跟踪练04+阅读理解说明文30篇1-冲刺2022年高考英语之名校阅读理解试题跟踪练(通用版)

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冲刺2022年高考英语之名校阅读理解试题跟踪练(通用版)04
阅读理解说明文30篇1
1
（2022·陕西·西安中学模拟预测）Boredom is such a large part of day-to-day existence. Perhaps because it’s common in our lives, scientists have been slow to explore it. John Eastwood is one of the first scholars to take an interest.
One of the most common false views is that “only boring people get bored”. Yet as Eastwood set about exploring the reasons for boredom, he found that there are two distinct types of personality that tend to suffer from the feeling of boredom, and neither are particularly dull themselves.
Boredom often goes among people who are constantly looking for new experiences. For these people, the steady path of life just isn’t enough to hold their attention. The second kind of bored people have almost exactly the opposite problem: the world is a fearful place, and so they try not to step outside their comfort zone. While this might offer some comfort, they are not always satisfied with the safety it offers and boredom results.
Emotions should evolve for our benefit. “The very fact that boredom is a daily experience suggests it should be doing something useful,” says Heather Lench at Texas A$M University. Feelings like fear help us avoid danger, after all, while sadness might help prevent future mistakes. So, if true, what does boredom achieve?
Reviewing the evidence so far, Lench suspects that it lies behind one of our most important characters---curiosity. Boredom, she says, pushes us to try to seek new goals or explore new ideas which stimulate innovation (激发创新).
Eastwood is less enthusiastic about boredom’s benefits, but admits we should be cautious about looking for an immediate escape. “The feeling is so disgusting that people rush to remove it,” he says.“I’m not going to join that war on boredom and come up with a cure, because we need to listen to the emotion and ask what it is trying to tell us to do.”
1. What does John Eastwood’s study mainly focus on?
A. Why people get bored B. The benefits of boredom
C. How to deal with boredom D. The types of boredom
2. According to Lench, boredom________.
A. would help us avoid mistakes
B. cannot be cured for the moment
C. might be good for our creativity
D. could make us get tired and lose focus
3. What’s Eastwood’s attitude towards finding a cure for boredom?
A. Curious B. Optimistic
C. Objective D. Uninterested
4. What message can be concluded from the text?
A. Easier said than done B. Hard work never killed a man
C. Practice makes perfect D. Every coin has two sides
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章围绕“无聊”展开，讲述了它的产生、影响、以及专家对它的研究。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“Yet as Eastwood set about exploring the reasons for boredom（然而，当John Eastwood开始探索无聊的原因时）”可知，John Eastwood的研究是关于无聊的原因，即人们为什么会感到无聊。故选A。
2. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“Boredom, she says, pushes us to try to seek new goals or explore new ideas which stimulate innovation (激发创新).（她说，无聊促使我们努力寻求新的目标或探索刺激创新的新想法）”可知，Lench认为无聊可能有助于我们的创造力。故选C。
3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“I’m not going to join that war on boredom and come up with a cure, because we need to listen to the emotion and ask what it is trying to tell us to do.（我不会加入到无聊的战争中，想出一种治疗方法，因为我们需要倾听这种情绪，并询问它想告诉我们做什么）”推知， Eastwood对寻找治疗无聊的方法不感兴趣，不想参与其中。故选D。
4. 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章围绕“无聊”展开，讲述了它的产生、影响、以及专家对它的研究。再结合倒数第二段的“Boredom, she says, pushes us to try to seek new goals or explore new ideas which stimulate innovation (激发创新).（她说，无聊促使我们努力寻求新的目标或探索刺激创新的新想法）”可知，虽然无聊是一个不好的体验，但也有助于激发创新能力。由此推知，从本文我们可以明白“凡事都有两面性”这个道理。故选D。
2
（2022·四川·二模）“I’m not a reader.” It’s a common reply that Julia Torres, a teacher-librarian in Denver Public School, has heard throughout her 16-year career. She’s seen students tear up books, throw them away or check them out only to immediately return them all because they didn’t have confidence in their ability to read.
As a librarian, Torres feels strongly that libraries should be spaces of liberation, places where students can develop a love of reading at any stage. Reading is a skill that everyone can grow to love, but too many negative experiences during a child’s literacy (读写能力) education can result in boredom, lack of interest or even anger. When a student has a poor experience like being shamed for their reading choices, they can begin to associate reading with painful feelings of insecurity, shame and stress.
To prevent reading disorder (阅读障碍) practices, as Torres notes, librarians first can build an inclusive (内容丰富的) library where classified collections can make it easier for students to find out the books they want and also help identify gaps in the collections. Reevaluating librarians’ role is necessary, which allows students to take control of the library and have a say in what’s purchased for the collection, directly exciting students’ reading interest. Instead of hosting traditional book fairs where students have to pay for books, it is better to open up a True Book Fair, where students are invited to choose books intentionally to their interests without any costs. Librarians are recommended to read what students are reading. Another two important approaches to preventing reading disorder are to take a look at the library policies and redefine (重新定义) what counts as reading. It is necessary to get rid of fines, check-out limits, security gates, and punishment policies. Plus, students are encouraged to listen to audiobooks or read picture books. Find a way to teach important skills like comprehension or critical thinking with the texts that excite and interest students.
5. What does the underlined sentence “I’m not a reader” in Paragraph 1 infer?
A. Some students are not interested in reading.
B. Some students have no ability to read books.
C. Some students don’t borrow books from the library.
D. Some students haven’t tried to read for entertainment.
6. What is directly linked with exciting students’ reading interests?
A. Getting rid of library rules. B. Making their own choices.
C. Librarians’ recommendation. D. Reducing charges caused by reading.
7. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?
A. What leads to students’ difficulty in reading.
B. How negative reading experiences affect students.
C. How to reduce reading disorder as student librarians.
D. Why to decrease reading disorder as student librarians.
8. What is the author’s purpose of writing the text?
A. To do a research on reading disorder.
B. To offer suggestions to the librarians.
C. To analyze why reading disorder forms.
D. To draw attention to reading disorder prevention.
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过介绍图书管理员Julia Torres的经历，说明了什么是阅读障碍，以及如何预防阅读障碍。
5. 词句猜测题。通过文章划线句下文“She’s seen students tear up books, throw them away or check them out only to immediately return them all because they didn’t have confidence in their ability to read. (她曾见过一些学生因为对自己的阅读能力没有信心，就把书撕了、扔了，或者借出后又马上把书还回去)”可推知，划线句“I’m not a reader (我不是一个读者)”意味着“一些学生对阅读不感兴趣”。故选A项。
6. 推理判断题。通过文章第三段“Reevaluating librarians’ role is necessary, which allows students to take control of the library and have a say in what’s purchased for the collection, directly exciting students’ reading interest. (重新评估图书管理员的角色是必要的，这让学生能够拥有对图书馆的管理权以及对购买什么来作为藏书的话语权，这直接激发了学生的阅读兴趣)”可推知，让学生们自己做选择与激发学生的阅读兴趣有直接关系。故选B项。
7. 主旨大意题。通过文章第三段“To prevent reading disorder (阅读障碍) practices, as Torres notes, librarians first can build an inclusive library (Torres指出，为了预防阅读障碍，图书馆员首先可以建立一个内容丰富的图书馆)”以及“Librarians are recommended to read what students are reading. (建议图书管理员阅读学生正在阅读的内容)”和“Another two important approaches to preventing reading disorder (预防阅读障碍的另外两个重要方法)”可推知，本段主要介绍了一些作为图书管理员，应该如何帮助学生减少阅读障碍的方法。故选C项。
8. 推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第三段“Another two important approaches to preventing reading disorder (预防阅读障碍的另外两种重要方法)”可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是让读者注意阅读障碍的预防。故选D项。
3
（2022·四川·二模）For animals that spend most of their lives high in the trees, gaps (缺口) in the forest might as well be the Grand Canyon (大峡谷). These gaps are especially hard on gibbons, a kind of monkey-like animals with long arms; although larger males can jump across some gaps, females and young can be cut off from food, companions, and even potential mates. Now, a new study suggests a couple of strong ropes could really help bridge the gap.
Gibbons are at risk of dying out across Southeast Asia, largely because of habitat loss. With just 30 individuals (个体) left, the Hainan gibbon is considered the rarest primate (灵长目动物) on Earth. All of these animals live on the Bawangling National Nature Reserve in Hainan, an island province in southern China. In July 2014, a typhoon caused landslides across the reserve, creating gaps in the forest canopy (树冠) that were difficult for these primates to cross.
To help reconnect the habitats, professional tree climbers set up an artificial “bridge” across a 15-meter-wide narrow valley, made of two mountaineering-grade ropes. Nearly 6 months later, the gibbons started to use the bridge to cross the gaps, researchers report today in Scientific Reports. The team documented 52 crossings in a group of eight gibbons, with most walking along one rope while holding on to the second rope for support, which the scientists named “handrailing”. The gibbons also shimmied beneath the ropes using all arms and legs to the opposite side.
Conservationists previously built artificial bridges to help other treebound animal species such as the Bornean orangutan and the Javan slow loris. But this is the first example of the rare Hainan gibbon using them. The rope bridges could be a short-term solution (解决办法) to reconnect separated habitats, the researchers argue, combined with efforts to provide enough natural forest cover.
9. Why were rope bridges constructed according to the text?
A. To increase gibbons’ habitats.
B. To help all gibbons to cross gaps.
C. To save gibbons from being endangered.
D. To provide food and company for gibbons.
10. What do we know about gibbons from Paragraph 2?
A. Gibbons are rarely seen because of dying out.
B. Habitat loss was to blame for gibbons’ dying out.
C. Gibbons couldn’t cross gaps caused by a typhoon.
D. The natural disaster may have put gibbons in danger.
11. What does the underlined word “shimmied” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A. showed up B. fell down
C. moved forwards D. hung up
12. Which of the following could be the best title for the text?
A. Rope Bridges to Help Endangered Gibbons
B. What Led to the Disappearance of Gibbons?
C. Rarest Primate in the Hainan National Nature Reserve
D. The Most Effective Efforts to Provide Enough Habitat for Gibbons
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种暂时解决长臂猿栖息地消失的方法——架起绳索桥。
9. 细节理解题。通过文章第三段“To help reconnect the habitats, professional tree climbers set up an artificial “bridge” across a 15-meter-wide narrow valley, made of two mountaineering-grade ropes. (为了帮助重新连接栖息地，专业的爬树者在15米宽的狭窄山谷上架设了一座人工“桥”，由两根登山级绳索组成)”可知，在山谷之间架绳索桥是为了连接两地，增加长臂猿的栖息地。故选B项。
10. 细节理解题。通过文章第二段 “In July 2014, a typhoon caused landslides across the reserve, creating gaps in the forest canopy that were difficult for these primates to cross. (2014年7月，一场台风导致整个保护区发生山体滑坡，在森林的树冠上造成了这些灵长类动物难以跨越的缺口)”可知，山体滑坡导致森林形成缺口，长臂猿难以穿越到达栖息地，说明自然灾害可能使长臂猿处于危险之中。故选D项。
11. 词句猜测题。通过画线词上文“with most walking along one rope while holding on to the second rope for support (其中大多数长臂猿沿着一根绳子行走，同时抓住第二根绳子作为支撑)”以及下文“beneath the ropes using all arms and legs to the opposite side (在绳子下面利用所有的手臂和腿向对面行进)”可推知，此处指长臂猿在第一根绳子上行走，同时握住第二根绳子作为支撑，在第一根绳索的下方摇晃着使用四肢向前行进。画线词“shimmied”意为“一扭一摆地走”，C项“向前行进”与画线词意思最为相近。故选C项。
12. 主旨大意题。通读全文，再根据文章第二段“Gibbons are at risk of dying out across Southeast Asia, largely because of habitat loss. (在东南亚，长臂猿面临灭绝的风险，这主要是因为栖息地的丧失)”以及第三段“To help reconnect the habitats, professional tree climbers set up an artificial “bridge” across a 15-meter-wide narrow valley, made of two mountaineering-grade ropes. (为了帮助重新连接栖息地，专业的爬树者在15米宽的狭窄山谷上架设了一座人工“桥”，由两根登山级绳索组成)”可推知，本文主要介绍了帮助拯救濒危长臂猿的方法——架起绳索桥。A项“Rope Bridges to Help Endangered Gibbons (帮助濒危长臂猿的绳索桥)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选A项。
4
（2022·四川·二模）Independent living at home is the dream for every aging person. But a fall or other incidents dangerous to health can change everything rapidly.
The wearable "panic buttons" introduced in the late 1980s were a great advance. But they only work if people actually wear them and can reach the button in an emergency. Today there are passive wearables that automatically detect (探测) falls, and camera-based systems to monitor elder safety.
Coming from a 40-year career in the semiconductor and wireless communication field, Rafi Zack decided to find a better alternative. “People aren’t devoted to wearing small instruments 24/7, and camera-based systems are a violation of privacy,” he points out, “The most challenging aspect is a fall. How fast we can detect a fall matters because the medical situation worsens quickly. Sometimes people stay on the floor for a long time. We have to find out how to address that problem.”
Zack is a co-founder, CEO and vice president of R&D at EchoCare Technologies which has developed ECHO (Elderly Care Home Observer), a cloud-connected monitor based on radar technology and machine learning.
Because radar sees through walls, one ECHO unit fixed on the ceiling or wall can monitor one person (or two persons, in a future version) in a standard-sized apartment in a senior living facility(机构). The instrument detects falls, breathing difficulties, drowning in a bathtub and other dangerous events. It gives out warnings to potential health worsening conditions by continuously monitoring and analyzing the person’s location, posture (姿势), movement and breath. EchoCare tested the instrument in the United States, Japan, Australia and Israel. ECHO was certified (认证) in 2019 in Japan with the most aging population in the world.
“Bathrooms were the main testing area where about 17,000 deadly accidents happen annually.” said SMK Director and Executive Vice President Tetsuo Hara. “Bathroom makers, home security service providers and nursing homes are highly interested in EchoCare’s invention.” Zack noted, “As more and more elder people live alone as a result of social distancing, there is an increased need to monitor them without the burden of wearables or privacy-violating cameras.”
13. What’s the advantage of ECHO over “panic buttons”?
A. It has camera-based systems. B. It has been widely accepted.
C. It can function without cameras. D. Its buttons can be easily reached.
14. What can we know about ECHO from paragraph 5?
A. It monitors dangerous health-related events.
B. It was certified in many developed countries.
C. It is designed to send out warnings regularly.
D. It detects more than one person at the same time.
15. What can we infer about the future of ECHO?
A. It’ll become more popular with the elderly.
B. It’ll stop 17,000 deaths happening annually.
C. It’ll be used in nursing homes and hospitals.
D. It’ll help elderly people to live an active life.
16. What can be the best title for the passage?
A. An Advanced Medical Instrument
B. A High-tech Monitor for the Elderly
C. The Improvement of a Medical Facility
D. The Invention of a Healthcare Instrument
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为了监控老年人的安全，EchoCare Technologies公司开发了ECHO，这是一种基于雷达技术和机器学习的云连接监控器。该设备可以监测到与使用者健康有关的危险事件。
13. 推理判断题。通过文章第二段“But they only work if people actually wear them and can reach the button in an emergency. (但是，只有在人们实际佩戴它们并且在紧急情况下能按到按钮时，它们才起作用)”以及第四段“a cloud-connected monitor based on radar technology and machine learning (这是一种基于雷达技术和机器学习的云连接监控器)和最后一段“there is an increased need to monitor them without the burden of wearables or privacy-violating cameras (人们越来越需要在没有可穿戴设备或侵犯隐私的摄像头的情况下对他们进行监控)”可推知，ECHO是一款基于雷达技术和机器学习的云连接监控器，与“紧急按钮”相比，它的优势是可以在没有摄像头的情况下工作，让老人不必再将设备穿戴在身上。故选C项。
14. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段“The instrument detects falls, breathing difficulties, drowning in a bathtub and other dangerous events. It gives out warnings to potential health worsening conditions by continuously monitoring and analyzing the person’s location, posture, movement and breath. (该仪器可检测到跌倒、呼吸困难、浴缸溺水和其他危险事件。它通过持续监测和分析患者的位置、姿势、运动和呼吸，对潜在的健康恶化状况发出警告)”可知，ECHO能够监测与健康有关的危险事件。故选A项。
15. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“As more and more elder people live alone as a result of social distancing, there is an increased need to monitor them without the burden of wearables or privacy-violating cameras. (随着越来越多的老年人由于社交距离而独居，越来越需要在不使用可穿戴设备或侵犯隐私的摄像头的情况下对他们进行监控)”可推知，在未来，ECHO越来越受老年人的欢迎。故选A项。
16. 主旨大意题。通读全文，再根据文章第四段“Zack is a co-founder, CEO and vice president of R&D at EchoCare Technologies which has developed ECHO (Elderly Care Home Observer), a cloud-connected monitor based on radar technology and machine learning. (Zack是EchoCare Technologies的联合创始人、首席执行官和研发副总裁，该公司开发了ECHO（老人护理家庭观察者），这是一种基于雷达技术和机器学习的云连接监控器)”可推知，本文主要介绍了一种为老年人设计的高科技监控器——ECHO。B项“A High-tech Monitor for the Elderly (为老年人设计的高科技监控器)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选B项。
5
（2022·天津和平·一模）Trying to find the perfect present is about as easy as trying to read someone’s mind. Few people will actually tell you what they want for a special occasion. So what to do? Here are some tips that could help.
Start Early
Be honest-do you wait until the last minute to start looking for presents? While you are definitely not alone in this ritual, it is something you might want to try to change. Starting your shopping early can have a number of advantages, particularly when stocking up for holidays such as Christmas. If you plan in advance rather than last minute you can go shopping online which increases your gift buying possibilities as you’ll have time to factor in the delivery of the gift.
Make a List, Check It Twice
Now is the time to put your thinking cap on as you make a list. If you are lucky, you should be able to find a few good ideas in one of these lists. However, what if this list isn’t as helpful as you might have hoped? In this instance, write down different personality traits of the person you are shopping for. Then try to determine how to use this information to find a gift that is perfectly suited to them.
Think Outside the Box
If you are still coming up empty, it is time to get creative. Often, the reason you get stuck for gift ideas is because you are restricting yourself too much. An example of being creative is to think about what your friend’s office looks like. This can give you lots of ideas to give him a gift for his workspace. In the end, it’s about finding something he can use every day, something he can really appreciate.
Gift an Experience
If a regular old present isn’t doing the trick, it may be time to think a little bigger. Instead of a physical gift, you can give someone an experience that they will never forget. You may be wondering what an “experience” means exactly. Well, it can be anything that will interest the recipient. If they are an adventurer, a local or foreign trip will be excellent. On the other hand, if they are a sports enthusiast, you can buy them tickets to a significant game.
17. What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Many people make a plan in advance.
B. You have many friends who do the same.
C. People tend to send gifts earlier than planned.
D. Other people also buy presents at the last moment.
18. What can be done if you find your list of little help in choosing a gift?
A. Listing the character features of your friends.
B. Thinking it over before making a decision.
C. Asking your friends what they like best.
D. Doing shopping with your friends.
19. What do we know about Think Outside the Box?
A. Presents should be unique and special.
B. Practical presents can be a good option.
C. Offices are usually designed for creation.
D. Appreciation could be shown through gifts.
20. According to the last paragraph, which can be the best gift idea for a photographer?
A. Dining in a Michelin-starred restaurant.
B. Visiting a science museum in your town.
C. Buying a smart phone with an advanced camera.
D. Taking a trip to Mount Tai in the coming summer.
21. What is the purpose of the passage?
A. To show the significance of pleasing friends.
B. To offer some tips on buying friends presents.
C. To suggest several ways on how to make friends.
D. To stress the importance of buying gifts for friends.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了找到完美礼物的几个建议。
17. 词义猜测题。根据第二段“Be honest-do you wait until the last minute to start looking for presents? …it is something you might want to try to change. (老实说，你会等到最后一刻才开始寻找礼物吗？……但这是你可能想要尝试改变的事情)”可知，划线句的意思是“虽然你不是唯一一个这样做的人”，即：其他人往往也会在最后一刻买礼物。因此，第二段中带下划线的句子是什么意思是D项“Other people also buy presents at the last moment. (其他人也会在最后一刻买礼物)”符合题意，故选D项。
18. 细节理解题。根据第三段“In this instance, write down different personality traits of the person you are shopping for. Then try to determine how to use this information to find a gift that is perfectly suited to them. (在这种情况下，写下你购物对象的不同性格特征。然后试着确定如何利用这些信息来找到一份完全适合他们的礼物。)”可知，如果你发现自己的清单对选择礼物没有什么帮助，可以试着列下你购物对象的不同性格特征，根据这些信息来寻找适合的礼物。因此，如果你发现自己的清单对选择礼物没有什么帮助，该做的是A项“Listing the character features of your friends.(列出你朋友的性格特征)”符合题意，故选A项。
19. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Think Outside the Box…An example of being creative is to think about what your friend’s office looks like. This can give you lots of ideas to give him a gift for his workspace. In the end, it’s about finding something he can use every day, something he can really appreciate. (创造性思考……有创造力的一个例子是思考你朋友的办公室是什么样子。这可以给你很多想法，给他一份工作空间的礼物。最后，它是关于找到他每天都能使用的东西，他真正能欣赏的东西)”可知，创造性思考的例子是给朋友买一个他每天都能使用的东西或者真正欣赏的东西，可见实用的礼物是一个好的选择。因此，我们对创造性思考了解到的是B项“Practical presents can be a good option.(实用的礼物是个不错的选择)”符合题意，故选B项。
20. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Instead of a physical gift, you can give someone an experience that they will never forget. (你可以给别人一个他们永远不会忘记的经历，而不是一份物质上的礼物。)”可推知，对于摄影师来说，一定是喜欢旅游拍风景，送给他最好的礼物是出去旅行拍风景。因此，根据最后一段，给摄影师最好的礼物是D项“Taking a trip to Mount Tai in the coming summer. (在即将到来的夏天去泰山旅行)”符合题意，故选D项。
21. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段“Trying to find the perfect present is about as easy as trying to read someone’s mind. Few people will actually tell you what they want for a special occasion. So what to do? Here are some tips that could help. (想要找到完美的礼物就像想要读懂别人的心思一样简单。很少有人会告诉你他们在特殊场合想要什么。那该怎么办呢？以下是一些可能会有所帮助的提示)”可知，本文的目的是提供一些建议，告诉我们怎样才能给朋友找到完美礼物。因此，这篇文章的目的是B项“To offer some tips on buying friends presents.(提供一些购买朋友礼物的建议)”符合题意，故选B项。
6
（2022·北京东城·一模）Last year scientists reported using a neural implant (神经植入物) in a man’s brain to restore his ability to communicate. The man has been partially paralyzed and unable to produce comprehensible speech since suffering a severe stroke. It is the latest advance in the exploding field of brain-computer interfaces (接口), or BCIs, which allow computers to read information out of a living brain.
Brain-computer interfaces are possible because of two facts. The first is that your brain contains hundreds of tiny maps. Each represents specific features of your physical feelings and intended actions. And crucially, the basic set of brain maps and their locations within the brain are very similar across individuals.
Thanks to their specialized functions and universal locations, brain maps are ideal entry points for BCI technologies. Picking up signals from a brain map is only the first step in making a useful BCI. Although the location of a brain map is the same across individuals, the details—what patterns of activity within the map mean—differ from person to person. In a sense, the unique features of your specific brain maps serve as a kind of encryption (加密), safeguarding your specific thoughts and feelings from would-be spies.
That brings us to the second fact that makes BCIs possible. Thanks to advances in machine learning, scientists have developed programs that can learn to recognize key patterns in a vast sea of numbers. They train these programs to decode (解码) brain signals by feeding them tons of examples. Researchers developing BCIs often create such examples by instructing an individual to think specific thoughts at specific times, creating a neural curriculum for the program to learn from.
While the universal features and locations of brain maps make them obvious entrances for BCIs, the unique features of your brain maps tend to protect them from spying eyes. In cases where BCIs have successfully read specific thoughts or intentions from a brain, it has been with the permission of the individual whose brain was being read. But there are surreptitious ways to train decoders on your brain without your knowledge. This can happen if your neural data falls into the hands of companies with detailed information about your activities.
Like all technologies, brain-computer interfaces are not necessarily good or bad. Yet while harvesting the benefits of BCIs, we need to ensure that we have the means to protect ourselves from corporations with every motive to take advantage of this technology for their financial gain.
22. What can we learn about brain maps?
A. They carry unique messages.
B. They can process encrypted signals.
C. Their functions vary from person to person.
D. Their locations reveal human thinking patterns.
23. What can we infer from the passage?
A. BCIs can boost brain signals dramatically.
B. BCIs could help recover from brain injuries.
C. Machine learning enables BCIs to read mind.
D. The decoding of brain may be affected by BCIs.
24. What does the underlined word “surreptitious” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Secure. B. Stable.
C. Standard. D. Secret.
25. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The future trend of BCIs. B. The potential risks of BCIs.
C. The working principle of BCIs. D. The general applications of BCIs.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了BCIs（脑机接口）技术及这种技术的工作原理。
22. 细节理解题。根据第二段关键句“The first is that your brain contains hundreds of tiny maps. Each represents specific features of your physical feelings and intended actions.”（首先，你的大脑包含数百张小地图。每一个都代表了你身体感受和预期行为的特定特征。）可知，每一个脑图都代表了你身体感受和预期行为的特定特征，由此可知，关于脑图，我们能知道它们承载着独特的信息。故选A项。
23. 推理判断题。根据第四段关键句“Thanks to advances in machine learning, scientists have developed programs that can learn to recognize key patterns in a vast sea of numbers. They train these programs to decode (解码) brain signals by feeding them tons of examples. Researchers developing BCIs often create such examples by instructing an individual to think specific thoughts at specific times, creating a neural curriculum for the program to learn from.”（多亏了机器学习的进步，科学家们开发了一些程序，可以学习在浩瀚的数字海洋中识别关键模式。他们通过给这些程序输入大量的例子来训练它们对大脑信号进行解码。开发BCI的研究人员通常通过指导一个人在特定时间思考特定的想法来创建这样的例子，为该程序创建一个可供学习的神经课程。）可知，由于机器学习的进步，科学家们开发了一些程序对大脑信号进行解码，进而使BCI能够读懂大脑，由此可知，我们能从这篇文章中推断出机器学习使BCI能够读懂大脑。故选C项。
24. 词义猜测题。根据画线单词所在句中“train decoders on your brain without your knowledge”（在你不知情的情况下在你的大脑中训练解码器）可知，在你的大脑中训练解码器的行为是在你不知情的情况下发生的，由此可知，这应该是一些秘密的方式，“Secret”意为“秘密的”，能够代替画线单词在句中所要表达的含义。故选D项。
25. 主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段关键句“Brain-computer interfaces are possible because of two facts. The first is that your brain contains hundreds of tiny maps.”（脑机接口之所以成为可能，有两个原因。首先，你的大脑包含数百张小地图。）和第四段关键句“That brings us to the second fact that makes BCIs possible. Thanks to advances in machine learning, scientists have developed programs that can learn to recognize key patterns in a vast sea of numbers.”（这就引出了第二个让脑机接口成为可能的事实。多亏了机器学习的进步，科学家们开发了一些程序，可以学习在浩瀚的数字海洋中识别关键模式。）可知，文章主要介绍了脑机接口技术及这种技术的工作原理，“The working principle of BCIs.”意为“脑机接口的工作原理”，选项能够概括文章主要内容。故选C项。
7
（2022·浙江杭州·二模）They say procrastination (拖延) is the thief of time — actually deadlines are. New research has found that if you want someone to help you out with something, it is best not to set a deadline at all. But if you do set a deadline, make it short.
Professor Stephen Knowles tested the effect of deadline length on task completion for their research. Participants were invited to complete an online survey concerning a charity donation. They were given either one week, one month, or no deadline to respond. Professor Knowles says although the topic of the survey was about charity, the results are true of any situation where someone asks another person for help.
The study found responses to the survey were lowest for the one-month deadline and highest when no deadline was specified (明确规定). No deadline and the one-week deadline led to many early responses, while a long deadline appeared to give people permission to procrastinate, and then forget. Professor Knowles wasn’t surprised to find that specifying a shorter deadline increased the chances of receiving a response compared to a longer deadline. However, he did find it interesting that they received the most responses when no deadline was specified.
“We interpret this as evidence that specifying a longer deadline, as opposed to a short deadline or no deadline at all, removes the urgency to act,” he says. “People therefore put off undertaking the task, and since they are inattentive or forget, postponing it results in lower response rates.”
He says of the research that it is possible that not specifying a deadline might still have led participants to assume that there is an unspoken deadline. Professor Knowles hopes his research can help reduce the amount of procrastinating people do. “Many people procrastinate. They have the best intentions of helping someone out, but just do not get around to doing it.”
26. Why did Professor Knowles do the research?
A. To study the role a deadline plays in procrastination.
B. To find out whether people are interested in charity.
C. To attract public attention to the effects of procrastination.
D. To test the effect of procrastination on task completion.
27. What most likely leads to procrastination?
A. No deadlines. B. Short deadlines.
C. Specific deadlines. D. Long deadlines.
28. Why do people procrastinate when given a long deadline?
A. They oppose the deadline. B. They are unwilling to act.
C. They lack a sense of urgency. D. They are too busy to remember.
29. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Procrastination — the Thief of Time
B. Procrastination — an Urgent Problem to Solve
C. Deadline — a Result of Procrastination
D. Deadline — the Key to Reducing Procrastination
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们拖延与设定截止日期的时间长短有关。
26. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Professor Stephen Knowles tested the effect of deadline length on task completion for their research. (Stephen Knowles教授在他们的研究中测试了截止日期长度对任务完成的影响)”可推知，Stephen Knowles教授做这项研究是为了研究设定截止日期对拖延这一行为的影响。故选A项。
27. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“a long deadline appeared to give people permission to procrastinate, and then forget (设定很长的截止日期似乎允许人们拖延，然后忘记)”可知，设定很长的截止日期最有可能导致拖延。故选D项。
28. 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“We interpret this as evidence that specifying a longer deadline, as opposed to a short deadline or no deadline at all, removes the urgency to act (我们将此解释为，设定一个更长的截止日期，而不是一个短的截止日期或根本没有截止日期，会消除采取行动的紧迫性)”可知，人们在拥有很长的截止日期时会拖延，主要原因是过长的截止日期会导致人们缺乏紧迫感。故选C项。
29. 主旨大意题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“They say procrastination is the thief of time — actually deadlines are. (人们说拖延是时间的小偷——实际上截止日期才是罪魁祸首)”以及第三段“specifying a shorter deadline increased the chances of receiving a response compared to a longer deadline. (与较长的截止日期相比，指定较短的截止日期可以增加收到回复的机会)”可推知，本文主要介绍了设定截止日期的长短会影响人们做事是否拖延。D项“Deadline — the Key to Reducing Procrastination (截止日期——减少拖延的关键)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D项。
8
（2022·上海市第二中学模拟预测）Sending messages into deep space could be the best way for Earthlings to find extraterrestrial (地球以外的) intelligence, but it carries a risk: alerting unfriendly aliens to our presence. Game theory may provide a way to deal with this situation.
So far the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) has mostly been restricted to listening for signs of technology elsewhere. Only a few attempts have been made to broadcast messages towards distant starts. Many scientists are against such “active” SETI for fear of revealing our presence. If all aliens feel the same way then no one will be broadcasting, and the chance of detecting each other is limited.
To weigh up the potential losses and gains, Harold de Vladar of the Institute of Science and Technology Austria in Klosterneuburg turned to the prisoner’s dilemma, a game-theory problem in which two prisoners choose between admitting their shared crime or keeping quiet, with different sentences depending on what they say. An individual prisoner gets off scot free if he betrays (出卖) a partner who remains silent, with the silent partner getting a maximum sentence. If they both betray each other, each gets a medium sentence. By contrast, if both stay silent, both get minimum sentences---the best overall result.
De Vladar reasoned that the SETI dilemma is essentially the same, but reversed. Mutual betrayal for prisoners is equivalent to mutual silence for aliens. And while a selfish prisoner stops keeping silent, a selfish civilization is silent, waiting for someone else to take the risk of waving “Over here!” at the rest of the universe.
This led de Vladar to apply the mathematics of the prisoner’s dilemma to SETI. In the classic version of the prisoner’s dilemma, each selfishly betrays the other. But as we do not know the character of any aliens out there, and as it is difficult to put a value on the benefits to science, culture and technology of finding an advanced civilization, de Vladar varied the reward of finding aliens and the cost of unfriendly aliens finding us. The result was a range of best broadcasting strategies. “It’s not about whether to do it or not, but how often,” says Vladar.
One interesting idea was that as you increase the rewards placed on finding aliens, you can decrease the frequency of broadcasts, while keeping the expected benefit to Earthlings the same. Being able to keep broadcasts to a minimum is good news, because they come with costs--- equipping our planet with transmitters won’t come cheap---and risk terrible disasters, such as interstellar (星际的) wars.
30. According to the passage, which of the following can be classified as “passive” SETI?
A. Concealing our presence from aliens. B. Listening for signs of technology elsewhere.
C. Broadcasting to distant stars. D. Detecting the existence of aliens.
31. According to de Vladar, ________ in the SETI is equivalent to mutual silence for prisoners.
A. both civilizations sending messages B. people on the earth sending messages
C. both civilizations keeping silent D. people on the earth keeping silent
32. According to the passage, which of the following might benefit Earthlings best in the SETI?
A. Equipping the earth with the most advanced transmitters.
B. Preparing for the disasters such as interstellar wars.
C. Sending to space as few messages as possible.
D. Decreasing the rewards for finding aliens.
33. Which of the following best sums up the passage?
A. Earthlings are likely to be attacked by extraterrestrial intelligence.
B. Scientists are looking for better approaches to finding aliens.
C. Earthlings should be more active in broadcasting to aliens.
D. Decision to contact aliens is a game-theory dilemma.
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是Harold de Vladar提议用博弈论的一种方法来解决在探索外星生物中该如何向外星生物发送信息的困境。
30. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“So far the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) has mostly been restricted to listening for signs of technology elsewhere. Only a few attempts have been made to broadcast messages towards distant starts. Many scientists are against such “active” SETI for fear of revealing our presence.(到目前为止，对外星生物的探索大多局限于寻找其他地方的科技迹象。向遥远的起点发送信息的尝试很少。许多科学家反对这种“积极的”对外星生物的探索，因为他们害怕暴露我们的存在。)”可知，积极的对外星生物的探索是向外星发送信息，因此消极的对外星生物的探索是接收其他地方的信息。故选B。
31. 推理判断题。根据第三段的“If they both betray each other, each gets a medium sentence. By contrast, if both stay silent, both get minimum sentences---the best overall result.(如果他们都背叛了对方，每个人得到一个中等的判决。相比之下，如果双方都保持沉默，双方都得到最小的判决——这是最好的整体结果。)”和第四段的“Mutual betrayal for prisoners is equivalent to mutual silence for aliens.(囚犯之间的相互背叛等同于与外星人相互沉默)”可知，根据De Vladar的说法，两个文明都在传递信息在SETI中相当于囚犯之间的相互沉默。故选A。
32. 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“One interesting idea was that as you increase the rewards placed on finding aliens, you can decrease the frequency of broadcasts, while keeping the expected benefit to Earthlings the same.(一个有趣的想法是，当你增加寻找外星人的奖励时，你可以减少传播信息的频率，同时保持对地球人的预期好处不变。)”可知，对SETI中地球人最有利的方法是减少向外太空传播信息的频率，也就是向太空发送尽可能少的信息。故选C。
33. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Sending messages into deep space could be the best way for Earthlings to find extraterrestrial intelligence, but it carries a risk: alerting unfriendly aliens to our presence. Game theory may provide a way to deal with this situation.(向外太空发送信息可能是地球人寻找外星生物的最佳方式，但它也有风险：提醒不友好的外星人我们的存在。博弈论可以提供一种方法来处理这种情况。)”可知，本文主要讲的是该如何和外星人发送信息，可以用博弈论的一种方法来解决，也就是可以将文章总结为“与外星人联系的决定是一个博弈理论难题”，即Decision to contact aliens is a game-theory dilemma，故选D。
9
（2022·北京西城·一模）The US scientists who created the first living robots say the life forms, known as xenobots, can now reproduce—and in a way not seen in plants and animals. Xenobots are formed from the stem cells of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), from which it takes its name.
“Frogs have a way of reproducing that they normally use, but when you liberate the stem cells from the embryo(胚胎) and you give them a chance to figure out how to be in a new environment, not only do they figure out a new way to move, but they also figure out apparently a new way to reproduce,” said Michael Levin, a professor of biology at Tufts University, who was co-lead author of the new research.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types. To make the xenobots, the researchers removed living stem cells from frog embryos and left them to develop.
“Most people think of robots as being made of metal, but it’s not so much what a robot is made from but what it does, which is act on its own on behalf of people,” said Josh Bongard, a computer science professor and robotics expert at the University of Vermont and lead author of the study. “In that way, it’s a robot, but it’s also clearly an organism made from frog cells.”
The researchers found that the xenobots could replicate(自我复制). But it happened rarely and only in specific circumstances. The xenobots used “kinetic replication”—a process that is known to occur at the molecular(分子) level.
With the help of artificial intelligence, the researchers then tested billions of body shapes to make the xenobots more effective at this type of replication. The supercomputer came up with a C-shape that looked like Pac-Man, the 1980s video game. They found it was able to find tiny stem cells, gather hundreds of them inside its mouth, and a few days later the pack of cells became new xenobots.
“The AI didn’t program these machines in the way we usually think about writing code. It shaped and sculpted and came up with this Pac-Man shape,” Bongard said. “The shape is, in essence, the program. The shape influences how the xenobots behave to speed up this incredibly surprising process.”
The xenobots are very early technology think of a 1940s computer—and don’t yet have any practical applications. However, this combination of molecular biology and artificial intelligence could potentially be used in many tasks in the body and the environment. This may include things like collecting microplastics in the oceans, inspecting root systems and regenerative medicine. “There are many things that are possible if we take advantage of this kind of plasticity and ability of cells to soh l problems,” Bongard said.
34. According to Josh Bongard, a robot should be defined in terms of ______.
A. its function B. its reliability C. its appearance D. its material
35. What can we learn about xenobots from the passage?
A. Xenobots have copied stem cells using computer programs.
B. Specialized cells play a key role in the replication of xenobots.
C. AI makes it possible for xenobots to replicate more effectively.
D. The shape of xenobots was inspired from a video game in the 1980s.
36. What is the author’s attitude towards future applications of xenobots?
A. Disapproving. B. Optimistic. C. Unconcerned. D. Objective.
37. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Where does the unnatural replication process lead?
B. Arc xenobots the future of artificial intelligence?
C. The uncertain role of robot reproduction
D. Fact or fantasy? Robots can reproduce
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们创造出一批可以复制的“异种机器人”，并阐述了研究过程和发展前景。
34. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Most people think of robots as being made of metal, but it’s not so much what a robot is made from but what it does, which is act on its own on behalf of people,(大多数人认为机器人是由金属制成的，但问题不在于机器人是由什么制成的，而在于它能做什么，也就是代表人类独立行动。)”可知，根据Josh Bongard的说法，机器人应该根据它的功能来定义。故选A。
35. 细节理解题。根据第六段“With the help of artificial intelligence, the researchers then tested billions of body shapes to make the xenobots more effective at this type of replication.(在人工智能的帮助下，研究人员测试了数十亿个体型，以使异种机器人在这种类型的复制上更有效。)”可知，人工智能使异种机器人更有效地复制成为可能。故选C。
36. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“There are many things that are possible if we take advantage of this kind of plasticity and ability of cells to soh l problems(如果我们利用细胞的这种可塑性和能力来解决问题，就有可能实现很多事情。)”可推断，作者对异种机器人的未来应用持乐观态度。故选B。
37. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“The US scientists who created the first living robots say the life forms, known as xenobots, can now reproduce—and in a way not seen in plants and animals.(创造出第一批活体机器人的美国科学家表示，这种被称为“异种机器人”的生命形式现在可以繁殖了，而且是以一种在动植物中未见过的方式。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了科学家们创造出一批可以复制的“异种机器人”，并阐述了研究过程和发展前景。所以“Fact or fantasy? Robots can reproduce(事实还是幻想?机器人可以复制)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。
10
（2022·天津和平·一模）Most of Florida is a flat peninsula(半岛) with water on three sides and houses built as close to the shoreline as possible. For one thing we are more frequently the target of hurricanes than any other state; for another, our geography makes us more easily to be hurt by rising seas.
A news story about climate change in Florida popped up. Historically, scientists believed mangroves(红树林) didn’t live farther north than Cedar Key, in the middle of Florida’s Big Bend. But that’s not the case anymore. Samantha Chapman, a biology professor who’s been studying how Florida’s mangroves have been migrating(迁移), found them up near the St Mary’s River, which forms the border between Florida and Georgia. It seems that they soon be marching through Georgia and becoming a thriving new component of coastal habitats.
But a coastal biologist named Blair Witherington took issue on the matter. The mangroves weren’t spreading into a new territory, he pointed out. They were entering areas that had been classified as saltmarsh(盐沼), where the landscape was dominated by cordgrass. Saltmarsh and mangrove create very different habitats that attract a very different set of animals. “When one community replaces the other, this diversity is lost,” Witherington remarked. Changing the animals’ habitat has the potential to influence the whole food chain, making a widespread difference.
What was driving this? “Mangroves can survive a short freeze, but not a prolonged, hard freeze. By combing through the weather records kept by the state’s orange juice industry, biologists have been able to document that Florida is having fewer prolonged hard freezes than it used to. Then the mangroves have adapted by expanding their range.” Samantha explained.
“They’ve adapted in another way, too. Not only are the mangroves spreading into areas that once were unfriendly to them, but they have also changed their life cycle to speed things up. Normally it takes them about 15 years of growth before they start making seeds. Now, as they get into these marshes, they’re producing seeds when they’ re only a couple of years old,” Samantha said.
The problem with having too many mangroves by the sea is that climate change may overwhelm them. A study by the US Geological Survey said sea level rise could wipe out mangroves all along the Florida coast. So, here’s the question we humans have to consider: Nature is finding ways to adapt to how we’ve changed the climate. What are we doing to adapt to it? Or at least slow it down?
38. What can we learn about the state of Florida?
A. It could be affected by high tides easily.
B. Its geography fuels shipbuilding industry.
C. Its houses are built in a high-lying but flat area.
D. It is often hit by tornadoes and suffers huge losses.
39. What is the news story about Florida’s mangroves?
A. They migrate to warmer regions.
B. They are marching into a new habitat.
C. They form the border between Florida and Georgia.
D. They are introduced into Florida to prevent flooding.
40. Which of the following would Blair Witherington agree with?
A. Saltmarsh is fragile and requires urgent protection.
B. Florida includes a rich diversity of natural habitats.
C. The benefits of the mangroves outweigh their troubles.
D. Everything in the ecosystem is connected complicatedly.
41. What are the 4th and 5th paragraphs mainly about?
A. What mangroves had to face in their habitats.
B. Whether mangroves had influence on other plants.
C. How mangroves adapted to the changing environment.
D. Why mangroves had a different life cycle in marshes.
42. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Human beings are supposed to worship nature.
B. It is urgent to grow more mangroves along coastlines.
C. Measures against mangroves’ migration are far from enough.
D. What we should do to stop the climate change is still up in the air.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在佛罗里达州发生的自然现象。为了适应气候变化，红树林不仅扩散到了曾经对它们不友好的地区，而且还改变了它们的生命周期，以加快发展。这一自然现象有可能会对整个生态系统受到影响，而迁移到海边的太多红树林的将要面对由于气候变化，海平面上升导致的“淹没”。作者不禁思考，自然都在对气候变化做出应对，人类又做了些什么？人类理应敬重自然。
38. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段内容“Most of Florida is a flat peninsula with water on three sides and houses built as close to the shoreline as possible. For one thing we are more frequently the target of hurricanes than any other state; for another, our geography makes us more easily to be hurt by rising seas.(佛罗里达州的大部分地区是一个平坦的半岛，三面有水，房屋尽可能靠近海岸线建造。一方面，我们比其他任何国家更经常成为飓风的目标；另一方面，我们的地理位置使我们更容易受到海平面上升的伤害。)”可知，佛罗里达州三面有水，房屋靠近海岸线，容易遭到飓风的袭击，也容易受到海平面上升的伤害。因此可推知，涨潮是会对其产生影响的。故选A项。
39. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段的“Historically, scientists believed mangroves didn’t live farther north than Cedar Key, in the middle of Florida’s Big Bend. But that’s not the case anymore. Samantha Chapman, a biology professor who’s been studying how Florida’s mangroves have been migrating, found them up near the St Mary’s River, which forms the border between Florida and Georgia. It seems that they soon be marching through Georgia and becoming a thriving new component of coastal habitats.(历史上，科学家们认为红树林并不存在于比佛罗里达大本德中部的锡达基更北的地方。但现在情况已经不同了。生物学教授Samantha Chapman一直在研究佛罗里达州的红树林是如何迁移的，她在圣玛丽河附近发现了它们，这条河是佛罗里达州和佐治亚州的分界线看来它们很快就会穿过乔治亚州，成为沿海栖息地的一个欣欣向荣的新组成部分。)”可知，红树林迁徙到了佛罗里达州和乔治亚州边界，到达了比佛罗里达大本德中部的锡达基更北的地方，且有可能很快穿过乔治亚州，这与历史上的记载不同，由此可知，红树林正向新的栖息地迁移。故选B项。
40. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段的“‘When one community replaces the other, this diversity is lost,’ Witherington remarked. Changing the animals’ habitat has the potential to influence the whole food chain, making a widespread difference.(“当一个群落取代另一个群落时，这种多样性就消失了，”Witherington说。改变动物的栖息地可能会影响整个食物链，产生广泛的影响。)”可知，在Witherington看来，植物群落的更替会导致（原栖息地）多样性的消失，而动植物栖息地的改变可能会影响整个生态食物链，影响广泛，这都表明生态系统紧密而又复杂的关联在一起。因此可推知，选项D“Everything in the ecosystem is connected complicatedly.(生态系统中的一切都是复杂相连的。)”的论点应该是他认同的。故选D项。
41. 主旨大意题。通过阅读文章第四段和第五段内容可知，特别是第四段的“What was driving this?(是什么正在驱使这些（发生）)”和第五段第二句“They’ve adapted in another way, too.Not only are the mangroves spreading into areas that once were unfriendly to them, but they have also changed their life cycle to speed things up.(他们也以另一种方式适应了环境。红树林不仅扩散到了曾经对它们不友好的地区，而且还改变了它们的生命周期，以加快发展。)”可知，两段主要讲述了红树林如何适应不断变化环境的两种方式。故选C项。
42. 推理判断题。根据文章末尾段内容“So, here’s the question we humans have to consider: Nature is finding ways to adapt to how we’ve changed the climate. What are we doing to adapt to it? Or at least slow it down?(所以，这是我们人类必须考虑的问题：大自然正在寻找方法来适应我们改变气候的方式。为了适应它，我们做了什么? 或者至少让它慢下来? )”可知，在作者看来，大自然都在寻找方法适应人类改变气候的方式，人类却没做什么。由此可推知，人类应该致敬自然。故选A项。
11
（2022·北京市第一三二中学一模）When a chunk of ice fell from a collapsing glacier(冰川)on the Swiss Alps’ Mount Eiger in 2017, part of the long deep sound it produced was too low for human ears to detect. But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice avalanche’s(崩塌)critical characteristics.
Low-frequency sound waves called infrasound that travel great distances through the atmosphere are already used to monitor active volcanoes from afar. Now some researchers in this field have switched focus from fire to ice: dangerous blocks snapping off glaciers. Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. “This was different,” Johnson says. “A signature of a new material has been detected with infrasound.”
Usually glaciers move far too slowly to generate an infrasound signal, which researchers pick up using detectors that track slight changes in air pressure. But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier’s main body—is a prolific infrasound producer. Glacial collapses drive ice avalanches, which pose an increasing threat to people in mountainous regions as rising temperatures weaken large fields of ice. A glacier “can become detached from the ground due to melting, causing bigger break— offs,” says University of Florence geologist Emanuele Marchetti, lead author of the new study. As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.
Researchers often use radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break—off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain. It is challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. “The model used by Marchetti is a first approximation for this,” she says. Isolating the relevant signal helps the researchers monitor an ice avalanche’s speed, path and volume from afar using infrasound.
Marchetti and his colleagues are now working to improve their detectors to pick up more signals across at-risk regions in Europe, and they have set up collaborations around the continent to better understand signals that collapsing glaciers produce. They are also refining their mathematical analysis to figure out each ice cascade’s physical details.
43. What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?
A. Infrasound has a major role to play in discovering new materials.
B. Ice avalanches are a bigger threat to people than volcanic eruptions.
C. Researchers are trying to use infrasound in detecting ice avalanches.
D. Scientists employ infrasound more in mountain areas than in other places.
44. Which is an advantage of infrasound over radar?
A. The combination with other relevant signals.
B. The accuracy in locating a certain avalanche.
C. The ability in picking up signals in wider areas.
D. The sensitivity in tracking air pressure changes.
45. The underlined word “this” in Paragraph 4 refers to________.
A. distinguishing different components of a signal
B. detecting multiple avalanches at the same time
C. calculating the speed and path of ice avalanches
D. monitoring the specific location of ice break—offs
46. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. From Fire to Ice B. Glacier Whispers
C. Nature is Warning D. Secret of Ice Avalanches
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍冰崩会发出大量的次声波，研究人员正在尝试用次声探测技术来检测和探测冰崩。
43. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. （博伊西州立大学的地球物理学家Jeffrey Johnson说，之前的工作分析过雪崩的次声，但从未分析过冰的次声）”和第三段的“But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier’s main body—is a prolific infrasound producer.（但是冰川的崩塌——冰川主体的冰突然迅速断裂——是大量次声的产生者）”和“As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.（随着威胁的增加，科学家们寻求新的方法来监测和探测这种崩塌）”可知，从第二和第三段我们知道研究人员正试图利用次声探测冰崩。故选C。
44. 细节理解题。根据第四段的“Researchers often use radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break—off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain.（研究人员经常使用雷达来跟踪冰雪崩，这种方法精确但昂贵，而且只能监测一个特定的位置和邻近的雪崩路径。马尔凯蒂说，次声探测技术成本更低，可以探测到更广阔的区域附近的断裂事件，以及山脉上的多次雪崩）”可知，和雷达相比次声探测的优势是能接收更大范围内的信号。故选C。
45. 词句猜测题。分析句子可知，句中this应指代上文出现的内容。根据第四段的“It is challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Malgorzata Chmiel. （然而，苏黎世联邦理工学院的冰川学家Malgorzata Chmiel说，在没有额外测量的情况下，将一个信号分解成它的组成部分(如交通噪音、单独的雪崩和附近的地震)是一项挑战）”推知，this指代“区分信号的成分”，即马尔凯蒂使用的模型是区分信号成分的初步近似（该模型能区分出信号的不同成分）。故选A。
46. 主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其第一段的“But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice avalanche’s(崩塌)critical characteristics.（但这些振动是计算冰崩临界特性的关键）”和第三段的“But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier’s main body—is a prolific infrasound producer.（但是冰川的崩塌——冰川主体的冰突然迅速断裂——是大量次声的产生者）”和“As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.（随着威胁的增加，科学家们寻求新的方法来监测和探测这种崩塌）”可知，冰崩会发出大量的次声波，研究人员正在尝试用次声探测技术来检测和探测冰崩。故B项“冰川低语”可以作为本文标题，吸引读者。故选B。
11
（2022·上海市第二中学模拟预测）
Better Holiday Pics, Without Using a Selfie Stick
If you find yourself vacationing in Budapest, Hungary, you could preserve travel memories by taking a few arm-length, low-quality cell phone selfies that will likely fail to capture the magic of your visit. Or you could hire someone like Dana J. Ardell, a Budapest-based professional photographer who knows photo spots you’ll never find in a guidebook and who can deliver stunning pictures — with your whole travel party in the shots.
Ardell is a photographer with Flytographer, one of a growing number of online services that help travelers find and hire a photographer to take pictures of them during a vacation.
“People who believe memories are the best souvenir” are among those who will find value in photo services, says Flytographer founder and CEO Nicole Smith.
Still, the cost could run a few hundred dollars, so be smart about whom you hire. Here’s what to know about hiring a pro to take pictures on your next vacation or bucket-list trip.
Why hire a photographer?
Smartphone cameras are decent, but they don’t provide the same quality of pictures as a professional camera and lens. Plus, phone cameras aren’t usually operated by a skilled photographer who knows how to incorporate the best light and properly compose a shot and later edit the images.
If you plan to turn a vacation photo into a wall-worthy print, you’ll want something better than a cell phone snapshot. “Nobody’s going to blow up a blurry selfie with seven chins,” Smith says.
Photographers who live in your destination know where and when to shoot — when the light is most favorable and where you won’t be jostling with other tourists during busy times at landmarks.
Part of the benefit of hiring a trip photographer has nothing to do with photos — it’s interacting with a resident, gaining insight into how locals live. “We chat the whole time,” Ardell says. “I love giving recommendations on my favorite places to eat and things to do around the city.”
How to book a pro
You could do your own research to find someone in the place you’re visiting. But online booking services make hiring a photographer easier, especially if you’re going abroad and don’t speak the language. With many of the services, including Flytographer, Local Lens and localgrapher, and you choose the city, then read biographies of local photographers, look at their portfolios and pick one.
According to Smith, an hour long session offers enough time for photos at a couple of locations and gives vacationers time to warm up in front of the camera. But a half-hour shoot can work for those tight on time or budget. Also remember to book early. Booking several weeks out means a wider selection of photographers, dates and times.
If you’ve taken fabulous journeys but your photos just don’t match, hiring a vacation photographer might be the ticket to preserving memories.
47. Which of the following about Flytographer is true?
A. It is a Budapest-based professional photographer.
B. It’s an online service helping tourists find and hire professional photographers.
C. It’s an online shop that sells souvenirs.
D. It’s an internet-based vacation planning company.
48. Which is not a reason for hiring a professional trip photographer?
A. Photographers take photos for you without crowding into popular sights.
B. Photographers are a reliable source of tourist information and local culture.
C. Hiring photographers with professional cameras and lens is value for your money.
D. Photographers help you preserve the best memories by producing quality photos.
49. What do the underlined words in the last paragraph most probably mean?
A. Your photos fall victim to criticism on the internet.
B. Your photos are not taken as required by photographers.
C. You photos fail to capture the highlights of your journeys.
D. Your photos are not as competitive as those taken by others.
【答案与解析】本文为一篇说明文。文章以在匈牙利布达佩斯度假为例，游人可以寻找像Flytographer这样的在线服务公司，他们会帮游人寻找并雇用专业的摄像师，能为客户拍出更好的假日照片，文章阐述了雇佣摄像师的理由，以及如何预定摄像师。
47. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Or you could hire someone like Dana J. Ardell, a Budapest-based professional photographer who knows photo spots you’ll never find in a guidebook and who can deliver stunning pictures — with your whole travel party in the shots.(或者你也可以雇佣像Dana J. Ardell这样的人，他是一位住在布达佩斯的专业摄影师，他知道你在旅游指南中永远找不到的拍照点，他可以提供令人惊叹的照片——你的整个旅行伙伴都会在镜头中。)”，可知Ardell是个专业的摄影师，以及第二段“Ardell is a photographer with Flytographer, one of a growing number of online services that help travelers find and hire a photographer to take pictures of them during a vacation.(Ardell是Flytographer的一名摄影师。Flytographer是越来越多的在线服务公司之一，帮助旅行者找到并雇佣一名摄影师在度假时为他们拍照。)”可知，Flytographer是一个在线服务公司，帮助游客找到并雇佣专业摄影师。故选B项。
48. 细节理解题。根据Why hire a photographer?的第二段“Smartphone cameras are decent, but they don’t provide the same quality of pictures as a professional camera and lens. (智能手机的相机是不错的，但它们提供的图片质量不如专业相机和镜头。)”以及第二段“If you plan to turn a vacation photo into a wall-worthy print, you’ll want something better than a cell phone snapshot.(如果你打算把一张度假照片打印成值得挂到墙上的照片，你会想要比手机快照更好的东西)”可知，专业摄影师有专业的相机和镜头，拍的照片质量比智能手机的好,雇佣摄影师是值得的。第三段“Photographers who live in your destination know where and when to shoot — when the light is most favorable and where you won’t be jostling with other tourists during busy times at landmarks.(住在你目的地的摄影师知道在哪里和什么时候拍摄——什么时候光线最好，在繁忙的时候在地标建处，哪里不会和其他游客挤在一起。)”可知，专业摄影师了解当地的旅游讯息，能带你避开其他游客，去拍最好的风景。第四段“Part of the benefit of hiring a trip photographer has nothing to do with photos — it’s interacting with a resident, gaining insight into how locals live. (雇佣旅行摄影师的部分好处与照片无关——它与居民互动，了解当地人的生活方式。)”可知，专业摄影师了解本地的文化，可以带着游人去体验当地的文化。以上信息，分别与C项、A项和B项相吻合，都是雇佣摄像师的好处。排除法，故选D项。
49. 词义猜测题。根据划线短语所在句子“If you’ve taken fabulous journeys but your photos just don’t match, hiring a vacation photographer might be the ticket to preserving memories.(如果你的旅行非常棒，但你的照片不匹配，雇佣一个假期摄影师可能是保存记忆的门票。)”可知，划线句子意思为：你自己拍的照片没有捕捉你旅程中的美。故选C项。
12
（2022·北京东城·一模）Journal-based peer review—the process of subjecting a scientific research paper to the inspection of others who are experts in the same field—is generally held up as the quality assurance mechanism for research. It claims to be an essential measure which prevents publishing faulty papers. Reviewing a paper can delay its publication by up to a year; is that a price worth paying to ensure the trustworthiness of the published literature? Well, yes and no.
I’m not yet ready to abandon journal-based peer review. I’d still like to see all papers pass some sort of checking stage before formal publication, but I feel the ground moving. The growing use of preprints, drafts of papers which are posted online without having been peer reviewed, is a crucial part of that shift because they bring academics back to what research publication is all about: the rapid circulation of new results so they can be read, analyzed and built upon. Publication in journals has become more about fame and this has affected both the motivations of authors and the job of reviewers.
Competition for prized spots in journals drives scientists to do some of their best work. But the excessive (过多的) rewards for publishing in top journals are encouragements to corner-cutting, as stories polished by leaving out inconvenient data are more likely to be taken up. And the job of the reviewer also becomes distorted: it is more often now to decide not whether a paper is any good, but whether it is good enough for the journal considering publication. For top journals, that can depend as much on newsworthiness as scientific quality.
These problems are well known, but the tragedy for science is that few people are willing to break away from the present system. However, as biologist Ron Vale argued recently—fittingly, in a preprint—preprints may be a way out because they don’t involve a major shift away from the norm. That may seem an odd claim given that preprints have been in existence for twenty years, yet have not been adopted universally. This slow uptake is not only a reflection of the built-in conservatism of scientists, but also a result of the widespread misunderstanding that journals won’t accept manuscripts which have been posted online as preprints. There is also a fear that publication of papers without peer review risks opening the floodgates to “junk science”—something which, so far at least, has yet to occur.
Preprints enable the informal scientific discussions once restricted to correspondence between individuals. They could also become an effective outlet for negative results—a vital aspect of the scientific process often ignored by the journals’ excessive preoccupation (关注) with new discoveries. Furthermore, preprints significantly increase the number of times papers are read and cited by others. By taking advantage of the web’s culture of openness and accessibility, preprints should help to refocus attention where it matters—on the work itself, not where it is published.
50. According to Paragraph 1, what is the popular opinion on peer review?
A. It limits the number of research works.
B. It ensures the quality of scientific papers.
C. It removes public doubts about publication.
D. It changes the process of scientific publishing.
51. The author may agree that scientific journals ______.
A. urge scientists to pursue integrity in their work
B. rely on reviewers to revise faulty research papers
C. choose articles for their appeal over scientific value
D. try to cut costs to maintain their position in the field
52. What’s the author’s opinion on the growing use of preprints?
A. It will contribute to junk science.
B. It may end the practice of peer review.
C. It promotes the spread of research findings.
D. It improves the quality of scientific publication.
53. This is basically a passage to ______.
A. make comparison B. confirm a concept
C. encourage innovation D. propose a practice
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍同行评审及预印本，介绍它们的优点及缺点，并鼓励我们对其进行革新。
50. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Journal-based peer review—the process of subjecting a scientific research paper to the inspection of others who are experts in the same field—is generally held up as the quality assurance mechanism for research. It claims to be an essential measure which prevents publishing faulty papers. (基于期刊的同行评审——将科学研究论文置于同一领域专家的检查的过程——通常被认为是研究的质量保证机制。它声称是防止发表错误论文的重要措施。)”可知，对于同行评审的普遍观点是：同行评审可以保证科研论文的质量，故选B。
51. 推理判断题。根据第三段“And the job of the reviewer also becomes distorted: it is more often now to decide not whether a paper is any good, but whether it is good enough for the journal considering publication. For top journals, that can depend as much on newsworthiness as scientific quality. (审稿人的工作也变得扭曲：现在更常见的是，不是决定一篇论文是否好，而是考虑到期刊的发表，决定它是否足够好。对于顶级期刊来说，这可能既取决于科学质量，也取决于新闻价值。)”可知，作者认为科学期刊发表文章更注重新闻价值。故推知比起科学期刊的科学价值，科学期刊选择文章更注重其新闻价值和吸引力，故选C。
52. 细节理解题。根据第二段“The growing use of preprints, drafts of papers which are posted online without having been peer reviewed, is a crucial part of that shift because they bring academics back to what research publication is all about: the rapid circulation of new results so they can be read, analyzed and built upon. (越来越多的使用预印本，即未经同行评审而在线发布的论文草稿，是这一转变的关键部分，因为它们将科研人员带回到了研究出版物的全部内容当中。新成果的快速流通，以便于阅读、分析和构建。)”可知，作者认为预印本促进了新研究成果的快速流通，促进了研究成果的传播，故选C。
53. 推理判断题。根据第四段“These problems are well known, but the tragedy for science is that few people are willing to break away from the present system. (这些问题是众所周知的，但科学的悲剧在于，很少有人愿意脱离当前的制度。)”及最后一段“By taking advantage of the web’s culture of openness and accessibility, preprints should help to refocus attention where it matters—on the work itself, not where it is published. (通过利用网络的开放性和可访问性文化，预印本应该有助于将注意力重新集中在重要的地方——作品本身，而不是出版的地方。)”可知，文章主要介绍同行评审及预印本，介绍它们的优点及缺点，目的是鼓励我们进行革新，故选C。
13
（2022·海南·模拟预测）A mysterious illness is turning some black bears friendly and unafraid of humans, among other strange symptoms.
Researchers believe the illness, which young bears around a year old appear to suffer from, is a kind of encephalitis (脑炎), according to a news report by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife late last month. Since 2014, a handful of bears in Nevada and Caledonia have shown signs of the condition, and four California bears were confirmed to have it last year. One of them walked into a school and entered a classroom where she sat down among the children, behaving very much like a friendly dog.
The encephalitis has other serious effects on the nervous system of the bears, including tremble, head tilts and seizures (癫痫). Affected bears also tend to be seriously underweight. One female bear, observed in February picking up an apple and eating it among humans in a yard, weighed only 21 pounds when she should have been around 80 pounds. She was also covered in ticks (扁虱), walked strangely and was ultimately euthanized (安乐死).
It’s still unclear exactly what's causing the brain illness. But in the course of studying the phenomenon, scientists have identified five previously unknown viruses in the affected bears.
Bears suffering from encephalitis typically have to be euthanized. Their symptoms make them unequipped to survive in the wild, and those placed in zoos or shelters can become a huge burden due to the lifelong medical care they need.
Two bears exhibiting neurological (神经系统的) issues in recent years, however, were able to find new homes. One, now named Elinor, was brought to the Orange County Zoo. The other bear, who has become famous after being caught on camera sniffing a snowboarder and is now named Benji, lives at the San Diego Humane Society’s Ramona Wildlife Center. Last month, Benji celebrated his third birthday there with a cake made out of fruit and potatoes. Details are as follows.
54. Which of the following is uninvolved in the symptoms of the bears’ disease?
A. Serious weight loss. B. Getting close to humans.
C. Some neurological issues. D. Desiring to learn knowledge.
55. What might cause the encephalitis of bears?
A. An environmental change. B. A severe shortage of food.
C. Some unknown kinds of viruses. D. The lack of necessary medical care.
56. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?
A. Add some background knowledge.
B. Provide some advice for the readers.
C. Summarize the previous paragraphs.
D. Introduce some further information about Benji’s birthday.
57. What is the best title for the text?
A. Black Bears in Nevada and California
B. A Disease Making Bears Endangered
C. An Unknown Bear Species
D. Black Bears Getting Much Friendlier
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了黑熊得了一种脑炎，使熊变得友好了以及熊的神经系统有其他严重影响，包括颤抖、头部倾斜和癫痫发作。科学家研究发现导致熊的脑炎的可能是一些未知种类的病毒。
54. 推理判断题。根据第一段“A mysterious illness is turning some black bears friendly and unafraid of humans, among other strange symptoms. (一种神秘的疾病正在使一些黑熊变得友好、不怕人类，以及其他奇怪奇怪的症状。)” 以及第三段“The encephalitis has other serious effects on the nervous system of the bears, including tremble, head tilts and seizures (癫痫). Affected bears also tend to be seriously underweight. (脑炎对熊的神经系统有其他严重影响，包括颤抖、头部倾斜和癫痫发作。受影响的熊也往往体重严重不足。)”可知与熊疾病的症状无关的是渴望学习知识。A.Serious weight loss. 严重的体重下降；B. Getting close to humans. 接近人类；C.Some neurological issues.一些神经疾病；D.Desiring to learn knowled渴望学习知识。故选D项。
55. 推理判断题。根据第四段“It's still unclear exactly what’s causing the brain illness. But in the course of studying the phenomenon, scientists have identified five previously unknown viruses in the affected bears. (目前尚不清楚究竟是什么导致了这种脑部疾病。但在研究这一现象的过程中，科学家在受感染的熊体内发现了五种以前未知的病毒。)”可知，可能导致熊的脑炎的是一些未知种类的病毒。故选C项。
56. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Last month, Benji celebrated his third birthday there with a cake made out of fruit and potatoes. Details are as follows.(上个月，本吉在那里用水果和土豆做的蛋糕庆祝了他的三岁生日。详情如下。)”可知，在接下来的一段中，作者可能会介绍一些关于本吉生日的进一步信息。故选D项。
57. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了黑熊患上一种奇怪的脑炎，使它们异常的亲近人类，变得更友好了。所以“D. Black Bears Getting Much Friendlier(黑熊变得友好多了)”为最佳标题。故选D项。
14
（2022·辽宁·营口市第二高级中学模拟预测）When you praise a dog, it’s listening to not just the words you say but also how you say them. That might not be huge news to dog owners. But now researchers have explored this phenomenon by using an imaging machine to look inside the brains of 13 dogs as they listened to their owners’ voice.
The reward pathway in the dogs’ brains lit up when they heard both praising words and an approving intonation(语调)—but not when they heard random words spoken in a praising tone or praising words spoken in a flat tone, according to the researchers.
“Dogs process both what we say and how we say it in a way which is amazingly similar to how humans do it,” says Attila Andics, a neuroscientist in Hungary. When dogs hear speech, he explains, they seem to separate the meaning of words from the intonation. Then the left hemisphere(半球) of the brain processes meaning, while intonation is analyzed in the right hemisphere.
All the dogs in the study were willing volunteers and were trained not to move in the scanner(扫描器). The dogs could get up and leave the machine whenever they wanted. But it was clear to the dogs that their human companions loved it when they did this very easy task. “They were really happy to participate,” says Andies. “The difficult aspect of the training was convincing the dogs that ‘motionless’ means really motionless. They can’t move more than 3 millimeters in any direction, otherwise we will have to throw out all of the data.”
He says most dog owners have experimented with trying to “trick” their dogs by saying nonsense words in a cheerful, happy tone of voice. “I think the big difference here is that they only heard us, and they didn’t see us,” says Andies, because the dogs were inside the machine. “Here, the only information they had was the speech signal. What we saw is that for praise to be processed as a reward, when there is no other supporting information, both word meaning and intonation have to fit.”
58. What is regarded as a reward by dogs according to the study?
A. Praising words in a flat tone. B. Random words in a flat tone.
C. Praising words in a praising tone. D. Random words in a praising tone.
59. How do dogs process what they hear?
A. Tend to focus more on the meaning.
B. Observe the speaker’s expressions first.
C. Process the speech in the same hemisphere.
D. Analyze the meaning and the tone respectively.
60. What is a hard part of the training in Andics’ opinion?
A. Looking into the dogs’ brain activity.
B. Training dogs to stay still in the machine.
C. Keeping dogs separated from their owners.
D. Asking dogs to get up and leave the scanner.
61. What is the best title for the text?
A. Dogs Understand Tone and Meaning of Words
B. Dogs Indeed Know What Praise Means
C. Dogs Can Read Man’s Moods
D. Dogs Can Recognize Owners’ Voices
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文，文章讲述实验表明狗能理解人说话的语气和含义。
58. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The reward pathway in the dogs’ brains lit up when they heard both praising words and an approving intonation(语调)(当狗听到赞扬的话语和赞许的语调时，它们大脑中的奖赏通路会被激活)”可知，当狗听到用赞赏的语调说的表扬的话时，其脑内的奖赏通路会被激活。故选C项。
59. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“they seem to separate the meaning of words from the intonation. Then the left hemisphere(半球) of the brain processes meaning, while intonation is analyzed in the right hemisphere.(它们似乎把单词的意思和语调分开了。然后，大脑左半球处理意思，而语调由右半球分析。)”可知，狗在大脑的不同半球对话语的含义和说话的语调分别进行分析。故选D项。
60. 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“All the dogs in the study were willing volunteers and were trained not to move in the scanner(扫描器).(研究中的所有狗都是自愿的志愿者，并被训练不在扫描仪中移动)”及“The difficult aspect of the training was convincing the dogs that ‘motionless’ means really motionless. They can’t move more than 3 millimeters in any direction, otherwise we will have to throw out all of the data.(训练的困难之处在于让狗相信‘不动’意味着真的不动。它们不能向任何方向移动超过3毫米，否则我们将不得不扔掉所有的数据。)”可知，研究过程中，狗被要求在扫描仪器中待着不动，这是训练中的难点。故选B项。
61. 主旨大义题。文章开头通过“When you praise a dog, it's listening to not just the words you say but also how you say them. That might not be huge news to dog owners. But now researchers have explored this phenomenon…(当你表扬一只狗时，它不仅在听你说的话，还在听你怎么说。这对狗主人来说可能不是什么大新闻。但现在研究人员对这一现象进行了探索……)”引入话题：狗能理解人说话的语气和含义，研究者对此进行了研究。接着，下文介绍了该研究的内容和结论，故A项“狗能理解语言的语气和含义”适合作本文标题。故选A项。
15
（2022·河南·安阳市第二中学二模）Road trips can seem extra-long when someone else’ s unpleasant music fills the car. What if you could listen to only your music without headphones and no one else would hear it? Now researchers in France are working lo deliver such personal sound zones that adapt as conditions in your car change.
Why bother? Headphones are good at controlling what you hear, but they can be uncomfortable and even damage your hearing.
Personal listening zones inside a car could let you hear well without having to drown out other sounds with high volume. They also would bring many new possibilities. Everyone in a car could listen to their own audio privately. GPS alerts (警报) could go only to the driver. Passengers could make phone calls without being overheard.
Engineers are working to create these personal sound zones using multiple loudspeakers. They don’t tall broadcast the same signal, but the signals are coordinated (协调的). A listener whose head is in some “sweet spot” hears high-quality sound. But as one gels farther from the sweet spot, the sound diminishes. That’s because sound waves from different loudspeakers interact to cancel out each other’s sound.
According to Patricia Davies, an engineer studying sound, creating quiet zones anywhere in a three-dimensional space, like the inside of a vehicle, is challenging. One reason is that sound waves are sensitive. Changes in temperature can change how fast the waves travel. So can the number of people in the car and other factors. A small change in even one of these can have a big impact.
Still, it’s easier to create personal sound zones in cars than in other spaces. In a car, what’s interesting is that we know where the people are. The loudspeakers can be built right into the headrests.
Personal sound zones will only catch on if they work as well as headphones. If you turn on the air conditioner or pick up a passenger, the sound quality can’t go downhill. With this in mind, Melon and his team recently modified an existing system.
62. What is mainly talked about in paragraph 3?
A. The popularity of personal listening zones.
B. The advantages of personal listening zones.
C. The safety offered by personal listening zones.
D. The differenccs among 8ounds with high volume.
63. What does the underlined word “diminishes” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Becomes lower. B. Travels faster.
C. Gets sweeter. D. Sounds nicer.
64. Why is creating quiet zones in a car difficult?
A. The speed of a car is uncontrollable.
B. Sound waves are easy to be affected.
C. The places of loudspeakers are fixed.
D. The temperatures of passengers are changeable.
65. What might be talked about next?
A. What the team did.
B. Who made up the team.
C. Which system worked best.
D. How popular the system was.
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“车内个人听力区”这种新技术，这种目前正在研究的技术可以让人们摘掉耳机但同时也能避免其他声音的干扰。
62. 主旨大意题。根据本段“Personal listening zones inside a car could let you hear well without having to drown out other sounds with high volume. They also would bring many new possibilities. Everyone in a car could listen to their own audio privately. GPS alerts (警报) could go only to the driver. Passengers could make phone calls without being overheard.（汽车内的个人听力区可以让你听得很好，而不必盖过其他高音量。它们还将带来许多新的可能性。车里的每个人都可以私下听自己的音频。GPS警报只能司机听到。乘客可以打电话而不会被人听到。）” 可知，本段主要介绍了车内的个人听力区的好处，比如不必用大音量掩盖其他声音，GPS警报只发送给司机，乘客可以在不被听到的情况下打电话等。故选B。
63. 词义猜测题。根据上文内容以及后句“That’s because sound waves from different loudspeakers interact to cancel out each other’s sound.（这是因为来自不同扬声器的声波相互作用，相互抵消对方的声音）”可知，这种技术是通过降噪处理消除对别人的干扰，因此推断划线句句意：但当你远离最佳点时，声音就会减弱。故判断该词义为“声音变小”。故选A。
64. 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“One reason is that sound waves are sensitive.（一个原因是声波很敏感。）”可知，在汽车内部创建安静区域是一项挑战，因为声波是敏感的。B选项“Sound waves are easy to be affected.”（声波容易受影响）符合题意。故选B。
65. 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“With this in mind, Melon and his team recently modified an existing system.（ 考虑到这一点，Melon和他的团队最近修改了一个现有的系统。）”可知，接下来会介绍Melon和他的团队都做了些什么。故选A。
16
（2022·河南·安阳市第二中学二模）As for Benjamin Franklin’s kite-and-key experiment, most people are aware of the version in which Franklin “discovered” electricity when lightning struck his kite. However, several details about this experiment are unknown, including when and where it happened. Some historians even doubt whether it took place.
In fact, electricity had already been used for centuries before Franklin’s experiment. Franklin lived from 1706 to 1790 when electricity was understood 0S the interaction between two different fluids (流体), which Franklin later referred to as “ plus ” and “ minus ”.
It was unknown before Franklin’s experiment whether lightning was electrical, though some scientists, including Franklin, had guessed just that. Franklin was particularly interested in this because lightning strikes had caused disastrous fires where houses were made of wood. Actually, by creating a lightning rod (避雷针), Franklin helped to protect wooden buildings from being struck by lightning.
A few publications reported the experiment. In 1771 Franklin referred to the experiment in his autobiography, and other colleagues also wrote about it. Notably, the experiment appeared in “History and Present Status of Electricity” by Joseph Priestley. Priestley heard about the kite and key experiment from Franklin himself around 15 years after the fact, and in his book，he wrote it occurred in June 1752.
However, in a book by Tom Tucker, he noted Franklin’s description of his experiment was phrased in the future conditional tense: “As soon as any of the Thunder Clouds come over the Kite, the pointed Wire will draw the Electric Fire from them...” Franklin could have simply been saying that the experiment could, in theory, be performed. Given that his statement has a few missing details—Franklin didn’t list a date, time or location, for example it’s possible that Franklin did not perform the experiment himself.
However, some historians remain unconvinced that the experiment wasn’t carried out. Franklin experts, such as biographer Carl Van Doren, also point to the fact that Priestley specified the month in which Franklin performed his experiment, suggesting that Franklin must have given him precise details directly.
66. What was Franklin’s achievement?
A. He invented the lightning rod.
B. He discovered electricity.
C. He thought of ways to control fire.
D. He improved the structure of homes.
67. What can we learn from paragraph 4?
A. Franklin lived in the 17th century.
B. Priestley’s book came out in 1786.
C. Priestley and Franklin were close friends.
D. Priestley wrote the experiment happened in summer.
68. Why was the future conditional tense stressed by Tucker?
A. To indicate he was good at observing.
B. To point out Franklin was careless in writing.
C. To show Franklin was just saying a possibility.
D. To prove Franklin did the experiment by himself.
69. What is mainly talked about in the text?
A. The discovery of electricity.
B. The development of the lightning rod.
C. Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography.
D. Different opinions on Franklin’s experiment.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人们对富兰克林由著名的雨天放风的实验而发现了电的存在所提出的质疑。
66. 细节理解题。由第三段中的“Actually, by creating a lightning rod (避雷针), Franklin helped to protect wooden buildings from being struck by lightning. (实际上，通过制造避雷针，富兰克林帮助保护木制建筑免受雷击)”可知，富兰克林发明了避雷针。故选A项。
67. 细节理解题。由第四段中的“Priestley heard about the kite and key experiment from Franklin himself around 15 years after the fact, and in his book, he wrote it occurred in June 1752. (大约15年后，Priestley从富兰克林本人那里听说了风筝和钥匙实验，并在他的书中写道，它发生在1752年6月)”可知，Priestley写下了富兰克林在夏天进行的风筝和钥匙实验。故选D项。
68. 推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的“Franklin could have simply been saying that the experiment could, in theory, be performed. Given that his statement has a few missing details—Franklin didn’t list a date, time or location, for example it’s possible that Franklin did not perform the experiment himself. (富兰克林本可以简单地说，理论上，这个实验是可以进行的。鉴于富兰克林的声明缺少一些细节，例如，他没有列出日期、时间或地点，富兰克林可能没有亲自进行实验)”可知，Tom Tucker认为富兰克林在书中使用将来时来描述他的实验，是认为这可能只是富兰克林在说一种理论上的可能性，（因为缺少一些细节）实际上富兰克林可能没有亲自进行实验。故选C项。
69. 主旨大意题。由第一段“As for Benjamin Franklin’s kite-and-key experiment, most people are aware of the version in which Franklin “discovered” electricity when lightning struck his kite. However, several details about this experiment are unknown, including when and where it happened. Some historians even doubt whether it took place. (至于本杰明·富兰克林的风筝和钥匙实验，大多数人都知道富兰克林在闪电击中风筝时“发现”了电的版本。然而，关于这个实验的一些细节尚不清楚，包括它发生的时间和地点。一些历史学家甚至怀疑它是否发生过)”可知，本文在首段提出富兰克林的风筝和钥匙的实验并指出对这个实验存在的一些质疑，然后在下文对此进行讲述，由此判断文章主要讲述的是对富兰克林风筝和钥匙实验的真实性的一些不同观点。故选D项。
17
（2022·陕西·宝鸡市陈仓高级中学二模）Daily life has its satisfactions: The perfect reply to a friend’s text message; The first after-work drink; The sound of another government U-turn. But do any really compare to the joy of going to sleep? That moment when the mess of 21st-century existence disappears into the non-judgmental hug of a bed?
Somehow we have pushed this pleasure to the back of the queue. A third of American adults report sleeping less than the recommended seven hours. Many of us feel under-rested. For some, the problem is modern life: emails, to-do lists and screens. For other people, it’s the demands of work or family. Then there are those who can’t sleep when they try. In 1895 the Earl of Rosebery resigned after barely a year as British prime minister, unable to overcome his insomnia (失眠症). Up to 1 in 10 adults meet the criteria for insomnia.
Stressing ourselves out about a lack of sleep can make the problem worse. In his book Overcoming Insomnia and Sleep Problems, Oxford professor Colin Espie writes about “orthosomnia”, where people are so focused with sleeping well that they become too anxious to do so. The marketing of sleeping aids adds to this.
Espie says we each have a sleep pattern that, like a shoe size, we figure out through trial and error. Genetically, some humans are larks (百灵鸟)and some are owls; the larks may just have better cardiovascular (心血管的)health. For an owl to try to fight their natural schedule, and sleep earlier, wouldn’t necessarily help.
Once we weren’t urged to sleep until we were dead. Now we are told to sleep or we’ll be dead. Nowadays sleep is becoming something that people hope to excel at. About that I’m unconvinced. A goodnight’s sleep is a great pleasure. As far as possible, it should also remain a simple one.
70. What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about sleep problem?
A. The criteria for insomnia. B. The dangers of poor sleep.
C. The causes of inadequate sleep. D. The sleep situation of American people.
71. What can we learn about “orthosomnia” in Paragraph 3?
A. It is caused by extreme anxiety. B. It will worsen the sleep problem.
C. It refers to the sleep environment. D. It can be improved by sleeping aids.
72. What can we infer from Espie’s words?
A. Sleep pattern is related to humans’ gene.
B. The owls have better cardiovascular health.
C. The sleep pattern of the larks is healthier.
D. It is necessary to fight our natural schedule.
73. What does the underlined phrase “excel at” mean in the last paragraph?
A. Figure out. B. Be good at. C. Give way to. D. Compete with.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章指出了充足睡眠的重要性，以及现在人们的睡眠问题。但也提醒我们不要过多担心和改变自己的睡眠模式，适合自己的、自然而然地睡眠是最好的。
70. 主旨大意题。根据第二段的“For some, the problem is modern life: emails, to-do lists and screens. For other people, it’s the demands of work or family. Then there are those who can’t sleep when they try. （对一些人来说，问题在于现代生活：电子邮件、待办事项清单和屏幕。对其他人来说，这是工作或家庭的需要。还有一些人努力睡也睡不着）”可知，关于睡眠问题，本段主要介绍了睡眠不足的原因。故选C。
71. 细节理解题。根据第三段的“In his book Overcoming Insomnia and Sleep Problems, Oxford professor Colin Espie writes about “orthosomnia”, where people are so focused with sleeping well that they become too anxious to do so.（在《克服失眠和睡眠问题》一书中，牛津大学教授Colin Espie提到了“orthosomnia”，在这种情况中人们如此专注于睡好觉，以至于变得焦虑不安）”可知，orthosomnia会恶化睡眠问题。故选B。
72. 推理判断题。根据第四段的“Espie says we each have a sleep pattern that, like a shoe size, we figure out through trial and error. Genetically, some humans are larks (百灵鸟) and some are owls（Espie说，我们每个人都有一个睡眠模式，就像鞋子大小一样，我们通过反复试验来确定。从基因上讲，有些人是百灵鸟有些是猫头鹰）”推知，Espie认为睡眠模式和人们的基因相关。故选A。
73. 词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“Now we are told to sleep or we’ll be dead. （现在我们被告知必须睡觉，否则我们就会死）”可知，现在人们被告知没有充足的睡眠就会死。由此可知，现在人人都希望睡眠是自己擅长的事情，即excel at意为“擅长”。故选B。
18
（2022·陕西·宝鸡市陈仓高级中学二模）The governing body of emojis (表情符号)released a new group of the graphic images that convey human expressions and add other visual context to text communications.
Among them are a face holding back tears and hands making a heart shape. But big tech companies including Alphabet Inc.’s Google, Microsoft Corp. and Facebook Inc. have also been updating their existing emojis, adding new visual polish, animation (动画制作), flexibility and sounds.
“We spent a lot of time thinking about how we can make what somebody is saying resonate (共鸣)more, and be emotionally more clear and more present for people,” said Loredana Crisan, vice president of messaging experiences at Facebook’s Messenger, which introduced 31 emojis with sounds in July.
Technology companies’ efforts to improve emojis come while opportunities for in-person communication remain limited as many people continue to work from home. That has increased the role of not only videoconferencing platforms such as Zoom but of emojis as well, according to observers.
“There’s always been a visual component to our communication,” said Paul Hunt, typeface designer and font developer at Adobe Inc., which is a member of the Unicode Consortium, a non-profit corporation that serves as gatekeeper for the creation of emojis and other characters. “And when we’re using only text, then things like tone of voice and gesture and facial expressions get lost. So using emojis as a communication tool can help to reintroduce some of that visual emotional content.”
Emojis still have many potential evolutions to experience, designers who work on them say. “That includes the ways that people find and use them,” said Jennifer Daniel, creative director of emoji at Google and chair of the Unicode emoji-development subcommittee. “It is not just about adding new emojis or changing new emojis,” Ms. Daniel said. “It is about the whole experience.”
74. How many ways of refreshing emojis are mentioned in Paragraph 2?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five.
75. What aspect is mentioned in Loredana Crisan’s words?
A. Challenges for using emojis. B. Purposes of updating emojis.
C. The tendency for using emojis. D. The characters of new emojis.
76. What is the advantage of using emojis over using only text?
A. Adding visual components. B. Improving the relationship.
C. Hiding true inner thoughts. D. Avoiding misunderstanding.
77. What do Ms. Daniel’s words indicate about emojis?
A. Emojis should be used more widely.
B. New emojis are lacking in creativity.
C. There’s no need to add new emojis.
D. The whole experience counts most.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章以新发布的一组表情符号为切入，介绍了表情符号的设计理念和它的优势。
74. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“But big tech companies including Alphabet Inc.’s Google, Microsoft Corp. and Facebook Inc. have also been updating their existing emojis, adding new visual polish, animation (动画制作), flexibility and sounds.（但Alphabet Inc.的谷歌、微软和Facebook Inc.等大型科技公司在更新现有的表情符号，增加了新的视觉效果、动画、灵活性和声音）”可知，第二段提到了四种更新表情符号的方法——增加视觉效果、动画、灵活性、声音。故选C。
75. 细节理解题。根据第三段Loredana Crisan说的话“We spent a lot of time thinking about how we can make what somebody is saying resonate (共鸣)more, and be emotionally more clear and more present for people（我们花了很多时间思考如何让别人说的话更能引起共鸣，在情感上更清晰，更具真实感）”和“which introduced 31 emojis with sounds in July.（该公司在7月份推出了31个带有声音的表情符号）”可知，Loredana Crisan所说的话是指她所在公司新推出的表情符号的特点——更能引起共鸣、在情感上更清晰、更具真实感。故选D。
76. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“And when we’re using only text, then things like tone of voice and gesture and facial expressions get lost. So using emojis as a communication tool can help to reintroduce some of that visual emotional content.（当我们只使用文本时，语调、手势和面部表情就会消失。因此，使用表情符号作为交流工具有助于重新引入一些视觉情感内容）”可知，与只使用文本相比，表情符号的优势是添加视觉元素。故选A。
77. 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“ “It is not just about adding new emojis or changing new emojis,” Ms. Daniel said. “It is about the whole experience.”（‘这不仅仅是添加或更改新表情符号，而是关乎整个体验。’丹尼尔说）”可知，Daniel的话表明整体体验是最重要的。故选D。
19
（2022·北京门头沟·一模）“After 30 years of reading cardiograms (心电图), I can never tell whether it’s from a man or woman, or the age of the person,” said Eric Topol, a cardiologist from Scripps Research in La Jolla, California. “A machine can detect if a person has anaemia (贫血) or other difficult diagnoses (诊断).”
Topol is excited not only about how machines are already better than experts at spotting problems, but how they can discover patterns that experts wouldn’t even notice. “In Japan, doctors are using machine vision to pick up polyps (息肉) in real time, and detecting whether or not they could be cancerous and whether they should have a biopsy,” he said. “Machines will not replace physicians—but physicians making use of AI will soon replace those not using it.”
Still, these are early days for the application of AI in healthcare. Pearse Keane, a consultant doctor at Moorrelds Eye Hospital, has been leading a collaboration between Moor fields and Google’s Deep Mind Health. In 2018, he famously published a proof-of-concept paper in Nature showing the erst successful AI diagnosis for eye disease. “The algorithm that we’ve developed isn’t in clinical use at the minute, so we’re trying to implement this now,” Keane said.
Keane mentioned the INSIGHT study, which is looking into eye disease and its link to other conditions such as diabetes (糖尿病). “We are using the eye as a window to the rest of the body. With deep learning, we can now look at a retinal (视网膜）photograph and say: ‘This is a woman, she’s 58 years old, she’s not a smoker or a diabetic, her BMI is around 25, and her blood pressure is around 150 over 85’. Now, to me, that’s staggering.” Keane said.
The INSIGHT study is analysing more than three million OCT scans from around 300,000 patients. “We now know, for every person having had a retinal scan here, who’s gone on to develop a heart attack or diabetes,” he said. “The reason why we’re excited is that we think that if we can get the appropriate data sets and learn them deeply, we can find much more in the back of the eye about the health of the rest of the body.”
“The application of AI for healthcare and medicine is about precision and accuracy, but that’s not all,” said Topol. The most important aspect is how AI can promote a stronger human connection between doctor and patient. “We see patients in single digit numbers of minutes. And that’s not enough, you need the gift of time, which AI can give back,” he said. “Next year this will be the standard,” he believes. “Rather than doctors being data clerks, they will be making eye contact with patients. There’s no algorithm for empathy. That’s a human characteristic that we have to develop and get back in the way it used to be.”
78. According to Topol, machines in healthcare ______.
A. can pick up polyps
B. will replace doctors
C. are already better than experts
D. can discover if a patient has diseases
79. In paragraph 4, Keane mentioned a retinal photograph of a patient mainly to ______.
A. evaluate the effects of AI in healthcare
B. introduce a patient’s personal information
C. explain how deep learning detects diseases
D. show the present outcome of AI’s application
80. What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?
A. AI has been the standard of some advanced hospitals.
B. AI can improve the relationship between doctors and patients.
C. With deep learning, the researchers can find the secrets of the eye.
D. Doctors will spend more time on face-to-face communication with patients.
81. What does this passage mainly talk about?
A. The AI’s application on diagnosis.
B. Successful AI diagnosis for eye disease.
C. The great clinical progress in deep learning.
D. The impact of AI on promoting human connection.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能在诊断中的应用。人工智能在医疗保健和医疗领域的应用关乎精确度和准确性，人工智能如何促进医生和病人之间的人际联系这就需要医生将花更多的时间与病人面对面的交流。
78. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句““A machine can detect if a person has anaemia (贫血) or other difficult diagnoses (诊断).”（“一台机器可以检测一个人是否患有贫血或其他难以诊断的疾病。”）”可知，医疗保健中的机器可以发现患者是否有疾病。故选D项。
79. 推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句“In 2018, he famously published a proof-of-concept paper in Nature showing the erst successful AI diagnosis for eye disease. “The algorithm that we’ve developed isn’t in clinical use at the minute, so we’re trying to implement this now,” Keane said.（2018年，他在《自然》杂志上发表了一篇著名的概念证明论文，展示了人工智能首次成功诊断眼部疾病。“我们开发的算法目前还没有用于临床，所以我们正在尝试实现它，”基恩说。）”再结合第四段的内容可推知，基恩提到了患者的视网膜照片，主要是为了展示人工智能应用的当前成果。故选D项。
80. 主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段的“ “The reason why we’re excited is that we think that if we can get the appropriate data sets and learn them deeply, we can find much more in the back of the eye about the health of the rest of the body.”（我们感到兴奋的原因是，我们认为，如果我们能获得适当的数据集，并深入了解它们，我们可以在眼睛后面发现更多关于身体其他部分的健康。）”和最后一段的“ “Next year this will be the standard,” he believes. “Rather than doctors being data clerks, they will be making eye contact with patients. There’s no algorithm for empathy. That’s a human characteristic that we have to develop and get back in the way it used to be.”（“明年这将成为标准，”他相信。“医生不再是数据员，他们将与病人进行眼神交流。同理心是没有算法的。这是人类的一种特征，我们必须发展，并回到过去的状态。”）”可知，促进医生和患者之间更牢固的人际关系意味着需要多进行交流，因此我们能从最后两段中学到医生将花更多的时间与病人面对面的交流。故选D项。
81. 主旨大意题。根据第二段最后一句““Machines will not replace physicians—but physicians making use of AI will soon replace those not using it.”（“机器不会取代医生，但使用人工智能的医生将很快取代不使用人工智能的医生。”）”、第三段第三句“In 2018, he famously published a proof-of-concept paper in Nature showing the erst successful AI diagnosis for eye disease.（2018年，他在《自然》杂志上发表了一篇著名的概念证明论文，展示了人工智能首次成功诊断眼部疾病。）”，以及第四段第三句“With deep learning, we can now look at a retinal (视网膜）photograph and say: ‘This is a woman, she’s 58 years old, she’s not a smoker or a diabetic, her BMI is around 25, and her blood pressure is around 150 over 85’.（通过深度学习，我们现在可以看一张视网膜照片并说：“这是一位女性，她58岁，她不是吸烟者或糖尿病患者，她的BMI 约为 25，她的血压约为150超过85”。）”并结合全文内容可知，这篇文章主要讲的是人工智能在诊断中的应用。故选A项。
20
（2022·盘锦市辽东湾实验高级中学（辽宁省实验中学辽东湾分校）模拟预测）If someone created a flying machine capable of tracking you down by listening for your voice, you might be terrified. But what if you were trapped in ruins after a natural disaster and first responders couldn’t locate you? Maybe then a human-seeking drone wouldn't be such a terrible idea. That concept is the focus for engineers at Germany’s Fraunhofer FKIE Institute, who've built a drone to find people by detecting human screams.
“The human-seeking drone would be ideal for post-disaster situations, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and wildfires,” said Macarena Varela, one of the lead engineers. “They could hover over an area that rescue crews have difficulty getting to and locate exactly where people may be trapped.”
Locating people by sound presents its share of challenges. An auditory system would need to distinguish human cries from sounds that often happen in nature, such as animal calls and wind. It might also need to recognize patterns associated with kicking, clapping or other ways people try to get the attention of rescue teams.
Engineers took those situations into account when building out their concept drone. They recorded themselves screaming, tapping and creating other noises that might be a sign of people in trouble. Then, they analyzed each sound frequency to find common signatures and used those to train artificial intelligence software. They also worked to remove the noise created by the drone and other environmental sounds.
Once the software part was complete, the team placed tiny digital microphones under the drone and used signal processing techniques that enabled them to track where human noises are coming from. The microphones also enhanced the volume and clarity of the speech. So far, they have conducted successful open field experiments, finding that the drone can estimate a victim’s location within a few seconds of picking up sound.
Next, they would like to add a higher frequency microphone to a drone to acquire more audio sound signals. The idea is to pick up noises from hundreds of meters away, Varela said. In the real world, victim’s location data might one day be sent wirelessly to emergency crews carrying a tablet.
82. What is the advantage of the human-seeking drone?
A. Its high speed of flying. B. Its long working hours.
C. Its quick response to screams. D. Its easy access to disaster scene.
83. What can the auditory system do?
A. Recognize human cries. B. Pick up sounds from far away.
C. Send victim's location data to a tablet. D. Improve the quality of human screams.
84. What does the underlined word “signatures” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A. Effects. B. Symbols. C. Features. D. Situations.
85. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. AI Enables Drones to Give Better Performance
B. Human-seeking Drones Replace Rescue Crews
C. Engineers Teach Drones to Hunt Human Screams
D. Rescuers Use Drones to Locate Disaster Survivors
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了工程师制造了一种通过探测人的尖叫来寻找人的无人机，介绍了其优势以及工作原理等情况。
82. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“So far, they have conducted successful open field experiments, finding that the drone can estimate a victim's location within a few seconds of picking up sound. (到目前为止，他们已经进行了成功的野外实验，发现无人机可以在接收到声音的几秒钟内估计出受害者的位置)”可知，这种寻人无人机的优势是它对尖叫能够快速反应。故选C。
83. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“An auditory system would need to distinguish human cries from sounds that often happen in nature, such as animal calls and wind.(听觉系统需要将人类的哭声与自然界经常发生的声音（如动物的叫声和风声）区分开来)”可知，听觉系统能识别人的哭声。故选A。
84. 词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Then, they analyzed each sound frequency to find common”以及后文“and used those to train artificial intelligence software”可知，然后，他们分析每个声音频率，以找到共同的特征，并使用这些特征来训练人工智能软件，故画线词意思是“特征”。A. Effects.影响；B. Symbols.象征；C. Features.特征；D. Situations.情况。故选C。
85. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“If someone created a flying machine capable of tracking you down by listening for your voice, you might be terrified. But what if you were trapped in ruins after a natural disaster and first responders couldn't locate you? Maybe then a human-seeking drone wouldn't be such a terrible idea. That concept is the focus for engineers at Germany’s Fraunhofer FKIE Institute, who've built a drone to find people by detecting human screams.(如果有人发明了一种能通过倾听你的声音来追踪你的飞行器，你可能会感到害怕。但如果你在一场自然灾害后被困在废墟中，而急救人员无法找到你呢？也许到那时，人类搜索无人机就不会是一个糟糕的主意了。这个概念是德国弗劳恩霍夫FKIE研究所的工程师们关注的焦点，他们已经制造了一种通过探测人的尖叫来寻找人的无人机)”结合文章主要说明了工程师制造了一种通过探测人的尖叫来寻找人的无人机，介绍了其优势以及工作原理等情况。可知，C选项“工程师教无人机捕捉人类的尖叫声”最符合文章标题。故选C。
21
（2022·广西柳州·三模）After a long day under the beating sun, an ice cream might be a tempting treat. But would you be able to enjoy it if you knew it was made from insect “milk?” Gourmet Grubb, a food company, is hoping to use ice cream to introduce the public to the world of eating insects. Its ice cream uses EntoMilk, a dairy alterative made from insects known as the black solider fly, which is full of nutrients and friendly to farm and produce. “The ice cream flavors include chocolate, peanut better and Christmas spices. We set out to change the way insects were seen, produced and used in the food industry,” said Leah Besa, who co-founded Gourmet Grubb in2017, “We were expecting a lot of push back. However, people said the first bite was not a taste of disgust but a pleasant surprise and they couldn't wait to have one more.”
According to Bessa, EntoMilk has “a slightly taste of earth” and gives the ice cream “a rich, creamy taste.” The insect “milk” ice cream is made with natural ingredients, such as raw honey, cocoa, spices and organic peanut butter. But it's not just about the taste — Bessa says the insect “milk” is also high in nutrients that are comparable to fish and meat like beef, chicken, and pork. EntoMilk is five times higher in protein than dairy.
“Insects need very little water, fed and space to grow,” Bessa explained, “They also produce little or no greenhouse gases compared to traditional livestock.” Insects can be farmed indoors in small, controlled environments and they can be raised in urban areas, reducing the time of transporting the milk to the city. It also means they are less at risk of being impacted by outer climate patterns, which would affect cattle and crops. There is also potential for insect farming to reduce waste.
The United Nations predicts that the world will need to double food production to feed the global population by 2050 and has long promoted insect farming as a sustainable alternative protein source to traditional livestock. Although over 1,900 insect species are estimated to be consumed by humans worldwide, insects are yet to reach the mainstream of Western cuisine.
86. What did customers think of the insect-made ice cream?
A. Really unpleasant. B. Easily acceptable.
C. Slightly sweet. D. Extremely disgusting.
87. Which of the statements is true according to the passage?
A. EntoMilk has an advantage over dairy in taste.
B. Gourmet Grubb's ice cream is produced with man-made ingredients.
C. The insect “milk” ice cream will soon become a bestseller at Christmas.
D. EntoMilk is as good as conventional meats in nutrients.
88. What feature does insect farming possess?
A. It is almost harmless o the environment.
B. It needs a large area of land to rise the insects.
C. It requires advanced technology to keep insect alive.
D. It saves huge amounts of labor to transport the milk.
89. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Insects have already been well welcomed by Western people.
B. Many counties will import insects to feed their population.
C. Gourmet Grubb has expanded is business under the guidance of the UN.
D. Insects may be a way to deal with the problem of food shortage.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。食品公司Gourmet Grubb希望用冰淇淋将公众引入到吃昆虫的世界。该公司的冰淇淋使用EntoMilk，一种由被称为黑兵蝇的昆虫制成的奶制品替代品，这种昆虫营养丰富，对农场和农产品都很友好。 这些冰淇淋的口味包括巧克力味、花生味和圣诞香料味。文章还介绍了昆虫以及昆虫养殖业的好处和优势。
86. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, people said the first bite was not a taste of disgust but a pleasant surprise and they couldn't wait to have one more.”(然而，人们说，吃第一口时并没有什么恶心的感觉，而是一种惊喜，他们迫不及待地想再吃一口。”)”可知，顾客认为这种昆虫制作的冰淇淋很容易接受。故选B。
87. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“But it's not just about the taste — Bessa says the insect “milk” is also high in nutrients that are comparable to fish and meat like beef, chicken, and pork.(但这不仅仅是味道的问题——Bessa说，昆虫“牛奶”也富含营养，可以与牛肉、鸡肉和猪肉等鱼类和肉类相媲美)”可知，D选项“昆虫在营养上和传统肉类一样好”正确。故选D。
88. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““Insects need very little water, fed and space to grow,” Bessa explained, “They also produce little or no greenhouse gases compared to traditional livestock.” Insects can be farmed indoors in small, controlled environments and they can be raised in urban areas, reducing the time of transporting the milk to the city. It also means they are less at risk of being impacted by outer climate patterns, which would affect cattle and crops. There is also potential for insect farming to reduce waste. (Bessa解释说：“昆虫生长所需的水、饲料和空间非常少。与传统的牲畜相比，它们还产生很少或不产生温室气体。”昆虫可以在室内小型可控环境中养殖，也可以在城市地区饲养，从而减少了将牛奶运往城市的时间。这也意味着他们受到外部气候模式影响的风险更小，而外部气候模式会影响牛和农作物。 昆虫养殖也有减少浪费的潜力)”可知，昆虫养殖的特点是对环境几乎是无害的。故选A。
89. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The United Nations predicts that the world will need to double food production to feed the global population by 2050 and has long promoted insect farming as a sustainable alternative protein source to traditional livestock.(联合国预测，到2050年，世界的粮食产量将需要翻一番才能养活全球人口。长期以来，联合国一直提倡将昆虫养殖作为替代传统畜牧业的可持续蛋白质来源)”可推知，昆虫可能是解决食物短缺问题的一种方法。故选D。
22
（2022·山西太原·一模）Wherever we go, we are surrounded by history. Across the globe, cultural heritage is passed down through the generations. It is in the buildings and structures around us. It is in the arts and artifacts (手工艺品) we treasure. It lives in the languages we speak and the stories we tell. But today, it is under attack as never before. Not only are the damages of time threatening our cultural heritage, but conflicts, climate change, globalization and tourism are all exacting a heavy price. Technology is now the most essential weapon in the battle. Here's how technology is preserving our cultural heritage.
As you can imagine, creating the replicas (复制品) via crowd sourced 2D images is extremely time-consuming. Increasingly, artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms (算法) are being used to do all the required sourcing, allowing millions of images to be stored in a matter of hours.   AI will also make restoration and preservation of existing cultural heritage far easier and vastly superior to previous methods.
Virtual reality (VR) technology will play a leading role in preserving our cultural heritage in the coming years. Many of the most important sites and architecture are extremely fragile. Human interaction with these locations is doing a great deal of harm. Wastes accumulate everywhere, causing enormous problems. As more cultural heritage sites and objects are digitally mapped and recorded, VR technology will increasingly become the way that people experience them. We'll all eventually be able to walk through places, look at (and touch!) artifacts and works of art without ever seeing them with our own eyes.
Finally, our cultural heritage will be preserved via technology. Efforts in research, innovation, data sharing and project work will help promote and preserve the cultural heritage of countries all across the world.
90. What does the underlined word “exacting” in paragraph 1 mean?
A. Paying. B. Cutting. C. Receiving. D. Demanding.
91. What is the advantage of Al in preserving cultural heritage?
A. It generates 2D images. B. It makes restoration easier.
C. It makes preservation safer. D. It creates replicas in seconds.
92. How does VR help to preserve cultural heritage?
A. By recycling huge amounts of waste. B. By reducing human impact on the site.
C. By forbidding visitors from touching artifacts. D. By educating people about the sites' importance.
93. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. How Technology Changes Art B. What Cultural Heritage Means to Us
C. Preserve the Ancient with the Advanced D. Prepare for a Revolution in Technology
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍现代技术（AI和VR）怎样应用在文化遗产的保护上。
90. 词句猜测题。由文章第一段“But today, it is under attack as never before. Not only are the damages of time threatening our cultural heritage”(但今天，文化受到前所未有的攻击。时间的破坏不仅威胁着我们的文化遗产)可知，后文应该讲的是冲突、气候变化、全球化和旅游业都在要求付出沉重的代价。可以猜测exacting为“要求付出”。故选A项。
91. 细节理解题。由文章第二段“AI will also make restoration and preservation of existing cultural heritage far easier and vastly superior to previous methods.”(人工智能还将使现有文化遗产的恢复和保护变得更加容易，并且大大优于以前的方法。)可知，人工智能使现有文化遗产的恢复变得更容易。故选B项。
92. 推理判断题。由文章第三段“ As more cultural heritage sites and objects are digitally mapped and recorded, VR technology will increasingly become the way that people experience them. We'll all eventually be able to walk through places, look at (and touch!) artifacts and works of art without ever seeing them with our own eyes.”(随着越来越多的文化遗址和文物被数字地图和记录，虚拟现实技术将越来越成为人们体验它们的方式。我们最终都将能够在不同的地方穿行，观看（和触摸！）手工艺品和艺术品却不用真正看到它们。)可知，VR技术可以模拟出这些文化遗产让我们感受而不用去现场，从而减少人类对文化遗址的影响以及破坏。故选B项。
93. 主旨大意题。由文章第一段“Here's how technology is preserving our cultural heritage.”(以下是科技如何保护我们的文化遗产。)以及文章最后一段“Finally, our cultural heritage will be preserved via technology. Efforts in research, innovation, data sharing and project work will help promote and preserve the cultural heritage of countries all across the world.”(最后，我们的文化遗产将通过技术得到保护。研究、创新、数据共享和项目工作的努力将有助于促进和保护世界各国的文化遗产。)可知，本文主要介绍现代技术应用在文化遗产的保护上。而C项Preserve the Ancient with the Advanced(用先进的技术保护古代)切合文意。故选C项。
23
（2022·江西·二模）Recent years saw a great number of people living in cities fleeing from crowded apartments for wide-open spaces. Escaping the cold was the excuse for some, while most others chased a cheaper cost of living. Here are the best cities for lowering your cost of living without sacrificing lifestyle in the future.
Nashville, TN
People will not be disappointed with Nashville’s nightlife and the bar scenes; the town is home to many creative transplants from faraway places as well, making finding new friends an exciting possibility. While the city’s cooking scene is most known for barbecue, Nashville also boasts restaurants such as Graze, Wild Cow, and Vegelicious, with tons of plant-based plates you won’t want to miss.
Annapolis, MD
If you thought Miami was the sailing capital of the United States, you guessed wrong! That title goes to a little town on the Chesapeake Bay that has lots of history and charm too. The home of the U. S. Naval Academy has some of the best seafood on the eastern seaboard; the crab cakes along City Dock have a reputation across the stale.
Milwaukee, WI
If you have your heart set on Chicago, consider the cheaper Milwaukee instead. You can live closer to the shore for half of Chicago — and you’ll certainly still get those white Christmases, assuming that it’s not the snow you’ re running from.
Las Vegas, NV
Hear us out. Average rent for a two-bedroom apartment is around $1,250 per month, with a luxury spot coming in around $3,000 per month. Moreover, Vegas has over 300 days of sunny weather. And with easy access to 10 Michlin-starred restaurants and world-class shows, you might come for the savings — but you’ll stay for the rich lifestyle.
94. What’s the major concern of people who choose to leave for wide-open spaces?
A. Geographical location. B. Living cost.
C. Personal safety. D. Body comfort.
95. Which city best suits people who enjoy sailing?
A. Nashville, TN. B. Las Vegas, NV.
C. Annapolis, MD. D. Milwaukee, WI.
96. Where is the text most probably from?
A. A life magazine. B. A science report.
C. A book review. D. A novel.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。近年来，大量城市居民逃离拥挤的公寓去往开阔的空间，文章例举了四个可以满足大多数人追求更低的生活成本，且不牺牲未来生活方式需求的城市。
94. 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Escaping the cold was the excuse for some, while most others chased a cheaper cost of living.(逃避寒冷是一些人的借口，而其他大多数人则追求更低的生活成本)”可知，对于那些选择离开去开阔空间的人来说，他们最关心的是生活成本。故选B项。
95. 细节理解题。根据Annapolis, MD的“If you thought Miami was the sailing capital of the United States, you guessed wrong! That title goes to a little town on the Chesapeake Bay that has lots of history and charm too. The home of the U. S. Naval Academy has some of the best seafood on the eastern seaboard; the crab cakes along City Dock have a reputation across the stale.(如果你认为迈阿密是美国的航海之都，那你就猜错了！这个头衔属于切萨皮克湾的一个小镇，它也有着丰富的历史和魅力。美国海军学院的所在地有一些最好的海鲜在东海岸：城市码头的蟹肉饼在陈腐的地方享有盛誉)”可知，Annapolis, MD不但有可以冠上航海之都的切萨皮克湾的小镇，还有美国海军学院，城市码头，说明Annapolis, MD临海，适合喜欢航海的人。故选C项。
96. 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“Here are the best cities for lowering your cost of living without sacrificing lifestyle in the future.(以下是在不牺牲未来生活方式的前提下降低生活成本的最佳城市)”可知，文章介绍了生活成本不高，且不影响生活质量的四个城市。由此推知，这篇文章很可能来自生活杂志。故选A项。
24
（2022·湖南衡阳·模拟预测）On Nov 26, lawmakers in Beijing passed the city's modified family planning and population regulations. One of the highlights was that maternity leave (产假)would be extended by 30 days.
Tang Xiaoyu, who has a 5-month-old baby, said she had the feeling of winning the lottery. The 32-year-old works in the human resources department of an Internet company in Beijing. Previously, new mothers like her were usually entitled to 128 days of paid maternity leave.
Moreover, new mothers can now take additional maternity leave of one to three months if their employer agrees, and both mother and father can have five days of child care leave every year until their child reaches the age of 3.
Beijing is one of about 20 provincial—level entities that have decided to extend maternity leave or add parental leave to their newly modified family planning regulations.
After the adoption of the third-child policy in August, the extra measures were rolled out as part of moves to ease the burden of having a newborn and also to encourage families to have more children.
Mu Guangzong, a professor at Peking University's Institute of Population Research, said that the extension of maternity leave in several regions is a significant move toward building a "fertility (生育)friendly" society. "However, it may have negative aspects," he told Legal Daily.
Song Tianjiao, who is looking for a job in Beijing, said she was asked about her status of marriage and childbearing plans at several job interviews. In one extreme case, she was asked to guarantee that she would not get pregnant for two years after starting the job.
"In such an environment, will the extension of maternity leave make it harder for women to find a job?" she said.
Chen Xia, a researcher with the Institute of Philosophy at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said that such concerns are reasonable, and the current dilemma is that the costs of favorable fertility policies are shouldered almost totally by employers.
97. In the second paragraph, Tang Xiaoyu had "the feeling of winning the lottery", because .
A. she had enough money to support her family
B. her maternity leave increased to 30 days
C. she had more time to take care of her baby
D. she was very grateful to the new policy
98. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Lawmakers hoped to ease the burden of having more children.
B. The third-child policy must be carried out strictly.
C. New mothers shall take maternity leave of one to three months.
D. More job opportunities will be created for women
99. What can be inferred from what Song Tianjiao said?
A. Lengthened leave will likely impose heavier costs on family.
B. The new policies may deepen gender discrimination in the workplace.
C. A woman's childbearing plans will be asked about at the job interviews.
D. The extension of maternity leave contributes to building a fertility-friendly society.
100. According to Chen Xia, one possible measure to solve the negative aspects is .
A. issuing fertility allowances for families B. making tax—free policies for employers
C. promoting gender equality D. formulating loosened third—child policies
【答案与解析】本文是新闻报道。文章讲述了北京立法者通过了城市修改后的计划生育和人口条例。其中一个亮点是，产假将延长30天，文章还介绍了延长产假带来的影响等。
97. 推理判断题。根据第一段的“On Nov 26, lawmakers in Beijing passed the city’s modified family planning and population regulations. One of the highlights was that maternity leave (产假)would be extended by 30 days.( 11月26日，北京的立法者通过了城市修改后的计划生育和人口条例。其中一个亮点是，产假将延长30天)”可推断，因为产假延长，唐小玉有更多时间照顾孩子，因此她有种中了彩票的感觉。故选C。
98. 细节理解题。根据第五段“After the adoption of the third-child policy in August, the extra measures were rolled out as part of moves to ease the burden of having a newborn and also to encourage families to have more children.(在8月份通过了三孩政策后，这项额外的措施被推出，作为减轻新生儿负担和鼓励家庭多生孩子的举措的一部分。)”可知，立法人员希望减轻生更多孩子的负担。故选A。
99. 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“Song Tianjiao, who is looking for a job in Beijing, said she was asked about her status of marriage and childbearing plans at several job interviews. In one extreme case, she was asked to guarantee that she would not get pregnant for two years after starting the job.(正在北京找工作的宋天娇说，在几次工作面试中，她被问及自己的婚姻状况和生育计划。在一个极端的情况下，她被要求保证自己在开始工作后的两年内不会怀孕。)”和倒数第二段“'In such an environment, will the extension of maternity leave make it harder for women to find a job?' she said.(她说：“在这样的环境下，延长产假是否会让女性更难找到工作。”)”可知，宋天娇在面试中受到歧视，因此从她的话中可推断，新政策可能会加深工作中的性别歧视。故选B。
100. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Chen Xia, a researcher with the Institute of Philosophy at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said that such concerns are reasonable, and the current dilemma is that the costs of favorable fertility policies are shouldered almost totally by employers.(中国社会科学院哲学研究所的研究员陈霞说，这种担忧是合理的，目前的困境是，有利生育政策的成本几乎完全由雇主承担。)”可推知,根据陈霞说的，给雇主制定免税政策是解决负面影响可能的措施。故选B。
25
（2022·陕西西安·二模）Aristotle believed the face was a window onto a person’s mind. Two thousand years on, facial expressions are still commonly thought to be a universally valid way to tell other people’s feelings. A raised eyebrow suggests confusion. A smile means happiness.
Or do they? An analysis of hundreds of research papers that examined the relationship between facial expressions and underlying emotions has uncovered a surprising conclusion; there is no good scientific evidence to suggest that there are such things as recognisable facial expressions for basic emotions which are universal across cultures.
Lisa Feldman Barrett, one of the authors of the study, says, “We surprised ourselves.” They found that, on average, adults in urban cultures scowled (怒视) when they were angry 30% of the time, which meant that some 70% of the time they did not Scowl when angry. People also scowled when they were not angry. Dr. Feldman Barrett says, “They scowl when they’re concentrating; they scowl when someone tells them a bad joke; they scowl for lots of reasons,” A scowl, the researchers concluded is certainly one expression of anger. But it is not the only way people express that emotion.
All this raises questions about the efforts of information-technology companies to develop artificial intelligence algorithms (计算程序) which can recognise facial expressions and work out a Person’s underlying emotional states. Microsoft, for example, claims its “Emotion API” is able to detect what people are feeling by examining videos of them. Alex Martine, another of the study’s authors, however, expressed scepticism.
Given that people cannot guess each other’ emotional states most of the time, Dr. Martinez sees no reason why computers would be able to. “There are companies rig claiming to be able to do that and apply this to situations in ways I find really scary d dangerous, such as hiring people,” he says. “Some companies require you to submit a video CV, and then this is analysed by a machine-learning system. And depending on your facial expressions, they hire you or not, which think is based on a dangerous hypothesis (假设).”
101. What does the author think of Aristotle’s belief about facial expressions?
A. It has not been literally challenged so far.
B. It was already disproved many years ago
C. It is in line with most common people’s opinions.
D. It was faced with great disagreement when first put forward.
102. What’s the conclusion of the new analysis?
A. Facial expressions are hardly recognisable.
B. Underlying emotions aren’t easy to express.
C. Different cultures tend to express emotions in the same way.
D. Facial expressions don’t necessarily reflect what is deep down.
103. What did Lisa Feldman Barrett find out about scowls?
A. They are not always related to anger.
B. They are the strongest expressions of anger.
C. They are not frequently used in urban cultures.
D. They are used to respond to had jokes most of the time.
104. What might be Alex Martinez’s on “Emotion API”?
A. It is scientific. B. It is absurd.
C. It is progressing well. D. It is scary for job hunters.
【答案与解析】本文是说明文。研究发现，面部表情并不能真正反应人的心理状态。
101. 细节理解题。根据第一段的“Aristotle believed the face was a window onto a person’s mind. Two thousand years on，facial expressions are still commonly thought to be a universally valid way to tell other people’s feelings.（亚里士多德认为脸是一个人思想的窗口。两千年过去了，人们仍然普遍认为面部表情是一种普遍有效的辨别他人感情的方式）”可知，作者认为大众的想法多年来都与亚里士多德的一致。故选C。
102. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“there is no good scientific evidence to suggest that there are such things as recognisable facial expressions for basic emotions which are universal across cultures.（没有很好的科学证据表明，在不同的文化中基本情绪都有可识别的面部表情）”可知，表情不一定反应情绪。故选D。
103. 细节理解题。根据第三段的“People also scowled when they were not angry. Dr. Feldman Barrett says, ‘They scowl when they’re concentrating; they scowl when someone tells them a bad joke; they scowl for lots of reasons.’（人们在不生气的时候也会皱眉。费德曼·巴雷特博士说:‘他们集中注意力的时候会皱眉；当别人给他们讲一个糟糕的笑话时，他们会皱眉；他们皱眉的原因有很多。’）”可知，皱眉并不总是表明人们在生气，人们会因为很多其他原因而皱眉。故选A。
104. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Alex Martine, another of the study’s authors, however, expressed scepticism.（然而，该研究的另一位作者Alex Martine对此表示怀疑）”以及最后一段的“Some companies require you to submit a video CV, and then this is analysed by a machine-learning system. And depending on your facial expressions, they hire you or not, which think is based on a dangerous hypothesis (假设).（有些公司会要求你提交一份视频简历，然后由机器学习系统进行分析。根据你的面部表情，他们会不会雇佣你，这是基于一个危险的假设）”推知，Alex Martinez认为Emotion API技术荒诞无稽。故选B。
26
（2022·广西柳州·三模）Parents looking for education pins, especial for kindergarten, have probably come across the term Waldorf. But what exactly is a Waldorf school? Waldorf education is based on the ideas and teachings of Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian educator and philosopher who opened his first school in Germany in 1919. Steiner’s schools focused on “whole child” development, rather than the narrow academic focus popular in German schools at the time.
Experts in Waldorf education say that these school stress teaching the whole child. A main lesson is taught in a block of time lasting for several weeks. Creative arts like drawing, painting, language studies, music and drama support the main lesson and give students a variety of avenues to learn the material. Students then continue an exploration of the lesson through movement and motor skills, with activities like physical education, building, dancing and gardening. The goal of Waldorf education is to develop free, but morally responsible individuals equipped with a high degree of social competence and creative capabilities. Factual knowledge, homework and tests scores receive less attention.
Like all educational philosophies, Waldorf schools have both positives and negatives. Advocates like Moskowitz say its approach — balancing academic subjects with artistic and practical activities, teaching kid how to think, not what to think — helps develop a love of learning. Some common drawbacks mentioned in connection with Waldorf schools are the same things that many parents like, such as the lack of emphasis on technology and standardized testing. Because many Waldorf schools are private, tuition may also be an obstacle for some parents. At the Waldorf School of Baltimore, for instance, tuition for the 2021-2022 school year was more than $20,000 according to its website although financial aid is available.
Today, there are almost 1,200 Waldorf schools and more than 1,900 Waldorf kindergartens around the world, according to the Alliance for Public Waldorf Education. These schools can be found in approximately 60 different countries around the world. Roughly 130 Waldorf schools, both public and private, are in the United States. The Waldorf Education model has become most popular in European countries, having even influenced many of the public schools.
105. Why did Rudolf Steiner open his first school in 1919?
A. He wanted to help children make progress academically
B. He planned to fully develop children's potentials in all aspects.
C. He expected children to have more indoor activities.
D. He tried to follow the teaching in Germany at that time
106. Which of the following receives the most attention in Waldorf education?
A. Developing the sense of responsibility. B. Remembering knowledge about facts.
C. Achieving high status in society. D. Getting high marks in the tests.
107. How does the author prove the tuition of a Waldorf school is expensive?
A. By giving an example. B. By comparing with other schools.
C. By listing some reasons. D. By showing the result of a survey.
108. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A. The course of Waldorf education. B. The origin of Waldorf education.
C. The popularity of Waldorf schools. D. The pros and cons of Waldorf education.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了华德福学校创建的历史、培养目标以及学校存在的缺点等情况。
105. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Steiner’s schools focused on “whole child” development, rather than the narrow academic focus popular in German schools at the time.( Steiner的学校关注的是“完整儿童”的发展，而不是当时德国学校流行的狭隘的学术关注)”以及第二段中“Experts in Waldorf education say that these school stress teaching the whole child. (华德福教育的专家说，这些学校强调要全面教育孩子)”可知，Rudolf Steiner在1919年开办了他的第一所学校因为他计划充分开发孩子们各方面的潜能。故选B。
106. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The goal of Waldorf education is to develop free, but morally responsible individuals equipped with a high degree of social competence and creative capabilities.(华德福教育的目标是培养自由但有道德责任感、具备高度社会能力和创新能力的个人)”可知，培养责任感在华德福教育中最受关注。故选A。
107. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Because many Waldorf schools are private, tuition may also be an obstacle for some parents. At the Waldorf School of Baltimore, for instance, tuition for the 2021-2022 school year was more than $20,000 according to its website although financial aid is available.(由于许多华德福学校是私立的，学费对一些家长来说可能也是一个障碍。 例如，巴尔的摩华德福学校的网站显示，尽管可以提供助学金，但该学校2021到2022学年的学费超过2万美元)”可推知，作者通过举例说明来证明华德福学校的学费昂贵的。故选A。
108. 主旨大意题。根据第四段“Today, there are almost 1,200 Waldorf schools and more than 1,900 Waldorf kindergartens around the world, according to the Alliance for Public Waldorf Education. These schools can be found in approximately 60 different countries around the world. Roughly 130 Waldorf schools, both public and private, are in the United States. The Waldorf Education model has become most popular in European countries, having even influenced many of the public schools.(如今，根据公共华德福教育联盟的数据，全世界有近1200所华德福学校和1900多所华德福幼儿园。这些学校分布在全世界大约60个不同的国家。在美国，大约有130所公立和私立的华德福学校。华德福教育模式在欧洲国家非常流行，甚至影响了许多公立学校)”可知，第四段主要讲的是华德福学校受欢迎的情况。故选C。
27
（2022·广西柳州·三模）The DNA of 6.7 million species could be stored inside the Moon in case there's a disaster that destroys life on the Earth. Scientists have a plan to create a “lunar ark”, which is like “Noah's Ark”, the ship in which Noah saved animals from a food, according to the Bible. The lunar ark would contain millions of samples of reproductive cells and seeds from all he 6.7 million known plant, animal and fungi species on the Earth. The researchers think the lunar ark could be put in the hollowed out lava tubes that exit on the Moon's surface. It is thought that these cave-like networks were created by lava billions of years ago. Robots would be sent inside the tubes to start building the ark.   
When the ark is complete, scientists think it could be powered by solar panels on the surface so that all the samples inside can be kept at cryogenic temperatures without the risk of being rotten over decades, if not centuries. I will also ne things like an airlock and lighting for human visitors.
Researcher Jekan Thanga and a team of students from the University of Arizona in the US have mapped out the theory. They think it would take 250 rocket trip to the Moon to complete the lunar ark. “Earth is naturally likely to change suddenly,” Professor Thanga said, “It's safer to sore the samples on the Moon in case the Earth is destroyed.”
The lunar ark concept was presented by the researchers at the IEEE Aerospace Conference in early March. They listed super-volcanoes, asteroid impacts and climate change as reasons we might need to store samples of life in case we need to start again. Thanga said: “The environment and human civilization are both very fragile.” Not all of the technology needed to make the ark exists yet but the scientists think it could be made reality within the next 30 years.
109. Where will the lunar ark be placed on the Moon?
A. On the ship created by Noah. B. In the cave-like networks made by robots.
C. On the panels powered by the Sun. D. In the empty lava tubes formed a long time ago.
110. What does the underlined word “cryogenic” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Mild. B. Mediate. C. Low. D. High.
111. What can we know from the text?
A. Some problems are to be solved before the lunar ark is built.
B. 150 rocket trips to the Moon will be needed to build the lunar ark.
C. The lunar ark can run well without energy.
D. The environment on the Earth is a steady as human civilization.
112. What is the best title for the text?
A. A Lunar Ark Grown from Volcano Eruptions B. A Lunar Ark against Asteroid Impacts
C. A Lunar Ark for Life Preservation D. A Lander for Human's Lunar Exploration
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家计划制造一艘类似“诺亚方舟”的“月球方舟”来储存地球上物种的DNA。文章介绍了其工作方式以及建造需要面临的一些问题。
109. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The researchers think the lunar ark could be put in the hollowed out lava tubes that exit on the Moon's surface. It is thought that these cave-like networks were created by lava billions of years ago.(研究人员认为，月球方舟可以放在月球表面的镂空熔岩管中。据认为，这些洞穴状的网络是数十亿年前由熔岩形成的)”可知，月球方舟将被放置在月球在很久以前形成的空熔岩管中。故选D。
110. 词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“When the ark is complete, scientists think it could be powered by solar panels on the surface so that all the samples inside can be kept at”以及后文“temperatures without the risk of being rotten over decades, if not centuries”可知，当方舟完成后，科学家们认为它可以由表面的太阳能电池板提供能量，这样里面的所有样本都可以在低温下保存，而不会在几十年甚至几百年里腐烂。故画线词意思是“低的”。A. Mild.轻微的；B. Mediate.居间的；C. Low.低的；D. High.高的。故选C。
111. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The lunar ark concept was presented by the researchers at the IEEE Aerospace Conference in early March. They listed super-volcanoes, asteroid impacts and climate change as reasons we might need to store samples of life in case we need to start again. Thanga said: “The environment and human civilization are both very fragile.” Not all of the technology needed to make the ark exists yet but the scientists think it could be made reality within the next 30 years. (月球方舟的概念是由研究人员在三月初的IEEE航空航天会议上提出的。 他们列举了超级火山、小行星撞击和气候变化等原因，认为我们可能需要储存生命样本，以防我们需要重新开始。唐加说：“环境和人类文明都非常脆弱。”制造方舟所需的技术还不完全存在，但科学家们认为，在未来30年内，这可能成为现实)”可知，在建造月球方舟之前，还有一些问题需要解决。故选A。
112. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“The DNA of 6.7 million species could be stored inside the Moon in case there's a disaster that destroys life on the Earth. Scientists have a plan to create a “lunar ark”, which is like “Noah's Ark”, the ship in which Noah saved animals from a food, according to the Bible. The lunar ark would contain millions of samples of reproductive cells and seeds from all he 6.7 million known plant, animal and fungi species on the Earth.(670万个物种的DNA可以储存在月球上，以防发生破坏地球生命的灾难。据《圣经》记载，诺亚方舟是诺亚拯救动物的船。科学家计划制造一艘类似“诺亚方舟”的“月球方舟”。月球方舟将包含数百万个生殖细胞和种子的样本，这些样本来自地球上已知的670万种植物、动物和真菌)”结合文章主要说明了科学家计划制造一艘类似“诺亚方舟”的“月球方舟”来储存地球上物种的DNA。文章介绍了其工作方式以及建造需要面临的一些问题。可知，C选项“保存生命的月球方舟”最符合文章标题。故选C。
28
（2022·江西·二模）Do you ever get the feeling that you’re being watched? Well, you might be right.
According to a study published in Nature on June 23, astronomers have found that 1, 715 stars have had a direct view of Earth since humans have been here.
In order to do this, scientists used a previous method that looked for life on other planets. But instead, they changed the method so it could try to determine what places could see us.
The team looked at 331, 312 stars within 326 light-years of Earth, with each light-year equaling 9.4 trillion kilometers. Out of all those stars, only 1, 715 of them could see Earth within the last 5, 000 years, with an extra 319 stars that will be able to see us in the next 5, 000 years.
“When I look up at the sky, it looks a bit more amiable because it’s like, maybe somebody is waving,” said Lisa Kaltenegger, director of the Carl Sagan Institute at Cornell University, US, and the study’s lead writer.
If a planet circling around one of those 1, 715 stars is home to advanced life, they could easily see that there is life here because of the oxygen on Earth. If that didn’t give it away, then the radio waves we have sent out into space would also be an indicator. In fact, human-made radio waves have already traveled through 75 of the closest stars on Kaltenegger’s list.
Why haven’t we heard from anyone yet, then?
It takes a long time for messages to travel between star systems. By the time a message could be received, that advanced civilization would probably not exist anymore.
Alan Boss, a scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science in the US who wasn’t part of the study, wrote in an email that this long time would limit the chances for different life to exchange” emails and TikTok videos”.
“So we should not expect aliens to show up anytime soon,” Boss said.
113. Which word can best describe Lisa Kalteneggeri’s attitude towards the sky that he looked up at?
A. Objective. B. Indifferent. C. Critical. D. Positive.
114. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 6 refer to?
A. A planet circling around one of those 1,715 stars.
B. Advanced life.
C. The oxygen on Earth.
D. Human- made radio waves.
115. What could prevent humans from exchanging messages with aliens according to Boss?
A. Human-made radio waves cannot travel far.
B. Aliens don’t exist.
C. They cannot understand each other.
D. It takes a long time for messages to travel.
116. What is the purpose of the text?
A. To present new findings published in a study.
B. To discuss if there is advanced life on other stars.
C. To raise readers’ interest in aliens.
D. To explain how messages travel between different star systems.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了根据6月23日发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究，天文学家发现，自人类来到地球以来，有1715颗恒星可以被直接观测到。
113. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段““When I look up at the sky, it looks a bit more amiable because it’s like, maybe somebody is waving,” said Lisa Kaltenegger, director of the Carl Sagan Institute at Cornell University, US, and the study’s lead writer.(该研究的主要作者、美国康奈尔大学卡尔•萨根研究所所长丽莎•柯廷安格说:“当我抬头看天空时，它看起来更亲切一些，因为好像有人在挥手。”)”可知，Lisa Kalteneggeri对他仰望的天空的态度是积极的，所以D选项“Positive(积极的)”符合，A. Objective客观的；B. Indifferent漠不关心的；C. Critical批评的，均不符，故选D。
114. 指代猜测题。根据第六段中的“If a planet circling around one of those 1,715 stars is home to advanced life, they could easily see that there is life here because of the oxygen on Earth.( 如果这1715颗恒星周围有一颗行星是高级生命的家园，他们很容易就能看到这里有生命，因为地球上有氧气。)”可知，因为地球上有氧气，所以他们很容易就能看到这里有生命，结合画线单词所在的句子“If that didn’t give it away, then the radio waves we have sent out into space would also be an indicator.(如果这没有泄露，那么我们发射到太空的无线电波也会是一个指示器。)可知，地球上有氧气，所以他们很容易就能看到这里有生命，如果氧气没有泄露，那么我们发射到太空的无线电波也会是一个指示器，由此可知，that指代上文的“the oxygen on Earth”。故选C。
115. 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Alan Boss, a scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science in the US who wasn’t part of the study, wrote in an email that this long time would limit the chances for different life to exchange” emails and TikTok videos”.( 美国卡内基科学研究所的科学家艾伦·博斯(Alan Boss)没有参与这项研究，他在一封电子邮件中写道，这么长的时间将限制不同生活中交换“电子邮件和TikTok视频”的机会。)”可知，根据Boss的说法，信息传播需要很长时间可以阻止人类与外星人交换信息。故选D。
116. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“According to a study published in Nature on June 23, astronomers have found that 1, 715 stars have had a direct view of Earth since humans have been here.(根据6月23日发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究，天文学家发现，自人类来到地球以来，已有1715颗恒星直接看到了地球。)”和第四段“The team looked at 331,312 stars within 326 light-years of Earth, with each light-year equaling 9.4 trillion kilometers. Out of all those stars, only 1,715 of them could see Earth within the last 5,000 years, with an extra 319 stars that will be able to see us in the next 5,000 years.(该团队观测了距离地球326光年范围内的331312颗恒星，每一光年相当于9.4万亿公里。在所有这些恒星中，在过去的5000年里，只有1715颗恒星能看到地球，另外还有319颗恒星能在未来的5000年里看到我们。)”可知，文章讲述了根据6月23日发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究，天文学家发现，自人类来到地球以来，有1715颗恒星可以被直接观测到。由此可知，文章的写作目的是在已经发表的研究中呈现新的发现。故选A。
30
（2022·上海市第二中学模拟预测）Songbirds and coffee farms in Central America. Ladybugs and soybean fields in the Midwest. These are well-known, win-win stories of how conserving natural habitat can benefit farmers.
But an international team of scientists found that natural habitat surrounding farm fields is not always an effective pest-control tool for farmers worldwide. Their analysis, led by researchers at UC Davis, appears in the latest edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Among the dozens of scientists who contributed their field research databases to the analysis are two UC Santa Cruz professors of environmental studies: Stacy Philpott and Deborah Letourneau.
“____117____ When you have more natural habitat around farm fields you get more enemies of the crop pests, and these enemies will control the pests and provide a benefit to growers,” said lead author Daniel Karp, an assistant professor in the UC Davis Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology.
____118____ Together, they compiled the largest pest-control dataset of its kind, including132 studies from more than 6,700 sites in 31 countries worldwide — from California farmlands to tropical cacao plantations and European wheat fields.
Surprisingly, the results were highly variable across the globe. While many of the studies showed surrounding natural habitat does indeed help farmers control pests, just as many showed negative effects on crop yields. ____119____
“This paper isn’t telling farmers to clear habitat by any means,” Karp said. “There may be a lot of other benefits from natural habitat, such as pollination or carbon sequestration. But we need to be forthright about knowing when habitat conservation will be advantageous in terms of pests and when other means of pest control are needed.”
____120____ Karp and his team of 153 co-authors have made it publicly available, opening the door for further scientific insights.
       “This shows the power of collaboration in scientific research,” noted Philpott. “Many of us were surprised by the findings. Now, we will be able to continue the investigation, learn more, and hopefully be able to predict when surrounding habitat helps control pests and when it doesn’t.”
A. To test that assumption, Karp organized an international team of ecologists, economists and practitioners.
B. The strength of the findings is rooted in part in the size of the pest-control database.
C. Ecologists consider maintaining noncrop habitat to be a win–win for farmers and for conservation.
D. The analysis indicates that there are no one-size-fits-all recommendations for growers about natural habitat and pests.
E. A widespread assumption existed among ecologists.
F. We hope to move toward more sustainable land and pest management.
【答案与解析】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了《美国国家科学院院刊》的一篇研究成果：一个国际团队通过对同类中最大的害虫控制数据集，包括来自全世界31个国家超过6700个地点的132项研究的实地研究数据库，进行分析研究，发现农田周围的自然栖息地确实有助于农民控制害虫，但也有许多研究显示，它们对农作物产量有负面影响。
117. 设空处在段首，由下文“When you have more natural habitat around farm fields you get more enemies of the crop pests, and these enemies will control the pests and provide a benefit to growers (当你在农田周围有更多的自然栖息地，你就会有更多的农作物害虫的敌人，这些敌人会控制害虫，为种植者提供利益)”可知，此处具体解释了一种假设；E项“A widespread assumption existed among ecologists. (生态学家之间存在着一种普遍的假设)”符合，引起下文，下文对这一假设进行了解释。故选E项。
118. 设空处在段首，上文提及生态学家之间存在的假设；A项“To test that assumption, Karp organized an international team of ecologists, economists and practitioners. (为了验证这一假设，卡普组织了一个由生态学家、经济学家和实践者组成的国际团队。)”，承接上文，且下文“Together, they compiled the largest pest-control dataset of its kind, including132 studies from more than 6,700 sites in 31 countries worldwide (他们汇集了同类中最大的害虫控制数据集，包括来自全世界31个国家6700多个地点的132项研究)”的they指代A项中的“an international team of ecologists, economists and practitioners”。所以A项承上启下，衔接连贯。故选A项。
119. 上文“Surprisingly, the results were highly variable across the globe. While many of the studies showed surrounding natural habitat does indeed help farmers control pests, just as many showed negative effects on crop yields. (令人惊讶的是，结果在全球范围内差异很大。虽然许多研究表明，周围的自然栖息地确实有助于农民控制害虫，但也有许多研究显示，它们对农作物产量有负面影响。)”，此段表述了不同的研究结果，设空处在段尾，B项“The strength of the findings is rooted in part in the size of the pest-control database. (研究结果的说服力部分源于虫害控制数据库的规模)”符合，B项中的findings与上文results相呼应，B项中提供了数据源，来证明研究发现的可靠性。句意连贯，故选B项。
120. 设空处在段首，下文“Karp and his team of 153 co-authors have made it publicly available, opening the door for further scientific insights.(普和他的153位共同作者团队已经将其公开，为进一步的科学研究打开了大门)”，根据第二段“Their analysis, led by researchers at UC Davis, appears in the latest edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). (他们的分析由加州大学戴维斯分校的研究人员领导，发表在最新一期的《美国国家科学院院刊》上。)”可知，研究团队公开了分析；D项“The analysis indicates that there are no one-size-fits-all recommendations for growers about natural habitat and pests.(分析表明，关于自然栖息地和害虫，并没有放之四海而皆准的建议。)”符合，下文的it指代的是设空处的analysis。语意连贯，故选D项。