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考向63 七选五主题句/过渡句/细节句的确定策略考向1　段首/段尾主题句【考法再现】1. 2020·全国卷Ⅰ·片段　体裁：说明文　主题语境：人与自我—完善自我、认识自我________  Do not follow the people who make you feel not­good­enough. Why do you follow them? Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs? Know that your life is your own; you are the only you in this world.A. Feeling upset again?B. Where do you start?C. Nothing is too small to celebrate.D. Remember, you are only human. E. Set an intention for self­acceptance.F. Stop comparing yourself with others.G. When does the comparison game start?答案与解析　F　段首主题句。根据下文“Do not follow the people who make you feel not­good­enough.” 可知，作者告诫我们不要盲目追随那些比我们优越让我们感到不够好的人，即停止盲目攀比，因此该段主题句是“停止与他人攀比”，选项F“Stop comparing yourself with others.”可以作为本段中心句，故选F项。错解分析　本题易错选G。 G项的表述为“攀比游戏什么时候开始”，分析本段内容可知，本段主要讲述不要把自己和别人作比较，要认识到自我的重要性和独特性。并没有涉及评论攀比之风何时开始，故G项错误。2. 体裁：说明文　　主题语境：人与社会—良好的人际沟通Britain, along with much of Northern Europe, is classed as a “non­contact” culture. “Personal space” is very important to us. In a formal contact we would often greet each other with a handshake. Informally, but less frequently, my British friends and I would greet with a hug. (But_hardly_ever_would_we_greet_with_a_kiss_on_the_cheek.) Here in the south of Italy, and in many different parts of the world, people of both sexes greet with two kisses on both cheeks and use a lot of gestures. ________A. I just figure out how to find the real meaning.B. But hardly ever would we greet with a kiss on the cheek.C. In fact, our bodies are saying more than our words.D. In other words, little personal space is left between people when interacting.E. Britain, along with much of Northern Europe, is classed as a “non­contact” culture.F. Sometimes I find myself not knowing what gestures to use when expressing myself.G. If one person cannot understand body language, he cannot communicate with foreigners smoothly.答案与解析　D　段尾主题句。本段的第二层介绍意大利人的问候方式，与上一层的“总分”结构不同，该层是“分总”结构，即先具体介绍意大利人的问候方式：two kisses, a lot of gestures，然后再总结概括其与英国人完全相反的肢体语言风格。D选项中的“little personal space is left”与前面所述的问候方式一致，故选择D项。be classed as “被归类为；被看作”。【策略微点】设空特点1. 空格在段首：通常是段落主题句或段落小标题句，认真阅读空格后内容，推断出主题句。2. 空格在段尾：一般是对上文或全文进行概括总结，得出结论。【策略图解】　段首/段尾主题句考向2　段首/段尾过渡句/细节句【考法再现】3. 2020·全国卷Ⅲ·片段　体裁：说明文　主题语境：人与社会—风俗__①__  This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn't a lot of food served. There are usually no planned activities like games at a housewarming party. The host or hostess of the party will, however, probably give all the guests a tour of their new home. Sometimes, because a housewarming party happens shortly after a person moves into their new home, people may be asked to help unpack boxes.  __②__A. This isn't usual though.B. It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.C. You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.D. If you're lucky enough to receive gifts, keep them in a safe place.E. It also gives people a chance to see what the new home looks like.F. The best housewarming parties encourage old friends to get together.G. This was so that the person could keep their home warm for the winter.答案与解析　①C　段首细节句。本段介绍了聚会的活动安排，根据下文第一句话可知，因为刚搬家，主人不会准备太丰盛的食物或太多的活动，故选项C“你也可以带上食物或饮料与其他客人分享”，符合语境。下一句中的this指代分享食物或饮料。故选C。②A　段尾过渡句。本段提到在乔迁聚会上人们会聚餐，主人带领客人参观新家。上句提到，由于乔迁聚会是在搬进新家后不久举行的，人们可能会被要求帮助打开箱子。根据常识可知，在乔迁聚会上让客人们帮忙干活是不常见的，选项A“但这并不常见”与上文衔接恰当，故选A。4. 2019·全国卷Ⅲ·片段　体裁：说明文　主题语境：人与社会—社会交往Don't share personal information or stories. Professors are not trained nurses, financial aid experts or your best friends. If you are in need of a deadline extension, simply explain the situation to the professor. ________A. That's what they are for.B. Turn to an online instructor for help.C. If more information is needed, they will ask.D. Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.E. Below are some common do's and don'ts for online learners.F. Everyone has taken a not­so­great class at one time or another.G. Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.答案与解析　C　段尾细节句。根据空前内容可知，不要过度分享个人信息，当学生们需要延期上交作业时，只需向教授简单地解释一下情况。C项“如果需要知道更多的信息的话，(老师们)会询问你的”中的more information与上文中的information为原词复现，符合语境。【策略微点】设空特点1. 过渡句：在段首或段尾的句子有时承上启下，应注意瞻前顾后，段尾句有时是为了引出下一段的内容。2. 细节句：段尾句作为细节句时，常是对空前内容的补充，或者与空前内容是并列、递进、转折或因果关系。【策略图解】　段首/段尾过渡句/细节句 考向3　段中细节句/过渡句【考法再现】5. 2020·全国卷Ⅰ·片段　体裁：说明文　主题语境：人与自我—完善自我、认识自我A Few Tips for Self­AcceptanceWe all want it ... to accept and love ourselves. But at times it seems too difficult and too far out of reach.  ________  Here's a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.A. Feeling upset again?B. Where do you start?C. Nothing is too small to celebrate.D. Remember, you are only human. E. Set an intention for self­acceptance.F. Stop comparing yourself with others.G. When does the comparison game start?答案与解析　B　段中过渡句。根据题目“A Few Tips for Self­Acceptance”及空后一句“这有很多可以帮你找到正确方向的方法”可知，选项B “Where do you start? (从哪里开始？)”最符合下文语境，故选B项。6. 2020·全国卷Ⅱ·片段　体裁：说明文　主题语境：人与社会—社会交往Emoji (表情符号) and Workplace CommunicationIn Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in the hundreds of millions, both at work and play. ________. It's been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.A. Messages with emojis feel more conversationalB. Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendlyC. Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strangeD. The popularity of these platforms is spreading globallyE. Giving employees the tools enables them to communicate honestlyF. Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplaceG. An easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform答案与解析　D　段中细节句。根据上一句可知，在亚洲，短信通讯平台正在迅速发展，又根据下文可知，在一些西方国家，76%的员工在工作中使用表情符号，前后句都说明了短信平台的受欢迎程度。选项D“这些平台的受欢迎程度正在全球蔓延”符合语境。故选D。【策略微点】设空特点段中位置设题一般是段落细节句或过渡句。【策略图解】　段中细节句/过渡句【检测训练】1Top uses of smartphonesToday approximately 3.5 billion people own smartphones all over the world. In this article, we explore what we use our smartphones for.1. Most websites today are mobile-friendly, while there are also mobile apps that you can use to buy everything from clothes to household items and more. Because it's far easier and more convenient to make a purchase online, a great percentage of people order from online sites. In fact, most users prefer to be able to compare and learn about different items on their phones. Hence, if anyone is looking to build an online brand, it is certainly important to develop a mobile-friendly site for the ultimate online shopping experience.2. .
    Social Media UsageSocial media sites became a go-to site for many users that spend time on their mobile devices.3. . It is widely used in comparison to other popular social media platforms like Instagram. But, social media apps are not only used to interact with other users but also to consume information, whether it is entertaining videos, news, information about certain products and services. Otherwise, people rely on smartphones when they want to share their content (photos, videos , articles) on social media platforms.4. .
    Consumption of Digital MediaSmartphones are leading devices in the consumption of digital media, and the time users spend is usually on apps.5. . So, whether you are looking to watch your favorite TV shows, listen to music, or you want to read books, listen to podcasts, there are many apps that you can check out and download on your device. Actually, a lot of companies like Tencent and Youku have designed apps to make their content more accessible on the move.A. Friendly websitesB. Mobile ShoppingC. Actually, Wechat is one of the largest social media networksD. Hence, a lot of businesses use them to promote their productsE.As we know, there's a wealth of apps available for download, free of chargeF.Some famous e-commerce sites include Amazon, Taobao, JD and many othersG.There are some apps that are not designed to entertain you but to help you enrich your knowledge 
2Tech NeckHave you ever bent your head down to look at a screen until your neck muscles hurt? If so, you’ve experienced tech neck. 6. . It’s a common problem, and it’s on the rise. Your neck muscles are designed to hold your head upright. 7. . But bending your head forward for long periods of time can strain your muscles. That can make them sore.In the past people spent most of their time looking up. But now people spend significant amounts of time looking down at their phones. They often hold them at waist or chest level. This causes people to crane their necks to see the phone, which, in turn, causes tech neck. 8. .It’s probably not realistic to expect people to give up their phones to avoid tech neck. But giving up technology altogether isn’t necessary. You can do things to avoid tech neck even while keeping your smartphone.First you can hold your phone up so you don’t have to bend down to look at it. But this can be tiring for your arms. So keep your head upright, and look only with your eyes. Try to sit up straight in front of a screen as well, or it can hurt your back.Also, take breaks. 9. . If you’ve been sitting, stand up and walk around. Moving your body will help relax your muscles. If you continue experiencing tech neck, you can do exercise to strengthen your neck muscles.10. . If you’re aware of the problem, you can take measures to avoid it.A. Drop down your smartphone right now and have a walk outsideB. Once in a while, look up from your screen, and roll your shoulders backC. Using smartphones excessively has resulted in tons of psychological problemsD. Bending over to view the screen of a computer on a desk can have a similar effectE.Tech neck is a common result of using today’s technology, but it doesn’t have to beF.They can also move your head around and even crane it forward for a short amount   of timeG.Tech neck occurs when the use of phones, computers and other technology causes  neck pain3Most students feel more anxiety before and during an exam. Normal levels of stress can help you work, think faster and more effectively, and generally help you perform better in exams. 11.  It can cause your mind to “blank out” or make you unable to concentrate. Here are some strategies to help you keep your anxiety to a manageable level.The better prepared you get for an exam, the less anxiety you'll suffer from. 12.  Six weeks before the exams is probably soon enough for the end of year exams, depending on where you are in your studies and what year you are in. Maintain your health-eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep and exercise regularly. 13.  Look at exams as an opportunity to apply the knowledge and skills you've been learning throughout the term. The night before an exam, calmly review material one final time, organize all your supplies (your pens, calculator, eraser, and so on), and get a good night's sleep. Get to the exam on time. Don't talk to people outside the room because their nervousness could be “catching”.14.  If you're afraid you will forget important facts, write them down as soon as you get into exam. When needed, take a short relaxation break by closing your eyes, stretching(伸展) and relaxing muscles, and breathing  deeply. If you start to panic, tell yourself. “I will stay calm. I can handle this.” Read directions carefully and stay focused on the exam. 15.  Just keep working. Never leave early yourself.A. Staying positive is also important.B. Pay no attention to students who finish early.C. However, too much anxiety can lower your performance.D. Spend some time thinking about what is causing the anxiety.E.The key to reducing exam anxiety is to start your revision early.F.As for anxiety during an exam, just follow the following strategiesG.Remember that most people feel tense at this point-it is only natural.4Strategies to Help Build Self-Regulation SkillsSelf-regulation is the ability that helps us to control our behaviors to make good decisions for the long-term, rather than just doing what we want in the moment.16. The good news is that kids can learn to improve their self-regulation.Discuss scenarios（场景）. Talk about real-life incidents that encourage learners to stop and think about managing their behaviors. You might say, "Someone is kicking the back of your chair during a test and it's really annoying you. What do you do?" Have students talk in small groups or partners.17. Using scenarios can help students train their brains for how to think through problems as they happen.Set self-reflection time. Every student needs to work on different things. Some concentrate on grades, while others focus more on behavior or attendance. Set self-reflection time and meet weekly with students. Discuss progress made, challenges, and next steps for the future.18. This can slowly help them develop the ability to self-reflect and self-regulate in the future.19. Design an area in the room for students to go who need a few minutes to themselves. It's important to teach that the area is a place to self- regulate and get in control of emotions so we can return to our normal days. Tell students that it's normal and healthy to need a break once in a while.Use literature. Picture books are a great way to introduce and discuss self-regulation skills at all levels. Even my middle schoolers loved when I got the picture books out for a read-aloud! With whatever books you choose, make sure to highlight the self-regulation skills the characters use.20. A. Give movement breaks.B. Create a calm down space.C. Most of all, try to let students take the lead!D. Discuss how they relate to your students' lives.E.Share about how they might handle those situations.F.Consider consulting with the school social worker for extra support.G.However, working on self-regulation skills doesn't happen overnight.5How Does the Media Influence People?The media has both positive and negative influences on people. The media can make a person more aware of what is happening. 21. . The media has the capacity to ruin society by encouraging false ideals, praising selfishness and build the wrong values.According to the Canadian Academy, some media messages have been linked to the cause of numerous health concerns. 22. , causing people to develop bad habits. Images used in entertainment can provide negative ideas of life. Young people are especially influenced by the media. Youth of all ages and cultures try desperately to imitate the role models they observe in the media. 23. . They are likely to develop eating disorders, low self-esteem, and psychological diseases. Negative media influences can mislead youth in the wrong direction.The media influences the public by sharing news with an opinionated perspective. The personal values of media businesses impact the information shared. The reporters can add personal ideas to the stories they cover. 24. . Another problem is that technological advances provide venues to reach a larger audience than before.25. , but we can't deny that media changes our ways of thinking and living. It also promotes the transformation of personality and the formation of new beliefs through the information delivered and education available easily. What we should do is develop the critical thinking ability.A. Media is a major piece within society often linked to the social influenceB. Obvious problems exist thereC. Negative ideas found in movies, television, radio and advertisements are harmful to the youthD. But an individual shouldn't make the choice for young peopleE.But their opinions sometimes are arbitraryF.On the other hand, it can twist the truthG.Television will encourage people to take alcohol 6 Lack of sleep can be compensated for by exerciseStaying active and fit could help to ward off some of the negative health impacts that would normally result from low-quality sleep, according to a large study of 380,055 middle-aged people involved in the UK Biobank research project.While the health benefits of exercise and sleep are nothing new, 26. .It could even give doctors another option to suggest for patients dealing with sleep problems."We found those who had both the poorest sleep quality and who exercised the least were most at risk of death from heart disease, stroke (中风), and cancer," says epidemiologist Bo-Huei Huang, from the University of Sydney in Australia. 27. .Participants were grouped into three levels of physical activity (high, medium or low) and were also given a sleep quality score from 0-5 based on the amount of shut-eye they got, how late they stayed up, insomnia (失眠), snoring and daytime sleepiness.Those with the highest risk of dying from cancer or heart disease during the study period were those with the worst quality sleep and who didn't meet the WHO recommended guidelines for exercise. 28. .29. , for example, those at the unhealthiest end of the sleep and exercise scale had a 45 percent higher risk of dying from cancer than those with good sleep scores who kept physically active. 30. .A. The findings suggest a likely synergistic (相互的) effect, an interplay, between the two behaviorsB. That risk went down for people with poor quality sleep but who did meet the exercise guidelinesC. Exercise can make up for the lack of sleep qualityD. It's the relationship between them that is interesting in this particular studyE.However, that risk just about disappeared for those who didn't score well on sleep but did score well on physical activityF.This also means that high quality sleep can slow a person's risk of illnessG.In the case of all forms of cancer 7Most of the students really don’t know what they actually doing during a school day. 31.  Once you follow these ideas and tips, you will be a right person at school and home.32.  The first you have to write in a paper is, what are the activities you missed on that day and why. The other is, what are the activities you have to do on next day. Keep this paper with you. So next day, this paper helps you to complete every activity you wrote down last night.Don’t afraid to say NO to anyone if it affects your personal tasks. Let’s say you have homework to finish before going to bed. In this situation, your friend asks you to come for a movie. 33.  But if you are a successful time management student, simply you would say NO to him and use that valuable time for your personal tasks.Find what will be your right time to do more activities. Some students prefer morning time and some prefer evening time. 34. As a school student, you must have to play games or watching TV. 35.  Don’t mess up your studying time with these extra activities. For instance, you can schedule one or two hours for watching TV or playing games after school, but concentrate more time on homework.A. Make a careful plan in advance and carry it out.B. Take a paper and write about 2 things before going to bed every day.C. But schedule a particular time for these extra activities.D. Determine your preferable time and get to use most at that particular time.E.If you aren’t managing your time, you may go.F.Therefore, it is necessary to understand the true meaning of time management.G.Here is some advice about time management to students.8FOMO stands for “fear of missing out”. It refers to the nervous or anxious feeling a person gets when they realize they are not attending a social event either because they weren’t invited or they just didn’t feel like going. 36.  This belief, in turn, can create anxiety and a sense of inferiority. FOMO bothers most teens, especially if they’re often online.One way for teens to deal with FOMO is to practice what is known as reframing (重塑) thinking. 37.  Here are some tips on how teens can start to reframe their thinking.Track negative thoughts and replace them with reasonable ones. One thing teens can do to deal with FOMO is to track their negative thoughts and feelings in a journal. 38.  Then, they can change their thoughts and replace the negative thoughts with something positive.39.  Encourage teens to recognize that they have limited time and cannot possibly be everywhere and do everything. So, naturally, there will be social events that they cannot attend. But this does not mean that they’re necessarily missing out on something.Turn off the technology and do something else. Turning off the technology seems like a natural cure for FOMO. But just switching the phone off does not erase the feelings that FOMO causes. 40.  The key is to do something else entirely like reading a book or baking cookies — anything that allows them to focus on something other than social media.A. Be realistic about availability.B. There are some negative consequences of FOMO.C. Realize that no one lives a perfect life as described in social media.D. It’s a mental exercise designed to help them look at situations differently.E.In general, FOMO causes people to assume that they have a low social rank.F.Teens may still worry about missing out even if they’re not in social media at all.G.This allows them to observe how often they’re feeling negative about themselves.