborhood quickly.【分析】　第一段讲如果你想成为邻居中一个可以接受和有价值的部分，最简单的方法就是确保你的行为举止像一个好邻居应该有的。下文介绍了几种具体做法，故选G项“这里有一些技巧，可以帮助你迅速赢得邻居的信赖”，承上启下。突破策略4：利用标点符号如果设空处后面是逗号，则该处填入的句子应为“未完待续”的句子，这些句子往往是从句或是主句；如果设空处前面是逗号，则该处填入的句子的首字母应为小写(专有名词除外)。我们可以据此来迅速锁定选择范围。【真题示例】　(2020·全国卷Ⅱ片段)In Asia，messaging platforms are growing rapidly，with users in the hundreds of millions，both at work and play.36.The__popularity__of__these__platforms__is spreading__globally.It’s been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.Written communications can often read as cold and dull.Using emojis can add humor and feeling，keeping intention clear.__37__，encouraging better and more frequent communication.A．Messages with emojis feel more conversationalB．Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendlyC．Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange【分析】　设空处后为逗号可知，这个设空处应填入不完整的句子。上文讲“Written communications can often read as cold and dull.Using emojis can add humor and feeling，keeping intention clear.”，谈到了在书面交流中使用表情符号的好处，故结合选项可知，A项符合语境。突破策略5：词汇复现法词汇复现指相同词汇的重复使用、同义词和近义词的复现或同一范畴词的复现。英语的线性思维表现为第一句话的宾语往往是第二句的主语，或者前后句有相同或重叠的词语。这种前后句语义的衔接常以句子中关键词(组)(常为名词、动词、形容词)的同义词(组)、近义词(组)或反义词(组)复现的方式来实现。解题时可以利用这些词(组)作为解题线索。【真题示例】　(2018·全国卷Ⅱ片段)·Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.__37__·Your metabolism (新陈代谢)gets a head start.__38__ If you work out in the mornings，then you will be getting the calorie (卡路里)burning benefits for the whole day，not in your sleep.A．You will stick to your diet.B．Your quality of sleep improves.C．You prefer healthy food to fast food.D．There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.E．You can keep your head clear for 4－10 hours after exercise.F．After you exercise，you continue to burn calories throughout the day.G．If you are planning to do exercise regularly，or you’re doing it now，then listen up!【分析】　37题　本段的主旨是“晨练能提高你的效率”。E项“锻炼之后的4－10小时内，你都能让自己头脑清醒”进一步说明了锻炼的好处，符合此处的语境。E项中的 exercise是上句中Exercising的原词复现。38题　这一段说的是晨练有助于人体的新陈代谢，能让你一整天都感受到晨练消耗卡路里带来的好处。F项中的关键词“throughout the day”与文中的“the whole day”呼应。故选F。突破策略6：代词指代法英语表达中，代词出现的频率极高。代词主要是为避免重复，用于指代前面提到的人或物，有时也用于指代前面提到的名词或概念。代词指代一定要注意两种情况，一是选项中的代词要特别关注，二是挖空后面的句子中的代词要特别关注。巧妙利用这样的指代关系可以有效地帮助我们做出正确的选择。【真题示例】　(2020·全国卷Ⅲ片段)__38__ This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn’t a lot of food served.There are usually no planned activities like games at a housewarming party.The host or hostess of the party will，however，probably give all the guests a tour of their new home.Sometimes，because a housewarming party happens shortly after a person moves into their new home，people may be asked to help unpack boxes.39.This__isn’t__usual__though.B．It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.C．You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.D．If you’re lucky enough to receive gifts，keep them in a safe place.【分析】　空格后的this是关键信息词。根据空后一句“This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn’t a lot of food served”可知，在乔迁聚会时供应的食物不多，由此可判断出this是指带食物去参加聚会，你也可以带食物或饮料与其他客人分享符合语境。突破策略7：逻辑关系法文章由段落组成，围绕中心话题展开。各段、句之间形成一定的语义逻辑关系，有总分、解释、例证、并列、递进、转折、对比、因果等关系。七选五解题攻略之一就是要理清这些关系，并据此选出正确答案。1.总分关系文章由段落组成，围绕中心话题展开。“总分结构法”中的“总”是指文章内容的总体概括，出现在文章的首和尾；“分”是指文章内容的具体展开，它实际上是文章的主体部分。 一篇文章在总体布局上，可以先总后分，也可以先分后总，还可以先总后分再总，它们通常都称作“总分结构法”。【真题示例】　(2018·全国卷Ⅰ片段)But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home：the small ones，the medium ones，and the large ones.__38__．They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows，mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms.Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa，small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas，dinner tables or bookshelves.39.Color__choices__in__this__range__are__a__step__up__from__the__small__ones__in__two__major__ways.They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones，and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls，ceilings，and floors.Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint，the time，effort and relative expense put into it are significant.40.So__it__pays__to__be__sure，because__you__want__to__get__it right__the__first__time.A．While all of them are usefulB．Whatever you’re looking forC．If you’re experimenting with a colorD．Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar withE．It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces【分析】　文中出现了“the small ones，the medium ones，and the large ones”，后面又提到了“small color choices”，由此可知空处所在段主要在讲“the small ones”。故选D。2.转折关系若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能表示转折。表示转折关系的标志词有：but，however，yet，while/though/although，or/otherwise，on the contrary，instead，nevertheless(然而)，still，in contrast/comparison，by comparison等。【真题示例】　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ片段)__40__While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin，they also give us beneficial Vitamin D．To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working，and that’s plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day’s worth of Vitamin D.A．Fresh air cleans our lungs.B．So what are you waiting for?C．Being in nature refreshes us.D．Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.【分析】　空格后一句说，虽然阳光会使我们的皮肤衰老并受到伤害，但阳光也能带来有益的维生素D，这应该与上一句之间是转折关系，故空格处应填呼吸新鲜空气附带的好处，因此D项“呼吸新鲜空气的另一个附带好处是阳光”符合语境，D项中的sunlight与空格后的the sun’s rays相呼应。故选D。3.例证关系前后的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。常见的表示例证关系的标志词有：for example，for instance，in fact/as a matter of fact，actually，in other words/that is to say等。【真题示例】　(2020·山东高考模拟卷)Never mind that most travelers nowadays have smart phones with built－in alarm clocks.__17__ Here are some examples.At the Wolcott Hotel，if a wake－up call is unanswered，they will send an employee to your door.At Las Ventanas al Paraiso，an employee shows up at your room to wake you up with tea，coffee and breakfast bread.At the Mandarin Oriental，a person rather than an automated system will call to wake you up.E．The hotel gets 15 to 30 requests for wake－up calls each day.F．The human wake－up call is a way to personalize a guest’s stay.G．Some guests sleep through the call，while others turn their phone ringers off.【分析】　由17空之后的“Here are some examples...”可知前后是例证关系。根据后面举的例子可知应该选择F项“The human wake－up call is a way to personalize a guest’s stay.”4.解释关系从逻辑意义上来看，句子与句子之间常常是解释关系，往往作者提出观点，紧接着对这个观点进行解释说明。因此，把握文章结构，理清作者所表达的观点至关重要。【真题示例】　(2018·全国卷Ⅱ片段)__39__ Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening.Exercise energizes you，so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited.A．You will stick to your diet.B．Your quality of sleep improves.C．You prefer healthy food to fast food.【分析】　此处缺少一个主题句。空后句子解释了早起锻炼的人比晚上锻炼的人睡得更好。所选答案应是对后面内容的总述。故选B。5.对比关系若空格前后两句之间是逻辑上的对比比较，则空格处很有可能表示对比关系。表示对比关系的标志词有：while，if not，some...others等。【真题示例】　(2017·全国卷Ⅲ片段)Keep a record and evaluate it weekly.Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel.After you’ve tried a new method for a week，take a look at your record.__20__ If not，take another look at other methods you could try.E．If the steps you take are working，keep it up.F．Stick to your set bedtime and wake－up time，no matter the day.G．Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the cafe to get coffee.【分析】　考查前后句的连贯。本段谈到对自己所做的计划要记录、评价和调整。本空后的“If not”说明前面是讨论计划有效就应该坚持，因此选E。6.因果关系表示因果关系的标志词有：so，therefore，thus，consequently(结果)，as a result (of)，so/such...that...，so that...等。【真题示例】　(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ片段)Even the most successful public speaker will make mistakes.Yet，the only one who cares about any mistake is the one who is speaking.People’s attention wanders constantly.In fact.most people only absorb about 20 percent of a speaker’s message.So，don’t stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it’s a truly serious one.__18__A．Do the opposite.B．You want to be an effective public speaker.C．You don’t need to apologize for a minor slip.【分析】　根据上文中的“So，don’t stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it’s a truly serious one.”可知，当你犯错时不要停止演讲，除非是非常严重的错误。据此可以推知，空处承接上文，说明犯小错误无需道歉，故C项正确。7.并列关系表示并列关系的标志词有：similarly，and，first(ly)，second(ly)，first，then/next，finally/last，to begin with，for one thing，for another thing等。【真题示例】　(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ片段)Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker.__19__ And like everything else in life，that takes practice.Remember，even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent basis.B．You want to be an effective public speaker.C．You don’t need to apologize for a minor slip.D．When it comes to public speaking，less is usually more.【分析】　根据上文中的“Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker.”可知，你的目标不是成为一个完美的演说家。据此可知，空处与此对应，说明自己的目标是要成为高效的演说家，故选B项。