第三部分 概要写作 02 强化训练 （二） 2021-2022学年新教材新高考英语写作新题型三合一解读+训练（高考专用）

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第三部分 概要写作
专项02 强化训练
Passage 11
Absent-mindedness
“Most events of absent-mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention,” says Dr. Daniel Schacter, a distinguished psychologist and memory scientist. “You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded it deeply.”
“Encoding,” Schacter explains, “is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later.” Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket of a jacket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget where exactly you put your mobile phone. Your memory itself isn’t failing you. Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.
As many people accept, women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that. Yes, visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness. But be sure the cue is clear and available. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don't leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.
Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox,” says Zelinski, a scientist from New York University. There are many cases in life where women can remember prices of bags of different brands while they tend to forget the specific place where they put their bags.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Lack of attention or interest can result in absent-mindedness. Lack of attention refers either to not giving information to your memory system effectively for you to recall it later or to not recognizing visual cues in the environment, in which case the cue should be visual and approachable. Lack of interest causes us to forget what might otherwise be remembered.
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，缺乏注意力或兴趣会导致心不在焉。缺乏注意力是指没有有效地将信息提供给你的记忆系统以便你以后回忆它，或者是没有识别环境中的视觉线索。同时，缺乏兴趣也会导致心不在焉，会使我们忘记原本可以记住的东西。
【详解】
1.要点摘录
①“Most events of absent-mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention,” says Dr. Daniel Schacter, a distinguished psychologist and memory scientist.
②“Encoding,” Schacter explains, “is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later.”
③Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.
④Yes, visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness.
⑤Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness.
2.缜密构思
将第①、⑤两个要点进行重组，将第②、③、④三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
①Lack of attention or interest can result in absent-mindedness.
②Lack of attention refers either to not giving information to your memory system effectively for you to recall it later or to not recognizing visual cues in the environment.
③Lack of interest causes us to forget what might otherwise be remembered.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Lack of attention refers either to not giving information to your memory system effectively for you to recall it later or to not recognizing visual cues in the environment, in which case the cue should be visual and approachable. 运用“in which case”引导的非限制性定语从句对原文第二段和第三段内容进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Lack of interest causes us to forget what might otherwise be remembered. 运用“what”引导的宾语从句对原文第四段内容进行了概括。
Passage 12
A metaphor is a poetic device that deals with comparison. It compares similar qualities of two dissimilar objects. With a simple metaphor, one object becomes the other: Love is a rose. Although this does not sound like a particularly rich image, a metaphor can communicate so much about a particular image that poets use them more than any other type of figurative language. The reason for this is that poets compose their poetry to express what they are experiencing emotionally at that moment. Consequently, what the poet imagines love to be may or may not be our understanding of love. Therefore, the poet’s job is to enable us to experience it, to feel it the same way as the poet does.
Let’s analyze this remarkably simple metaphor concerning love and the rose to see what it offers. Because the poet uses a comparison with a rose, first we must examine the characteristics of that flower. A rose is impressive in its beauty, its petals (花瓣) are nicely soft, and its smell is pleasing. It’s possible to say that a rose is actually a feast to the senses of sight, touch, and smell. The rose’s appearance seems to border on perfection, each petal seemingly equal in form. Isn’t this the way one’s love should be? A loved one should be a delight to one’s senses and seem perfect.
However, there is another dimension added to the comparison by using a rose. Roses have thorns. The poet wants to covey the idea that roses can be tricky. So can love the metaphor tells us. When one reaches out with absolute trust to touch the object of his or her affection, ouch, a thorn can cause great harm! “Be careful,” the metaphor warns, “Love is a feast to the senses, but it can overwhelm us, and it can also hurt us and cause acute suffering.” This is the poet’s understanding of love—an admonition (劝诫). What is the point？Just this: It took almost 14 sentences to clarify what a simple metaphor communicates in only four words! That is the artistry and the joy of the simple metaphor.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】 A metaphor is a poetic device that deals with comparison. Poets use it to enable us to feel something the same way as they do. They use the metaphor concerning love and the rose because a loved one should be a delight to one’s senses. The joy of the metaphor is that it uses simple words to express complex ideas.
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了隐喻这种比喻方法，隐喻是一种处理比较的诗意手段，诗人用它使我们能够以与他们相同的方式感受事物。诗人常用玫瑰花比喻爱情，因为它们都是令人愉悦的。隐喻的乐趣在于它能够使用简单的词语来表达复杂的想法。
【详解】
1.要点摘录
①A metaphor is a poetic device that deals with comparison.
②Although this does not sound like a particularly rich image, a metaphor can communicate so much about a particular image that poets use them more than any other type of figurative language.
③Therefore, the poet’s job is to enable us to experience it, to feel it the same way as the poet does.
④Let’s analyze this remarkably simple metaphor concerning love and the rose to see what it offers.
⑤A loved one should be a delight to one’s senses and seem perfect.
⑥Just this: It took almost 14 sentences to clarify what a simple metaphor communicates in only four words!
⑦That is the artistry and the joy of the simple metaphor.
2.缜密构思
将第①要点作为总说，将第②、③两个要点进行整合，将第④、⑤两个要点进行整合，将第⑥、⑦两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
①Poets use it to enable us to feel something the same way as they do.
②They use the metaphor concerning love and the rose because a loved one should be a delight to one’s senses.
③The joy of the metaphor is that it uses simple words to express complex ideas.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] They use the metaphor concerning love and the rose because a loved one should be a delight to one’s senses. 运用了because引导的原因状语从句对原文第二段内容进行了概括。
[高分句型2] The joy of the metaphor is that it uses simple words to express complex ideas. 运用了that引导的表语从句对原文第三段内容进行了概括，表达非常高级。
Passage 13
Life doesn't always turn out the way we'd like. When situations take an unfriendly turn, we become angry. When others don't agree with us, or act in a manner we find disturbing, anger is a typical reaction. It seems that we feel anger gives us the momentary feeling of power. However, in fact, with the exception of a few cases, an angry reaction rarely improves the situation. It only makes the situation worse. So consider the following alternatives to anger.
One is understanding. If we view an individual whose behavior we find unacceptable, we should think each person has a right to live life according to their beliefs, dreams, needs and so on. Even if people are acting inappropriately, you should understand them. If they are struggling, lost, or in pain, you should choose to feel sorry for their suffering. If you do so, your anger will disappear.
Humor is another powerful tool for stopping anger because it can help you stay calm when things get bad. Sometimes we take life far too seriously. That is bad for us and anger is easy to happen. We need to use humor to turn any serious situation into a light one. Humor acts as a protective shelter from emotional pain.
Therefore, when others behave improperly, find it in your heart to forgive them for their unwise behavior. When life hands you the exact opposite of what you want, take no notice of it. After all, the bad situation is only temporary. So choose these alternative reactions to soften our heart and prevent anger from happening so that we can enjoy our life to the fullest.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Anger doesn't solve all the problems in our daily life. So we'd better adopt some ways to deal with it. Understanding is a good way which can weaken our anger. Moreover, as a useful method, humor changes a serious situation to a relaxing one. In a word, it is of great importance for us to know how to get rid of anger and live a happy life.
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，愤怒并不能解决我们日常生活中的所有问题。所以我们最好采取一些方法来处理它。理解是一种很好的方式可以减弱我们的愤怒。此外，幽默是一种有用的方法，它能使严肃的气氛变得轻松。总之，对我们来说，知道如何摆脱愤怒，过上幸福的生活是很重要的。
【详解】
1.要点摘录
①However, in fact, with the exception of a few cases, an angry reaction rarely improves the situation. It only makes the situation worse. So consider the following alternatives to anger.
②One is understanding. If you do so, your anger will disappear.
③We need to use humor to turn any serious situation into a light one.
④So choose these alternative reactions to soften our heart and prevent anger from happening so that we can enjoy our life to the fullest.
2.缜密构思：将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Anger doesn't solve all the problems in our daily life. So we'd better adopt some ways to deal with it.
Understanding is a good way which can weaken our anger.
Moreover, as a useful method, humor changes a serious situation to a relaxing one.
In a word, it is of great importance for us to know how to get rid of anger and live a happy life.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Understanding is a good way which can weaken our anger.运用了which引导定语从句对原文第二段进行了概括，表达高级。
[高分句型2] In a word, it is of great importance for us to know how to get rid of anger and live a happy life.运用了it作形式主语对第四段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
Passage 14
Are your children getting on your last nerve? Did a coworker's comment rub you the wrong way? There's no need to plug the steam coming out of your ears. In fact, science now gives you full permission to release those emotions; you might actually be happier for it. If that seems counter—intuitive(违反直觉的), hear us out. A new study suggests that people tend to be happier if they can feel and express emotions as they want. That goes for unpleasant emotions like anger and hatred, too.
An international team of researchers recruited 2,300 university students from the United States, Brazil, China, Germany, Ghana, Israel, Poland, and Singapore. They then asked the participants to tell them which emotions they desired and which ones they actually felt, and then compared those responses to how the participants rated their overall happiness or life satisfaction.
The results showed an interesting trend. While participants wanted to experience more pleasant emotions, they reported higher life satisfaction if the emotions they experienced matched those they desired. More surprising still, 11 percent of people wanted to feel less of positive emotions, such as love and empathy, and 10 percent of people wanted to feel more negative emotions, such as hatred and anger.
At first glance, these result might seem confusing. But there's a simple explanation, according to the study's authors. Happiness is "more than simply feeling pleasure and avoiding pain," they write. It is also learning to release negative emotions when you feel them, instead of ignoring them or bottling them up.
"If you feel emotions you want to feel, even if they're unpleasant, then you're better off," lead researcher Dr Maya Tamir from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem told the BBC News website.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】According to a new study, people will be happier if they express their emotions directly. A team of researchers invited students from different countries to prove it. If students' experience, whatever positive or negative experience, matches the feelings they desire, they feel happier, since happiness is not only feeling happy but also learning to release negative emtions.
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，如果人们能直接表达自己的情绪，他们会更快乐，幸福不仅仅是感到快乐，而且还学会释放消极情绪。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
① In fact, science now gives you full permission to release those emotions; you might actually be happier for it.
②An international team of researchers recruited 2,300 university students from the United States, Brazil, China, Germany, Ghana, Israel, Poland, and Singapore.
③The results showed an interesting trend. While participants wanted to experience more pleasant emotions, they reported higher life satisfaction if the emotions they experienced matched those they desired.
2.缜密构思
将要点①、③进行整合；将要点②进行缩写。
3.遣词造句
According to a new study, people will be happier if they express their emotions directly.
A team of researchers invited students from different countries to prove it.
If students' experience, whatever positive or negative experience, matches the feelings they desire, they feel happier, since happiness is not only feeling happy but also learning to release negative emotions.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] A team of researchers invited students from different countries to prove it.（不定式作目的状语）
[高分句型2] If students' experience, whatever positive or negative experience, matches the feelings they desire, they feel happier, since happiness is not only feeling happy but also learning to release negative emotions.（if引导条件状语从句；whatever引导让步状语从句；since引导原因状语从句。）
Passage 15
Two years ago, Li Yuhua’s daughter taught her how to shop online. Since then, the 51-year-old farmer in Wushan has been a regular online shopper. Shoppers like Li Yuhua are the new target for China’s e-commerce giants，including Alibaba Group, which operates the Taobao platform, and JD．com. Rural China added 3 million more Internet users in the first half the year, bringing the total number to 225 million, or 26. 3% of the country’s total Internet population of 854 million, according to a report on rural e-commerce development released last week by the China International Electronic Commerce Network. That helped improve rural online sales in the first half of the year by 21 % to $109. 6 billion, outpacing the national growth rate by 3.2 percentage points.
“However, it is a little bit early to say that China’s e-commerce battlefield is moving to rural China,” said Chen Tao, a senior analyst. Unlike urban residents, most rural Chinese haven’t experienced e-commerce shopping. While that provides online platforms with one of the least undeveloped markets for e-commerce, progress has been slow due to the lack of infrastructure（基础设施）and logistics（物流）support.
To address that problem, one of China’s largest e-commerce operators, JD．com hired more deliverymen and tested drone（无人机）delivery services to improve service in rural China. Alibaba Group, China’s largest e-commerce player，announced in April last year that it had invested $717 million in Huitongda Network Co. Ltd, which helps to boost sales in 15,000 towns across 18 provinces.
Another inhibiting factor in the development of rural e-commerce is the income gap. In 2018, annual per capita disposable income（人均可支配收入）in rural areas was 14,600 yuan compared with 39,300 yuan in cities. “Lower disposable incomes in rural areas limit the consumption,” said analyst Chen. It also takes time to educate rural residents to accept e-commerce services as most of them are new to online shopping. There is still a long way to go to popularise online shopping in rural China.’’
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】【参考范文】
China’s e-commerce giants, Alibaba Group and JD. com, are competing for the rural market, as the growing rural Internet population boosts online sales. However, lacking necessary infrastructure and logistics support, the market of rural China develops slowly. To handle that problem, relevant measures are taken respectively to promote service and sales. Still, there remains much to be done, considering the low income and the time needed to generalise online shopping in rural areas.
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，随着越来越多的农村网民推动在线销售，中国的电子商务巨头阿里巴巴集团和京东网正在争夺农村市场。然而，由于缺乏必要的基础设施和物流支持，中国农村市场发展缓慢。针对这一问题，分别采取了相应的措施来促进服务和销售。尽管如此，考虑到农村地区的低收入和普及网上购物所需的时间，仍有许多工作要做。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①Shoppers like Li Yuhua are the new target for China’s e-commerce giants, including Alibaba Group, which operates the Taobao platform, and JD. com.
②Rural China added 3 million more Internet users in the first half the year, bringing the total number to 225 million, or 26. 3% of the country’s total Internet population of 854 million, according to a report on rural e-commerce development released last week by the China International Electronic Commerce Network.
③While that provides online platforms with one of the least undeveloped markets for e-commerce, progress has been slow due to the lack of infrastructure（基础设施）and logistics（物流）support.
④To address that problem, one of China’s largest e-commerce operators, JD. com hired more deliverymen and tested drone（无人机）delivery services to improve service in rural China.
⑤Alibaba Group, China’s largest e-commerce player, announced in April last year that it had invested $717 million in Huitongda Network Co. Ltd, which helps to boost sales in 15,000 towns across 18 provinces.
⑥ There is still a long way to go to popularise online shopping in rural China.
2.缜密构思
将第3、6两个要点进行重组，将第1、2和4、5几个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
China’s e-commerce giants, Alibaba Group and JD. com, are competing for the rural market, as the growing rural Internet population boosts online sales.
However, lacking necessary infrastructure and logistics support, the market of rural China develops slowly.
To handle that problem, relevant measures are taken respectively to promote service and sales.
Still, there remains much to be done, considering the low income and the time needed to generalise online shopping in rural areas.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] However, lacking necessary infrastructure and logistics support, the market of rural China develops slowly.运用现在分词作状语。
[高分句型2]：To handle that problem, relevant measures are taken respectively to promote service and sales.运用不定式作目的状语。
Passage 16
Bullying has been an exceeding issue over the years. Bullying is a major problem that we haven’t been able to stop. Every year more and more people become bullied at school and online.What is worrying us most is that the numbers of kids who are starting to become victims are increasing. Bullying doesn’t just affect the victims of bullying but harms everyone around it, including the bullies themselves.
Bullying has gone viral in the new communication era. People have been bullying over the internet on social media sites such as Facebook, twitter as well as social networking sites. People have also used our new technology of texting to harass people. Cyber bullying is what it's called when you bully someone over the internet. It is really not rare to see people bullied through the internet. People who are bullied feel great pressure and many of them committed suicide. Just in 2020, as many as 1,200 teens were reported to have acted suicide because of cyber bully.
Bullying in school is still in play as well. It may be the “old fashioned” and it is still just as effective! School teachers should be aware that it IS HAPPENING!!! Parents think that bullying in schools is just “a part of school” which is complete utter nonsense! When students get bullied they feel unsafe, scared and sad. Statistics show that on a daily average 160, 000 children miss school because they fear they will he bullied again.
Nobody likes a bully and being one may be a nightmare of the kids. It is high time that we attached great importance to it. Bystanders could really help stop bullying if they stood up right when it is happening! Stop bullying on the spot therefore it cant go anywhere or develop anymore, If a teacher or anyone sees the bullying, don’t be afraid! When adults respond quickly and consistently, they sent the message that it is not acceptable. When stopping bullying on spot you should intervene immediately, separate the kids involved and make sure everyone is safe. If we all take a stand against bullying and not ignore it or even encourage it, I believe that we can put an end to it!
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Bullying, which does great harm to everyone related to it, has been spreading fast over the years, especially in schools and on the net. With the developing of the net, Cyber bullying becomes more and more popular, resulting great bad effects, including shocking number of suicides. School is another disaster area of bullying, with great number of kids affected. Serious as it may be, bullying can be stopped if we all take action against it immediately in a correct way.
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了欺凌问题，尤其是校园欺凌和网络欺凌。随着网络的发展，网络欺凌变得越来越流行，造成了巨大的不良影响，但如果我们都立即以正确的方式采取行动，欺凌是可以被制止的。
【详解】
1. 要点摘录
① Bullying has been an exceeding issue over the years. Every year more and more people become bullied at school and online. What is worrying us most is that the numbers of kids who are starting to become victims are increasing.
② Bullying has gone viral in the new communication era. Cyber bullying is what it's called when you bully someone over the internet. Just in 2020, as many as 1,200 teens were reported to have acted suicide because of cyber bully.
③ Bullying in school is still in play as well. Statistics show that on a daily average 160, 000 children miss school because they fear they will he bullied again.
④ Nobody likes a bully and being one may be a nightmare of the kids. If we all take a stand against bullying and not ignore it or even encourage it, I believe that we can put an end to it!
2. 缜密构思
要点1整合作为文章中心论点，要点2、3组合作为分论点，要点4整合作为解决方案。
3. 遣词造句
Bullying has great harm to everyone related to it and spreads fast over the years in schools and on the net.
Cyber bullying becomes popular with great bad effects and shocking number of suicides.
School is another disaster area of bullying. Great number of kids are affected by bullying. Even though bullying may be serious, it can be stopped if we all take action against it immediately in a correct way.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Bullying, which does great harm to everyone related to it, has been spreading fast over the years, especially in schools and on the net. 运用了非限定性定语从句作插入语对原文第一段进行了概括，其中副词especially做状语，句子涵盖的信息更加丰盈，如此布局句子表达比较高级。
[高分句型2] Serious as it may be, bullying can be stopped if we all take action against it immediately in a correct way. 运用了一个比较复杂的主从复合句概括了第四段的内容。其中if引导的条件状语从句、Serious as it may be倒装句用法比较高级。
Passage 17
Driving on Ice
In many northern states, the winters are so cold that the lakes freeze right over. In Minnesotas, Michigan, and Maine, the ice in these lakes can freeze two to three feet deep.
When the ice is that thick, it becomes possible to actually drive a car or truck across the ice. While driving on ice sounds like something that people would do just for fun, a lot of people drive across frozen lakes for very practical reasons.
For example, there are people who live year­round on islands within these northern lakes. In the middle of winter the only practical way of traveling to the mainland is by driving across the frozen lakes.
Actually, when the lake is frozen two to three feet deep, this is a perfect opportunity for people living on islands to transport large objects onto or off the islands. Say, for instance, you owned a cabin on a small island in the middle of a lake in Michigan. Suppose you decided that you wanted to build an extra room onto the cabin.
Transporting all the building materials onto the island using a boat would take a lot of work and expense. But if you waited until winter, you could easily drive all the building materials across the lake.
How can you tell if a lake is frozen solid enough to drive on? The surest way to know is to wait until several other cars and trucks have safely driven across the ice.
It’s possible that one section of the lake has currents that prevent the lake from freezing solid. Or there might be a river or stream that brings slightly warmer water into one part of the lake. So even though most of the lake is frozen solid, one section of the lake can have thin ice.
Usually it takes at least two to three weeks of very cold weather before deep ice is formed on a lake. Here in the northern United States, deep ice doesn’t form until mid­January, at the earliest. Do the tires of cars slip when they drive across ice? Yes, sometimes they do. But almost every car and truck that drives on ice has snow tires, which creates extra friction between the tires and the ice. Some people also choose to put chains on their tires, which gives the tires an even stronger grip against the ice.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】The article introduces driving on ice in some northern states in America. (要点1) People drive on the lakes when they have to transport what they use in daily life. (要点2) To judge whether the ice is solid or not, you can wait and watch other cars and trucks across it. But you still should be careful because some parts of the lake mightn’t be solid. (要点3) To prevent the tires slipping on the ice, you need to use snow tires or put chains on them. (要点4)
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在美国北部的一些州的冰上驾驶现象。很多人开车穿越结冰的湖泊是出于非常实际的原因，因为在冬季，去大陆的唯一可行的方法是穿越冰冻的湖泊。为了判断冰层是否坚硬，人们通常等着看其他汽车和卡车是否能穿过冰层，然后再行动。但是还是要小心，因为湖的某些部分可能冻得不是很结实。为了防止轮胎在冰上打滑，人们经常使用雪地轮胎或在轮胎上安装链条。
【详解】
1.要点摘录
①In many northern states, the winters are so cold that the lakes freeze right over.
②When the ice is that thick, it becomes possible to actually drive a car or truck across the ice.
③Actually, when the lake is frozen two to three feet deep, this is a perfect opportunity for people living on islands to transport large objects onto or off the islands.
④The surest way to know is to wait until several other cars and trucks have safely driven across the ice.
⑤So even though most of the lake is frozen solid, one section of the lake can have thin ice.
⑥But almost every car and truck that drives on ice has snow tires, which creates extra friction between the tires and the ice.
⑦Some people also choose to put chains on their tires, which gives the tires an even stronger grip against the ice.
2.缜密构思
将第①、②两个要点进行整合，将第④、⑤两个要点进行整合，将第⑥、⑦两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
The article introduces driving on ice in some northern states in America.
People drive on the lakes when they have to transport what they use in daily life.
To judge whether the ice is solid or not, you can wait and watch other cars and trucks across it.
To prevent the tires slipping on the ice, you need to use snow tires or put chains on them.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] People drive on the lakes when they have to transport what they use in daily life. （运用when引导的时间状语从句和what引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2] But you still should be careful because some parts of the lake mightn’t be solid. （运用because引导原因状语从句）
Passage 18
Once upon a time，there lived a slave called Androcles who was yearning to be set free by his master since he was treating him badly.So Androcles hatched a plan and escaped into a nearby forest.After he had traveled a while Androcles suddenly heard a roar behind him and found a lion standing close by.He was sure the lion was going to kill him.But instead the lion slowly limped towards him and held out its paw.There was a thorn stuck to its paw and there was a lot of blood oozing out.
Androcles removed the thorn and the lion walked away peacefully into the forest.After a few days Androcles was captured by his master who was so angry because he had run away.The master decided to throw Androcles to a lion.This was a common practice in ancient Greece where the slaves were often thrown into an arena to fight a starving lion.
The next day a huge crowd gathered to watch the fight.The king was also present.A lion that had been starved for a number of days was brought into the arena in a cage.As soon as Androcles was brought in，the guards let the lion out of the cage.Androcles was trembling in fear as the lion rushed at him with great rage.Much to the astonishment of the crowd，the lion suddenly stopped in its path，looked intently at Androcles and then went and lay down near his feet.Androcles was delighted as he realized that it was the same lion as he had helped in the forest.He hugged the lion as the entire arena watched in stunned silence.The king was overjoyed at seeing such a brave act and permitted Androcles to be freed.When he entered the arena，Androcles thought that he was a dead man but the turn of events ensured the opposite—his freedom.
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【答案】Androcles wanted to escape from his master，who treated him badly. When he ran away into a forest，he helped a lion whose paw was stuck by a thorn.(要点1) And a few days later，he was captured by his master.The master decided to throw him to a starving lion．Fortunately，the starving lion was the one whom Androcles once helped and it didn’t hurt Androcles.(要点2) The king was happy at seeing the brave act and set him free.(要点3)
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍说，Androcles想逃离对他不好的主人。当他跑进森林时，他帮助了一只爪子被刺扎住的狮子。几天后，他被主人抓住了。主人决定把他扔给一只饥饿的狮子。幸运的是，饥饿的狮子是Androcles曾经帮助过的人，它并没有伤害Androcles。国王看到他的勇敢行为很高兴，就把他放了。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①Once upon a time，there lived a slave called Androcles who was yearning to be set free by his master since he was treating him badly.
②So Androcles hatched a plan and escaped into a nearby forest.
③Androcles removed the thorn and the lion walked away peacefully into the forest.
④After a few days Androcles was captured by his master who was so angry because he had run away.
⑤The master decided to throw Androcles to a lion.
⑥Androcles was delighted as he realized that it was the same lion as he had helped in the forest.
⑦He hugged the lion as the entire arena watched in stunned silence.
⑧When he entered the arena，Androcles thought that he was a dead man but the turn of events ensured the opposite—his freedom.
2.缜密构思
将第1、8两个要点进行重组，将第2、3和4、5和6、7几个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Androcles wanted to escape from his master, who treated him badly.
When he ran away into a forest, he helped a lion whose paw was stuck by a thorn.
And a few days later, he was captured by his master.
The master decided to throw him to a starving lion．
Fortunately, the starving lion was the one whom Androcles once helped and it didn’t hurt Androcles.
The king was happy at seeing the brave act and set him free.
【点睛】
[高分句型1]：Androcles wanted to escape from his master, who treated him badly.运用关系代词who引导的非限制性定语从句。
[高分句型2]：When he ran away into a forest, he helped a lion whose paw was stuck by a thorn. 运用when引导的时间状语从句和关系代词whose引导的定语从句。
Passage 19
A new study suggests many Americans have not visited the most popular places of interest around the country or even in their hometown.
The study found that 25 percent of Americans have yet to visit "iconic landmarks" in their own cities. Twenty-three percent said they had not visited any of the nation’s natural wonders, famous buildings or historic battlefields.
The study was a project of the research service OnePoll and Zipcar, a car-sharing company.
Researchers questioned 2,000 Americans. Only 33 percent of them said they had been to Niagara Falls and just 28 percent had been to Arizona’s Grand Canyon. The study showed that only 30 percent had been to New York’s Empire State Building. Only 22 percent had ever visited the National Mall in Washington, D．C．
Many Americans say they would like to travel more. More than half of those questioned said they would like to get out more. Forty-nine percent reported being "creatures of habit." By that, they mean they generally do the same things in the same way. That would leave little time to visit local or national landmarks.
The researchers found that the main reasons keeping Americans from exploring their cities or the country were money, lack of time and a lack of good transportation.
On social media, one Twitter user reacting to the study named a few reasons for not visiting famous places. The writer noted that “most of us don’t get paid days off, get punished for taking a day off, or simply can’t afford to visit anything or go anywhere anymore."
The Twitter user added, "Childcare costs more than College, College Loans costs more than a mortgage payment, and jobs don’t even pay for one of those things.”
The study found that three of the places Americans wanted to visit were Grand Canyon National Park, Yellowstone National Park and the Statue of Liberty.
The researchers also found that, on average, Americans go to a new coffee shop every five months, and a new restaurant every four months. They also spent time at a lake or near the ocean once every six months, and go to a park every five months.
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【答案】A study shows that many Americans have never been to some well-known places of interest. While many Americans do have the intention to get out more, lack of money, time and good transportation stopped them from exploring their country, even their own cities. Some other people are just used to their current life and not eager to have further exploration.
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说一项研究发现，25%的美国人没去过所在城市的“地标建筑”。 研究人员发现，阻止美国人探索自己的城市或国家的主要原因是金钱、缺乏时间和缺乏良好的交通工具。有些人只是习惯了他们现在的生活，并不渴望有进一步的探索。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①I A new study suggests many Americans have not visited the most popular places of interest around the country or even in their hometown.
②The study found that 25 percent of Americans have yet to visit "iconic landmarks" in their own cities.
③Many Americans say they would like to travel more.
④The researchers found that the main reasons keeping Americans from exploring their cities or the country were money, lack of time and a lack of good transportation.
⑤The researchers also found that, on average, Americans go to a new coffee shop every five months, and a new restaurant every four months.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4两个要点进行整合，将5要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
A study shows that many Americans have never been to some well-known places of interest.
While many Americans do have the intention to get out more, lack of money, time and good transportation stopped them from exploring their country, even their own cities.
Some other people are just used to their current life and not eager to have further exploration.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] A study shows that many Americans have never been to some well-known places of interest. （运用了that引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2]：While many Americans do have the intention to get out more, lack of money, time and good transportation stopped them from exploring their country, even their own cities. （运用了while引导的让步状语从句）
Passage 20
American College of Physicians 'stepped out of its lane" by placing gun control in medical education. Stanley Gold-farb, formerly the associate dean of curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine, argued that teaching social justice issues and population health comes "at the expense of strict training in medical science" at a time when sub-specialists are in short supply. But many physicians, ourselves included, think social issues should be at the heart of medical education.
Formal medical school typically takes four years, followed by several years of residency（住院医生实习期）and often a fellowship（研究员职位）, and during that short time students have a wide range of competing requirements. They must learn complex biological and chemical pathways that explain diseases and health. They must be educated on how to read the the scientific literature and apply it to their patients. They must master many therapies and know how to adapt them to patients' varied diseases states. On top of all this, they must learn to communicate effectively and compassionately with patients and colleagues.
Being a good doctor also demands that we understand the reasons behind poor health. Our mission is not simply to diagnose, manage and treat. Physicians should act to prevent the root causes of illness and improve well-being. Physicians are trained to tackle problems at their root. System and structural-level social issues are also drivers of poor health, and it is our duty to address them. Medical training must evolve to produce doctors who are able to not only treat the individual but also understand the larger influencers of health -- of which gun violence is most emphatically one. As medical professors, we would fail our students -- and our patients - if we expected any less.
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【答案】 Social issues are vital in medical education.
Firstly, medical students must learn effective and compassionate communication with others
Besides, it is necessary for good doctors to know what's behind poor health and prevent it. Social issues cause poor health, so we need to handle hem. Without such issues taken into account,medical education would be incomplete. (56 words)
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，在医学教育中，社会问题是至关重要的。首先，医学生必须学会与他人进行有效的、富有同情心的沟通。社会问题导致健康状况不佳，因此我们需要处理好这些问题。如果不考虑这些问题，医学教育就不完整了。
【详解】
1 要点摘录
①But many physicians, ourselves included, think social issues should be at the heart of medical education.
②On top of all this, they must learn to communicate effectively and compassionately with patients and colleagues.
lBeing a good doctor also demands that we understand the reasons behind poor health.
④System and structural-level social issues are also drivers of poor health, and it is our duty to address them.
nAs medical professors, we would fail our students -- and our patients - if we expected any less.
2.缜密构思
将第1点简化重组，作为总起句；将第2点作为第一个分说句；将3和4两个要点进行重组，作为第二个分说句；将第5个要点表述转换，作为总结句。
3.遣词造句
Social issues are vital in medical education.
Firstly, medical students must learn effective and compassionate communication with others.
Besides, it is necessary for good doctors to know what's behind poor health and prevent it. Social issues cause poor health, so we need to handle them. Without such issues taken into account, medical education would be incomplete.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Besides, it is necessary for good doctors to know what's behind poor health and prevent it.(运用了it作形式主语，真正的主语是to引导的不定式。其中不定式动词后还跟有what引导的宾语从句，对第三段前半句进行了概括)
[高分句型2]：Social issues cause poor health, so we need to handle them.( 运用了so连接两个并列句，对第三段后半部分进行了概括。)