01 名词和主谓一致-备战2022年高考英语语法框架记忆+提升专练(全国通用)

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备战2022年高考英语语法框架记忆+提升专练(全国通用）
01 名词和主谓一致
【知识框架】
一、名词和主谓一致
I. 名词的种类
专有名词
普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词
特别注意名词类别的相互转换
个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换
例 句
意 义
名词性质
①She held some flowers in her hand.
②The trees are now in flower
花儿
个体名词
开花
抽象名词
①Youth is beautiful.
②He is a youth of twenty
青春
抽象名词
年轻人
个体名词
①They have achieved remarkable success in their work.
②—How about the Christmas evening party?
—I should say it was a success.
成功
抽象名词
成功的事
个体名词
物质名词与个体名词的相互转换
例 句
意 义
名词性质
①Iron is a kind of metal.
②Please lend me your iron.
铁
物质名词
熨斗
个体名词
①He broke a piece of glass.
②He broke a glass.
玻璃
物质名词
玻璃杯
个体名词
①I bought a chicken this morning
②Please help yourself to some chicken
小鸡
个体名词
鸡肉
物质名词
抽象名词与个体名词的转换
具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连
用，表示某一次短暂的动作
①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please.
—Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful
A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a
②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词）
A.a B.an C./ D.the
③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词）
A.a B.an C./ D.the
类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look
take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发)
/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try
表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示
其中的一部分
①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today.
A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the
a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)
give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)
have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识)
②If there were no examination, we should have______at school.
A.the happiest time B.a more happier time
C.much happiest time D.a much happier time
③ is money.
A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times
抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结
果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰
①Oh, John. _____you gave me!
A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise
C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise
②She looked up when I shouted.
A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise
其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise
③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.
A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual
II. 名词的数
规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表
规 则
例 词
1
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2
单复数相同
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species
3
只有复数形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people, police, cattle, staff
5
部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7
表示“某国人”
加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8
合成名词
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
women singers, men servants








III. 主谓一致
规则
情 况
举 例
语



法



一



致



原




则
以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词
用复数形式。
His father is working on the farm.
To study English well is not easy.
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
What he said is very important for us all.
由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
what I bought were three English books.
What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.
由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物
时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.
Lucy and Lily are twins
The writer and artist has come.
Every student and every teach is in the classroom.
Many a boy and many a girl likes it.
No boy and no girl likes it.
Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?
Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter
若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。
None of the sugar was left.
None of us has (have) been to America.
在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.
He is one of my friends who are working hard.
He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.
在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致
It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.
It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.
如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式
The police are looking for the lost child.
The cattle are eating grass in the field.
His family has moved to the south .(他的一家)
His family are watching TV.（他的家人）
Class four is on the third floor.（四班）
Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）
由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
There are a lot of people in the classroom.
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
50 percent of the students in our class are girls.
此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。
A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.
The number of pages in this book is three hundred.
在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致
There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures.
Such is the result. Such are the facts.
Between the two hills stands a monument.
逻

辑

意

义

一

致

原

则
What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。
Which is your bag? Which are your bags?
Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?
All can be done has been done. All is going well.
All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.
表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。
Thirty minutes is enough for the work..
Twenty pounds is too dear.
如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式
Forty kilos of water are used every day.
若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
The United States is smaller than China.
“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
One and a half apples is left on the table.
一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，
它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。
I don’t think physics is easy to study.
trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。
My glasses are broken.
The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。
The old are taken good care of there.
The beautiful gives pleasure to all.
就
近
/远
一
致
原
则
当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。
Either the teacher or the students are our friends.
Neither he nor they are wholly right.
Neither they nor he is wholly right.
Is neither he nor they wholly right?
there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。
There are two chairs and a desk in the room.
There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。
Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.
A woman with a baby was on the bus.
Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.
She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.
No one except my teachers knows anything about it.
【能力提升】
一、语法填空
1
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Which is the most significant classical Chinese painting? According to Paul Denlinger, who 1. ( come) to China many times when young, it should be Qingming Shanghe Tu or Along the River During the Qingming Festival. This2. ( create) dates back to the Northern Song dynasty.
This painting is important3. several reasons. First, up until this time, almost all Chinese 4. ( painting) were landscapes, which did not feature people at all or had only a few people. 5. ( two) , this is the first scroll (卷轴)painting to describe both Chinese urban and suburban life during the period in the capital, Bianjing ( now Kaifeng, in Henan province). Third, the painting is highly detailed, 6. ( feature ) shops of all kinds and different economic activities in and out of the city. People are able to see the Chinese technologies of the time, which helps them 7. great deal in understanding 8. the Chinese lived.
The Beijing Palace Museum keeps the9. ( origin) Song painting and one of its famous copies—the Qing version 10. ( hold) in the M National Palace Museum” in Taipei.
2
阅读下列材料，在空白处填入适当内容(1个单词)或填入括号内单词的正确形式。
I felt butterflies in my stomach when I started calligraphy class ten years ago. I wondered what I was doing there. At that moment, I couldn't have known that I'd just made one of the best 11. (choose) of my life.
I sat down and listened to the teacher introducing the tools of the craft. Then 12. was the first time for me that I had tried my hand. I took up the brush, using the correct gesture, 13. (dip) it in the ink, and carefully wrote "one" 14. Chinese.
Over 15. past five years, I have learned to make versions of well-known poems. Calligraphy seemed like a bridge, 16. connected me to authors from centuries past. Stroke(笔画) by stroke, word by word, I could feel their emotions, cherished my own peace and learned 17. (appreciate) my daily life.
Now, calligraphy is not just a hobby, 18. a way to remove myself from the worries of life. Rolling out the paper, I can write for a whole day. Calligraphy 19. (able) me to balance my busy schedule and live 20. (peace).
3
Red envelopes have played 21. important part in Chinese New Year for as long as anyone can remember. So what’s the story behind the red envelopes during Chinese New Year?
One popular story 22. (date) back to the Qin Dynasty, when the elderly would thread coins onto a red string. This money 23. (call) yasui qian in Chinese, meaning “ money protecting oneself from evil spirits ” , and was believed to protect elder people from sickness and 24. (die). As the printing press became more common, the yasui qian was replaced 25. red envelopes.
Another legend tells of a village 26. a demon (恶魔)would terrorize children at night. It was believed that the demon would touch the children’s heads while they were asleep, 27. (cause) serious illness. From there, a theory emerged that when they prayed, the god would send eight fairies to protect the child. The fairies would disguise(伪装) 28. (they) as eight coins and hide under the child’s pillow. When the demon got close, the coins would begin to shine very 29. (bright) , blinding the demon. Word began to spread and the villagers started giving red envelopes 30. (fill) with coins to each other to put under their pillows at night. As time passed, red envelopes became a way to bring good luck and prosperity to the receiver.
4
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号单词的正确形式。
The Wandering Earth is a Chinese science fiction movie, 31. is based on the novel of 32. same name by Liu Cixin, and was released on February 5, 2019, the Chinese New Year’s Day.
After learning the sun is dying out, people all around the world feel 33. (frighten),
so they build giant planet thrusters (星球推进器) 34. ( move ) the earth out of its orbit and sail 35. to a new star system. The 2500 years’ journey comes with unexpected dangers, but in order to save humanity, a group of young people come out bravely and fight hard for everyone’s 36. (survive).
We 37. (impress) to see the theme of this film. It doesn’t particularly show somebody’s ability to save our world 38. shows all the human beings are working together, 39. (spare) no effort to save this world.
The Wandering Earth is seen by people as the dawn(开端) of Chinese science fiction movies. It means that China’s sci-fi movies have 40. (official) set sail.
5
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Language is sometimes written as a code so that people can communicate secrets. During 41. Second World War, the German Navy （海军）used a code to send messages. The British broke the code and 42. （learn） about many German plans. The Japanese also used a code to talk to 43. （they） ships at sea. It was called the Purple Code. Although the Americans soon broke this code, the Japanese didn’t know it 44. （break）. In 1942 , the Americans began to use their own code to send 45. （secret）. A few Navajo（纳瓦在人）Indians made this code 46. （base） on their language, which only some American Indians spoke. The code described a few things the American army did. Only they could understand this code, so they went with the army as it fought against the Japanese. These Navajo soldiers promised 47. （keep） this code a secret, even though this could cause their 48. （die）. The Japanese never broke the code because they knew nothing 49. the Navajo language. And the code, 50. connected two languages, helped win the war in the Pacific.
6
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Last October I left the UK behind and joined Gillotts School on their rugby and hockey tour in sunny Italy. It was my first time away on a sports tour and I could not have enjoyed it 51. (much)! Five days of sports, between training and matches with Italian players, but also plenty 52. time for sightseeing and free moments to enjoy an ice cream in the sun.
53. our flight had landed in Milan, we got on our coach and drove for a couple of hours towards our home for the week, the Hotel San Zeno, a 54. (comfort), family-run accommodation, with a splendid view of Lake Garda. Starting the day with a self-led training, enjoying a boat tour on the lake, wandering along the streets of Sirmione for a few hours and heading off 55. (play) a sport — these are just a few 56. (example) of the kind of adventures you could be having!
The girls and boys on this tour seemed to enjoy57. (they) thoroughly, especially after winning ALL of their games! I found myself 58. (cheer) them on like a proud aunt and celebrating afterwards with food, drink and social time, hosted by rugby clubs after matches. On the last day we headed back to 59. airport, but not before stopping in Milan! We 60. (pay) a visit to the San Siro museum and enjoyed a stadium tour before moving on to Milan city centre for an afternoon of shopping.
7
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
The first blockbuster (大片) of China set in space, “The Wandering Earth,” opens Tuesday during grand expectations 61. it will represent the dawning of a new era in Chinese filmmaking.
“The Wandering Earth,” 62. (show) in 3-D, takes place in a distant future in which the sun is about to expand into a red giant and devour (吞噬) the Earth. It 63. (adapt) from works by Liu Cixin, the writer 64. has led a renaissance in science fiction here, 65. (become) the first Chinese winner of the Hugo Award in 2015. His novels are splendid and 66. (deep) researched. That makes 67. (they) reasonable fantasies about humanity’s meeting with a dangerous universe. The openings also come as China reached a milestone in space: the landing of a probe on 68. far side of the moon in January. Although decades behind Russia and the United States, China has now put astronauts 69. orbit and has ambitious plans to join—or even lead—a new age of space exploration.
“I think there is a very close 70. (connect) between Chinese cinema and the nation’s fortunes,” said Sha Dan, a curator at the China Film Archive.
8
Be cautious of Friday the 13th！Many people think the day is unlucky.71. （fortune）, there's only one Friday the 13th this year. As the legend goes，you should try not 72. （break）any mirrors，walk under a ladder，or even spill any salt. Why？Researchers say73. is tough to find out how the tradition came into being. Many believe it has 74. （religion）origins. In the Christian faith，there were 13 guests at table for the Last Supper，which was held the day before the Friday75. Jesus died. Now，Friday the 13h has become a cultural wonder. Many Americans avoid the number 13 all together，76. （include）hotel rooms and airplane seat assignments. It even costs couples less to get married on the day. There are many other77. （explain）behind the luckless day. Simon Bronner，a professor of American studies at Pennsylvania State. University，78. （believe）Friday the 13h is a way for people to pin their bad luck to a certain cause:. The fact should be79. there's nothing special about the number itself. After all，the number 13 80. （consider）to be lucky in some countries，like Italy
9
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
A Pu, a cartoon image of a young male panda who loves playing table tennis, 81. (become)the official global representative of China’s giant pandas since the competition’s organizers announced last Wednesday. A Pu wears a red T-shirt 82. which an image of his favorite food—bamboo shoot—can be seen. The eyes of A Pu are heart shaped, suggesting emotions of love and caring.
The image of A Pu 83. (select) from more than 2.023 works from 22 countries, won the China Giant Panda Global Image Design Competition.
The image of A Pu will be 84. (wide) promoted as the official image of China’s giant pandas and will be a bridge 85. (connect) China with the rest of the world, the organizers said. “A Pu 86. (give) the identity of a young male panda who will soon be 87. freshman in college and loves playing table tennis.” according to the lead designer of the team creating A Pu. The image represents the new generation of Chinese 88. (youth) who are more connected to the international community, 89. also shows their characteristics—energetic, positive, 90. (confidence), and willing to share.
10
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词或括号内单词的正确形式
We’ve all turned to sad music to make us feel 91. (good)at some point in our lives, but why does doubling down on the sadness help drag us out of the mire(泥沼 )？
A new study sheds light on what’s going on inside our brains 92. we match our music to our feelings. It looks like sad music can be enjoyable -rather than 93. (simple) depressing- because it triggers positive memories that can help to lift our mood. Psychologist Adrian North from Curtin University in Australia says there 94. (be)two groups of possible95. (explain)for why we enjoy listening to sad music like this: one from social psychology, and one from cognitive neuroscience(认知神经学).
In terms of social psychology, one way of 96. (think) about this is that we feel much better about 97. (we) if we focus on someone who’s doing even worse, a process known as downward social comparison. Everything’s going to be okay, because this person 98. (have) an even worse day than you are.
Another theory from social psychology is that people like to listen 99. music that mirrors the tone of their current life circumstances -the songs act as 100. sort of tuning fork(音叉) for our own situations and they resonate(共鸣) with us.

二、单项选择
101. In the lab, keeping things clean and organized can help provide a safer ________.
A. system B. method C. investment D. environment
102. There is a nice picture in the little________ bedroom. She likes it very much.
A. girl B. girls C. girl’s D. girls’
103. —Sara, try to do everything to the best within your________.
— OK, I will.
A. ability B. habit C. power D. attention
104. In the _______ of proof, the police could not take action against the man.
A. lack B. shortage C. absence D. failure
105. On your way to New York William will keep you ________ if you don’t want to be lonely.
A. company B. companion C. safety D. friend
107. I wanted to pay the train________, but my friend insisted. Finally I had to________.
A. fee; give up B. fare; give in C. money; give out D. fare; give away
108. People were ________ at his sudden death. It was really ________ to them.
A. shocked; shocked B. shocked; a shock
C. shocking; a shock D. shocking; shocking
109. Do you have a work________ for this week, Doreen?
A. headline B. attitude C. schedule D. identity
110. We've made our plans, and now we must put them into ________ .
A. fact B. practice C. reality D. deed
111. --- I have a sore throat today!
--- You’d better take advantage of the tea break to go to ________.
A. chemist’s B. the chemist C. the chemist’s D. the chemists’
112. Life is full of _________, so we must think clearly about how to make them before deciding.
A. choices B. candles C. colors D. competitions
113. The lecture Jack Ma made in the 2018 Shanghai Forum of Zhejiang Merchants left us with a wonderful _______ — he gave us a fantastic description of what the future business will be like.
A. association B. function C. satisfaction D. impression
114. If we had taken such effective ________ much earlier, the river would not be polluted so seriously now.
A. treasures B. efforts
C. measures D. concerns
115. Laziness is the ________ of his failure.
A. reason B. cause C. excuse D. way
116. I missed the first ________ of the play.
A. scene B. novel C. envelope D. patience
117. You can’t take photos without her________.
A. adventure B. fault C. patience D. permission
118. I hold a firm ________ that the visiting team（客队）will lose.
A. diet B. strength C. belief D. award
119. He received an ________ for the role he played.
A. award B. permission C. strength D. debt
120. Sandra Oh, actress of “Killing Eve”, has the _______ of being the first Asian woman to pocket a Golden Globe Award.
A. distinction B. discrimination C. description D. determination
121. Cycling, as well as jogging and swimming, ________ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
A. regard B. is regarded C. are regarded D. regards
122. Two thirds of the earth's surface ________covered by water.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
123. Catherine, along with two other boys in our school, ________ to New York to pick up the prizes the other day.
A. are invited B. have been invited C. were invited D. was invited
124. Two fifths of the land in that district________ covered with tress and grass.
A. are B. were C. is D. be
125. All that ______ about right now should not be let out.
A. are talked B. is being talked
C. is talked D. are being talked
126. She is one of the girls in our class who ______ for the coming sports meeting now.
A. is being trained B. are trained
C. is training D. are being trained
127. It was Tom as well as his friends that ________ for the serious accident.
A. was to be blamed B. were to blame C. was blaming D. was to blame
128. Present ______ the meeting ______ 200 people yesterday.
A. at; was B. in; were C. at; were D. in; was
129. The computers on the table ________ Professor Smith.
A. belongs B. are belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to
130. All the residents in the area ________ that they move into new flats within three months.
A. are advised B. advised C. have advised D. have been advised
131. —How is Mike now?
—Don’t worry. He will call us as soon as he ________ the USA.
A. reaches B. reached C. will reach D. is reaching
132. There are many dictionaries here, but which one ________you?
A. is belonging to B. is belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to
133. Today the number of people learning Kerean in China _________ increasing rapidly.
A. were B. was C. are D. is
134. The number of tall buildings____________greatly in Tianjin in the last few years.
A. is increasing B. are increased C. has increased D. have increased
135. Not only the students but also the teacher ________ going to the movie tonight.
A. are B. be C. is D. will
136. — Is there anything wrong, Tony? You look sad.
— Oh, nothing much. In fact, I ________ of my friends.
A. have just thought B. was just thinking
C. would just think D. will just be thinking
137. The number of Chinese students attending Hong Kong universities_________ rising steadily since1990.
A. is B. are C. has been D. have been
138. She is one of the students who ________ often praised by the teacher.
A. is B. be C. are D. am
139. State what it ________ and how it is constructed.
A. is consisted of B. consists of
C. makes up of D. be made up of
140. Diaoyu Islands that ________ made up of a group of islands belong to China since ancient times.
A. is B. was C. are D. were