第三题 阅读理解之说明文-2022年高三毕业班英语第X题满分练（北京专用）

这是一份第三题 阅读理解之说明文-2022年高三毕业班英语第X题满分练（北京专用），文件包含第三题阅读理解之说明文解析版-2022年高三毕业班英语第X题满分练北京专用docx、第三题阅读理解之说明文原卷版-2022年高三毕业班英语第X题满分练北京专用docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共41页， 欢迎下载使用。
第三题 阅读理解之说明文

北京高考英语的阅读理解试题注重贯彻落实新课程理念，提供了丰富而有教育意义的素材，语言地道，语境真实，视角新颖，时代性强，聚焦人类家园的大事小情。

体裁
年份
话题
考点分布
C篇
说明文
2019
文章说明了语音操作与自动化技术的出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真，欺诈现象更加严重，解决这个问题需要电话运营商和消费者共同努力。
细节理解题 1
推理判断题 2
主旨大意题 1
B篇
说明文
2020
主要讲述了Tom Hunt和他的爸爸通过在自己的宠物狗的脖子上戴污染监测器来记录地面附近的污染物水平。
细节理解题 1
推理判断题 3
C篇
说明文
2021
文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念
词义猜测题 1
推理判断题 2


例题 （2020年北京卷）
Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight against air pollution by recording pollutant levels near the ground.

Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems.
Conventional air pollution monitors are normally fixed on lampposts at about nine feet in the air. However, since Baggy stands at about the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently records pollution levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Environment A gency.
The doggy data research was the idea of Baggy's 13-year-old owner Tom Hunt and his dad Matt. The English youngster noticed that pollution levels are around two-thirds higher close to the ground than they are in the air at the height where they are recorded by the agency. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasise that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）.
Matt Hunt said he was "very proud" of his son because “when the boy gets an idea, he keeps his head down and gets on with it, and he really does want to do some good and stop young kids from getting asthma."
“Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it."
Tom said, "Most of the time, Baggy is just like any other dog. But for the rest of the time she is a super dog, and we are all really proud of her."
34. With a monitor on her collar, Baggy can ____________.
A. take pollutant readings B. record pollutant levels
C. process collected data D. reduce air pollution
35. What can we learn from the Baggy data?
A. High places are free of air pollution.
B. Higher pushchairs are more risky for kids.
C. Conventional monitors are more reliable.
D. Air is more polluted closer to the ground.
36. What is Tom's purpose of doing the research?
A. To warn of a health risk. B. To find out pollution sources.
C. To test his new monitor. D. To prove Baggy's abilities.
37. According to the passage, which word can best describe Tom Hunt?
A. Modest. B. Generous. C. Creative. D. Outgoing.
【答案】34. B 35. D 36. A 37. C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了13岁的孩子Tom Hunt和他的爸爸通过在自己的宠物狗的脖子上戴污染监测器来记录地面附近的污染物水平；监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于强调婴儿和幼儿可能面临更高风险发展肺部问题的担忧。
34. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Baggy在她的衣领上戴着污染监测器，这样她就可以在接近地面的地方进行数据测量。可知戴着污染监测器可以记录污染物的水平。故答案为B项。
35. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段 Her monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems.她的监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于突显婴儿和幼童罹患肺部疾病的风险更高的担忧。可知接近地面的空气污染水平更高。故答案为D项。
36. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasize that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）.汤姆已经令人震惊的发现报告给政府,试图强调,婴儿患哮喘的风险更高。可知Tom研究的目的是对健康风险提出警告。故答案为A项。
37. 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）.About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the pollution？'So we did it."汤姆在很小的时候就对环境保护产生了热情，马特补充说。他非常感兴趣的产品(小装置)。大约一年前，他得到了一个类似试管的新技术。一个星期天的下午，我们出去做一些监测，他说，为什么我们不把它戴在Baggy的衣领上，让她监测污染?于是我们就这么做了。可知Tom是非常的有创造力的。故答案为C项。

一、阅读理解01
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
The US scientists who created the first living robots say the life forms, known as xenobots, can now reproduce—and in a way not seen in plants and animals. Xenobots are formed from the stem cells of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), from which it takes its name.
“Frogs have a way of reproducing that they normally use, but when you liberate the stem cells from the embryo(胚胎) and you give them a chance to figure out how to be in a new environment, not only do they figure out a new way to move, but they also figure out apparently a new way to reproduce,” said Michael Levin, a professor of biology at Tufts University, who was co-lead author of the new research.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to develop into different cell types. To make the xenobots, the researchers removed living stem cells from frog embryos and left them to develop.
“Most people think of robots as being made of metal, but it’s not so much what a robot is made from but what it does, which is act on its own on behalf of people,” said Josh Bongard, a computer science professor and robotics expert at the University of Vermont and lead author of the study. “In that way, it’s a robot, but it’s also clearly an organism made from frog cells.”
The researchers found that the xenobots could replicate(自我复制). But it happened rarely and only in specific circumstances. The xenobots used “kinetic replication”—a process that is known to occur at the molecular(分子) level.
With the help of artificial intelligence, the researchers then tested billions of body shapes to make the xenobots more effective at this type of replication. The supercomputer came up with a C-shape that looked like Pac-Man, the 1980s video game. They found it was able to find tiny stem cells, gather hundreds of them inside its mouth, and a few days later the pack of cells became new xenobots.
“The AI didn’t program these machines in the way we usually think about writing code. It shaped and sculpted and came up with this Pac-Man shape,” Bongard said. “The shape is, in essence, the program. The shape influences how the xenobots behave to speed up this incredibly surprising process.”
The xenobots are very early technology think of a 1940s computer—and don’t yet have any practical applications. However, this combination of molecular biology and artificial intelligence could potentially be used in many tasks in the body and the environment. This may include things like collecting microplastics in the oceans, inspecting root systems and regenerative medicine. “There are many things that are possible if we take advantage of this kind of plasticity and ability of cells to solve problems,” Bongard said.
1．According to Josh Bongard, a robot should be defined in terms of ______.
A．its function B．its reliability C．its appearance D．its material
2．What can we learn about xenobots from the passage?
A．Xenobots have copied stem cells using computer programs.
B．Specialized cells play a key role in the replication of xenobots.
C．AI makes it possible for xenobots to replicate more effectively.
D．The shape of xenobots was inspired from a video game in the 1980s.
3．What is the author’s attitude towards future applications of xenobots?
A．Disapproving. B．Optimistic. C．Unconcerned. D．Objective.
4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A．Where does the unnatural replication process lead?
B．Arc xenobots the future of artificial intelligence?
C．The uncertain role of robot reproduction
D．Fact or fantasy? Robots can reproduce
【答案】1-4 ACBD
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们创造出一批可以复制的“异种机器人”，并阐述了研究过程和发展前景。
1．细节理解题。根据第四段“Most people think of robots as being made of metal, but it’s not so much what a robot is made from but what it does, which is act on its own on behalf of people,(大多数人认为机器人是由金属制成的，但问题不在于机器人是由什么制成的，而在于它能做什么，也就是代表人类独立行动。)”可知，根据Josh Bongard的说法，机器人应该根据它的功能来定义。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第六段“With the help of artificial intelligence, the researchers then tested billions of body shapes to make the xenobots more effective at this type of replication.(在人工智能的帮助下，研究人员测试了数十亿个体型，以使异种机器人在这种类型的复制上更有效。)”可知，人工智能使异种机器人更有效地复制成为可能。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“There are many things that are possible if we take advantage of this kind of plasticity and ability of cells to soh l problems(如果我们利用细胞的这种可塑性和能力来解决问题，就有可能实现很多事情。)”可推断，作者对异种机器人的未来应用持乐观态度。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The US scientists who created the first living robots say the life forms, known as xenobots, can now reproduce—and in a way not seen in plants and animals.(创造出第一批活体机器人的美国科学家表示，这种被称为“异种机器人”的生命形式现在可以繁殖了，而且是以一种在动植物中未见过的方式。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了科学家们创造出一批可以复制的“异种机器人”，并阐述了研究过程和发展前景。所以“Fact or fantasy? Robots can reproduce(事实还是幻想?机器人可以复制)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。
二、阅读理解02
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Endangered polar bears are breeding （繁殖） with grizzly bears （灰熊）, creating “pizzly” bears, which is being driven by climate change, scientists say.
As the world warms and Arctic sea ice thins, starving polar bears are being forced ever further south, where they meet grizzlies, whose ranges are expanding northwards. And with that growing contact between the two come increasing hybrids （杂交种）.
With characteristics that could give the hybrids an advantage in warming northern habitats, some scientists guess that they could be here to stay. “Usually, hybrids aren't better suited to their environments than their parents, but these hybrids are able to search for a broader range of food sources, ” Larisa DeSantis, an associate professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University, told Live Science.
The rise of “pizzly” bears appears with polar bears' decline: their numbers are estimated to decrease by more than 30% in the next 30 years. This sudden fall is linked partly to “pizzly” bears taking up polar bears' ranges, where they outcompete them, but also to polar bears' highly specialized diets.
“Polar bears mainly consumed soft foods even during the Medieval Warm Period, a previous period of rapid warming, ” DeSantis said, referring to fat meals such as seals. “Although all of these starving polar bears are trying to find alternative food sources, like seabird eggs, it could be a tipping point for their survival. ” Actually, the calories they gain from these sources do not balance out those they burn from searching for them. This could result in a habitat ready for the hybrids to move in and take over, leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are replaced.
“We're having massive impacts with climate change on species, ” DeSantis said. “The polar bear is telling us how bad things are. In some sense, “pizzly” bears could be a sad but necessary compromise given current warming trends. ”
5．Why do polar bears move further south?
A．To create hybrids. B．To expand territory.
C．To relieve hunger. D．To contact grizzlies.
6．What makes “pizzly” bears adapt to natural surroundings better than their parents?
A．Broader habitats. B．More food options.
C．Climate preference. D．Improved breeding ability.
7．What does the underlined phrase “a tipping point” in paragraph 5 refer to?
A．A rare chance. B．A critical stage.
C．A positive factor. D．A constant change.
8．What's the main idea of the text?
A．Polar bears are changing diets for climate change.
B．Polar bears have already adjusted to climate change.
C．“Pizzly” bears are on the rise because of global warming.
D．“Pizzly”bears have replaced polar bears for global warming.
【答案】5-8 CBBC
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了由于气候变暖，濒危北极熊正在与灰熊一起繁殖，创造出“小灰熊”，杂交的“小灰熊”数量正在增加，这说明全球气候正在变得更糟糕。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段“As the world warms and Arctic sea ice thins, starving polar bears are being forced ever further south, where they meet grizzlies, whose ranges are expanding northwards.”（随着世界变暖和北极海冰变薄，饥饿的北极熊被迫越来越向南，在那里它们遇到灰熊，灰熊的活动范围正在向北扩展。）可知北极熊向南迁移是为了缓解饥饿。故选C项。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段“'Usually, hybrids aren't better suited to their environments than their parents, but these hybrids are able to search for a broader range of food sources, ' Larisa DeSantis, an associate professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University, told Live Science.”可知更多的食物选择让“小熊”比它们的父母更能适应自然环境。故选B项。
7．词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段划线词后文“Actually, the calories they gain from these sources do not balance out those they burn from searching for them.”(事实上，他们从这些来源获得的热量并不能抵消他们在寻找这些来源时燃烧的热量。)及下一句“This could result in a habitat ready for the hybrids to move in and take over, leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are replaced.”可知，无法找到食物来源，北极熊很可能被灰熊取代，处于生存的关键点。划线句“Although all of these starving polar bears are trying to find alternative food sources, like seabird eggs, it could be a tipping point for their survival.”，be a tipping point“转折点”，相当于A critical stage（关键阶段）。故选B项。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Endangered polar bears are breeding （繁殖） with grizzly bears （灰熊）, creating “pizzly” bears, which is being driven by climate change, scientists say.”（科学家称，受气候变化的驱动，濒危北极熊正在与灰熊一起繁殖，创造出“小灰熊”。）和倒数第二段“This could result in a habitat ready for the hybrids to move in and take over, leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are replaced.”（这可能会导致一个栖息地准备好让杂交熊迁入并接管，如果北极熊被取代，将导致生物多样性的损失。）以及文章大意，可知由于全球变暖，“小熊”的数量正在上升。故选C项。
三、阅读理解03
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
The rechargeable lithium-ion （锂离子） battery market is worth more than ＄50 billion. Lithium-ion batteries, whose demand continues to go up day by day, are used in a wide range of electronic devices. They are made of four main components, and cathode （阴极） is one of them. The cathode's active material type is what determines the capacity of a battery.
A recent study, led by Wang Yan, a material scientist of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, finds that lithium-ion batteries made with recycled cathodes work better than those with new cathodes.
“The battery industry is expected to grow sharply in the next decade. This high demand has led companies to go to extremes, like increasing deep-sea mining, to gain access to the minerals used in lithium-ion batteries, ” Wang said. “Mining minerals will have environmental impacts. Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries offers a way out. ”
But until now, the prospect of using recycled materials in lithium-ion batteries has some manufacturers （制造商） worrying that it could impact performance. Thus, lithium-ion batteries are still not widely recycled. Aware of decreasing resources and environmental impact, Wang and other researchers set out to find a way to make recycling lithium-ion batteries economically practical. Through experiments, they could recover more than 90% of the key metals from spent batteries. These recovered metals became the basis of the new recycled battery's cathode's active material.
In tests between Wang's team's recycled batteries and brand-new batteries of the same composition, the recycled batteries outperform the new ones in their ability to maintain capacity. It took 11, 600 charge cycles for recycled cathode batteries to lose 30 percent of their original capacity. That was about 50 percent better than the 7, 600 observed cycles for new cathode batteries, the team reported. Those thousands of extra cycles could translate into years of better battery performance, even after repeated use and recharging.
9．What can we learn about lithium-ion batteries from the first paragraph?
A．They are high in price. B．They are in great demand.
C．They are limited in use. D．They are simple in composition.
10．What does Wang mainly talk about in paragraph 3?
A．The target users of recycled batteries.
B．The ways to get minerals for batteries.
C．The major reasons for recycling batteries.
D．The complex process of recycling batteries.
11．What are the manufacturers concerned about?
A．Declining mineral resources. B．Difficult recycling techniques.
C．Serious environmental problems. D．Inefficient battery performance.
12．Which of the following details best supports the main idea of the text?
A．The battery industry is going to develop dramatically.
B．Recycling batteries reduces impact on the environment.
C．Scientists can recover key materials from spent batteries.
D．Recycled batteries outperform new ones in charging circles.
【答案】9．-12 BCDD
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了可充电锂离子电池市场价值超过500亿美元。锂离子电池的需求与日俱增，广泛应用于电子设备中。但为了保护环境回收锂离子电池也显得尤为重要，且回收电池的容量保持能力优于新电池。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段前两句内容“The rechargeable lithium-ion （锂离子） battery market is worth more than ＄50 billion. Lithium-ion batteries, whose demand continues to go up day by day, are used in a wide range of electronic devices. （可充电锂离子电池市场价值超过500亿美元。锂离子电池的需求与日俱增，广泛应用于电子设备中。）”可知，锂离子电池市场大，广泛应用电子设备中，它的需求量很大，与日俱增。故选B项。
10．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的内容“The battery industry is expected to grow sharply in the next decade. This high demand has led companies to go to extremes, like increasing deep-sea mining, to gain access to the minerals used in lithium-ion batteries, ” Wang said. “Mining minerals will have environmental impacts. Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries offers a way out. ””可知，深海采矿获取锂离子矿物质会对环境造成印象，回收利用锂离子会减少对环境的破坏。因此第三段主要在讲回收电池的主要原因，即为保护环境。故选C项。
11．细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“But until now, the prospect of using recycled materials in lithium-ion batteries has some manufacturers （制造商） worrying that it could impact performance.”可知，目前在锂离子电池中使用可回收材料的前景让一些制造商担心它可能会影响性能，也就是说回收回来的锂离子电池性能低效。故选D项。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段前三句内容“In tests between Wang's team's recycled batteries and brand-new batteries of the same composition, the recycled batteries outperform the new ones in their ability to maintain capacity. It took 11, 600 charge cycles for recycled cathode batteries to lose 30 percent of their original capacity. That was about 50 percent better than the 7, 600 observed cycles for new cathode batteries, the team reported. ”可知，回收电池的容量保持能力优于新电池。回收的阴极电池需要11600次充电，才会失去原来容量的30%。研究小组报告说，这比新阴极电池观察到的7600个周期要好50%，可见在充电方面，回收电池的性能优于新电池。这篇文章主要是讲锂离子的需求变大，但开采锂离子矿物质会破坏环境，因此回收电池显得格外重要，所以D项最好地支持了文章的主要观点。故选D项。
四、阅读理解04
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
The global population growing, the climate is warming, and, no surprise, the demand for energy is steadily increasing. We need to use less energy in any way that we can.
German design student Tobias Tribenbacher, from the University of the Arts Berlin, has created a street light called Papilio in response to global sustainability initiatives, saying that he initially chose to create a city-facing streetlight due to such lights’ role in tight pollution.
Papilio can be mounted to walls or set up as a freestanding lantern. The lamp should ideally be placed between three to six metres above ground, where ground-level winds are the strongest. The lamp is shaped like a pinwheel that acts as a wind turbine (涡轮), catching the wind to produce its own energy. It also has a rechargeable battery that stores electricity, so the lamp can operated even on less windy days.
Another key component of the lamp is the light itself. The warm- colored light doesn’t draw the attention of insects, and it uses an infrared(红外线的)sensor so that the light is only started by nearby motion, reducing its contribution to light pollution.
Aside from saving public space and beautifying streets, the streetlight’s design is also a visual signal of clean energy in action.“Design not only determines how street lights are working. It can also shape our attitude towards them and consequently affect how we use them,” Tobias Tribenbacher says.“Because energy creation is often an invisible process, projects such as these help the production of electricity become comprehensible.”
The lamp’s ability to change wind power into electricity can also be a huge benefit to naturally windy areas. And since it doesn’t require any electrical infrastructure (基础设施), there will be an opportunity to fix the street lights in remote settings or places where infrastructure innovations can be cost-prohibitive.
Just as lanterns create the character of streets and squares, Papilio is envisioned as a public sustainability statement that motivates residents to take part in transforming our cities into climate-friendly, future-proof environments.
13．Why did Tribenbacher choose to create the street light?
A．To tackle light pollution. B．To reduce biodiversity loss.
C．To beautify the city he lives in. D．To draw public attention to waste.
14．Which of the following is the feature of the street light?
A．It occupies a large space. B．It can be fixed anywhere.
C．It is switched off by hand. D．It is unattractive to insects.
15．What do Tribenbacher’s words in Paragraph5 imply?
A．The climate crisis is tough to address.
B．Design can facilitate our comprehension.
C．We must take action to save clean energy.
D．We know little about electricity generation.
16．What is the purpose of the text?
A．To stress the importance of innovation.
B．To introduce a wind- powered street light.
C．To advocate environmental sustainability.
D．To analyze the sustainability of the street light.
【答案】13-16 ADBB
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一个新型的路灯，这款路灯是由风能转化为电能，因此可以减少能源使用，从而减少对环境的污染。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“German design student Tobias Tribenbacher, from the University of the Arts Berlin, has created a street light called Papilio in response to global sustainability initiatives, saying that he initially chose to create a city-facing streetlight due to such lights’ role in tight pollution.”以及第四段“it uses an infrared(红外线的)sensor so that the light is only started by nearby motion, reducing its contribution to light pollution.(它使用了一个红外传感器，这样光只在附近运动时才开始，减少了它对光污染的贡献。)”可知，这款灯最初设计就是用来应对光污染问题。故选A。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段“Another key component of the lamp is the light itself. The warm- colored light doesn’t draw the attention of insects, and it uses an infrared(红外线的)sensor so that the light is only started by nearby motion, reducing its contribution to light pollution.(这盏灯的另一个关键组成部分是灯本身。这种暖色的光不会引起昆虫的注意，它使用了一个红外传感器，这样光只在附近运动时才开始，减少了它对光污染的贡献。)”可知，这款灯不会吸引小昆虫。故选D。
15．推理判断题。根据第五段““Design not only determines how street lights are working. It can also shape our attitude towards them and consequently affect how we use them,” Tobias Tribenbacher says.“Because energy creation is often an invisible process, projects such as these help the production of electricity become comprehensible.”(“设计不仅决定了路灯的工作方式。它还可以塑造我们对它们的态度，进而影响我们如何使用它们，”托拜厄斯·特里本巴赫说。“因为能源生产往往是一个无形的过程，这样的项目有助于电力生产变得容易理解。”)”可推断，这样的设计可以促进我们对于能源生产的理解。故选B。
16．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“German design student Tobias Tribenbacher, from the University of the Arts Berlin, has created a street light called Papilio in response to global sustainability initiatives, saying that he initially chose to create a city-facing streetlight due to such lights’ role in tight pollution.”以及下文对这款灯的作用、工作原理的介绍可知，本篇文章的目的是介绍一款风能路灯。故选B。
五、阅读理解05
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
In the 1970’s, people who managed ponds had a problem with plants and snails in the water. To control the pests, the managers brought four species of carp, a type of fish, from Asia. But some of the fish escaped into rivers and other waterways. Soon, there were lots of fish. And they became troublesome invasive species. These non-native fish can bully ecosystems, quickly taking over. Growing fast and big, they ate lots of the food on which the native fish would normally depend. Bighead carp are an invasive species in the United States. Binbin Wang is using a combination of computer modeling and field experiments to study how the eggs of these and other invasive carp could be transported in the Missouri River.
Today, the descendants (后代) of those carp remain a big problem. And as the fish spawn (产卵), their eggs have been drifting (漂流) far and wide. Anticipating where something will drift can be a challenge. But finding answers may handle the crisis.
At the University of Missouri in Columbia, civil and environmental engineer Binbin Wang is working to figure out where eggs of the invasive fish are spreading in the Missouri River. If science can get ahead of the problem, there’s hope that people may figure out how to stop it. But if science is too slow to answer this question, legions of carp eggs will grow into adults that out-compete their neighbors. Stopping their spread would help reduce the overall damage they cause.
Drifting may seem somewhat random, but scientists are doing researches to make useful predictions possible. Some of these drift detectives want to know if large icebergs threaten offshore oil platforms. Others hope to track the polluted air or water-and determine where they’re coming from. The work is challenging. It also can be very rewarding. Most importantly, their findings may point toward solutions for some important environmental threats.
17．The scientists track the drifting of carp eggs in order to ________ .
A．ensure the quality of their eggs B．protect the native fish
C．stop them from polluting the water D．make it easier to transport them
18．What does the underlined word “crisis” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The carp’s spawning. B．The direction of eggs’ drifting.
C．The extinction of the invasive fish. D．The spread of the invasive fish.
19．What can we learn from the passage?
A．Where carp eggs are drifting is still a barrier to the research.
B．Researches have already found ways to stop the drifting of eggs.
C．It’s easy to predict the direction of the drifting of invasive fish eggs.
D．Cleaning the polluted water is the best solutions to environmental treats.
20．What’s the author’s attitude towards the drift detection?
A．Indifferent. B．Unclear. C．Positive. D．Doubtful.
【答案】17-20 BDAC
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了入侵鱼种大头鱼对环境和生态造成了威胁，为此科学家们正在想办法追踪它们卵的踪迹，以便想办法阻止其危害。
17．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But if science is too slow to answer this question, legions of carp eggs will grow into adults that outcompete their neighbors. Stopping their spread would help reduce the overall damage they cause. (但如果科学进展太慢，无法回答这个问题，成群的鲤鱼卵将成长为成年鲤鱼卵，并在竞争中击败它们的邻居。阻止它们的传播将有助于减少它们造成的总体损害)”可知，科学家们跟踪鲤鱼卵的漂流，以便保护本地鱼类。故选B。
18．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“These non-native fish can bully ecosystems, quickly taking over. Growing fast and big, they ate lots of the food on which the native fish would normally depend.”及第二段中“Today, the descendants (后代) of those carp remain a big problem. And as the fish spawn (产卵), their eggs have been drifting (漂流) far and wide. Anticipating where something will drift can be a challenge. But finding answers may handle the crisis.”可知，划线词意为“危机”，指的是上文提到的入侵鱼类的扩散。故选D。
19．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Anticipating where something will drift can be a challenge.(预测一些东西会漂移到哪里是一个挑战)”及最后一段中的“The work is challenging.(这项工作富有挑战)”可知，鲤鱼卵漂向何处仍是研究的障碍。故选A。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It also can be very rewarding. Most importantly, their findings may point toward solutions for some important environmental threats.(它也可以是非常有益的。最重要的是，他们的发现可能为一些重要的环境威胁提供解决方案)”可知，作者对于追踪鱼卵的态度是积极的。故选C。
六、阅读理解06
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Space tourism is the term used to describe space travel for recreational or leisure purposes. What was once only a dream, as described in A Space Odyssey by Arthur C．Clarke, is now becoming a reality.
Futurologists attempt to make predictions of what life will be like in the future. After the first man landed on the moon, they thought that hotels would be built on the moon by the year 2000. They also considered the possibility that, in the 21st century, families might go for a holiday on the moon. Neither of these predictions have come true yet-but the rapid development of technology may mean these predictions are possible in the years to come.
Space Adventures is currently the only company to have succeeded in sending paying passengers into space. It worked with the Federal Space Agency of Russia and Rocket and Space Corporation Energia to provide flights for the world’s first private space explorers. Each paid over $20 million for their 10-day trip to the International Space Station.
Following successful explorations into space, other companies are now considering the possibility of enabling tourists to visit space. To make it affordable, suborbital space travel is being considered by some companies, like Virgin Galactic. Passengers would be transported to a height of between 100 and 160 km above earth, experience 3—6 minutes of weightlessness and a view of the stars before back to earth. This is expected to cost around $200, 000 per person.
Whilst it could be an enriching experience, there are some disadvantages. Many critics say that a huge growth in the spaceflight industry could drastically speed up the process of global warming. The ozone layer would be damaged further and the polar regions would suffer. In addition, space travel is only really affordable for the super-rich, though Virgin Galactic claims to be ‘opening space to the rest of us’.
21．What do you know about space tourism?
A．It is nothing but a dream. B．It’s only in some fairy tales.
C．It’s a sightseeing tour in space. D．It’s a scientific expedition.
22．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The future life on the moon. B．Landing on the moon in 1969.
C．Predictions about trips to the moon. D．The history of the moon exploration.
23．Why is suborbital space travel considered possible?
A．It’s cheaper. B．It’s safer. C．It’s greener. D．It’s convenient.
24．What is some critics’ major concern about space tourism?
A．Its safety. B．Environmental effect.
C．Social equality. D．Its expense.
【答案】21-24 CCAB
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了太空旅行发展的可能性及其可能会带来的问题。
21．细节理解题。根据第一段“Space tourism is the term used to describe space travel for recreational or leisure purposes. (太空旅游是用来描述出于娱乐或休闲目的的太空旅行的术语)”可知，太空旅行是一次太空观光之旅。故选C。
22．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Futurologists attempt to make predictions of what life will be like in the future. After the first man landed on the moon, they thought that hotels would be built on the moon by the year 2000. They also considered the possibility that, in the 21st century, families might go for a holiday on the moon. Neither of these predictions have come true yet-but the rapid development of technology may mean these predictions are possible in the years to come.”可知，本段主要内容是关于到月球旅行的预测。故选C。
23．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Following successful explorations into space, other companies are now considering the possibility of enabling tourists to visit space. To make it affordable, suborbital space travel is being considered by some companies, like Virgin Galactic. ”可知，一些公司正在考虑亚轨道太空旅行是因为这样人们才能负担得起，由此可知，亚轨道太空旅行的费用更便宜，是亚轨道太空旅行成为可能的原因，故选A。
24．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Whilst it could be an enriching experience, there are some disadvantages. Many critics say that a huge growth in the spaceflight industry could drastically speed up the process of global warming. The ozone layer would be damaged further and the polar regions would suffer. (虽然这可能是一次丰富的经历，但也有一些缺点。许多批评人士说，航天工业的巨大发展可能会大大加快全球变暖的进程。臭氧层将被进一步破坏，极地地区将遭受损失)”可知，航天工业发展会大大加快全球变暖，破坏臭氧层，使极地地区受损，所以批评家们主要担心太空旅行对环境造成的影响，故选B。
七、阅读理解07
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
An ageing population is a global phenomenon. Countries are looking for the balm to address the demands of a swelling elderly community.
Many nations are threatened by a shortage of healthcare workers because of unenviable tasks such as bathing, feeding and changing the diapers. Advancements in technology now present an innovative solution to this. Japan has now developed carebots, specially-designed robots, to replace human caregivers. Japan is also working at more coordinated care for the elderly within the community which includes the integration of hospitals, homecare, elderly care centres and nursing homes. Putting in place a system that can effectively track and retrieve the medical history of every elderly person, Japan leverages technology to provide quality healthcare for the seniors.
The unique feature about Sweden is that most of the elderly live in their own homes where they continue to enjoy living independently. Local governments allocate funds and manage services while citizens have the freedom to choose the type of home services and their service provider. They can apply for homecare services including delivering meals to homes, hanging curtains, changing light bulbs etc. In Sweden, the focus is also on preventive care—keeping the elderly healthy. The elderly who are ill are not just given medicines but also a specific type of physical activity, where their doctors also monitor the outcome.
Singapore also provides more homecare services and day-care centres where the older people can go for rehabilitative and social activities. Besides, the government is creating more dementia-friendly communities, where support comes from the community. Various people within a community like policemen, shopkeepers and other volunteers are trained to assist the elderly with dementia (痴呆). With greater community awareness and support, it is more plausible for a dementia sufferer to stay at home instead of a nursing home.
In our search for the best model to meet the demands of a burgeoning ageing population, let us keep in mind that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. What is important is shouldering the responsibilities of caring for them and ensuring them to age well and comfortably.
25．How does Japan deal with the problem of the shortage of healthcare workers?
A．By offering quality healthcare for the seniors.
B．By tracking the medical history of every elderly person.
C．By developing robots programmed with caregiving functions.
D．By integrating places like hospitals, homecare, and nursing homes.
26．According to the passage, what do Sweden and Singapore have in common?
A．Optional care services are both provided free.
B．Independent living is respected and supported.
C．Preventive care for the elderly is highly valued.
D．Social activities and voluntary help are enjoyed.
27．What is the passage mainly about?
A．Models for giving the elderly care.
B．Countries with an ageing population.
C．Responsibilities of caring for the elderly.
D．Demands of a growing elderly community.
【答案】25-27 CBA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在人口老龄化背景下日本、瑞典、和新加坡所采用的养老模式。
25．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Many nations are threatened by a shortage of healthcare workers because of unenviable tasks such as bathing, feeding and changing the diapers. Japan has now developed carebots, specially-designed robots, to replace human caregivers. （许多国家都面临医疗工作者短缺的威胁，因为这些工作都不值得羡慕，比如洗澡、喂奶和换尿布。日本现在已经开发了专门设计的机器人——carebots，以取代人类护理者）”可知，日本通过开发具有护理功能的机器人来应对医疗工作者短缺的问题。故选C。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段的“The unique feature about Sweden is that most of the elderly live in their own homes where they continue to enjoy living independently.（瑞典的独特之处在于，大多数老年人都住在自己的家里，他们继续享受独立生活）”和第四段的“With greater community awareness and support, it is more plausible for a dementia sufferer to stay at home instead of a nursing home.（有了更大的社区意识和支持，痴呆症患者更有可能呆在家里，而不是疗养院）”可知，瑞典和和新加坡的相似之处是独立生活收到尊重和支持。故选B。
27．主旨大意题。根据第一段“An ageing population is a global phenomenon. Countries are looking for the balm to address the demands of a swelling elderly community.（人口老龄化是一个全球现象。各国都在寻找这种灵丹妙药，以满足日益增长的老年群体的需求）”和最后一段的“In our search for the best model to meet the demands of a burgeoning ageing population, let us keep in mind that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. What is important is shouldering the responsibilities of caring for them and ensuring them to age well and comfortably.（在我们寻求最佳模式以应付日益增长的老龄化人口的需求时，我们必须牢记，没有放之四海而皆准的解决办法。重要的是肩负起照顾他们的责任，确保他们健康舒适地老去）”并结合文章第二到第四段分别介绍日本、瑞典和新加坡应对人口老龄化问题可知，本文主要介绍了在人口老龄化背景下的养老模式。故选A。
八、阅读理解08
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Both misinformation, which includes honest mistakes, and disinformation, which involves an intention to mislead, have had a growing impact on teenage students over the past 20 years. One tool that schools can use to deal with this problem is called media literacy education. The idea is to teach teenage students how to evaluate and think critically about the messages they receive. Yet there is profound disagreement about what to teach.
Some approaches teach students to distinguish the quality of the information in part by learning how responsible journalism works. Yet some scholars argue that these methods overstate journalism and do little to cultivate critical thinking skills. Other approaches teach students methods for evaluating the credibility of news and information sources, in part by determining the incentive of those sources. They teach students to ask: What encouraged them to create it and why? But even if these approaches teach students specific skills well, some experts argue that determining credibility of the news is just the first step. Once students figure out if it’s true or false, what is the other assessment and the other analysis they need to do?
Worse still, some approaches to media literacy education not only don’t work but might actually backfire by increasing students’ skepticism about the way the media work. Students may begin to read all kinds of immoral motives into everything. It is good to educate students to challenge their assumptions, but it’s very easy for students to go from healthy critical thinking to unhealthy skepticism and the idea that everyone is lying all the time.
To avoid these potential problems, broad approaches that help students develop mindsets in which they become comfortable with uncertainty are in need. According to educational psychologist William Perry of Harvard University, students go through various stages of learning. First, children are black-and-white thinkers—they think there are right answers and wrong answers. Then they develop into relativists, realizing that knowledge can be contextual. This stage is the one where people can come to believe there is no truth. With media literacy education, the aim is to get students to the next level—that place where they can start to see and appreciate the fact that the world is messy, and that’s okay. They have these fundamental approaches to gathering knowledge that they can accept, but they still value uncertainty.
Schools still have a long way to go before they get there, though. Many more studies will be needed for researchers to reach a comprehensive understanding of what works and what doesn’t over the long term. “Education scholars need to take an ambitious step forward,” says Howard Schneider, director of the Center for News Literacy at Stony Brook University.
28．As for media literacy education, what is the author’s major concern?
A．How to achieve its goal. B．How to measure its progress.
C．How to avoid its side effects. D．How to promote its importance.
29．What does the underlined word “incentive” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Importance. B．Variety. C．Motivation. D．Benefit.
30．The author mentions stages of learning in Paragraph 4 mainly to________.
A．compare different types of thinking
B．evaluate students’ mind development
C．explain a theory of educational psychology
D．stress the need to raise students’ thinking levels
31．Which would be the best title for this passage?
A．Media Literacy Education: Much Still Remains
B．Media Literacy Education: Schools Are to Blame
C．Media Literacy Education: A Way to Identify False Information
D．Media Literacy Education: A Tool for Testing Critical Thinking
【答案】28-31 ACDA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章就如何实现媒体素养教育目标，作者提出了不同的方法来帮助学生形成心态，让他们能够适应不确定性，但是在实现这一目标之前还有很长的路要走。
28．细节理解题。由第一段中的“One tool that schools can use to deal with this problem is called media literacy education. The idea is to teach teenage students how to evaluate and think critically about the messages they receive. ”可知，关于媒体素养教育，作者最关心的是如何实现媒体素养教育的目标，即教青少年学生如何评估和批判性地思考他们收到的信息。故选A项。
29．词句猜测题。由第二段的“Other approaches teach students methods for evaluating the credibility of news and information sources, in part by determining the incentive of those sources. They teach students to ask: What encouraged them to create it and why? (其他方法教学生评估新闻和信息来源可信度的方法，部分是通过确定这些来源的incentive。他们教学生问：是什么鼓励他们创造它，为什么？)”可知，通过鼓励学生询问是什么、为什么新闻和信息被创造出来来评估其来源可信度，这是从他人创造新闻和信息来源的动机入手，incentive在此处意为“动机（Motivation）”。故选C项。
30．推理判断题。由第四段中的“According to educational psychologist William Perry of Harvard University, students go through various stages of learning. First, children are black-and-white thinkers—they think there are right answers and wrong answers. Then they develop into relativists, realizing that knowledge can be contextual. This stage is the one where people can come to believe there is no truth. With media literacy education, the aim is to get students to the next level—that place where they can start to see and appreciate the fact that the world is messy, and that’s okay. ”可知，学生的思维水平是有层次的：非黑即白层次和相对主义者层次，所以他们会经历不同的学习阶段，每个学习阶段看问题的方式、角度和深度都不一样，而媒体素养教育是为了让学生们进入下一个层次，以提高学生思维水平，可得出第四段提到学习阶段主要是为了强调提高学生思维水平的必要性。故选D项。
31．主旨大意题。由第一段中的“Both misinformation, which includes honest mistakes, and disinformation, which involves an intention to mislead, have had a growing impact on teenage students over the past 20 years. One tool that schools can use to deal with this problem is called media literacy education. ”和最后一段中的“Schools still have a long way to go before they get there, though. Many more studies will be needed for researchers to reach a comprehensive understanding of what works and what doesn’t over the long term. ”及其它段落可知，文章就如何实现媒体素养教育目标，作者提出了不同的方法来帮助学生形成心态，让他们能够适应不确定性，但是在实现这一目标之前还有很长的路要走，A项“媒体素养教育：路很长”符合文意。故选A项。