押题04 阅读理解D篇议论文或说明文-2022年高考英语108所名校押题精选（全国通用）

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An ecnmist, Adam Smith, famusly wrte that “it is nt frm the benevlence (慈善)f the butcher, the brewer r the baker, that we expect ur dinner, but frm their regard t their wn self-interest.” Like Smith, many ecnmists tday believe that ne’s self-interest is what drives cmpetitin and grwth in market ecnmies. Yet, in an increasingly intercnnected sciety, it is even mre crucial t have cllabrative skills. Thus we shuld encurage cperatin t better prepare children fr the future.
Firstly, in the present age marked by the transfrmative ptential f technlgy t facilitate interactins, cperatin is an especially prized sft skill t have. As a research study prves, sft skills such as gd cmmunicatin and empathy cnsist f qualitative indicatrs f utstanding emplyees as cmpared t technical skills r knwledge. In cntrast, excessively (过分地)cmpetitive and individualistic behaviur may fracture scial relatins in the cmmunity f c-wrkers and since n man is an island, even the mst cmpetent emplyee will nt be able t pursue his gals effectively withut the help f thers wh are able t share a cmmn visin and understanding.
Mrever, encuraging cperatin increase a healthy sense f self-esteem in children that better prepares them fr the cmpetitive wrking wrld. Many mdern scieties tday are cnsumed by an bsessive drive fr success and the pressure t perfrm has infiltrated bth classrms and ffices alike. The cnsequences f the fierce cmpetitive culture include higher rates f anxiety and depressin amng university students and ffice wrkers, which are all cunterprductive. Teamwrk can help a maturing individual realise that each has his r her wn unique set f abilities t bring t the table and that anther persn’s strengths d nt in any way diminish (降低)the value f his r her talents. Thus, cperatin can affirm the self-wrth f children by crrecting the vilent insight that winning r paper achievement is an exclusive (唯一)measure f success in life.
Hwever, critics may claim that in a cutthrat wrld, adapting t cmpetitin shuld be f supreme pririty in educatin and parenting. T achieve ne’s deepest ambitins, such as t becme a medical student, r t create a tech start-up, ne has t adpt cmpetitin by actively fighting fr pprtunities and distinguishing neself frm thers. Nevertheless, since passin can already stimulate children t wrk hard t fulfill their ambitins, the need t encurage cmpetitin may be at the end f the day. As much as external cmpetitin can drive peple t pursue excellence, internal mtivatin is at least equally r arguably even mre essential, and cllabratin plays an instrumental rle in helping ne uncver ne’s tendency and mtivatins.
32. What can be inferred frm Adam Smith’s wrds?
A. Our sciety is increasingly intercnnected.
B. Our dinner is made ut f the regards t markets.
C. Self-interest pushes the develpment f ecnmies.
D. The butcher, the brewer r the baker is nt sympathy.
33. What des the underlined wrd “fracture” mean in paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Deepen.B. Establish.C. Maintain.D. Damage.
34. Which f the fllwing might the authr agree with?
A. Paper achievement is an exclusive measure f success.
B. Cnfidence and ambitins can be achieved thrugh cperatin.
C. Actively fighting fr distinguishing neself is a healthy cmpetitin.
D. Cmpetitin is nt essential fr peple t pursue excellence.
35. What is the authr’s purpse f writing this passage?
A. T intrduce parents the advantages f cperatin.
B. T infrm parents t balance cperatin and cmpetitin.
C. T persuade parents t care abut their children’s educatin.
D. T tell parents t encurage their children t learn t cperate.
【答案】32. C 33. D 34. B 35. D
【解析】
这是一篇议论文。文章从三个方面陈述了合作精神对孩子的重要性，并呼吁父母鼓励他们的孩子学会合作。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段的“Like Smith, many ecnmists tday believe that ne’s self-interest is what drives cmpetitin and grwth in market ecnmies. (像史密斯一样，今天的许多经济学家认为，在市场经济中，个人利益是推动竞争和增长的因素)”可知，像史密斯一样，今天很多经济学家认为个人利益是推动经济增长的因素。由此推知，史密斯的那句话“it is nt frm the benevlence (慈善)f the butcher, the brewer r the baker, that we expect ur dinner, but frm their regard t their wn self-interest.(我们期待晚餐，不是因为屠夫、酿酒商或面包师的仁慈，而是因为他们对自身利益的考虑)”意在说明个人利益推动经济的发展。故选C。
【33题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段的“As a research study prves, sft skills such as gd cmmunicatin and empathy cnsist f qualitative indicatrs f utstanding emplyees as cmpared t technical skills r knwledge.(一项研究表明，与技术技能或知识相比，良好的沟通和同理心等软技能构成了优秀员工的质量指标)”结合in cntrast可知，下文内容应与上文形成对比。由此猜测划线部分所在句子“excessively (过分地)cmpetitive and individualistic behaviur may fracture scial relatins in the cmmunity f c-wrkers and since n man is an island”意为“过度竞争和个人主义行为可能会破坏同事社区中的社会关系”，即fracture意为“破坏”，与damage同义。故选D。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“Mrever, encuraging cperatin increase a healthy sense f self-esteem in children that better prepares them fr the cmpetitive wrking wrld. (此外，鼓励合作能增进儿童的健康自尊感，使他们更好地为竞争激烈的工作世界做好准备)”和最后一段的“Nevertheless, since passin can already stimulate children t wrk hard t fulfill their ambitins, the need t encurage cmpetitin may be at the end f the day. As much as external cmpetitin can drive peple t pursue excellence, internal mtivatin is at least equally r arguably even mre essential, and cllabratin plays an instrumental rle in helping ne uncver ne’s tendency and mtivatins.(然而，既然激情已经能激励孩子们努力工作以实现他们的雄心壮志，鼓励竞争的需要可能是在一天结束的时候。就像外部竞争可以驱使人们追求卓越一样，内部动机至少是同等重要的，甚至可以说更重要，合作在帮助人们发现自己的倾向和动机方面发挥了重要作用)”推知，作者认为信心和雄心可以通过合作来实现。故选B。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要说明了培养合作精神对孩子的重要性：是一种非常重要的软技能，能帮助孩子建立信心，有助于孩子实现雄心。结合第一段的“Yet, in an increasingly intercnnected sciety, it is even mre crucial t have cllabrative skills. Thus we shuld encurage cperatin t better prepare children fr the future.(然而，在一个日益相互关联的社会中，拥有协作技能更为关键。因此，我们应该鼓励合作，让儿童更好地为未来做好准备)”推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是呼吁父母鼓励他们的孩子学会合作。故选D。
【押题理由】2021年全国乙卷阅读理解D篇属于说明文，选材采访一位作家，他讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。2021年全国甲卷阅读理解D篇属于议论文，选材由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。由此可见，全国卷立意导向侧重天才以及其创造性思维在具体语境下如办公室下的表现。考生需要在陌生的语境中找到相关信息进行作答，同时相关题材的话题可以有效拓展学生视野，丰富学生学科素养知识。
【考前秘笈】全国卷最后一篇阅读难度通常难一些，考生要给自己设定答题时间，控制在10分钟左右，如果太难，要果断放弃，不可执着于该题，导致后续问题答题时间不够用，尤其是分值占比较多的写作部分。因此考生做题时，要根据问题设问关键词，迅速定位到原文含有关键信息的句子，进行作答，学习相应的做题技巧和答题策略。
押题精选

（押考向-人类创新）
Human innvatin (创新) has allwed peple t explre space fr decades. Within a space statin, astrnauts have enugh air, fd and water t cmplete missins f a year r lnger withut a resupply. But missins t further reaches f space are a different matter. Establishing a base n the mn r sending humans t Mars seems just n the hrizn. That can nly happen if innvative and flprf ways are develped t supply humans with enugh air, water and fd.
One cmpany, Interstellar Labs, has develped an advanced, clsed lp system that can grw plants anywhere, even in space. They call their AI managed greenhuses BiPds and they are designed t be very efficient. In fact, Interstellar Labs claims that BiPds reduce the amunt f land and water needed t prduce fd by 99 percent. That is nt an impssible claim. BiPds dn’t use any sil t grw plants, and the vast majrity f water is recycled and recirculated.
Plants are grwn inside BiPds using aerpnics, the practice f hanging plants in the air and spraying a mist f nutrient-rich water n their rts. By using aerpnics, the BiPd system carefully cnserves water with amazing results. Accrding t Interstellar labs, BiPd-grwn plants are up t 300 times mre prductive than traditinally grwn plants, using nly a small amunt f water.
The cnditins inside f a BiPd are cntrlled by AI, which can change anything frm the lighting t the temperature and humidity t maximize grwth. This ptimizes (使最优化) grwing cnditins n matter what the envirnment is utside, including the emptiness f space.
The BiPds themselves can be built in almst any envirnment, t. The pd’s structure is made with a 3D printer using raw materials in liquid frm. The inside part is sealed with an inflatable membrane (充气膜) that is als 3D-printed. This means that a BiPd culd be built right n the surface f the mn r Mars, making transprting a large structure unnecessary.
Like mst technlgy develped fr space explratin, BiPds can als be used n Earth t prvide highly efficient fd prductin systems even in the harshest envirnments.
32. In writing paragraph 1, the authr aims t____________.
A. present a tpicB. make a cmparisn
C. reach a cnclusinD. prpse a definitin
33. Which f the fllwing best describes Bipds?
A. They are widely used fr space explratin.
B. They are highly prductive and efficient greenhuses.
C. They are easy t perate withut need fr sil r water.
D. They are deigned t be used in harsh envirnments n Earth.
34. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Fd Cnsumptin in Space Statin
B. Space Explratin with BiPds
C. Grwing Fd in Space Pds
D. 3D Printers Used in Space Lab
35. What is the writer’s attitude t the BiPd?
A. Psitive. B. Cautius.
C. Ambiguus. D. Disapprving.
【答案】32. A 33. B 34. C 35. A
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一家公司开发了一种先进的闭环系统，可以在太空舱里种植植物，为宇航员提供食物。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“That can nly happen if innvative and flprf ways are develped t supply humans with enugh air, water and fd.(只有开发出创新和可靠的方法，为人类提供足够的空气、水和食物，这才有可能实现)”及下文“可以在太空舱里种植植物的先进闭环系统”的内容可推断，作者写作第一段是为了引出在太空舱里可以种植食物的方法这一主题。故选A。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“They call their AI managed greenhuses BiPds and they are designed t be very efficient. In fact, Interstellar Labs claims that BiPds reduce the amunt f land and water needed t prduce fd by 99 percent. (他们称他们的人工智能管理温室为BiPds，它们的设计非常高效。事实上，星际实验室声称，BiPds可以将生产食物所需的土地和水的数量减少99%)”和第三段“Accrding t Interstellar labs, BiPd-grwn plants are up t 300 times mre prductive than traditinally grwn plants, using nly a small amunt f water.(根据星际实验室的数据，BiPd种植的植物比传统种植的植物产量高300倍，只需少量的水)”可知，BiPds是高产和高效的温室。故选B。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“One cmpany, Interstellar Labs, has develped an advanced, clsed lp system that can grw plants anywhere, even in space.(一家公司，星际实验室开发了一种先进的闭环系统，可以在任何地方种植植物，甚至在太空中)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了一家公司开发了一种先进的闭环系统，可以在太空舱里种植植物，为宇航员提供食物。所以“Grwing Fd in Space Pds(在太空舱里种植食物)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“By using aerpnics, the BiPd system carefully cnserves water with amazing results. Accrding t Interstellar labs, BiPd-grwn plants are up t 300 times mre prductive than traditinally grwn plants, using nly a small amunt f water. (通过使用空气种植法，BiPd系统谨慎地节约用水，取得了惊人的效果。根据星际穿实验室的说法，BiPd种植的植物比传统种植的植物产量高300倍，只需要少量的水)”、第四段“The cnditins inside f a BiPd are cntrlled by AI, which can change anything frm the lighting t the temperature and humidity t maximize grwth. This ptimizes grwing cnditins n matter what the envirnment is utside, including the emptiness f space. (BiPd内部的条件是由人工智能控制的，它可以改变从照明到温度和湿度的任何东西，以最大限度地提高生长。这优化了生长条件，无论外部环境如何，包括空间的空旷)”、第五段“The BiPds themselves can be built in almst any envirnment, t.(这种BiPds本身也几乎可以在任何环境下建造)”和最后一段“Like mst technlgy develped fr space explratin, BiPds can als be used n Earth t prvide highly efficient fd prductin systems even in the harshest envirnments.(像大多数为太空探索而开发的技术一样，在地球上，即使在最恶劣的环境中，BiPds也可以用来提供高效的食物生产系统)”可推断，作者认为BiPd有许多优点，所以对BiPd的态度是积极的。故选A。
2.（2022届广东省梅州市高三二模英语考试试题）
Prfessr Veena Sahajwalla, 2022 Australian f the year, has created a slutin t ur massive trash prblem: waste micrfactries. These little trash prcessrs (处理器)—sme as small as 500 square feet— huse a series f machines that recycle waste and transfrm it int new materials with thermal technlgy. The new all-in -ne apprach culd leave ur current recycling prcesses in the dust.
In 2018 she launched the first micrfactry, establishing a mdel f recycling that enables businesses and cmmunities t develp cmmercial pprtunities while addressing lcal waste prblems. A secnd ne began recycling plastics in 2019. Nw, her lab grup is wrking with university and industry partners t cmmercialize their patented Micrfactry technlgy. “The small scale f the machines will make it easier fr them t ne day perate n renewable energy, unlike mst large manufacturing plants. The apprach will als allw cities t recycle waste int new prducts n lcatin, aviding the lng, ften internatinal, high-emissin jurneys between recycling prcessrs and manufacturing plants. With a micrfactry, gne are the days f needing separate facilities t cllect and stre materials, extract (提取) elements and prduce new prducts,” says Sahajwalla.
Traditinally, recycling plants break dwn materials fr reuse in similar prducts-like melting dwn plastic t make mre plastic things. Sahajwalla’s inventin advances this idea by taking materials frm an ld prduct and creating smething different. “The kids dn’t lk like the parents,” she says. Sahajwalla refers t this prcess as “the furth R,” adding “re -frm” t the cmmn phrase “reduce, reuse, recycle”.
Prfessr Veena Sahajwalla’s prgrams help t develp innvatin and prmte cperatin with industry, ensuring that sustainable materials and prcesses becme cmmercially practical slutins fr dealing with waste.
32. What is the purpse f the first paragraph?
A. T intrduce a new type f trash prcessr.
B. T intrduce the prcess f recycling waste.
C. T prve the seriusness f the trash prblem.
D. T shw the current situatin f trash recycling.
33. What des the secnd paragraph mainly talk abut?
A. The funding f waste micrfactries.
B. The influences f waste micrfactries.
C. The advantages f waste micrfactries.
D. The shcking scale f waste micrfactries.
34. What des “re-frm” in Paragraph 3 refer t accrding t Sahajwalla?
A. Extracting materials frm the waste.
B. Generating new materials with waste.
C. Updating the whle recycling prcess.
D. Transfrming waste int similar prducts.
35. Where is the text prbably taken frm?
A. A fictin nvel.B. A business reprt.
C. A science magazine.D. A chemical textbk.
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. B 35. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了Veena Sahajwalla教授是2022年澳大利亚年度人物，她为我们的大规模垃圾问题创造了一个解决方案：垃圾微型工厂。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Prfessr Veena Sahajwalla, 2022 Australian f the year, has created a slutin t ur massive trash prblem: waste micrfactries. These little trash prcessrs—sme as small as 500 square feet— huse a series f machines that recycle waste and transfrm it int new materials with thermal technlgy. The new all-in -ne apprach culd leave ur current recycling prcesses in the dust.(Veena Sahajwalla教授是2022年澳大利亚年度人物，她为我们的大规模垃圾问题创造了一个解决方案：垃圾微型工厂。这些小垃圾处理器——有些只有500平方英尺——容纳了一系列回收垃圾并利用热技术将其转化为新材料的机器。新的“一体式”方法可能会让我们目前的回收流程相形见绌。)”可知，第一段的写作目的是为了介绍一种新型的垃圾处理机。故选A。
【33题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“In 2018 she launched the first micrfactry, establishing a mdel f recycling that enables businesses and cmmunities t develp cmmercial pprtunities while addressing lcal waste prblems.(2018年，她启动了第一个微型工厂，建立了一种回收模式，使企业和社区能够在解决当地废物问题的同时开发商业机会。)”可知，第二段主要讲述了垃圾微工厂的优点。故选C。
【34题详解】
词句猜测题。根据上文“Sahajwalla’s inventin advances this idea by taking materials frm an ld prduct and creating smething different.(Sahajwalla的发明通过从旧产品中提取材料并创造出不同的东西来推进这一想法。)”可知，Sahajwalla将这一过程称为“第四个R”，即在“减少、再利用、再循环”的基础上再加上“重组”。由此可推知，re-frm指的是“用废物产生新材料”。故选B。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Prfessr Veena Sahajwalla, 2022 Australian f the year, has created a slutin t ur massive trash prblem: waste micrfactries.(Veena Sahajwalla教授是2022年澳大利亚年度人物，她为我们的大规模垃圾问题创造了一个解决方案：垃圾微型工厂。)”可知，文章主要介绍了垃圾微型工厂。由此可推知，文章可能出自一本科学杂志。故选C。
3.（押素材-创造力思维）
Psychlgists wh study creative accmplishments thrughut the life cycle generally find that creativity peaks between the ages f mid t late 30s r early 40s.They tend t view creativity frm the perspective f creative and innvative disciplines, rather than individual accmplishment. And they find little variatin acrss different prfessins and disciplines f creativity and innvatin, such as the arts and sciences.
At What Age Des Creativity Peak? A new study shws that it cunts n whether yu are a cnceptual r an experimental thinker.
But accrding t tw ecnmics prfessrs at Ohi State University, that’s nly part f the stry. Their research, which lked at 31 Nbel Prize Winners in the field f ecnmics and when they made their mst significant cntributins t the field, uncvered evidence f tw peak cycles f individual creativity in the sciences, ne that surfaces very early in sme peple’s careers, and anther that, fr thers, rises up later in their lives. The difference between thse wh experience a peak in creativity during their mid twenties and thse wh are mre likely t peak in their mid 50s, the researchers say, is in the type f creativity invlved.
Peple wh are cnceptual innvatrs — thse wh think ut f the bx and challenge cnventinal wisdm — tend t cme up with new ideas and innvatins autmatically and peak at an earlier age. Thse creatrs wh are mre experimental — wh build n their knwledge and accepted theries thrughut their careers and ultimately find new and innvative ways t analyze that knwledge — tend t peak later in life.
Past research has shwn that cnceptual artists — pets, painters and nvelists — wh have clear and mre immediate gals fr their wrk, such as t cmmunicate very specific and timely ideas r emtins, wrk in a different time frame than experimental artists, whse gals are less clear and less precise and wh wrk thrugh trial and errr at a mre gradual pace. Examples f cnceptual innvatrs include Pabl Picass, T.S. Elit, Herman Melville, and Albert Einstein, all f whm cntributed their mst innvative wrk while they were yung. Examples f experimental innvatrs include Paul Cezanne, Rbert Frst, Virginia Wlf, and Charles Darwin.
The researchers believe that their findings n this view f creativity — that yur mst creative perid is mre a prduct f the type f creatr yu are and the nature f yur wrk than f the particular field yu are in — extend t ther academic and schlarly disciplines as well. If yu are a cnceptual thinker, yu are likely t be mre creative when yu are yunger; if yu are an experimental thinker, yu are likely t d yur mst creative wrk when yu are lder, perhaps even past middle age. In thery, then, there are n limitatins t creativity. Yu culd end up ding yur best wrk in yur frties, fifties, sixties r even later.
32. What can affect the age f Creativity Peak?
A. Different prfessins.
B. Different disciplines.
C. The type f research.
D. The type f thinker.
33. The persns wh ________ will peak later in life.
A. challenge cnventinal wisdm
B. have immediate gals fr their wrk
C. share specific and timely ideas
D. wrk thrugh trial and errr gradually
34. What can we cnclude frm the passage?
A. An experimental thinker may be mre innvative.
B. Creativity withut limitatins may peak at any age.
C. A scientist is mre likely t d creative wrk than an artist.
D. The persn wh has less precise gals can d mre creative wrk.
35. In writing this passage, the authr aims t_________ .
A. reveal when the accmplishment peaks
B. analyze hw t be mre creative
C. explain the factrs that influence creativity peaks
D. present the imprtance and limitatins t creativity
【答案】32. D 33. D 34. B 35. C
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要解释影响创造力高峰的因素。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“At What Age Des Creativity Peak? A new study shws that it cunts n whether yu are a cnceptual r an experimental thinker.(创造力在什么年龄达到顶峰？一项新的研究表明，这取决于你是一个概念思考者还是一个实验思考者)”可知，思考者类型会影响创造力顶峰年龄。故选D。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“Thse creatrs wh are mre experimental — wh build n their knwledge and accepted theries thrughut their careers and ultimately find new and innvative ways t analyze that knwledge — tend t peak later in life.(那些更具实验性的创造者——他们在整个职业生涯中建立在自己的知识和接受理论的基础上，并最终找到新的和创新的方法来分析这些知识——往往会在晚年达到顶峰)”可知，那些通过尝试和错误逐渐工作的人，在晚年会达到顶峰。故选D。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“In thery, then, there are n limitatins t creativity. Yu culd end up ding yur best wrk in yur frties, fifties, sixties r even later.(理论上，创造力是没有限制的。你可能会在40岁、50岁、60岁甚至更晚的时候完成最好的工作)”可知，不受限制的创造力可能在任何年龄达到顶峰。故选B。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“At What Age Des Creativity Peak? A new study shws that it cunts n whether yu are a cnceptual r an experimental thinker.(创造力在什么年龄达到顶峰？一项新的研究表明，这取决于你是一个概念思考者还是一个实验思考者)”及全文可推断，作者写本文的目的主要解释影响创造力高峰的因素。故选C。
4．（2022届吉林省长春市第三次质量监测英语考试）
IQ is ften cnsidered as an imprtant driver f success particularly in fields such as science, innvatin and technlgy. In fact many peple have endless fascinatin with the IQ scres f famus peple. But the truth is that sme f the greatest achievements by ur species have primarily relied n qualities such as creativity, imaginatin, curisity and empathy (同感).
Many f these characteristcs are rted in what scientists call “cgnitive (认知的) flexibility”—a skill that enables us t switch between different cncepts r t adapt behavir t achieve gals in a nvel r changing envirnment. Cgnitive flexibility prvides us with the ability t see that what we are ding is nt leading t success and t make the apprpriate changes t achieve it.
Cgnitive flexibility may have affected hw peple cped with the pandemic lckdwns (疫情封锁) which prduced new challenges arund wrk and schling. Sme f us fund it easier than thers t adapt ur rutines t d many activities frm hme. Such flexible peple may als have changed these rutines frm time t time trying t find better and mre varied ways f ging abut their day. Others, hwever, struggled and ultimately became mre rigid in their thinking.
Flexible thinking is key t creativity. It als supprts academic and wrk skills such as prblem slving. Fr example, visual artists may be f average intelligence but highly creative and have prduced masterpieces. Creativity is als imprtant in science and innvatin. We have discvered that successful businessmen wh have created multiple cmpanies are mre cgnitively flexible than managers f a similar age and IQ.
Cgnitive flexibility is als assciated with high recvery frm negative life events as well as higher quality f life in lder individuals. It can even be beneficial in emtinal and scial cgnitin: studies have shwn that cgnitive flexibility has a strng link t the ability t understand the emtins, thughts and intentins f thers.
Neurimaging studies have shwn that cgnitive flexibility is dependent n a netwrk f frntal brain regins. There are a number f ways t bjectively assess peple’s cgnitive flexibility including the Wiscnsin Card Srting test and the CANTAB Set Shift Task. And the gd news is that it seems that yu can train cgnitive flexibility.
32. What can we learn frm Paragraph 1?
A. Creativity is the nly surce f peple’s success.
B. A driver’s achievement is nt determined by IQ.
C. The IQ f famus peple is mysterius.
D. IQ may nt be the key factr in human’s achievements.
33. Which might NOT be an example f cgnitive flexibility during pandemic lckdwns?
A. Organizing nline meetings.B. Taking up indr wrkut.
C. Jining in grup hiking.D. Learning t bake at hme.
34. Which belngs t the cnsequences f cgnitive flexibility?
A. Flexible peple tend t stick t their rutines.
B. Peple have a better understanding f thers’ feelings.
C. Businessmen are mre likely t succeed than visual artists.
D. Older individuals are able t avid misfrtunes in life.
35. What wuld the fllwing paragraph talk abut?
A. The ways t develp cgnitive flexibility.
B. The applicatin f cgnitive flexibility.
C. The Wiscnsin Card Srting test.
D. The imprtance f training cgnitive flexibility.
【答案】32. D 33. D 34. B 35. C
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章提出人类一些最伟大的成就主要依赖于创造力、想象力、好奇心和同理心等品质，这些品质大多植根于科学家们所说的“认知灵活性”——这是一种使我们能够在不同的概念之间转换，或在一个新的或不断变化的环境中调整行为以实现目标的技能。文章说明了认知灵活性的重要性以及带给人们的影响。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“IQ is ften cnsidered as an imprtant driver f success particularly in fields such as science, innvatin and technlgy. In fact many peple have endless fascinatin with the IQ scres f famus peple. But the truth is that sme f the greatest achievements by ur species have primarily relied n qualities such as creativity, imaginatin, curisity and empathy (同感).(智商通常被认为是成功的重要驱动力，特别是在科学、创新和技术等领域。事实上，许多人对名人的智商分数有着无尽的迷恋。但事实是，人类一些最伟大的成就主要依赖于创造力、想象力、好奇心和同理心等品质。)”可知，人类一些最伟大的成就主要依赖于创造力、想象力、好奇心和同理心等品质，由此可推知智商可能不是人类成就的关键因素。故选D项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Cgnitive flexibility prvides us with the ability t see that what we are ding is nt leading t success and t make the apprpriate changes t achieve it.(认知上的灵活性使我们能够认识到我们所做的并不会带来成功，并做出适当的改变来实现它。)”可知，认知上的灵活性会让我们对自己的思想和行为带来适当的引导和调整，结合第三段“Cgnitive flexibility may have affected hw peple cped with the pandemic lckdwns (疫情封锁) which prduced new challenges arund wrk and schling. Sme f us fund it easier than thers t adapt ur rutines t d many activities frm hme. Such flexible peple may als have changed these rutines frm time t time trying t find better and mre varied ways f ging abut their day. Others, hwever, struggled and ultimately became mre rigid in their thinking.(认知灵活性可能影响了人们如何应对疫情封锁，这给工作和教育带来了新的挑战。我们中的一些人比其他人更容易调整我们的日常活动，在家里做许多活动。这些灵活的人可能也会时不时地改变这些习惯，试图找到更好、更多样化的方式来度过他们的一天。然而，另一些人则挣扎着，最终变得更加固执。)”可知，疫情封锁期间，去参加团体远足这样的户外活动，没有体现出灵活调整所处的现实情况与自身行为，不符合认知的灵活性，故选C项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“It can even be beneficial in emtinal and scial cgnitin: studies have shwn that cgnitive flexibility has a strng link t the ability t understand the emtins, thughts and intentins f thers.(它甚至对情绪和社会认知也有好处:研究表明，认知灵活性与理解他人情绪、思想和意图的能力有很强的联系。)”可知，认知灵活性与理解他人情绪、思想和意图的能力有很强的联系，由此可知，B项“人们能更好地理解他人的感受。”属于认知灵活性的结果，故选B项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章说明了认知灵活性的意义以及它对人们产生的影响，结合最后一段“And the gd news is that it seems that yu can train cgnitive flexibility.(好消息是，你似乎可以训练认知灵活性。)”可知，此处提出认知灵活性是可以训练的，由此可推断，接下来应说明“培养认知灵活性的方法。”，故选A项。
（押考法-猜词推断题和主旨细节题）
Male scientists prtray their studies as “unprecedented, remarkable, excellent and nvel” mre ften than female scientists, a new study finds, which may cntribute t gender differences in pay and prmtin in the medical wrld.
The study, published Mnday in the British Medical Jurnal, analyzed mre than 6.2 millin articles published in jurnals between 2002 and 2017.
The researchers fund that studies in prestigius jurnals with a male first r last authr (r bth) were 12% mre likely t use sweeping, psitive terms — “unique”, “rbust”, “prminent”— than thse where wmen were credited, which they believe cntributed t the male studies getting abut 10% mre citatins. The first authr is the researcher wh tk the lead n the paper, the last generally is the mst senir authr.
Citatins are ften used in hiring and prmtin decisins.
The effect was mst prnunced in a subset f 60,000 f the mst prestigius medical jurnals, which include thse with the largest readership and that are cited by scientists mst ften.
Fr these jurnals, men were 21% mre likely t use strnger, mre psitive language than wmen, which the researchers think played a rle in 13% mre citatins.
“There is a benefit t prmte yurself by using these terms,” says Anupam B. Jena, an assciate prfessr at Harvard Medical Schl and senir authr n the study.
Experts say the study helps shed light n why wmen make up nly 25% f medical prfessrs.
Marc Lerchenmueller, an assistant prfessr f technlgical innvatin and management science at the University f Mannheim in Germany and first authr f the study, says the use f superlatives by men was driven by the higher impact jurnals.
Other research has fund similar findings. Julian Klev, an assistant prfessr at SMU Cx Schl f Business in Dallas, says the Gates Fundatin let his team examine the fundatin ’ s grant-review prcess f abut 5,000 applicants fr health research prjects between 2008 and 2017. Researchers wanted t see why men are ranked favrably mre ften than wmen, even thugh the reviewers dn’t see identifying infrmatin fr the applicant. Men were abut 12% t 16% mre likely t receive a higher scre frm a reviewer and 10% t 13% mre likely t get a grant.
“What we fund was the biggest cause f distinctin between male and female applicants was the language that they used t describe their ideas,” Dr. Klev says. “Men tended t use brad language — language that cvers multiple tpics and papers acrss different areas. Wmen tended t use tpic-specific wrds, much narrwer language.”
The researchers lking at the Gates data als examined whether the brader language helped versell an idea r was actual substantive. They fund that it was mstly a case f verselling.
“The prpsals with brad language actually under-perfrmed relative t narrw language prpsals, based n publicatins, ability t attract fllw-up funding and attract new cllabratins,” Dr. Klev says.
Vineet Arra, a prfessr f medicine at University f Chicag Medicine, has dne research shwing that female physicians are penalized fr demnstrating s-called male traits starting as early as their training.
The result: When wmen try t get an article published in a high-prfile jurnal they may be mre cnservative in stating their findings.
One explanatin fr the study’s findings, Dr. Arra says, is that men and wmen write differently. Anther ptential explanatin is that men wh use mre psitive wrds are treated differently in the peer review and editrial prcess than wmen wh d s. “My hunch (直觉) is that it’s a tw-way street,” she says. “That wmen are less likely t use thse wrds, and when they d, they’ re prbably mre harshly criticized.”
Given that nly 25% f medical prfessrs are female, Dr. Arra says, answering questins abut what cntributes t such distinctin is essential. “Hw d we ensure equitable reviews acrss gender s that we d nt see these findings?” she says.
32. We can learn frm the study published in the British Medical Jurnal that ________.
A. studies by male scientists are mre ften cited
B. male scientists are prducing higher quality wrk
C. wmen are rarely credited despite their achievements
D. wmen face mre bstacles in cmpleting their research
33. The study cntributes t the fllwing except________.
A. appealing t the eliminatin f gender inequality in sciety
B. the explratin f the patterns and causes f gender differences
C. casting light n why wmen make up nly 25% f medical prfessrs
D. explaining the gender differences in pay and prmtin in the medical wrld
34. Accrding t Vineet Arra f University f Chicag Medicine, ________.
A. men are mre favrably judged fr managerial psitins
B. wmen are severely criticized fr shwing s-called male traits
C. wmen are less likely t receive a higher scre in medical schl
D. men tend t versell their ideas as they have a strnger desire fr success
35. The article is mainly cncerned abut________.
A. the increasing gender inequality in the medical field
B. the difficulties wmen have experienced in becming scientists
C. the unfairness caused by peer reviewers’ preferences fr certain language traits
D. the language difference in papers written by male and female scientists and its cnsequences
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. D
【解析】
本文是说明文。文章主要讲述男女性科学家因为在论文中使用的语言不同而导致他们的结果不同。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“The researchers fund that studies in prestigius jurnals with a male first r last authr (r bth) were 12% mre likely t use sweeping, psitive terms — “unique”, “rbust”, “prminent”— than thse where wmen were credited, which they believe cntributed t the male studies getting abut 10% mre citatins.(研究人员发现，在权威期刊上，有男性第一作者或最后作者(或两者兼而有之)的研究中，使用笼统、积极的术语——“独特的”、“健壮的”、“突出的”——的可能性比那些女性做的研究高出12%，他们认为正是这些术语才促使男性做的研究的被引用率高出约10% )”可知，研究表明，男性做的研究的被引用率高。故选A。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第八段“Experts say the study helps shed light n why wmen make up nly 25% f medical prfessrs.(专家说，这项研究有助于解释为什么女性只占医学教授的25% )”可知，这项研究有助于解释为什么女性只占医学教授的25%，所以C选项是这项研究做出贡献的地方；根据第十段“Researchers wanted t see why men are ranked favrably mre ften than wmen, even thugh the reviewers dn’t see identifying infrmatin fr the applicant.(研究人员想知道为什么男性比女性更受欢迎，即使评论者看不到申请者的身份信息)”可知，这项研究促使了对性别差异的模式和原因的探索，所以B选项是这项研究做出贡献的地方；根据最后一段“Given that nly 25% f medical prfessrs are female, Dr. Arra says, answering questins abut what cntributes t such distinctin is essential. “Hw d we ensure equitable reviews acrss gender s that we d nt see these findings?” she says. (考虑到只有25% 的医学教授是女性，阿罗拉博士说，回答是什么导致了这种差异的问题是必要的。“我们如何确保性别间的公平审查，从而不会看到这些发现？”她说)”可知，这项研究呼吁消除社会中的性别不平等，所以A选项是这项研究做出贡献的地方。根据第一段“Male scientists prtray their studies as “unprecedented, remarkable, excellent and nvel” mre ften than female scientists, a new study finds, which may cntribute t gender differences in pay and prmtin in the medical wrld.(一项新的研究发现，男性科学家比女性科学家更多地将他们的研究描述为“前所未有的、卓越的、优秀的和新颖的”，这可能导致了医学界薪酬和晋升方面的性别差异)”可知，导致了医学界薪酬和晋升方面的性别差异的是男性科学家比女性科学家更多地将他们的研究描述为“前所未有的、卓越的、优秀的和新颖的”这些词汇，而不是这项研究。故选D。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第十四段“Vineet Arra, a prfessr f medicine at University f Chicag Medicine, has dne research shwing that female physicians are penalized fr demnstrating s-called male traits starting as early as their training.(芝加哥医学大学的医学教授Vineet Arra，做了一项研究，表明女医生因为在训练时就表现出所谓的男性特征而受到惩罚)”可知，根据芝加哥大学医学院的Vineet Arra教授的说法，女性因表现出所谓的男性特质而受到严厉批评。故选B。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Male scientists prtray their studies as “unprecedented, remarkable, excellent and nvel” mre ften than female scientists, a new study finds, which may cntribute t gender differences in pay and prmtin in the medical wrld.(一项新的研究发现，男性科学家比女性科学家更多地将他们的研究描述为“前所未有的、卓越的、优秀的和新颖的”，这可能导致了医学界薪酬和晋升方面的性别差异)”和第十一段“What we fund was the biggest cause f distinctin between male and female applicants was the language that they used t describe their ideas(我们发现，男性和女性申请者之间最大的区别在于他们用来描述自己想法的语言)”可知，这篇文章主要讲述男女性科学家因为在论文中使用的语言不同而导致他们的结果不同。故选D。
（2022届河北省秦皇岛市高三二模联考英语试题）
“Breut (闷爆) is different frm burnut (精疲力竭) in the sense that bred-ut emplyees rarely break dwn with exhaustin. Bred-ut peple may be present physically but nt in spirit, and peple can keep ding this fr a gd while,” says Harju, wh has studied breut fr years.
Wrkers wh realize they’re experiencing breut may als be unwilling t flag it up as an issue t line managers r human resurces. “While the behavirs that feed int burnut — verwrk, drive — are appreciated and rewarded by emplyers, breut reflects a lack f interest, a lack f mtivatin,” says Harju. “These are things that are avided in rganizatins.”
There are sme quick fixes, like taking n wrk tasks that are mre interesting t yu. But a 2016 study Harju and her clleagues wrked n shwed that peple wh had breut were less likely t engage in cnstructive activities like trying t find new, interesting challenges at wrk.
What happens mre ften, she says, is that peple will just shw up at their desks and spend time shpping nline, chatting with clleagues r planning ther activities. She says that these peple aren’t lazy, but are using these behaviurs as “cping mechanisms”.
Fahri Ozsungur, an assciate prfessr f ecnmics at Mersin University, Turkey, wh was behind the 2021 study n the health effects f breut, pints ut that cmbating the phenmenn isn’t just dwn t the individual. “Giving meaning t the jb is nt just up t the emplyees,” he says. “Instead, it’s up t management t create an ffice culture that makes peple feel valuable.”
If yu think breut is seriusly affecting yur health either physically r mentally, it may be valuable t ask yurself hw yu might be able t reselect yur career path tward smething healthier fr yu. Seek the advice frm advisers, career cnsultants, friends and family.
“If nly peple take its suggestin, breut can make a change int smething else: a different career entirely, r a different rle in the rganizatin,” Harju says.
32. What is the purpse f the first paragraph?
A. T intrduce the tpic f the text. B. T describe peple with burnut.
C. T explain what burnut is. D. T tell us wh Harju is.
33. Why d peple prefer nt t talk abut their breut?
A. They lack relevant knwledge.
B. They are warned nt t talk abut it.
C. They may nt want it t be knwn t emplyers.
D. They fear t be laughed at by their clleagues.
34. What des the underlined wrd “cmbating” in paragraph 5 mean?
A. Encuraging. B. Blaming.
C. Trusting. D. Fighting.
35. Which f the fllwing may Harju agree with?
A. Frcing emplyers t increase salaries.
B. Sticking t the jb until yu adapt t it.
C. Trying spending mre time with yur family.
D. Cnsidering changing a new jb interesting yu.
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. D 35. D
【解析】
本文是说明文。文章介绍了一种职场现象——闷爆，介绍了表现、对员工的影响以及解决方法。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段““Breut (闷爆) is different frm burnut (精疲力竭) in the sense that bred-ut emplyees rarely break dwn with exhaustin. Bred-ut peple may be present physically but nt in spirit, and peple can keep ding this fr a gd while,” says Harju, wh has studied breut fr years.(“闷爆与倦怠不同，因为闷爆的员工很少会因疲惫而崩溃。闷爆的人可能身体上存在，但精神上不存在，人们可以继续这样做很长一段时间，”哈尔朱说，他研究无聊已经很多年了)”可推知，本段的目的是引出文章的主题。故选A。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Wrkers wh realize they’re experiencing breut may als be unwilling t flag it up as an issue t line managers r human resurces. “While the behavirs that feed int burnut — verwrk, drive — are appreciated and rewarded by emplyers, breut reflects a lack f interest, a lack f mtivatin,” says Harju. “These are things that are avided in rganizatins.”(意识到自己正在经历闷爆的员工可能也不愿意把它作为一个问题告诉部门经理或人力资源部门。哈尔朱说：“虽然过度工作、开车等会让人精疲力竭的行为会得到雇主的赞赏和奖励，但闷爆反映出缺乏兴趣、缺乏动力。这些都是组织中应该避免的事情。”)”可知，员工不想谈论闷爆的原因是他们不想让老板知道他们被闷爆困扰，那将被视为他们对工作丧失兴趣和动力。故选C。
【34题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第五段中““Giving meaning t the jb is nt just up t the emplyees,” he says. “Instead, it’s up t management t create an ffice culture that makes peple feel valuable.””可知，Fahri Ozsungur指出，抗击闷爆不能只靠个人，让工作有意义不仅取决于员工。相反，管理部门有责任建设一种让员工感觉个人价值得到实现的办公室文化。cmbating意为“战斗”，与fight同义。故选D。
【35题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段““If nly peple take its suggestin, breut can make a change int smething else: a different career entirely, r a different rle in the rganizatin,” Harju says.(哈尔朱说：“只要人们接受了它的建议，无聊就可以让你改变成其他的东西：完全不同的职业，或者在公司里扮演不同的角色。”)”可知，Harju认为可以换个职业或岗位。故选D。