第三题 阅读理解之议论文-2022年高三毕业班英语第X题满分练（北京专用）

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第三题  阅读理解之议论文北京高考英语的阅读理解以德为先，弘扬正能量，有机融入志愿者精神、危机意识、人类命运共同体、美育在成长中的重要性等理念。此外，试题渗透思想教育，融入文化元素。D篇侧重对语篇的深层理解和信息的纵深把握的考查，主要是推理、主旨、态度情感类题目。 体裁年份话题考点分布D篇议论文2020文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。细节理解题 1推理判断题 2词义猜测题 1D篇议论文2021文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。细节理解题 1推理判断题 2主旨大意题 1 例题  （2021年北京卷）Early fifth-century philosopher St.Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking.Forget about time as an absolute. What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life? We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that?Recently, I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet,  conditions that might change as a result of global warming. We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers, which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes. We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average, the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower, you'll see the opposite effect. The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架）, and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies. Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars, early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena. In pre-Classical Greece, for instance, people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise, river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness. When St. Augustine admitted his inability to define time, he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid, and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose. 31. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature.B. Everyone can define time on their own terms.C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it.D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists.32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________.A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argumentC. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach33. What can we learn from this passage?A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life.B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems.C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower.D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame.34. What can we infer from this passage?A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time.B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless.C. We should live in harmony with nature.D. History is a mirror reflecting reality.【答案】31. B    32. D    33. C    34. C【解析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。一、阅读理解01阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Bella means beautiful, but Bella Hadid didn’t think she was when she was a teenager. Supermodel Bella Hadid is finally coming clean about having plastic surgery (整形手术), but she is speaking out on her regret of having it done when she was 14, according to a Vogue report. “I was the uglier sister. I wasn’t as pretty as my sister Gigi,”the twenty-five-year-old said. “That’s really what people said about me. And unfortunately when you get told things so many times, you do just believe it.”“Now I wish I had kept the nose of my ancestors,” Hadid said. Approximately 229, 000 cosmetic(整容的) surgeries were performed on teenagers between the ages of 13 to 19 in 2017, which accounted for approximately four percent of all cosmetic procedures. But experts caution that rhinoplasty, otherwise known as a “nose job”, is not recommended until the growth of the nose is completed, which is typically around ages 15 to 16 in females and ages 16 to 18 in males, although in certain situations, such as a child with cleft lip(兔唇), the procedure may be performed earlier. “Some teens are more psychologically mature than others, but it’s important to note that their brain development is not at a point where they can really think through long term implications(含 义) and the possible consequences,” said Dr. Diana Zuckerman, president of the National Center for Health Research. Cosmetic procedures improve confidence in teenagers rather than the actual physical changes, especially for those who have poor self-esteem(自尊), according to Dr. Steven Pearlman, a facial plastic surgeon. Zuckerman argues that in an ideal world, surgeons would delay certain surgeries in teens, while parents would work with their children to delay decisions of cosmetic procedures“... until a teenager is of age, like at least 18.”1．What does the underlined phrase “coming clean about” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A．Admitting.          B．Forgetting.          C．Denying.              D．Opposing.2．Why did Bella Hadid have cosmetic surgery at 14?A．To develop her career.                   B．To be better looking.C．To please her sister.                     D．To obey her parents.3．According to the text, what is the experts’ attitude toward teenage cosmetic procedures?A．Unclear. B．Positive. C．Cautious. D．Supportive.4．What does Dr. Zuckerman expect to happen?A．Teenagers will regret having cosmetic surgery.B．Certain children will receive an operation earlier.C．Teenagers will delay cosmetic procedures.D．Teenagers will grow in self-esteem.二、阅读理解02阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。One question every coach has beard in their coaching career is this.“Why isn’t my kid playing?”The stupidity of many “win-at-all-cost” coaches in youth sports is neatly matched by that of “play-my-kid-or-else” parents at the high-school level.When the games start to count, the main reason why your kid isn’t playing is simple:“They’re just not good enough.”“He/she just isn’t fast enough.”“He/she just isn’t strong enough.”Good coaches, however, are not usually that blunt. They are very skillful in not telling what you and I would consider the “truth”. The thing is that many kids know what they’re good at, and what they’re not good at. When it comes to football, for instance, most of the middle-schoolers or freshmen already know the one or two kids who are good enough to play on the varsity team or to catch the eye of a college admissions officer. Their parents do not.The rest play because they enjoy it, need the discipline, want to belong to a team, have dreamed of it since they were five or six, are trying to make their parents happy, need a varsity sport on their college application, or some combination of the factors above. Some of them don’t possess much athletic skill, but make up for it by practicing, by getting stronger and quicker, and with on-field effort.Far too many children today are living in a world where they never learn “no”. They don’t know how to handle disappointment and failure. Nor do they know how to react and move on when they don’t get their own way.It’s awful when your kid isn't playing. Been there, done that. No reasonable parent wants to see their child hurt. But no one escapes this life unhurt, emotionally if not physically. When these kids move on in life, they are going to get rejected when they apply for college, fail to get the job they want, and taste failure and disappointment on multiple fronts.Coaches should try to make sure everyone gets some playing time. But that should never come at the expense of other kids who are more talented, try harder or spend more time practicing. No child should ever go out for any team thinking they’re going to be guaranteed a spot or playing time, no matter how loudly their parents complain.In that sense, sports are a true mirror of life. No one is guaranteed “playing” time in life. For the most part, hard work, effort, planning and desire is rewarded. The benefits can be wonderful. But it’s good to be prepared when it doesn't work out that way.5．What does the underlined word “blunt” probably mean?A．Impatient. B．Annoying. C．Direct. D．Serious.6．The author believes that ______.A．kids should learn how to face rejection in their lifeB．people can live a life without being emotionally hurtC．parents must help kids escape disappointment and failureD．coaches need to ensure every student gets enough playing time7．What probably motivated the author to write this passage?A．Coaches’ mistaken beliefs about varsity teams.B．Parents’ unrealistic views of kids’ playing time.C．Children’s ignorance of the meaning of sports and life,D．The public’s doubts about why kids need to play sports.三、阅读理解03阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。An economist, Adam Smith, famously wrote that “it is not from the benevolence (慈善)of the butcher, the brewer or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest.” Like Smith, many economists today believe that one’s self-interest is what drives competition and growth in market economies. Yet, in an increasingly interconnected society, it is even more crucial to have collaborative skills. Thus we should encourage cooperation to better prepare children for the future. Firstly, in the present age marked by the transformative potential of technology to facilitate interactions, cooperation is an especially prized soft skill to have. As a research study proves, soft skills such as good communication and empathy consist of qualitative indicators of outstanding employees as compared to technical skills or knowledge. In contrast, excessively (过分地)competitive and individualistic behaviour may fracture social relations in the community of co-workers and since no man is an island, even the most competent employee will not be able to pursue his goals effectively without the help of others who are able to share a common vision and understanding. Moreover, encouraging cooperation increase a healthy sense of self-esteem in children that better prepares them for the competitive working world. Many modern societies today are consumed by an obsessive drive for success and the pressure to perform has infiltrated both classrooms and offices alike. The consequences of the fierce competitive culture include higher rates of anxiety and depression among university students and office workers, which are all counterproductive. Teamwork can help a maturing individual realise that each has his or her own unique set of abilities to bring to the table and that another person’s strengths do not in any way diminish (降低)the value of his or her talents. Thus, cooperation can affirm the self-worth of children by correcting the violent insight that winning or paper achievement is an exclusive (唯一)measure of success in life. However, critics may claim that in a cutthroat world, adapting to competition should be of supreme priority in education and parenting. To achieve one’s deepest ambitions, such as to become a medical student, or to create a tech start-up, one has to adopt competition by actively fighting for opportunities and distinguishing oneself from others. Nevertheless, since passion can already stimulate children to work hard to fulfill their ambitions, the need to encourage competition may be at the end of the day. As much as external competition can drive people to pursue excellence, internal motivation is at least equally or arguably even more essential, and collaboration plays an instrumental role in helping one uncover one’s tendency and motivations.8．What can be inferred from Adam Smith’s words?A．Our society is increasingly interconnected.B．Our dinner is made out of the regards to markets.C．Self-interest pushes the development of economies.D．The butcher, the brewer or the baker is not sympathy.9．What does the underlined word “fracture” mean in paragraph 2 probably mean?A．Deepen. B．Establish. C．Maintain. D．Damage.10．Which of the following might the author agree with?A．Paper achievement is an exclusive measure of success.B．Confidence and ambitions can be achieved through cooperation.C．Actively fighting for distinguishing oneself is a healthy competition.D．Competition is not essential for people to pursue excellence.11．What is the author’s purpose of writing this passage?A．To introduce parents the advantages of cooperation.B．To inform parents to balance cooperation and competition.C．To persuade parents to care about their children’s education.D．To tell parents to encourage their children to learn to cooperate.四、阅读理解04阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Everywhere I look outside my home I see people busy on their high-tech devices, while driving, walking, shopping, even sitting in toilets. When connected electronically, they are away from physical reality.People have been influenced to become technology addicted. One survey reported that “addicted” was the word most commonly used by people to describe their relationship to iPad and similar devices. One study found that people had a harder time fighting against the allure of social media than they did for sleep, cigarettes and alcohol.The main goal of technology companies is to get people to spend more money and time on their products, not to actually improve our quality of life. They have successfully created a cultural disease. Consumers willingly give up their freedom, money and time to catch up on the latest information, to keep pace with their peers or to appear modern.I see people trapped in a pathological (病态的) relationship with time-sucking technology, where they serve technology more than technology serves them. I call this technology servitude. I am referring to a loss of personal freedom and independence because of uncontrolled consumption of many kinds of devices that eat up time and money.What is a healthy use of technology devices? That is the vital question. Who is really in charge of my life? That is what people need to ask themselves if we are to have any chance of breaking up false beliefs about their use of technology. When we can live happily without using so much technology for a day or a week, then we can regain control and personal freedom, become the master of technology and discover what there is to enjoy in life free of technology. Mae West is famous for the wisdom that “too much of a good thing is wonderful.” But it’s time to discover that it does not work for technology.Richard Fernandez, an executive coach at Google acknowledged that “we can be swept away by our technologies.” To break the grand digital connection people must consider how life long ago could be fantastic without today’s overused technology.12．From the passage, technology companies aim to ______.A．attract people to buy their products B．provide the latest informationC．improve people’s quality of life D．deal with cultural diseases13．It can be inferred from this passage that people ______.A．consider too much technology wonderfulB．have realized the harm of high-tech devicesC．can regain freedom without high-tech devicesD．may enjoy life better without overused technology14．What’s the author’s attitude towards the overusing of high-tech devices?A．Neutral. B．Skeptical. C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic.15．What does the text mainly talk about?A．the impact high-tech devices have on peopleB．the relationship between modern people and high-tech devicesC．the reason why people are obsessed with high-tech devicesD．how fantastic the life could be without high-tech devices五、阅读理解05阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Psychologists tell us our self-image defines what we believe we can and cannot do. Each of us over the years has built up belief about ourselves: Unconsciously, our pictures of who we are have been formed by past experiences. Our successes and failures, what others have told us and what we think people believe about us all help form impressions of what we think we are. Because self-image is so important in our growth, it is important to examine our concepts of self in order to reach our full potential.Changing our self-image is possible: Some psychologists suggest we begin to change our self-image by mentally picturing ourselves performing well at some task. Since we presently react to things based on our present images, it’s suggested that we replace those with better ones. In many experiments, people were asked to sit quietly for a few minutes each day and imagine themselves doing well. For instance, subjects would sit and imagine themselves throwing darts at a bull’s-eye on a target. Over a period of weeks, their dart game improved. This has been done with people who wanted to play chess better, throw a ball more accurately increase their salesmanship or musical talents, and improve many other skills. In most cases, remarkable improvement is made.The point of changing self-image is not to develop an image of ourselves that is not real. To try to become something we really aren’t is just as wrong as living the unrealistic, inferior image we may have. The aim is to find the real self, to bring our mental images of ourselves in line with our true potential. However, it is generally accepted among psychologists that most of us fail to do justice to ourselves. We’re usually better than we think we are.Another important part of changing self-image is to not think about past mistakes.Don’t let failures do harm. Our errors or humiliation over mistakes are necessary steps in learning. It is all right to make mistakes. But when they have taught us what we did wrong, we should forget them and not dwell on them. Sometimes we keep remembering our failures or mistakes and feel guilty or embarrassed about them. We let them take over, and then we develop a fear.It is important to have realistic expectations of ourselves. Some of our dissatisfaction might come from expecting too much of ourselves. If we demand constant perfection in everything we do, we can be disappointed and our poor self- image will continue. If our goal is to reach perfection, we are doomed from the start.16．Which situation agrees with the idea of the passage?A．To outshine his colleagues, Joe sets an idealistic goal.B．To get along with her classmates, Doris always humbles herself.C．To become a star player, Alex repeatedly plays back his faults in his mind.D．To win a speech contest, Tina visualizes herself speaking more confidently.17．What is the purpose of Paragraph 3?A．To confirm the effect of changing self-image.B．To clarify the principle of changing self-image.C．To propose a new view on changing self-image.D．To stress the importance of changing self-image.18．According to the author, how should we regard our past mistakes?A．They are part of our growth.                   B．They are warnings for future.C．They are tools for overcoming fear.             D．They are barriers to our development.19．Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?A．We Are What   We Do                       B．Be the Best We Can BeC．We Are What   We Think We Are              D．What We Are Decides What We Think六、阅读理解06阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。For today’s increasingly interconnected food supply chains, “efficient” is what it’s supposed to be: Each country specializes in what it’s best, at and puts it on the global market. Producers and processors within countries specialize, too, as a way to minimize costs. As a result, at least in theory, prices stay low, the world gets fed and everyone wins.However, the coronavirus crisis demonstrates what is wrong with this approach. When barriers prevent food from reaching its markets, or demand suddenly drops — both of which are happening now — the system falls apart.Specialization of the food system makes it hard to shift into different markets when disruptions arise. Belgium, a leading exporter of potatoes, lost sales not only to local restaurants but also to other countries because of lockdowns（封锁）. At least the Belgians can try to eat the potatoes at home. That strategy won't work for every crop: Ghana, the world’s top cocoa exporter, lost markets when people stalled focusing on buying essential items instead of chocolate.The loss in export income in Africa more generally could have a huge impact if the pandemic continues, as many countries there rely heavily on imported wheat and rice. The prices of these grains have soared not only because of rising demand for these grains during the crisis, but also because a few countries — including Russia and Vietnam — imposed export restrictions out of fear that sending food abroad would lead to higher prices at home.Concentrated markets dominated by just a handful of companies heighten food system fragility. For example, just three meatpacking plants process over 95 percent of Canada’s beef and nearly all of its beef exports. Now, those meat processing plants have had to temporarily shut down because of outbreaks of COVID-19 among workers.Seeing the spoiled products across the world should force all of us to rethink our “efficient” food supplies. We need to rejuvenate（使恢复活力）local and regional food systems to reduce the vulnerabilities that come with being too reliant on imported and corporate-dominated foods. This doesn’t mean cutting off all trade or abolishing all packaged foods, but it does mean building diversity, and increasing opportunities for small and medium-scale enterprises to flourish in shorter, more sustainable food supply chains that are closer to home.One place to start is for governments to shift their support from the large-scale, specialized and export-oriented food system to building infrastructure for more diverse local food systems. Around the world, small-scale and organic producers have been overwhelmed with the surge in interest from customers who want to buy directly from farmers during the crisis. But these producers often lack the infrastructure to meet that demand. As governments around the world pass stimulus packages to address the crisis, building more diverse and localized food systems should be an obvious inclusion.20．In theory, specialization of the food system ________.A．adapts to changes efficiently B．balances supply and demandC．focuses on essential items D．reduces costs of production21．The underlined word “fragility” in Paragraph 5 means ________.A．weakness            B．diversity           C．unfairness            D．complexity22．What can we learn from the passage?A．A few countries restrict exports to stabilize local food prices.B．Grain prices rise due to Africa’s dependence on importation.C．Ghana might be less affected by lockdowns than Belgium was.D．Packaged-food consumption should be encouraged to address the crisis.23．The main purpose of this passage is to ________.A．expose food security issues during the crisisB．advocate establishing diverse local food systemsC．discuss the development of a sustainable economyD．prove the importance of sound government policies七、阅读理解07阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Throughout history, many species of animals have been threatened with extinction. When Europeans first arrived in North America, more than 60 million buffalo (水牛) lived on the continent. Yet hunting the buffalo was so popular during the 19th century that by 1900 the animal’s population had fallen to about 400 before the government stepped in to protect the species. In some countries today, the elephant faces a similar challenge, as illegal hunters kill the animals for the ivory in their tusks.Yet not all animals with commercial value face this threat (威胁).The cow, for example, is a valuable source of food, but no one worries that the cow will soon be extinct. Why does the commercial value of ivory threaten the elephant. while the commercial value of beef protects the cow?The reason is that elephants are a common resource, while cows are private goods. Elephants wander freely without any owners. The hunter has a strong motivation to kill as many elephants as he can find. Because illegal hunters are numerous, each has only a slight motivation to preserve the elephant population. By contrast, cattle live on farms that are privately owned. Each farmer makes great effort to maintain the cattle population on his farm because he harvests the benefit of these efforts.Governments have tried to solve the elephant’s problem in two ways. Some countries, such as Kenya and Uganda, have made it illegal to kill elephants and sell their ivory. Yet these laws have been hard to put into effect, and elephant populations have continued to dwindle. By contrast, other countries, such as Malawi and Namibia, have made elephants private goods and allowed people to kill elephants, but only those on their own property.With private ownership and the profit motive now on its side, the African elephant might someday be as safe from extinction as the cow. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle pointed out the problem with common resources: “What is common to many is taken least care of, for all men have greater regard for what is their own than for what they possess in common with others.”24．Why does the author mention buffalo in paragraph 1?A．To introduce a similar threat to elephants.B．To provide an example of species extinction.C．To offer an explanation for government policies.D．To present the statistics of the buffalo in America.25．Why do elephants face threats while cows are safe?A．They are under different law protection               B．They attract different groups of huntersC．They contain different commercial value              D．They represent different ownership types26．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?A．Bans on killing elephants for ivory                   B．Effective laws for elephant protection.C．Methods of making elephants private goods           D．Government policies on the elephant’s problem27．What can we learn from Aristotle’s words?A．People hold little regard for others’ property            B．People want to profit from common resourcesC．People care more about their own possession           D．People tend to take what they own for granted