专题04 阅读理解A篇-2022年高三毕业班英语大题满分练（上海专用）

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专题04 阅读理解A篇（解析版）

高考考点
命题分析
备考建议
三年高考探源
考查频率
阅读理解A篇
选题多种多样，涉及到社会经济、政治、文化、日常生活各个领域。旨在全面检测考生从语段中获取有效信息的能力，归纳为以下几点：概括整个语段主旨大意以及事实和细节；能准确理解句子字面和深层含义；能准确理解具体的事实和抽象的概念。题型上主要有主旨大意题、词义猜测题、事实细节题、推理判断题等。
1、细节题：
细节题型的解答通常是借助对文中的具体信息的查寻来解决。答题时要采取略读、扫读、析读和精读的办法从文中找出问题答案。细节题型多问及时间、地点、人物、数量和特征等。 
2、推断题：
推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。 
3、词义猜测题：
词义猜测技巧。 
这种题型要求对文章中的划线生词进行词义猜测。这类题型不仅要求具备一定构词法，而且也要求对上下文具有比较全面的理解。做词义猜测时，应注意划线生词后面的定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的词意。另外，还要应注意生词后的标点符号，如逗号、破折号、引号、括号都可用于提示词意。有时，词意隐藏在全文或某一段中，这就需要把握文段的意境来理解该词的含义。
4、 主旨大意题： 
一般来说，议论文的主旨大意要么在首段，要么在尾段。文章主旨位于首段时，其后的段落通常是演绎论证的过程；在段尾时，其前的段落通常是在摆事实、讲道理，最后归纳出全文主旨。说明文的主旨也通常位于首段；记叙文的主旨有的位于开首段(如新闻报道、时事经纬等文章的主旨均置于开场白的位置，达到开门见山、直奔主题的效果)，但大多数记叙文的主旨隐藏在文章之中，需理清文章脉络，挖掘文章内涵，把握作者意图。 
2021、2020、2019
第56-59题
★★★

2019年上海高考英语真题
(A)
All I had to do for the two dollars was clean her house for a few hours after school. It was a beautiful house, too, with a plastic-covered sofa and chairs, wall-to-wall blue-and-white carpeting, a white enamel stove, a washing machine and a dryer—things that were common in her neighborhood, absent in mine. In the middle of the war, she had butter, sugar, steaks, and seam-up-the-back stockings.
I knew how to scrub floors on my knees and how to wash clothes in our zinc tub, but I had never seen a Hoover vacuum cleaner or an iron that wasn't heated by fire.
Part of my pride in working for her was earning money I could squander (浪费)：on movies, candy, paddleballs, jacks, ice-cream cones. But a larger part of my pride was based on the fact that I gave half my wages to my mother, which meant that some of my earnings were used for real things—an insurance-policy payment or what was owed to the milkman or the iceman. The pleasure of being necessary to my parents was profound. I was not like the children in folktales: burdensome mouths to feed, nuisances to be corrected, problems so severe that they were abandoned to the forest. I had a status that doing routine chores in my house did not provide—and it earned me a slow smile, an approving nod from an adult. Confirmations that I was adultlike, not childlike.
In those days, the forties, children were not just loved or liked; they were needed. They could earn money; they could care for children younger than themselves; they could work the farm, take care of the herd, run errands（差事）, and much more. I suspect that children aren't needed in that way now. They are loved, doted on, protected, and helped. Fine, and yet...
Little by little, I got better at cleaning her house—good enough to be given more to do, much more. I was ordered to carry bookcases upstairs and, once, to move a piano from one side of a room to the other. I fell carrying the bookcases. And after pushing the piano my arms and legs hurt so badly. I wanted to refuse, or at least to complain, but I was afraid she would fire me, and I would lose the freedom the dollar gave me, as well as the standing I had at home—although both were slowly being eroded. She began to offer me her clothes, for a price. Impressed by these worn things, which looked simply gorgeous to a little girl who had only two dresses to wear to school, I bought a few. Until my mother asked me if I really wanted to work for castoffs. So I learned to say "No, thank you" to a faded sweater offered for a quarter of a week5s pay.
Still, I had trouble summoning （鼓起）the courage to discuss or object to the increasing demands she made. And I knew that if I told my mother how unhappy I was she would tell me to quit. Then one day, alone in the kitchen with my father, I let drop a few whines about the job. I gave him details, examples of what troubled me, yet although he listened intently, I saw no sympathy in his eyes. No "Oh, you poor little thing. " Perhaps he understood that what I wanted was a solution to the job, not an escape from it. In any case, he put down his cup of coffee and said, 44Listen. You don't live there. You live here. With your people. Go to work. Get your money. And come on home. ”
That was what he said. This was what I heard:
Whatever the work is, do it well—not for the boss but for yourself.
You make the job; it doesn't make you.
Your real life is with us your family.
You are not the work you do; you are the person you are.
I have worked for all sorts of people since then, geniuses and morons, quick-witted and dull, big-hearted and narrow. I've had many kinds of jobs, but since that conversation with my father I have never considered the level of labor to be the measure of myself, and I have never placed the security of a job above the value of home.
36. What is the "pleasure" of the author from the sentence "The pleasure of being necessary to my parents was profound. （paragraph 3） " ?
A. She was proud as she could earn money for her mother.
B. Her own value of being needed.
C. She is distinctive from those children in folktales.
D. She enjoyed a status of being an adult in her family.
37. According to the article, which of the following is true about children in the 1940s and now?
A. Children become needed, loved and liked when they are at forty.
B. Children in modern times are less likely to be spoiled by parents.
C. Children in 1940s are capable as they can handle various daily routine.
D. Children in modern times aren' t needed to do daily works any more.
38. What did the author's father make her understand?
A. Don't escape from difficulties at work.
B. Whatever decision she made, her father would support her.
C. Convey her dissatisfaction with her work.
D. Make a distinction between work and life.
39. Which of the following corresponds to the author's views in the passage?
A. Don't regard work achievement as a criterion for evaluating oneself.
B. Hard work is a struggle for a better future in your limited life.
C. Parents are the best teachers of children.
D. Job security is less valuable when compared with family.
【答案】36. C 37. C 38. D 39. A
【解析】
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，本文通过讲述作者小时候去别人家打工的故事，探讨了工作与生活和自我价值之间的关系。无论做什么工作，工作都不是衡量自我的尺度，要分清工作与生活。
【36题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段“ I was not like the children in folktales: burdensome mouths to feed, nuisances to be corrected, problems so severe that they were abandoned to the forest.（我不像民间故事中的孩子那样：有着养家糊口的重担，滋扰需要纠正，问题非常严重以至于他们被森抛弃到森林里。）”可知，作者不同于那些民间故事中的孩子，更成人化，而非小孩子气，因此可以看出第三段的“The pleasure of being necessary to my parents was profound.”中的“pleasure（快乐）”是她跟民间故事中的孩子不同，故选C。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“In those days, the forties, children were not just loved or liked; they were needed. They could earn money; they could care for children younger than themselves; they could work the farm, take care of the herd, run errands（差事）, and much more. I suspect that children aren't needed in that way now. They are loved, doted on, protected, and helped. （在四十年代那些日子里，孩子不仅仅被爱或喜欢，还需要他们。他们可以赚钱；可以照顾比自己小的孩子；可以在农场里打工，照顾牛群，办差事等等。我怀疑现在不需要这种方式的孩子了。他们被爱，被溺爱，被保护，被帮助。）”可知，1940年代的孩子有能力应付各种日常事务。故选C。
【38题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“I've had many kinds of jobs, but since that conversation with my father I have never considered the level of labor to be the measure of myself, and I have never placed the security of a job above the value of home. （我从事过许多工作，但自从与父亲交谈以来，我从未考虑过劳动水平是衡量我自己的标准，而且从未将工作的安全感放在家庭价值之上。）再结合“You make the job; it doesn't make you. Your real life is with us, your family. You are not the work you do; you are the person you are.（你做工作，不是工作做你。你的真实生活和我们，你的家人，在一起。你不是你所做的工作；你是你自己。）”可知，作者的父亲让她明白了要分清工作和生活。”故选D。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“I've had many kinds of jobs, but since that conversation with my father I have never considered the level of labor to be the measure of myself, and I have never placed the security of a job above the value of home. （我从事过许多工作，但自从与父亲交谈以来，我从未考虑过劳动水平是衡量我自己的标准，而且从未将工作的安全性放在家庭价值之上。）可知，A项“不要把工作成就当作评价自己的标准”与作者的观点一致，故选A。

2018年上海高考英语真题
Bitcoin and other so-called cryptocurrencies （加密货币）have been all over the news lately. Apparently, the idea of money that's not tied to a specific bank—or a specific country—is appealing to many. But it's worth remembering that the banking system that we now all live with is just that： A modern invention. Not so long ago, money was almost always created and used locally, and bartering was common. （In fact, it still is common among many online local networks, like the Buy Nothing Project.）.
In the past, money's makeup varied from place to place, depending on what was considered valuable there. So while some of the world's first coins were made from a naturally occurring hybrid of gold and silver called electrum （银金矿），objects other than coins have served as currency, including beads, ivory, livestock, and cowrie shells. In West Africa, bracelets of bronze or copper were used as cash, especially if the transaction was associated with the slave trade there. Throughout the colonial period, tobacco was used to replace coins or paper bills in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina, even though it was used elsewhere in the colonies and extensively throughout Europe and the U. K.
Today, on an island in the Pacific, a specific type of shell still serves as currency—and some people there are even hoarding（贮存）it, just like Bitcoin moguls, convinced that one day, it will make them wealthy beyond imagination. On Malaita, the most-populated island that's part of the Solomon Islands, shells are accepted at most places in exchange for goods.
"How much tuna（金枪鱼）you can get for your shells depends on their color and shape," Mary Bruno, a shop owner from the small town of Auki, on Malaita, told Vice. "One strip of darker shells might get you about two cans of smaller tuna, but the red ones are worth more. For the red ones, one strip might get enough tuna to feed a big family for a long time."
Just like a mint that creates coins, there's only one place on the island where the shells, which are polished and strung together to form 3-foot-long ropes, are made. The strips of red, white, and black shells all come from Langa Langa Lagoon, where artificial islands were long-ago built by locals to escape from the island-dwelling cannibals. Once marooned（困住）out on their islands, locals needed a currency to use among themselves, and so the shell currency was born.
Using shells for money was common throughout the Pacific islands as late as the early 1900s, but Malaita is unique in that they are still used today. And just like cryptocurrencies, there are those who think the islanders are smart to invest in this type of money, which is reported to have risen in value over the last three decades. It might seem strange to hoard a bunch of processed, strung-together shells, but what is a pile of dollars? Just a specially printed piece of paper and hemp that we've assigned value to—and probably less durable over time than those shells.
1．According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A．Money was created and was widely used in the world.
B．Tobacco was used as coins or paper bills in American in the past.
C．The ingredients of world’s first coins may be the combination of gold and silver.
D．Using shells for money has been out of date in the world.
2．The word "mint" in paragraph 5 is closest in the meaning to .
A．a kind of money that can exchange
B．the leaves of a mint plant used fresh or candied
C．a place to produce and polish shells
D．a factory that produces currency
3．What's opinion of the author towards shells for money?
A．Reasonable. B．Imaginary.
C．Convenient. D．Inventive.
4．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A．The History of Bitcoin
B．Shells Still Money
C．The Currency Is of Great Use
D．Some Shells
【答案】1．C
2．D
3．A
4．B
【分析】
本文是说明文。文章介绍了在太平洋的一些小岛上，贝壳至今被当作货币使用的情况。
1．
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“ some of the world's first coins were made from a naturally occurring hybrid of gold and silver called electrum ”可知，世界上最早的一些硬币成分是一种天然的金银混合物。故选C。
2．
词句猜测题。第五段中mint所在句的下一句提到“there's only one place where the shells… are made.” 岛上只有一个制作贝壳的地方；根据“just like（就像）”可知，“a mint”应该是指一个地方；定语从句“that creates coins”修饰a mint，由此可以猜测，a mint是制造货币的地方。故选D。
3．
推理判断题。文章最后一段中提到“but what is a pile of dollars? Just a specially printed piece of paper and hemp that we've assigned value to—and probably less durable over time than those shells.（但一堆美元又是什么呢?只是一张特殊印制的纸和麻，我们赋予其价值——但随着时间的推移，可能比这些贝壳更不耐用）”。由此可以推断， 作者认为将贝壳当作货币是合理的。故选A。
4．
主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段提到“money was almost always created and used locally, and bartering was common.”，说明不久以前，货币几乎都是在当地创造和使用的，物物交换很普遍；第三段提到“a specific type of shell still serves as currency”，在太平洋的小岛上，人们仍然在用特定类型的贝壳当作货币；第四、五段说明这些贝壳货币如何使用和制作的。由此可知，文章是介绍在太平洋的一些小岛上，至今仍然使用贝壳货币。因此文章标题应该为“Shells Still Money”。 故选B。

一、（2021·上海·位育中学）How do you get your information when you go online? Are you ever worried that you might only be seeing a limited view? Part of the reason for this is the increased use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and algorithms that make sure we only see things that interest us.
The phrase “echo chamber” has become widely used since events like the election of Donald Trump as the US president. It means that users of social media websites such as Facebook only read their own opinions or ones they agree with.
Algorithms, like the kind used by Facebook, often point us toward articles that show our own ideas, and search results usually give us what we already know and like.
As a result, social network users are likely to fall into the “Relevance Paradox”, which happens when people only read information that is relevant to them, according to The Huffington Post. And in many cases, people don’t even realize this is happening. They stop looking for fresh, new information from different points of view because of a lack of experience and knowledge of other opinions.
This means some of us unknowingly live in an echo chamber. This then continues because people in the same social group agree with us too. In other words, the echo chambers stay because they tell us that we are right, even if we are not.
As websites get to know us better, they get better at showing us things that interest us, while also removing things we don’t really like, Eli Pariser, CEO of news website Upworthy told the US radio station NPR.
“What most algorithms are trying to do is to increase the amount of attention you’re spending,” he said. And while it helps us deal with the large amount of information on the internet, that algorithm also has some downsides. “The danger is that you end up not seeing what people who think differently see and, in fact, not even knowing that it exists.
So here comes the burning question — is there a way out?
“The way to break free from this is to start understanding how algorithms work, and to manually seek out others with different viewpoints,” Theo Priestley, CEO of Cronycle, a web platform told The Huffington Post.
5．According to the article, people in an echo chamber ________.
A．are more willing to accept different ideas
B．prefer to look for fresh, new information
C．only recognize information they are willing to accept
D．only trust information from well-known sources
6．According to the article, algorithms used by most social media ________.
A．fail to draw most people’s attention
B．are slow in dealing with information
C．are good at showing people a variety of viewpoints
D．may make people narrow-minded without them noticing
7．Which of the following statements would Theo Priestley probably agree with?
A．Social media should use less AI and algorithms.
B．People should actively look for different ideas themselves.
C．It is impossible for people to escape from echo chambers.
D．Algorithms that attract readers’ attention should not be used.
8．What is the article mainly about?
A．The idea of echo chamber and how to avoid it. B．How algorithms deal with information.
C．The latest development in artificial intelligence. D．The best way to search information online.
【答案】5．C
6．D
7．B
8．A
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今网络算法导致的“回音室”效应，说明了其什么是“回音室”、对人们的不良影响以及解决办法。
5．
细节理解题。根据第二段“The phrase “echo chamber” has become widely used since events like the election of Donald Trump as the US president. It means that users of social media websites such as Facebook only read their own opinions or ones they agree with.(自唐纳德•特朗普当选美国总统等事件以来，“回音室”一词被广泛使用。意思是Facebook等社交媒体网站的用户只阅读自己的观点或同意的观点)”可知，身处回音室的人只会识别他们愿意接受的信息。故选C。
6．
细节理解题。根据第四段“As a result, social network users are likely to fall into the “Relevance Paradox”, which happens when people only read information that is relevant to them, according to The Huffington Post. And in many cases, people don’t even realize this is happening. They stop looking for fresh, new information from different points of view because of a lack of experience and knowledge of other opinions.(据《赫芬顿邮报》报道，因此，社交网络用户很可能陷入“相关性悖论”，即人们只阅读与自己相关的信息。在很多情况下，人们甚至没有意识到这一点。由于缺乏经验和对其他观点的了解，他们不再从不同的角度寻找新鲜的、新的信息)”可知，大多数社交媒体使用的算法可能会让人们在不知情的情况下变得眼界狭窄。故选D。
7．
推理判断题。根据最后一段““The way to break free from this is to start understanding how algorithms work, and to manually seek out others with different viewpoints,” Theo Priestley, CEO of Cronycle, a web platform told The Huffington Post. (网络平台Cronycle的首席执行官Theo Priestley在接受《赫芬顿邮报》采访时表示：“摆脱这种状况的方法是开始理解算法的工作原理，并手动寻找持不同观点的人。”)”可推知，B选项“人们应该自己积极寻找不同的想法”的观点，Theo Priestley可能会同意。故选B。
8．
主旨大意题。根据第二段“The phrase “echo chamber” has become widely used since events like the election of Donald Trump as the US president. It means that users of social media websites such as Facebook only read their own opinions or ones they agree with.(自唐纳德•特朗普当选美国总统等事件以来，“回音室”一词被广泛使用。意思是Facebook等社交媒体网站的用户只阅读自己的观点或同意的观点)”以及倒数第二段“So here comes the burning question — is there a way out?(所以现在有一个棘手的问题——有没有出路？)”结合文章主要说明了如今网络算法导致的“回音室”效应，说明了其什么是“回音室”、对人们的不良影响以及解决办法。可知，这篇文章主要讲的是回音室的概念和如何避免。故选A。
二、（2022·上海·华东师范大学第三附属中学高三阶段练习）Research shows that the average high school student will study four hours per week for any major test. The outcome of this four hours of study varies from A to F, which means that in high school grades are strongly determined by intelligence since everyone studies the same amount of time.
But college is different. Most of the students are highly intelligent and each has plenty of time for self-study. To score high on any test, a college student has to work hard and, probably more importantly, know how to use his or her time most efficiently. The problem is that your study habits formed in high school may make you unable to study well in college because you have never experienced what it takes to perform at the college level. That is why the freshman year is the hardest year for all college students.
Based on my extensive observation of student performance on college tests, I recommend the following study time per test: 6 hours per week for an A, 4 hours for a B, 3.5 hours for a C, 2.5 hours for a D and 0 hours for an F. An hour of study is defined as studying for 45 minutes and a break of 15 minutes. Ten hours of continuous study without a break is defined as one hour of study. The brain does not process and store information the way students prefer studying. Occasionally, some succeed by studying at the last minute, but they are exceptions to the rule.
Research also suggests that the slowest 10 percent of the students may need 5 to 6 times as much time to learn the same material as the fastest 10 percent. Each person is very likely to have strengths and weaknesses. Overcoming your weakness increases your strength.
9．According to the writer, the reason why high school students get different test results is that________.
A．some students work harder than the rest of them
B．some students have good study habits while others do not
C．their intelligence varies from person to person
D．their teachers teach them in different ways
10．The freshman year is considered the hardest for all college students because________.
A．they have to take a lot of courses at the same time
B．they are too anxious to score high on all tests
C．they don’t know yet how to study at the college level
D．they feel worried among so many intelligent people
11．What takes the fastest students to learn in one hour may take the slowest students ________.
A．2 hours. B．3 hours C．4 hours D．5 hours
12．From the way this passage is written, it can be concluded that the writer is most probably________.
A．a high school student B．a college teacher
C．a high school teacher D．a college student
【答案】9．C
10．C
11．D
12．B
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了高中生因为智力因人而异所以考试结果不同，但大学是不同的。大多数学生都很聪明，每个人都有足够的时间自学。文章主要就不同大学生的学习时长提出了建议。
9．
细节理解题。根据第一段中“The outcome of this four hours of study varies from A to F, which means that in high school grades are strongly determined by intelligence since everyone studies the same amount of time.(这四个小时的学习结果从A到F各不相同，这意味着在高中，由于每个人学习的时间都是一样的，所以成绩在很大程度上是由智力决定的)”可知，高中生得到不同的测试结果的原因是他们的智力因人而异。故选C。
10．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“The problem is that your study habits formed in high school may make you unable to study well in college because you have never experienced what it takes to perform at the college level. That is why the freshman year is the hardest year for all college students.(问题是，你在高中养成的学习习惯可能会让你在大学里学习不好，因为你从来没有经历过在大学阶段需要付出什么。这就是为什么大一是所有大学生最难的一年)”可知，大一被认为是所有大学生最难的一年，因为他们还不知道如何在大学阶段学习。故选C。
11．
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Research also suggests that the slowest 10 percent of the students may need 5 to 6 times as much time to learn the same material as the fastest 10 percent.(研究还表明，学得最慢的10%的学生可能需要比学得最快的10%的学生多5到6倍的时间来学习同样的材料)”可知，最快的学生可以在一小时内学习的东西，最慢的学生需要五到六个小时。故选D。
12．
推理判断题。根据第三段中“Based on my extensive observation of student performance on college tests, I recommend the following study time per test: 6 hours per week for an A, 4 hours for a B, 3.5 hours for a C, 2.5 hours for a D and 0 hours for an F.(根据我对学生在大学考试中表现的广泛观察，我建议每次考试的学习时间如下：A级每周6小时，B级4小时，C级3.5小时，D级2.5小时，F级0小时)”可推知，作者是一个大学老师。故选B。
三、（2022·上海市莘庄中学高三期中）In recent years American society has become increasingly dependent on its universities to find solutions to its major problems. It is the universities that have been charged with the principal responsibility for developing the expertise to place men on the moon; for dealing with our urban problems and with our deteriorating environment; for developing the means to feed the world’s rapidly increasing population. The effort involved in meeting these demands presents its own problems. In addition, this concentration on the creation of new knowledge significantly impacts on the universities’ efforts to perform their other principal functions, the transmission and interpretation of knowledge—the imparting (传授) of the heritage of the past and the preparing of the next generation to carry it forward.
With regard to this, perhaps their most traditionally acknowledged task, colleges and universities today find themselves in a serious bind generally. On the one hand, there is the American commitment, entered into especially since World War II, to provide higher education for all young people who can profit from it. The result of the commitment has been a dramatic rise in enrollments in our universities, coupled with a radical (激进的) shift from the private to the public sector of higher education. On the other hand, there are serious and continuing limitations on the resources available for higher education.
While higher education has become a great “growth industry”, it is also simultaneously a tremendous drain on the resources of nation. With the vast increase in enrollment and the shift in priorities away from education in state and federal budgets, there is in most of our public institutions a significant decrease in per capita (人均) outlay for their students. One crucial aspect of this drain on resources lies in the persistent shortage of trained faculty, which has led, in turn, to a declining standard of competence in instruction.
Intensifying these difficulties is, as indicated above, the concern with research, with its competing claims on resources and the attention of the faculty. In addition, there is a strong tendency for the institutions’ organization and functioning to fulfill the demands of research rather than those of teaching.
13．According to the passage, ________ should be the most important function of institutions of higher education.
A．creating new knowledge
B．providing solutions to social problems
C．making experts on sophisticated industries out of their students
D．preparing their students to transmit inherited knowledge
14．In American universities, there is a contradiction (矛盾) between ________.
A．more students and less investment B．education quality and economic profit
C．low enrollment rate and high dropout rate D．private ownership and American commitment
15．Which is True about American universities?
A．Most teachers are devoted to improving their competence in instruction.
B．Research occupies more resources and teachers’ attention than teaching.
C．The institutions’ organization tends to meet the demands of teaching.
D．The lack of trained faculty leads to the decline in the quality of researches.
16．We can infer from the passage that________.
A．high quality attracts students to stay in public universities
B．the American commitment is to blame for all the difficulties
C．higher education used to have a priority in government budgets
D．the increasing expenses for each student drain the national resources
【答案】13．D
14．A
15．B
16．C
【导语】
这是一篇议论文。作者就美国大学现在存在的问题进行了论述，作者从美国社会越来越依赖大学谈起，探讨了现在美国大学的尴尬局面，科研和教学无法兼顾，美国大学到底是要科研还是要教学？
13．
细节理解题。由第一段中的“In addition, this concentration on the creation of new knowledge significantly impacts on the universities’ efforts to perform their other principal functions, the transmission and interpretation of knowledge—the imparting (传授) of the heritage of the past and the preparing of the next generation to carry it forward. (此外，这种专注于创造新知识的做法，对大学履行其他主要职能、传播和解释知识——传授过去的遗产以及为下一代继承遗产做准备的努力产生了重大影响)”可知，高等教育的主要任务是知识的传承与解释——对过去遗产的传播和教育年青一代并将其发扬，D项“储备学生去传输遗产历史知识”与作者的观点一致。故选D项。
14．
细节理解题。由第二段“With regard to this, perhaps their most traditionally acknowledged task, colleges and universities today find themselves in a serious bind generally. On the one hand, there is the American commitment, entered into especially since World War II, to provide higher education for all young people who can profit from it. The result of the commitment has been a dramatic rise in enrollments in our universities, coupled with a radical (激进的) shift from the private to the public sector of higher education. On the other hand, there are serious and continuing limitations on the resources available for higher education. (关于这一点，也许是他们最传统的公认任务，今天的学院和大学普遍发现自己陷入了严重的困境。一方面，美国承诺为所有能从中获益的年轻人提供高等教育，这一承诺尤其是自二战以来达成的。这一承诺的结果是，我们大学的入学人数大幅增加，同时高等教育从私立部门向公立部门发生了根本性转变。另一方面，高等教育可用的资源仍然存在着严重和持久的局限性)”可知，目前很多美国大学和学院常常处于一种尴尬的境地就是学生越来越多，但高等教育可用资源有限，即A项“更多的学生和更少的投入”。故选A项。
15．
细节理解题。由最后一段“Intensifying these difficulties is, as indicated above, the concern with research, with its competing claims on resources and the attention of the faculty. In addition, there is a strong tendency for the institutions’ organization and functioning to fulfill the demands of research rather than those of teaching. (如上所述，加剧这些困难是因为对研究的担忧，因为研究对资源的要求相互矛盾，并引起了教员的关注。此外，大学的组织机构和功能存在着强烈的倾向性，即满足科研而不是满足教育的需要)”可知，就美国大学和学院而言，研究比教学占用更多的资源和教师的注意力。故选B项。
16．
推理判断题。由第三段中的“With the vast increase in enrollment and the shift in priorities away from education in state and federal budgets, there is in most of our public institutions a significant decrease in per capita (人均) outlay for their students. (随着入学率的大幅度提高和国家与各州不再给高等教育以财政上的优先权，公立大学花在每个大学生身上的钱已经明显下降)”可知，现在国家与各州不再给高等教育以财政上的优先权，说明以前高等教育在国家和各州的财政上是有优先权的。故选C项。
四、（2021·上海市张堰中学二模）There will eventually come a day when the New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.
Nostalgia (怀旧) for ink on paper, there are plenty of reasons to abandon print. The infrastructure (基础设施) required to make a physical newspaper -- printing presses, delivery trucks -- isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial restrictions. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still overshadow their online and mobile counterparts, revenue (收入) from print is still declining.
Cost may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.
Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, ‘‘but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”
Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming (流媒体). “It was seen as a mistake,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. “If I were in charge at the Times, I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” Peretti said “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”
The most loyal customers would still get the product they favour, the idea goes, and they’d feel like that they were helping maintain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like that you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if you’re going to print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it, which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year -- more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.
“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.
17．The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to ________.
A．the high cost of operation B．the pressure from its investors
C．the complaints from its readers D．the increasing online ad sales
18．Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation the Times should ________.
A．seek new sources of readership B．end the print edition for good
C．aim for efficient management D．make strategic adjustments
19．Peretti believes that in a changing world ________.
A．legacy businesses are becoming outdated
B．cautiousness helps problem-solving
C．traditional luxuries can stay unaffected
D．aggressiveness better meets challenge
20．Which of the following would be the best title of the text?
A．Shift to Online Newspapers All At Once.
B．Cherish the Newspapers Still in Your Hand.
C．Make Your Print Newspapers a Luxury Good.
D．Keep Your Newspapers Forever m Fashion.
【答案】17．A
18．D
19．D
20．C
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在未来，《纽约时报》会停止在报纸上发表文章，但相关人士建议建议它调整策略，将纸质印刷做成奢侈品。
17．
细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句“The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper -- printing presses, delivery trucks -- isn’t just expensive; （制作一份实体报纸所需的基础设施——印刷机、送货卡车——不仅仅昂贵。）可知，运作的高昂费用（the high cost of operation）是造成《纽约时报》正在考虑终止印刷版的部分原因。故选A项。
18．
细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, ‘‘but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.（找到一种加速这种转变的方法对他们来说是有意义的，但如果你停止这种转变，你会让你最忠实的客户对你非常不满。）”可知，Peretti建议《纽约时报》要做出策略性调整（make strategic adjustments）。故选D项。
19．
细节理解题。根据文章最后两句“But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.（但我们会遇到这样的问题，当市场变化和世界变化时，我们所做的事情是没有意义的。在这种情况下，进取比不进取要好。）”可知，在这个日益变化的世界，进取能更好地迎接挑战（aggressiveness better meets challenge）。故选D项。
20．
主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段第一句“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,（这是一件非常困难的事情，BuzzFeed没有传统业务是一种巨大的奢侈）”和最后一句“In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.（在这种情况下，积极主动比不积极主动要好。）”结合全文可知，本文章主要介绍了在未来，《纽约时报》会停止在报纸上发表文章，但相关人士建议建议它调整策略，将纸质印刷做成奢侈品。所以标题为“Make Your Print Newspapers a Luxury Good.（让你的纸质报纸成为奢侈品。）”更加符合。故选C项。
五、（2021·上海·复旦附中期中）Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred 10 this as a "GAFA tax", meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple. Facebook and Amazon - in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.
The digital services lax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.
The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international lax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits lax), Australia's MAAL (multinational anti-avoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence), to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.
In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution.
Both France and the United States are involved in the organizations' work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.
France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.
21．The French Senate has passed a bill to ________.
A．regulate digital services platforms B．protect French companies' interest
C．impose a duty on tech multinationals D．curb the influence of digital technology
22．It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax ________.
A．may trigger countermeasures against France
B．is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad
C．aims to ease international trade tensions
D．will prompt the tech giants 10 quit France
23．The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that ________.
A．redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured
B．the current international tax system needs upgrading
C．tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented
D．all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights
24．What can we infer from the passage?
A．OECD's current work on the international tax system has uncertain prospects.
B．France's digital services tax mirror in detail Britain's DPT. Australia's MAAL and India's SEP.
C．France's digital services tax is targeted on such companies as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon and their users.
D．Other nations are likely to follow the example of France and make a joint effort to impose taxes on American multinationals.
【答案】21．C
22．A
23．B
24．A
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了上周四，法国参议院通过了一项数字服务税，这将对向法国消费者或用户提供数字服务的大型跨国公司征收一项全新的税收。
21．
细节理解题。根据题干直接定位到第一段第一句话“the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.（法国参议院通过了一项数字服务税，这将对向法国消费者或用户提供数字服务的大型跨国公司征收一项全新的税收。）”可知， 法国参议院通过法案是为了向科技跨国公司征税（impose a levy on tech multinationals），且 “levy”和“tax”同义复现； “tech multinationals”和“digital services”同义复现，因此C为正确答案。故选C项。
22．
推理判断题。根据提干定位到第二段第二句话“but it has already sparked significant controversy...which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France” (这已经引起了巨大的反抗。…，反过来也会导致针对法国的贸易制裁)和A选项“may trigger countermeasures against France（会引发对法国的反制措施）”相一致。其中选项中的 “trigger”和原文的 “lead to” 同义复现，“sanction”和 “countermeasure”同义复现。故选A项。
23．
细节理解题。根据题干定位到第四段最后一句话 “they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy (他们都认为国际税收体系并未跟上当前经济形势)”可知，国际税收体系需要升级（the current international tax system needs upgrading）。故选B项。
24．
推理判断题。倒数第二段最后一句 “raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system（引发了国际税收体系未来走向的问题）” 和A选项OECD's current work on the international tax system has uncertain prospects（经合组织目前在国际税收制度方面的工作前景不确定）意思符合。故选A项。
六、（2022·上海杨浦·二模）Wild animals are equipped with a variety of techniques to avoid becoming lunch for a bigger animal, also known as a predator (捕食者) in nature. The most well-known methods include the classic fight and flight as well as freeze.
A team of researchers wondered whether closeness to people might impact those survival strategies. “We often see that animals are more tolerant around us in urban areas, but we don’t really know why.” says evolutionary biologist Dan Blumstein. “Is it individual plasticity, meaning individuals change their fear of us and that leads to tolerance? Or can there be an evolutionary factor involved?”
To find out, Blumstein and his colleagues combined information from 173 studies of over 100 species, including mammals, birds, fish and even mollusks. It turns out that regardless of evolutionary ancestry, the animals react in a similar way to life among humans: they lose their anti-predator characteristics. That pattern is especially pronounced for plant-eating animals and for social species. This behavioral change is perhaps unsurprising when it’s intentional, the result of domestication or controlled breeding. But it turns out that urbanization alone results in a similar change, though around three times more slowly.
The main point is: we’re essentially domesticating animals by urbanization. We’re selecting for the same sorts of characteristics that we would if we were actually trying to domesticate them. If the urbanization process helps animals better co-exist with people, it could be to their benefit. But if it makes them more defenseless to their nonhuman predators, it could be a real problem. Either way, these results mean that city living has enough of an influence on wild animals that evolutionary processes kick in. Those reductions in anti-predator characteristics become encoded in their genes. We’re changing the population genetics one way or another.
What the researchers now wonder is whether the mere presence of tourists in less urbanized areas can cause similar changes in wild animals. If so, serious questions exist for the idea of ethical, welfare-oriented eco-tourism. If we wish to help animals keep their anti-predator defenses, the researchers say, we might have to intentionally expose animals to predators. It’s just yet one other way that we’re changing the world around us.
25．The research led by Blumstein is aimed at ________.
A．determining how animals’ survival is impacted by individual plasticity
B．studying how living among humans affects animals’ survival strategies
C．comparing the effectiveness of different survival techniques
D．finding out which evolutionary factor impacts animals’ survival methods
26．Which of the following practices may contribute to animals losing anti-predator characteristics?
A．Controlled breeding of animals. B．Banning the operation of eco-tourism.
C．Planned selection of favorable genes. D．Eliminating domestication.
27．Which of the following statements is Blumstein likely to agree with?
A．Urbanization has made wild animals more alert.
B．Urbanization has brought concrete benefits to animals.
C．City living has led to animals’ genetic variations.
D．City living has helped to preserve animal species.
28．The animal rescue center spotted an injured fox a year ago and has since nursed it back to health. Before releasing it back to the wild, the center should probably ________.
A．expose the fox to the urban environment repeatedly
B．train the fox to co-exist with the less aggressive predators
C．intentionally get the fox accustomed to the presence of humans
D．purposefully adapt the fox to predator related environment
【答案】25．D
26．A
27．C
28．D
【导语】
本文是说明文。文章主要讲述随着城市化进程的发展，人类和动物之间的关系更加紧密，但是动物的反捕食者特征在这一过程中却退化甚至失去了。
25．
推理判断题。根据第二段“A team of researchers wondered whether closeness to people might impact those survival strategies”(一组研究人员想知道，与人们的亲密程度是否会影响这些生存策略。)可知，这组研究人员的目的是想弄清楚到底是什么原因影响了动物捕食的生存技能。故选D。.
26．
细节理解题。根据第三段“This behavioral change is perhaps unsurprising when it’s intentional, the result of domestication or controlled breeding.”(如果是有意为之，这种行为的改变也许并不奇怪，这是驯化或控制繁殖的结果。)可知，导致动物失去反捕食者特征的原因是驯化或控制繁殖。故选A。
27．
细节理解题。根据第四段“Either way, these results mean that city living has enough of an influence on wild animals that evolutionary processes kick in. Those reductions in anti-predator characteristics become encoded in their genes.”(不管怎样，这些结果意味着城市生活对野生动物有足够的影响，进化过程开始了。这些反捕食者特征的减少，被编码在它们的基因中。)可知，生活在城市里导致动物的基因发生了变化。故选C。
28．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“If we wish to help animals keep their anti-predator defenses, the researchers say, we might have to intentionally expose animals to predators.”(研究人员说，如果我们希望帮助动物，保持它们的反捕食者防御能力，我们可能必须故意让动物暴露在捕食者面前。)可知，如果我们要想让受伤的狐狸被人类照顾的恢复健康后回归野外，我们要有目的地使狐狸适应与捕食者相关的环境。故选D。
七、（2022·华东师范大学第三附属中学）Have you ever noticed that lessons tend to repeat themselves? Does it seem as if you married or dated the same person several times in different bodies with different names? Have you run into the same type of boss over and over again? If you don't deal well with authority figures at home, then you will have an opportunity to deal with them out in the world. You will continually draw into your life people who need to enforce authority, and you will struggle with them until you learn the lesson of obedience(服从).
You will continually attract the same lesson into your life. You will also draw to you teachers to teach you that lesson until you get it right. You may try to avoid the situation, but they will eventually catch up with you. The only way you can free yourself of difficult patterns and issues you tend to repeat is by shifting your perspective so that you can recognize the patterns and learn the lessons that they offer. To face these challenges means you need to accept the fact that something within you keeps drawing you to the same kind of person or issue, though that situation or relationship may be very painful.
The challenge, therefore, is to identify and release the patterns that you are repeating. This is no easy task, since it means you have to change, and change is not always easy. Staying just as you are may not help you advance spiritually, but it certainly is comfortable in its familiarity.
Rising to the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns forces you to admit that the way you have been doing things isn’t working. The good news is that by identifying and releasing the pattern, you actually learn how to change. In order to facilitate your process of change, you will need to learn the lessons of willingness and patience. Once you master these, you will most likely find the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns far less intimidating.
29．The words “lessons tend to repeat themselves” (Para. l) probably mean that ______.
A．you tend to marry and date the same person
B．there are the same authority figures home and abroad
C．you tend to run into the same problems in your life
D．there are many difficult patterns and issues in your life
30．You could stop attracting the same lesson into your life when you ______.
A．try your best to avoid those situations
B．recognize the patterns and learn the lessons that they offer
C．get the courage to face those challenges
D．change your attitudes toward life
31．The author’s attitude towards the idea of staying just as you are is ________.
A．intimidating B．disapproving C．supportive D．cautious
32．The author thinks that willingness and patience______.
A．make your change become easier
B．help you to identify your old patterns
C．challenge you with difficult patterns
D．arouse your inner desire to change
【答案】29．C
30．B
31．B
32．A
【导语】
本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了我们在生活中总是会遇到同样的问题，而换个角度审视自己的问题是改变的唯一途径，首先要从观念上承认自己的问题，其次要保持主动和拥有耐心。
29．
词句猜测题。根据下文所举例子“Does it seem as if you married or dated the same person several times in different bodies with different names? Have you run into the same type of boss over and over again? (你是否觉得你和同一个人结婚或约会过几次，只是身体不同，名字不同?你是否一次又一次地遇到过同样类型的老板? )”可知，你有没有注意到你在生活中往往会遇到同样的问题。所以lessons tend to repeat themselves为“你在生活中往往会遇到同样的问题”之意。故选C。
30．
细节理解题。根据第二段“The only way you can free yourself of difficult patterns and issues you tend to repeat is by shifting your perspective so that you can recognize the patterns and learn the lessons that they offer.( 你能让自己从反复出现的困难模式和问题中解脱出来的唯一方法就是改变你看问题的角度，这样你就能认识到这些模式并从中吸取教训。)”可知，不让自己总遇到同样问题的方式就是认识这些模式并从中吸取教训。故选B。
31．
推理判断题。根据第三段“Staying just as you are may not help you advance spiritually, but it certainly is comfortable in its familiarity.( 保持现状可能无助于你精神上的进步，但是熟悉的环境确实让你感到舒适。)”可推断，作者觉得维持现状不会对你有帮助，所以是抱有不赞同的态度。故选B。
32．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“In order to facilitate your process of change, you will need to learn the lessons of willingness and patience. Once you master these, you will most likely find the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns far less intimidating.(为了促进你改变的过程，你需要学习意愿和耐心。一旦你掌握了这些，你很可能会发现识别和摆脱你的模式的挑战要小得多)”可知，作者认为，意愿和耐心会让你的改变变得更容易。故选A。