第1讲 句子成分与基本句型 精讲精练 2022届准高三高考英语语法暑假专练

这是一份第1讲 句子成分与基本句型 精讲精练 2022届准高三高考英语语法暑假专练，共12页。
准高三暑假语法精讲精练第1讲  八种句子成分与基本句子类型 一．定义 定义构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分主要成分主语和谓语次要成分宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语 二．八种成分的用法 【主语】 主语定义主语是一个句子所叙述的主体.主语位置一般位于句首.但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语为疑问词时）和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面   哪些词可以作主语名词,代词,数词,不定式,动名词,名词化的形容词,短语,句子The village is very beautiful.（名词）Who is speaking,please（电话中问对方是谁）（代词）Two will be enough.（数词）To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.（不定式）Skating is good exercise.（动名词）The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.（名词化的形容词）How to do well is an important question.（短语）What has happened proves that our policy is right.（句子） 【谓语】 谓语定义谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态.动词在句中作谓语谓语位置一般放在主语之后.谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成.如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成.如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系动词加表语构成.如：We are students. 【宾语】 宾语定义宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者宾语位置一般位于及物动词和介词后面哪些词可以作宾语名词,代词,数词,名词化的形容词,不定式,动名词,动名词短语,句子She is doing her homework now.（名词）I like it very much.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He likes to play basketball.（不定式）I like swimming.（动名词）We enjoy listening to the music.（动名词短语）He told me that he was a teacher before.（句子）宾语种类（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）例如：They elected him their monitor. 【定语】 定语定义修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语定语位置被修饰的词前或后哪些词可以作定语名词,代词,名词或代词所有格,数词,形容词（限观形龄色国材）,分词,动名词,不定式,介词短语,句子可以作定语.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）His son needs Tom’s pen.（代词和名词所有格）Two boys need two pens.（数词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）The boy who is tall is my brother.（句子） 【状语】 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语状语位置句首,句中,句尾哪些词可以作状语名词,数词,形容词,副词,副词性词组,介词短语,不定式,分词,句子.Wait a minute.（名词）I’ve done it hundreds of times.（数词）I got home,tired and thirsty.（形容词）Light travels most quickly.（副词）Generally speaking,when taken according to the directions,the medicine has no side effect.（副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）They came out of the classroom,talking and laughing.（现在分词）Mr Black came back drunk that night.（过去分词）Once you begin, you must continue.（句子）状语种类时间状语,地点状语,原因状语,条件状语,方式状语,比较状语,让步状语,目的状语,结果状语,伴随状语How about meeting again at six（时间状语）Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语） 【宾语补足语】 宾语补足语定义英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整.这种宾语补语就是宾语补足语.宾语补足语位置带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）哪些词可以作宾语宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和句子充当His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）I had my bike repaired yesterday.（过去分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（句子） 【表语】 表语定义表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态表语位置它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后.哪些词可以作表语表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及句子表示Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） 【同位语】 定义一个名词（其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明,这个词（或其它形式）就是同位语位置同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致,并常常紧挨在一起      充当同位语的词名词,动名词,不定式,形容词,名词短语，动名词短语，不定式短语，介词短语，形容词短语直接引语,句子Mr wang,my child’s teacher,will be visiting us on Tuesday.（名词）I,the oldest girl in the family,always had to care for the other children.（名词短语）He enjoys the exercise,swimming in winter.（动名词）Asking him to join us,that’s a good ides.（动名词短语）Their aspiration,to become free and independent,is deserving of every kind of help from us.（不定式）The question what to do next hasn’t been considered.（不定式短语）As the head of the company,he had to explain what had happened.（介词短语）He,short and thin,is unfit for the job.（形容词）All the countries,big or small,are equal.（形容词短语）But now the question comes to their minds,“Did she die young because she was a clone”（直接引语）The girl were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.（句子）分析句子成分1.     in our class．答案：①状语　②主语　③谓语　④宾语　⑤状语2.   .答案：①状语　②主语　③谓语　④宾语3.   .答案：①主语　②谓语　③宾语　④宾补　⑤状语4.  .答案：①主语　②定语　③谓语(系动词＋表语)5.   .答案：①状语　②主语　③谓语　④主补6. .答案：①主语　②谓语　③同位语 句子类型精讲Ⅰ. 考前检测Task1 句子成分分析：请找出下列句子的主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、或表语。1.She is happy．2.She came．3.She likes English.4.She gave John a book．5.She bought a book for me.6.She makes her mother angry．7.The teacher asked me to read  the passage. 小结：句子的组成部分分为：_____、______、_____、________、_______、_______、_______，其中______与_______是主要成分，一般不可缺少。 答案：主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 补语 表语；主语 谓语Ⅱ. 探究合作基本句型一：主语+系动词+表语 (Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｐ)   本结构主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。该句型中, 谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做系动词。Task2 分析下列句子成分，找出每个句子的系动词及表语。1.Our English teacher is a beautiful lady.2.The cake tastes delicious. 3.Their boss seems satisfied with the work.4.The potatoes went bad in the fields.5.Deep water stays still.6.John is in good health..7.My hobby is collecting coins.8.Her dream is to become a teacher.9.The reason for my failure was that I hadn’t put my heart into my study. 小结：系动词有：1.系动词be。2. 表感官的系动词，如look, sound, taste, smell, feel, seem, appear等3. 表变化的系动词，如become, get, turn, grow ,come, go, fall, run等。4. 表持续的系动词，如remain, keep, stay, stand, rest, lie, hold等。 做表语的词有: ______(例1)，________(例2、3、4、5)，____________(例6)，_____________(例7)，
____________(例8)，__________(例9)等。答案：名词 形容词 介词短语 动名词短语 动词不定式 表语从句 Task3：请用“主语 + 系动词 + 表语”句型完成下列句子1.他失业了。  __________________________________________ 2.树叶已经变黄了。  __________________________________________3.这个报告听起来很有趣。     The report___________________________________4.冬季白天短，夜晚长。   In winter, the days________________ and the nights __________________________.5.十五岁他就成为有名的歌手了。    At the age of fifteen, ___________________________________________6.孩子们很少保持安静。Children seldom______________________7.她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。_______________________________________in the nursery. 答案 1 He is out of work.2 The leaves have turned yellow.3 sounds interesting4 are short ; are long5 He became a famous singer.6 keep quiet7 Her job is to look after the children  基本句型二： 主语 + 不及物动词  （Ｓ +Ｖ）本身能表达一个完整意思的动词, 叫做不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、不定式、介词短语、状语从句等作状语。如：The machine works smoothly. 机器运转顺畅。(副词)They stopped to take a short rest 他们停下来休息。(不定式)He is standing by the window.他站在窗户边。（介词短语）Task4：请用“主语 + 不及物动词”句型完成下列句子。1.我们正在排队等候。_________________________________2.我们勤奋学习。__________________________________3.他每年旅游好几个月。 __________________________________________________4.他昨晚很晚回家。___________________________________________________5.在过去的十年里，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。(take place, great changes)_________________________________________________________in the past ten years. 答案1We are waiting in line.2We study hard.3He travels for several months every year.4He went home very late last night/ yesterday evening.5Great changes have taken place in my hometown  基本句型三： 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 （Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ）及物动词本身需要一个动作的接受者(宾语), 才可以表达一个完整的意思。做宾语的可以是名词、代词、不定式等。如：Mary enjoys music. 玛丽喜欢音乐。(名词)He loves her. 他爱她。(代词)I want to get your help.我想得到您的帮助。(不定式短语)I don’t know what to do.我不知道该怎么办。(疑问词+不定式)The old man enjoys living in the countryside. 那老人喜欢住在乡村。(动名词短语)I don’t think he’s right.  我认为他不对。(宾语从句)Task5：请用“主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语”句型完成下列句子。1.我们在368名学生中进行了一次调查。___________________________ among 368 students.2.我承诺以后要把主要精力放在学习上。I_______________________mainly on my study.3.这比赛目的在于提高学生的环保意识。(aim to do sth)The contest ________________________ students’ awareness of protecting the environment.4.我们已决定什么时候出发。(set off)___________________________________________________5.我不知道该怎么办。 答案 1We did a survey2promise to focus 3 aims to improve4 We have decided when to set off.5I don't know what to do.  基本句型四: 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 （Ｓ +Ｖ +IO +DＯ）   该句型中的谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语；一个是表示物的直接宾语。间接宾语一般在前面, 直接宾语在后面。如：Tom left Mary a message.汤姆给玛丽留下了口信。This will save you much time.这将为您节约大量的时间。有时直接宾语和间接宾语可以对调, 这时, 间接宾语前应加上介词to, for或of。1.主+及物动词+物(直宾)+to+人(间宾)。如：He offered a job to her.他向她提供了一份工作。I owe my success to you.我的成功要归功于您。 归纳：间接宾语前要用to的常用动词有：give, tell, lend, sell, teach, send, write, show, return, bring, pass, leave, offer, hand等。2.主+及物动词+ 物(直宾)+for+人(间宾)。如：He ordered some food for the two of them. 他为他们俩点了一些食物。Mother made a nice dress for the little girl. 妈妈给小女孩做了条美丽的裙子。归纳：间接宾语前加介词for的动词有：buy, choose, get, make, order, sing, do, play，save等。 3.主+及物动词+人(间宾)+of+物(直宾)。如：They robbed the old man of his money. 他们抢了老人的钱。He’s warned me of the danger.他警告我注意危险。归纳：直接宾语前加介词of的动词有：cure, convince (使信服), inform, rob, rid(摆脱, 赶走, 清除), warn。Task6：请用“主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 ”句型完成下列句子。1.我想为父亲挑选一份合适的礼物。 I want to ________ a suitable ___________  _________ my father.Choose    gift/ present   for2.母爱给我们力量。Mother’s love _____ ____  __________.Gives us power  gives power to us3.请在本周末把所借的书都还给图书。Please ____________________________________by this weekend.return all the books to the library4.Tom使Mary相信了他的诚实。Tom __________  ________  ___ his honesty.Convinced Mary of 5.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。Grandma told ____  _____________________ last night.us  an interesting story  基本句型五: 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补  (S+V+O+OC)    此结构由“主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词(仅限少数几个)，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如：     1.The news made me happy.      2.They made Tom their monitor.3.I found myself in dark. (我发现自己还蒙在鼓里。)4.He encouraged her to work harder.5.I heard him singing.6.You must get your hair cut.  7.He used to do his homework with his radio on. 用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.Task7：请用“主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补 ”句型完成下列句子。1．我们叫她Alice。___________________________We all call her Alice.2．我们大家都认为他是诚实的。_______________________________________________We all consider him honest. 3我要你把真相告诉我。(the truth)       _______________________________________________I want you to tell me the truth4. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。   We _____________________________ aloud every morning.hear him reading English5. 他踢足球时摔断了腿。(have sth done)      He ______________________while playing football.had his leg broken6.他感到很难跟你交谈。______________________________________________.He felt/ found it hard/ difficult to talk with youIII. 练习巩固  Task8 判断下列句子的类型。She is a very good girl. The girl is very good. They laughed.  The kites fly in the sky.  I bought a new bike.     He plays volleyball.   She told me a story.    He gave me a good book.  He asked me to help him.   He made me happy.  Task9 用简单句翻译下列各句，然后通过适当添加细节和关联词将其合并成5句话的连贯短文，这5句话依然是简单句。1. 这是我的妈妈。This is my mother. (主+系+表)2. 她是一个普通的家庭妇女。She is an ordinary housewife. (主+系+表)3. 刚才她坐在那儿。My mother was sitting there. (主+谓) 4. 她在看电视。She was watching TV. (主+谓+宾)5. 我感到意外。 I felt surprised. (主+系+表)6. 她在哭泣。She was weeping/crying. (主+谓)7. 什么事才可使她高兴？What could make her happy? (主+谓+宾+宾补)8. 我给她讲了一个滑稽可笑的故事。I told her a very funny story. (主+谓+双宾)9. 她情不自禁地笑了起来。She couldn’t help laughing. (主+谓+宾) This is my mother, an ordinary housewife. Just now, she was sitting there, watching TV. Much to my surprise, I found her weeping. In order to make her happy, I told her a very funny story. Sure enough, she couldn’t help laughing. 高考题演练 尊敬和爱戴的人(2020·全国Ⅰ)你校正在组织英语作文比赛，你校正在组织英语作文比赛。请以身边值得尊敬和爱戴的人为题，写一篇短文参赛，内容包括： 1. 人物简介； 2. 尊敬和爱戴的原因。 注意： 1. 词数100左右； 2. 短文题目和首句已为你写好。 The person I respectWe have a lot of respectable people around us.They may be our teachers, parents or one of our elders.As for me, my father is the person 1.________________________(我最尊敬的).2.____________________________________________________________(我爸爸是一名非常热爱他的工作和学生的老师)．He works very hard every day but he also spares some time to accompany me and 3.________________________________________________(与我分享他工作中很多快乐的事情)．4．________________________________________________(在学习中当我遇到学习问题时), my father will listen to me patiently and encourage me to overcome the difficulties bravely.He achieved a lot in his work, and is 5.______________________________________(被学生尊重)．So, in my mind my father is the person I respect most and I love him deeply.1．I respect most　2.My father is a teacher who loves his work and his students very much　3.shares many funny things with me about his work　4.When I come across the problems of learning in my study　5.is respected by his students