专题03（阅读理解之说明文）期终专辑 2022届高三英语百所名校好题分类快递

2022届高三英语百所名校好题分类快递（1月）

专题03（阅读理解之说明文）期终考试专辑 原卷版

北京市海淀区2021-2022学年高三上学期期末考试英语试题

Pioneers like Harvard social ecologist Stephen Kellert were among the first to champion modernbiophilic design. Kellert believed that weaving nature into living and workspaces is critical for goodphysical and mental health.

Humans have evolved to gravitate towards nature, Kellert noted. but if we don't develop that impulse it fades. So his principles include access to natural light, air, water. plants, and gardens. Using materials such as wood and stone, natural designs such as leaf or shell patterns, and earthy colors also helps humans to feel closer to nature.

Biophilic designs can be seen in cities and buildings around the world. Modern examples include the Jewel Changi Airport in Singapore, with its four-storey forest garden and world's largest indoor waterfall fed by rainwater. Or the Swedish Mirrorcube tree house hotel, mainly made of used plywood and a lightweight aluminum（铝）frame wrapped around a tree.

Spectacular biophilic homes include One Central Park in Sydney apartment blocks featuring hanging gardens on the outside. The buildings recycle their own water and a suspended（悬浮的）motorized mirror system reflects sunlight down onto gardens below. Milan's Bosco Verticale block is perhaps even more eye—catching with its vertical forest of 17,000 trees, bushes, and plants.

Putting biophilic design to work for society could prevent millions in healthcare costs, with one study estimating annual savings of $93 million in the US alone. Hospital design in particular hashistorically been influenced by access to sunlight and views of nature. Modern buildings like the Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Singapore, with its position next to the waterfall of the Yishun Pond, are closely linked with their surroundings. The hospital channels outdoor air to cool the inside, and uses reflective sunshades to direct light into the wards to brighten them and save energy.

The aim of these designs is to emphasize the human connection to nature by integrating buildings with the local environment. But how do we bring biophilia into our homes? Start with house plants. New smart home apps can also provide sensory nature experiences such as birdsong and a projected forest canopy, helping people to carve out a restful space indoors.

But perhaps the best way to transform society with biophilic designs is to start with schools. Children learn better and feel more relaxed in biophilic settings. So the Children and Nature Networkis working with schools across the US to create green schoolyards for better physical and mental healthand to increase opportunities for outdoor learning.

Biophilic designers are bringing nature into classrooms through natural patterns, shapes and colors, nature photography, artwork and materials like timber and stone. Fresh air flow, green walls, andaquariums all become part of a recipe for improving health and academic success.

27. According to the passage, Stephen Kellert probably believes that_________.

A. humans' inborn love for nature won't be lessened

B. nature can improve people's sense of responsibility

C. humans need to appreciate and make good use of nature

D. natural materials have taken priority in modern building designs

28. What do the examples of biophilic designs in the passage have in common?

A. They apply smart home technology.            B. They promote sustainable development.

C. They include waterfalls and gardens inside.      D. They use local resources to cut the cost of buildings.

29. From the last two paragraphs, we learn that biophilic designs ____________.

A. have greatly transformed schools          B. help improve students' performance

C. focus mainly on students' mental health     D. have moved most of the classrooms outside

30. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A. Let's Invite Nature Inside             B. Live Naturally and Simply

C. The Best Natural Building Designer     D. Ups and Downs of Natural Buildings

山东省潍坊市2021-2022学年高三上学期期末统考英语试题

For more than a decade, a team of researchers have studied the dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet as it responds to a warming climate. But while much of their focus has been on waters impacts on ice sheet change, their most recent research findings have overturned the order of their thinking. Meierbachtol, Harper and their team discovered that changes in the ice sheet have a real impact on the massive groundwater system underlying Greenland.

This latest discovery occurred thanks to a marriage of drilling techniques. International cooperators made an angled hole 650 meters through bedrock underneath a Greenland glacier (冰川)to measure groundwater conditions under the ice. Meanwhile, researchers drilled 32 holes from atop the glacier, through nearly a kilometer of ice, to measure water conditions at the area between ice and bedrock, which forms an important boundary controlling groundwater flow below. After drilling, the team fixed sensors in the ice column and at the ice sheet bed to measure ice dynamics and water conditions as water flows under the ice.

“By studying areas covered by ice 10,000 years ago, we have known that the huge mass and vast amounts of water from melting ice can impact the underlying groundwater,” Meierbachtol said. “It’s generally accepted that the groundwater is sleeping over decades to centuries and its response to ice sheet change is long: thousands of years. But what we’ve shown here is that it is immediate.”

This new understanding could have important subsequent effects on how Greenland’s thinning impacts the Arctic. The thinning ice could reduce the rate of groundwater flow to the ocean, changing the water temperature and salinity(盐度)balance that is important for ocean circulation(循环)patterns. “In thinking about the complex feedbacks from Greenland’s ongoing change, we have really ignored the groundwater component,” Harper said.

8How do the researchers feel about the result of the recent study?

A. Satisfied. B. Disappointed. C. Surprised. D. Doubtful.

9. What contributes most to the new research about the Greenland Ice Sheet?

A. Fixing sensors into ice sheet.

B. Close international cooperation.

C. Advanced rock drilling technology.

D. A combination of two drilling approaches.

10. What is a misunderstanding of the groundwater under glaciers?

A. It has a very large volume. B. It is inactive for a long time.

C. Its component is complex. D. Its temperature is changeable.

11. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

A. Water Impacts the Greenland’s Ice Sheet

B. Longlasting Effects of Global Warming on the Arctic

C. Newly Discovered Groundwater Resources in Greenland

D. Greenland’s Groundwater Changes with Thinning Ice Sheet

天津市和平区2021-2022学年高三上学期期末质量检测英语试题

Pretty soon not even your dreams may be private anymore. Japanese scientists have learned how to interpret what you’re dreaming about by measuring your brain activity while you sleep. This data can then be connected to an algorithm that reconstructs your dream so that it can be played back for you when you’re awake, according to the journal Science. In other words, scientists have invented a sort of dream-reading machine. Before long, you may never have to worry about forgetting what you dreamed about ever again. You’ll be able to simply play your dreams back after you wake up in the morning.

The remarkable breakthrough makes use of a fairly straightforward idea: that when we visualize certain types of objects in our minds, our brains generate consistent neural patterns that can then be correlatedwith what is being visualized. For instance, when you imagine a chair, your brain fires in a pattern that occurs whenever a chair is visualized. An algorithm can then be used to tie the data from a brain scan to the appropriate correlated images. In this way your dream can be reconstructed. So far the research is still fairly basic—researchers only claim to get the dream right about 60 percent of the time—but it’s still an extraordinary turn for the science of the mind.

Here’s how the study worked. Subjects were first asked to hook themselves up to an electroencephalography (EEG) machine, then to fall asleep within an fMRI machine. Scientists used the EEG readings to identify when the subjects began to enter a dreaming phase. The subjects were then promptly woken up and asked to recall what they were dreaming about. This process was repeated nearly 200 times for each subject.

Later, the scientists processed this data and discovered that certain common types of objects from the subjects’ dreams could be correlated with brain patterns as recorded by the fMRI scans. They then used an Internet search engine to look for images that roughly matched the objects from the subjects’ dreams, and entered all of this information into a learning algorithm that improved the model even further. That algorithm was then able to use the data from the dreamers, fMRI scans to assemble videos from the Internet images, basically creating a primitive movie for each dream.

Again, the research is still in a basic phase. So far these videos only represent rough approximations of the images from the subjects’ dreams, but researchers claim that the machined predictions were still better than chance. Over time, the technology will improve as the algorithm learns. The research could eventually revolutionize how dreams are interpreted and understood. Scientists may even find out valuable clues about what the mysterious function of dreaming is in the first place.

46. Which of the following statements is true about dream-reading machine?

A. It can make your dream come true. B. It can rebuild your dream while you sleep.

C. It can help you remember your dream. D. It can record your dream when you are awake.

47. What does the author mainly want to tell us in paragraph 2?

A. How our dream can be rebuilt during sleep. B. Patterns generated in our brain can be visualized.

C. Images can be visualized in our minds. D. The data from a brain scan can build images.

48What does the underlined word “subjects” refer to in paragraph 3?

A. Main feature of a talk in the research. B. People who were tested in an experiment.

C. Topics which happened in a conversation. D. Courses that were studied in the process.

49. In the experiment, the scientists used a learning algorithm to ________.

A. analyze how our brains generate consistent neural patterns

B. discover when the subjects began to enter a dreaming phase

C. visualize the common types of objects from the subjects’ dreams

D. make the images matching the objects from dreams into videos

50. What’s the author’s attitude towards the machine’s predictions?

A. Doubtful. B. Supportive. C. Optimistic. D. Tolerant.

天津市和平区2021-2022学年高三上学期期末质量检测英语试题

The Hidden Dangers of Automatic-paying Apps

To get a sense of how spending in my generation is different from that of my parents’, just consider one simple transaction: a utility bill. When my parents paid their utility bill, they had to take out their checkbook, put pen to paper, write a check, and then record it in their checkbook. If they did not know how much their utility bill was, they had to be purposefully ignorant.

My utility bill is paid automatically from my banking app. For me to know how much my utility bill is, I have to be purposefully diligent. And the truth is, I’m not in most cases.

Of course, I’m not just talking about utility bills here. As with most millennials, technology has simplified the payment of bills to such an extent that we tend to take it for granted and hardly have to think about it anymore. And that is the problem: By streamlining our personal finances, technology has also made it so much easier to ignore the costs. However, in doing so, it has broken the connection between the things we buy and the cost of having them. And it is precisely that connection that keeps our financial lives on track— making sure that we save enough and spend our money on the things that really matter.

The question now is: How do we get that connection back, without giving up the convenience that technology has brought us?

The good news is that whatever is given can be taken back. Much of the battle is simply to recognize what we have lost. After all, we do not miss what we do not know we are missing. The first thing is thus to be aware of how much we are spending by using personal-finance apps.

These apps can categorizepurchases and send you a spending report. They can detect—and warn you—if a repeated payment is going to get you in trouble. And they can send you a notificationwhen each automatic payment is being made. These real-time tools, used together, are probably better practice than balancing a checkbook on a Saturday morning.

The fact, however, is that all of these tools require the user to make a conscious effort to sign up for these services, and to actually use them. And that is where the “stop me before I do something foolish” process must begin. If we millennials want to be smart about our money, it seems to me we have no choice: We need to bridge that gap between what we spend and how we pay. We need to feel the connection between the value of our purchases and the effort it takes to make them.

51. The example mentioned in the first two paragraphs suggests that ________.

A. spending habits vary from generation to generation

B. banking apps have quickly developed in recent years

C. the younger generation are much lazier than their parents

D. the payment process has greatly changed over the past decades

52. What can we infer from the question in paragraph 4?

A. Automatic payment is so convenient that we cannot live without it.

B. Problems coming from automatic payment accompany its convenience.

C. We enjoy the benefits technology brings us at the cost of our safety.

D. People must have second thoughts before we make payments online.

53. The underlined word “streamlining” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “________”.

A. get...handled B. leaving...exposed

C. keeping...safe D. making...efficient

54. According to the article, which of the following best describes the financial problems most millennials are facing today?

A. Out of sight, out of mind. B. The devil is in the details.

C. Rome wasn’t built in a day. D. You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.

55. According to the author, millennials will be able to take back control over their personal finances by ________.

A. stopping the use of automatic-paying apps

B. setting aside a regular time to pay their bills

C. making the best use of personal-finance apps

D. thinking twice before making expensive purchases

河北省保定市2021-2022学年高三上学期期末考试英语试题

Researchers have found multilingualism (多语言能力) is good for economy. Countries which actively encourage the development of different languages gain a range of rewards, from more successful exports to a more creative workforce.

“Language matters on a larger national level and at the level of smaller companies,” said Hogan-Brun, a researcher in language study. Switzerland, for example, owes 10% of its GDP to its multilingual background. The country has four national languages. Britain, on the other hand, is thought to lose about 3.5% of its GDP every year since 95% of its population speaks English, which is the primary language of the country.

What Hogan-Brun said is reasonable. Languages partly can help build trade relations. A study of small and medium-sized companies in Sweden and Germany found that those that invested more in languages were able to export more goods. German companies that invested heavily in multilingual staff added 10 export countries to their markets. Companies that invested less said they missed out on business deals.

Researchers have also long stressed the individual benefits of speaking more than one language. Several studies show that languages help promote earning power. According to a Canadian study, women and men who can speak several languages earn 3.6% and 6.6% more than their English-only colleagues respectively. The twist: This is true even if they don’t use their second language for work. “It seems that you don’t have to actually speak a second language on the job to receive the financial rewards,” said an economics professor. He thought that this was because knowing a second language was seen as a sign of power. Beyond these immediate economic rewards, languages can help a country’s workforce in long-term ways. Multilingualism has been shown to delay memory loss. It has also been associated with a better ability to concentrate and process information.

8. What can multilingual countries expect?

A. Large numbers of imported goods.

B. Productive workers with great creativity.

C. New chances of developing education.

D. Powerful comprehensive national power.

9. Why does the author want to show by listing the statistics in paragraph 2?

A. European countries are rich.

B. Language research is important.

C. The number of English speakers is increasing.

D. Multilingualism can promote national economic growth.

10. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 3?

A. Add some forecast information.

B. Introduce a new topic for discussion.

C. Support Hogan-Brun’s viewpoint.

D. Give some advice to small companies.

11. What can we learn from the text?

A. Women learn more languages than men.

B. Good native language is a sign of power.

C. Being multilingual benefits brain health.

D. Canadians prefer using their second language.

河北张家口市2021—2022学年度高三第一学期期末考试英语试卷

Dyslexia (阅读障碍) is a common reading disorder. It refers to a language-processing problem in which the brain tends to confuse the order of numbers, letters and other images. Past research showed that crowded text was especially difficult for people with dyslexia to read. So researchers at Anglia Ruskin University wanted to see how much help an increase in the spacing between letters would provide.

Steven Stagg and his team found 59 students between 11 and 15 years old. The kids came from schools in three cities in England. 32 had dyslexia; 27 did not. While the researchers recorded them, each student read two passages out loud. One passage was printed in its original format. In the other, the spacing between the letters was increased by 2.5 points. That extra space equals about 0. 88 millimeters. The recording allowed the scientists to measure someone’s reading speed and count any errors, such as skipped

People with dyslexia often employ aids to help them read, such as colored overlays (透明膜). So the researchers offered those colored plastic sheets to the students here. Readers place the plastic on top of the text and then read through it.

Those colored overlays didn’t help either group of kids. But the extra spacing did. Kids with dyslexia read the wider-spaced text 13 percent faster than the text with original spacing. These kids also made fewer mistakes. Students without dyslexia read faster, too, although only by 5 percent. Stagg studies how the mind processed language. He wasn’t surprised that the colored overlays weren’t helpful. Stagg has dyslexia and says colored overlays never helped him much, either. What was unexpected to the scientist was that wider-spaced letters helped even kids without dyslexia.

This is very good news. It means teachers and publishers can print material with extra spacing between letters knowing it will help everyone. Readers with dyslexia won’t feel singled out by having to use special reading materials. It’s a simple fix, too. Certain text-writing and document— processing software, such as Microsoft Word, can easily add extra spacing between letters. Web designers can add space to the text on their pages, too,

12. What were the students asked to do in the research?

A. Read two passages out.

B. Record their reading speed.

C. Distinguish the letter space.

D. Avoid errors in reading activity.

13. What surprised Steven Stagg about the study?

A. The uselessness of the overlays.

B. The negative effects of dyslexia.

C. The help of wider letter space to kids.

D. The reading speed of kids with dyslexia.

14. Why does the author mention “Microsoft Word” in the last paragraph?

A. To draw a comparison. B. To clarify a concept.

C. To make a summary. D. To provide an example.

15. What is the author’s attitude to the finding of the research?

A. Disapproval. B. Favorable. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.

山东省烟台市2021-2022学年高三上期期末诊断考试英语试题

To fight against the ballooning waistlines among people, several U. S. cities have instituted taxes on drinks with added sugar aiming to reduce consumption, but new research suggests these policies currently have one fundamental flaw.

The study found sugary drink only reduce purchasing if price tags at stores mention consumers are paying that tax when they buy the drink.

The research included a field study at two convenience stores in San Francisco, which currently has a tax on sugary drinks of 1 cent per ounce. Researchers varied the price tags placed on the sugary drinks over the eight-week study: one tag that simply said the price for the 12-ounce drink ($1.52) and one that had the price and the message “Includes SF Sugary Drink Tax”. All non-sugary drinks, which weren’t subject to the tax, simply had the price of the drink ($1.40).

The researchers compared sales of the drinks during the study period to the two weeks before the study began when the sugary drink tax was in effect but there were no price tags on any drinks. Results showed sales of sugary drinks weren't lower during the two weeks, compared to sales before the tax, indicating the tax itself didn't reduce purchases of sugary drinks.

The researchers then looked at the effects of the two different price tags. Results showed the share of sugary drinks purchased when the tags simply showed the price wasn’t significantly different from the two-week period before the study, but did decline slightly when the tags mentioned the price included the added tax.

In a separate online study, the researchers asked participants to estimate what the tax would be on a can of their favorite drink that cost $1.52. The average estimate was 40 cents — much higher than the 12 cents actually demanded in San Francisco. When told the tax was only 12 cents, they reported they’d still purchase the drink.

The findings suggest price tags should mention the tax but not the amount, for consumers tend to overestimate how much the tax is. “If cities want these policies to be effective, they need to regulate how sugary drinks are labeled at stores and they currently don’t do that,” said Donnelly, lead author of the study.

8. What does the underlined word “flaw” mean in the first paragraph?

A. Weakness. B. Solution. C. Imbalance. D. Evidence.

9. What kind of price tags may discourage customers from buying sugary drinks?

A. Price tags bearing sugar content. B. Price tags with the exact tax on them.

C. Price tags saying added tax included. D. Price tags just showing the total price.

10. Which of the following may be Donnelly’s suggestion?

A. Stores label sugary drinks at will. B. Cancel sugary drink taxes at once.

C. Publicize the impacts of sugary drinks. D. Cities urge stores to use proper price tags.

11. What might be the best title for the text?

A. A New Way to Prevent Fatness. B. Eating Habits and Food Consumption.

C. Sugary Drink Taxes Aren’t Working Well. D. Non-sugary Drinkers Benefit from New Policies.

The 1930s and early 1940s were a good time to fish for sardines (沙丁鱼) off California. Centered on Monterey Bay, catches increased dramatically and supported the state’s economy. But the situation began to change in 1946, and sardine catches eventually fell from an average of 234,000 tons to just 24,000 tons. The industry went belly-up.

安徽省阜阳市2021-2022学年高三上学期期末教学质量统测英语试题

Scientists have guessed for decades about what caused this phenomenon, but they lacked data to test their theories. Now researchers have finally found one apparent cause: cycles of ocean upwelling, a defining feature of the West Coast sea environment in which deep, nutrient-rich water rises to the nutrient-poor surface and restores the food supply there. The key that unlocked this phenomenon turned out to be old seaweed specimens (标本) gathered around the U. S.

“Plants are just sitting there, recording data about the state of the ocean,” says Kyle Van Houtan, chief scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium and senior author of the new study. Van Houtan and others had suspected the impact of upwelling, but scientists only started measuring the process in Monterey Bay in 1946. Historic seaweed specimens, Van Houtan realized, might fill in the blanks for earlier years—similar to the way ice cores can help reconstruct CO2 levels from times before researchers started collecting real-time measurements.

For the new study, the scientists relied on the fact that deeper water near Monterey typically hosts more of a particular nitrogen isotope (氮同位素). Looking at modern upwelling data and recently collected seaweed, they found that higher levels of this nitrogen in the plants’ cells corresponded with periods of more upwelling. Next they measured the isotope levels in 70 historic specimens of the red seaweed Gelidium, gathered from Monterey as far back as 1878. The results suggested a gradual increase in upwelling and then a dramatic decrease, which lined up with the sardine population’s growth and decline.

“This paper is an excellent example of the creative detective work of historical ecology,” says Loren McClenachan, a marine ecologist at Colby College, who was not involved in the research. “There are thousands and thousands of similar specimens in collections around the world, and applying similar methods could teach us a great deal about long-term ocean change.”

8. What does the underlined part “went belly-up” in paragraph 1 mean?

A. Sprang up. B. Caught on. C. Crashed. D. Participated.

9. What does the author want to show by mentioning ice cores?

A. The significance of historic specimens.

B. The severity of global climate change.

C. The effectiveness of real-time measurements.

D. The necessity of sea level reconstruct ion.

10. How did the scientists carry out the new study?

A. By comparing different kinds of seaweed.

B. By analyzing historic and current data.

C. By recording the upwelling process.

D. By measuring the CO2 levels.

11. What can be the best title for the text?

A. The Rise and Fall of Red Seaweed Gelidium

B. Sardines Have Been Hard Hit by Overfishing

C. The Hidden History of Fisheries in the West Coast

D. Old Seaweed Reveals Secret of Monterey Sardine History