第4讲 非谓语动词 精讲精练 2022届准高三高考英语语法暑假专练

这是一份第4讲 非谓语动词 精讲精练 2022届准高三高考英语语法暑假专练，共13页。试卷主要包含了不定式作状语，现在分词作状语，过去分词作状语， Mrs等内容，欢迎下载使用。
非谓语动词
非谓语动词作状语

1.不定式作状语
不定式作状语


1.动词不定式作目的状语时，常位于句首或句中，形式上可用in order to do，so as to do，to do等，但so as to do不能置于句首。
2.动词不定式作结果状语时常用于too...to do，enough to，so/such...as to结构中。only/just to do常表示出乎意料的结果。
3.在be happy/glad/sorry/sad/surprised to do sth. 结构中作原因状语。

2.现在分词作状语
(1)现在分词作状语时其形式的选择
形式
内在含义
doing
与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中谓语动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生。
having done
与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，且先于谓语动作发生。
having been done
与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动作发生。



(2)现在分词作状语的语法功能
现在分词作状语
用法
作时间状语
相当于when，while，after等引导的时间状语从句。
作原因状语
相当于as，since，because引导的原因状语从句。
作条件状语
相当于if引导的条件状语从句。
作让步状语
相当于though，although等引导的让步状语从句。
作结果状语
表示自然而然的结果，既可扩展为一个含并列谓语的简单句，也可扩展为一个并列句或定语从句。
作方式或伴随状语
表示与谓语动作同时发生的次要(或伴随)的动作，通常可扩展为并列分句。
3.过去分词作状语
其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词动作的承受者，过去分词与主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。过去分词(短语)作状语可表示时间、原因、让步、条件、伴随和方式，除了作方式或伴随状语时，不能转换为状语从句外，其他的都可转化为相应的状语从句。
非谓语动词作定语
动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语，通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾或同位关系。
分词作
定语
1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式为doing，being done和done。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用doing；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作正在进行时，用being done；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作已完成时，用done。
2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done，doing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。
动名词作定语
动名词可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能。


非谓语动词作宾语
(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法敢假装
decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish；refuse，manage，dare，pretend
主动答应选计划，同意请求未能帮一帮
offer，promise，choose，plan; agree，ask/beg，fail，help

(2)在某些动词如find，think，consider，feel，make，believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。
2.动名词作宾语
(1)下列动词(短语)只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想
consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardon; admit，delay/put off，fancy
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏
avoid，miss，keep/keep on，practice; deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡
forbid，imagine，risk; can’t help(禁不住)，mind，allow/permit，escape

(2)由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to (习惯于)，look forward to (期盼)，feel like (想要)，insist on (坚持)，get down to (开始认真做某事)，devote ...to ...(致力于……)，object to (反对)，stick to (坚持)，give up (放弃)等。
(3)下列动词或词组既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事(已做)
regret to do sth. 对即将做的事表示遗憾(未做)
regret doing sth. 对做过的事表示遗憾/后悔(已做)
try to do sth. 尽力/努力去做某事
try doing sth. 试着做某事


go on to do sth. 继续做另外一件事
go on doing sth. 继续做原来做的事

remember to do sth. 记着去做某事(未做)
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做)

非谓语动词作宾语补足语

不定式作宾语补足语
1.在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语，如ask，want，invite，get，force，expect，allow，persuade，order，warn，remind，prefer，cause，permit，forbid，advise，teach等。
2.下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语：一感(feel)，二听(hear，listen to)，三使(let，have，make)，五看 (see，notice，observe，watch，look at)，半帮助(help)，但在变为被动语态时需加to。

分词作宾语补足语
1.感官动词或短语see，watch，observe，look at，listen to，notice及keep，find等词可跟分词作宾语补足语。现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主谓关系；过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是动宾关系。
2.have，get后可接现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语。


with/without复合结构
1.“with/without＋名词/代词＋现在分词”中的现在分词表主动且进行，或表特征。
2.“with/without＋名词/代词＋过去分词”中的过去分词表被动且完成，或表状态。
3.“with/without＋名词/代词＋动词不定式”中的不定式表示动作尚未发生。

非谓语动词作主语和表语

非谓语动词作主语
1.不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语，常用于“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb. to do sth. ”结构中。
2.动名词短语作主语时，有时用it作形式主语，常用于It is/was a waste (of...)/no use/no good doing sth. 结构中。
非谓语动词作表语
非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式，注意现在分词interesting，exciting，disappointing等作表语意为“令人……的”；而过去分词interested，excited，disappointed等作表语意为“感到……的”。


注意事项
非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语的关系
1.非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。
[误]Found him angry，I began to tell jokes.
[正]Finding him angry，I began to tell jokes.
发现他生气了，我开始讲笑话。
[误]Looking around，there was no one nearby.
[正]Looking around，I found there was no one nearby.
环顾四周，我发现附近没有人。
2.若非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则要在非谓语动词前加上其自身的逻辑主语，“逻辑主语(名词/代词)＋非谓语动词”被称为独立主格结构。
具体形式如下：
(1)名词/代词＋现在分词。现在分词可有语态和时态的变化。如：
例　Winter coming，it gets colder and colder.
冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
(2)名词/代词＋过去分词。构成过去分词的动词与名词/代词为动宾关系，且过去分词表示动作已完成。
例　The test finished，we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们的假期开始了。
(3)名词/代词＋不定式。不定式表示将来的动作，有语态的变化。
例　The two boys said goodbye to each other，one to go home，the other to go to his friend’s.
两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回家，另一个去朋友家。
(4)有些分词/不定式短语作状语时，尽管它们的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，但也不作为语法错误来处理，称之为评注性状语。
①常见的这类分词短语有generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking，talking of，speaking of，judging from，taking everything into consideration等。
例　Generally speaking，girls are more interested in literature than boys.
一般来说，女孩子比男孩子更喜欢文学。
②常见的这类不定式短语有to be frank，to be sure，to tell (you) the truth，to be honest，to make matters worse等。
例　To tell you the truth，it’s all Greek to me.
说实话，我对此一窍不通。

解题技巧

技巧一　分析句子结构，判断是谓语动词还是非谓语动词
首先判定所给提示词是否充当句子的谓语，如果句子不缺少谓语，就用非谓语动词。
典例　During the Mid-Autumn Festival，family members often gather together    (share) a meal，admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.
to share
解析　句意为：在中秋节期间，家庭成员常常欢聚一堂，享受大餐、赏月并品尝月饼。分析句子结构可知，句子为简单句，且谓语动词为gather，故空处应填非谓语动词；再根据句意可知，此处应用不定式作目的状语。
技巧二　找逻辑主语，再判断与动词之间的关系
非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑主语是被修饰词；作状语时，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语；作补语时，其逻辑主语是动词或介词的宾语。
分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语(逻辑上的动作执行者)之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系(也就是看其逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是承受者)。如果逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词；如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词。但是当含有被动意义时，如果非谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作正在进行，则用现在分词形式的被动式。
典例　Jim has retired，but he still remembers the happy time   (spend) with his students.
spent
解析　句意为：吉姆已经退休，但他仍记得与学生们一起度过的快乐时光。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，the happy time与spend是逻辑上的动宾关系，且此处表示一个已完成的动作，所以用过去分词短语作后置定语。
技巧三　判断所给动词与谓语动词发生的先后顺序
根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式还是完成式。如to have done，having done表示该动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；to be doing，doing表示该动作与谓语动词表示的动作(几乎)同时发生。
典例　He is thought (act) foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
to have acted
解析　句意为：他被认为是举止愚蠢的，现在失去这份工作他只能责怪自己，不能怨别人。be thought to do sth. 表示“被认为做了某事”；由句意可知，act的动作发生在think之前，故用不定式的完成式。



真题感悟
一、单句语法填空
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e­4 ________ (find) and study areas of the South Pole­Aitken basin.
答案：to find　句意：中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。此处表示目的，应使用不定式作目的状语。
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)They represent the earth ________ (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
答案：coming　句意：它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。represent sb/sth doing sth “展示某人/某物做某事”，故填coming。
3．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)They make great gifts and you see them many times ________ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
答案：decorated　句中them与decorate之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。
4．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)They are easy ________ (care) for and make great presents.
答案：to care　句意：它们很容易照料，也很适合作为礼物。此处为“be＋形容词＋to do”结构。
5．(2019·北京高考)Earth Day, ________ (mark) on 22 April, is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
答案：marked　句意：地球日定于4月22日，是一项旨在提高公众环保意识的年度活动。设空处作名词Earth Day的后置定语，且与Earth Day是被动关系，故用过去分词短语作定语。
6．(2019·天津高考)________ (learn) to think critically is an important skill today's children will need for the future.
答案：Learning　设空处在主句中作主语，应该用动名词形式，因此填Learning。
7．(2019·天津高考)Most colleges now offer first­year students a course specially ________ (design) to help them succeed academically and personally.
答案：designed　a course与design是被动关系，因此用过去分词作后置定语。
8．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds ________ (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
答案：surrounding　句意：当他看到雾气从河上升起，山顶上乌云环绕，他不禁流下了眼泪。surround在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语clouds构成主动关系，故应用现在分词。
9．(2020·浙江高考)Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology________ (change) lives.
答案：to change　句意：农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。结合句意可知此处应用不定式表示目的。
10．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ________ (die) early by running.
答案：dying　作介词of的宾语，使用动名词，故填dying。
11．(2018·天津高考)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ________ (take)．
答案：taken　have sth done “让……被做”，photograph与take之间为被动关系，故用taken。
12．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel ________ (challenge)．
答案：looking; challenged　avoid后接动名词作宾语，avoid doing sth 意为“避免做某事”。feel为系动词，后接形容词，此处表“被挑战的”，修饰人，故用challenged。
13．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)He was just saying：“I'm king of this forest, and here is your reminder！” Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ________ (stay) and watch.
答案：to stay　此处allow sb to do sth是固定结构，意为“允许某人做某事”，因此应填to stay。
14．(2018·浙江高考)While regularly eating out seems to ________ (become) common for many young people in recent years, it's not without a cost.
答案：have become　此处seem to后面跟动词原形，但是从后面的“in recent years”可知填不定式的完成式，故填have become。
15．(2018·北京高考)Ordinary soap, ________ (use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.
答案：used　句意：普通肥皂，如果正确地使用，能够有效地对付细菌。设空处的动词use与前面的soap构成动宾关系，指肥皂被使用，故填used作状语。
16．(2018·天津高考)I didn't mean ________ (eat) anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn't help ________ (try) it.
答案：to eat; trying　句意：我不打算吃任何东西，但是这冰激凌看起来如此好以至于我忍不住吃了它。固定短语：mean to do “打算做”， couldn't help doing “忍不住做”。
17．(2018·江苏高考)Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, ________ (exceed) the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.
答案：exceeding　句意：在这期间，新增就业岗位约13,500个，超过市场分析师认为的预期数量12,000。此处指前一件事情所带来的自然而然的结果，故用现在分词作结果状语。故填exceeding。
18．(2019·江苏高考)China's image is improving steadily, with more countries ________ (recognize) its role in international affairs.
答案：recognizing　句意：中国的形象正在稳步提升，更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用。more countries与recognize 之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作with复合结构中的宾语补足语。
二、单句改错
19．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)My mom told me how to preparing it.
________________________________________________________________
答案：preparing→prepare　句意：我妈妈告诉我如何准备这道菜。“how＋不定式”作told的宾语，to后应接动词原形，故将preparing改为prepare。
20．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must be easy to cook.
________________________________________________________________
答案：frying→fried　动词fry与tomatoes之间是动宾关系，所以此处应用过去分词作定语。
21．(2018·北京高考)In my first P．E. class, the teacher required us run laps and then hit a softball.
________________________________________________________________
答案：run前加to　require sb to do sth “要求某人做某事”，此处使用不定式作宾语补足语。
22．(2018·江苏高考)With a new farm bill debating in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers.
________________________________________________________________
答案：debating→to be debated　此处为“with＋名词＋不定式”的复合结构。bill与debate之间存在着被动关系，且表动作还未发生，故用不定式的被动式。
23．(2018·浙江高考)Move into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience.
________________________________________________________________
答案：Move→Moving　此处用动名词作主语，表示一般性的概念或经验，故将Move改为Moving。
24．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.
________________________________________________________________
答案：wait→waiting　主语Everyone与wait之间为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语，因此将wait改成waiting。
25．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)When being combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”．
________________________________________________________________
答案：去掉being　因为combine与其逻辑主语frozen bananas之间是被动关系，用过去分词combined，故being多余。
26．(2019·江苏高考)A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflects man's intelligence and creativity.
________________________________________________________________
答案：reflects→reflecting　句意：城市是人类双手和思想的产物，反映了人类的智慧和创造力。句子已有谓语is，且无连词，再次出现动词需用非谓语形式。reflect与其逻辑主语A city之间为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。
非谓语加强练
1.                    (encourage) by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.
2.                   (approach) the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.
3. He had a wonderful childhood,                   (travel) with his mother to all corners of the world.
4.                  (look) at my classmates’ faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
5. The lady walked around the shops,                   (keep) an eye out for bargains.
6. I have a lot of readings                   (complete) before the end of this term.
7. It rained heavily in the south，                  (cause) serious flooding in several provinces.
8. A great number of students                   (question) said they were forced to practise the piano.    
9. Mrs.White showed her students some old maps                    (borrow) from the library.
10. With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank                     (buy) presents for my dad.
11.                    (see) from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.
12. With the government’s aid, those                    (affect) by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements. 
13.                    (complete) the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
14. The news shocked the public,                   (lead) to great concern about students’ safety at school. 
15. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock,                  ( send) supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.
16.                   (bite) twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.  
17.                    (remind) not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.  
18.                   (give) the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow the international stars. 
19. The children all turned                      (look) at the famous actress as she entered the classroom.
20. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city,                     (kill) all four people on board. 
21. Michael’s new house is like a huge palace,                  (compare) with his old one.  
22. — Did the book give the information you needed?— Yes. But                     (find) it，I had to read the entire book.
23.                     (throw) their hats into the air，the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.
24. We finished the run in less than half the time                   (allow).
25. The trees                    (blow) down in the storm have been moved off the road.
26.                    (complete) the project as planned，we’ll have to work two more hours a day.
27．I’m tired out．I stayed up the whole night,                    (study) for my midterm math exam．
28.                    (raise) people’s living standards, the central government will take more measures in the coming years.
29. He told me to start early,                   (remind) me that the roads would be crowded.
30.                    (import) from other countries, sand painting is now being recognized in China for its uniqueness and creativity.
31．                  (live) in the country, we had few social activities．
32. She seems to prefer                   (watch) American TV Shows to talking to me．
33．                  (control) her emotion, she buried her face in her hands．
34. The reporter apologized for any misunderstandings                    (cause) by his article on that film star. 
35.                   (lower) the housing price, several measures have been adopted in the last two years.
36. Programmes,                   (design) to bring the old and the young together, are growing in popularity all over the world．
37.                   (gain) valuable experience, he asked to be sent to remote areas.
38. The seats                   (reserve) for children and seniors are right at the front of the buses.
39．Many things such as going abroad and owning a car,                   (consider) impossible in the past, are now very common．
40. After a long absence, I went back to college,                  (hope) to pick up where I’d left off.
41. Was it                   (hold) the international conference that made the city the focus of this area?
42. I’m sorry I was late.                   (make) up for it, let me treat you to a meal.
43.                  (save) power, turn off the hot water after you are done showering.
44. A person, when                   (challenge), can often do what is normally beyond his ability.
45.                   (offer) a better position at IBM, he became more and more confident of his ability.
46. Today, people are paying more and more attention to their health,                    (make) books on keeping healthy extremely hot．
47. More than a quarter of the energy                  (use) in the United States goes to moving people and goods from one place to another.
48. The reporter apologized for any misunderstandings                   (cause) by his article on that film star. 
49. Some seemingly harmless blogs might become harmful when                   (read) on the Internet by millions of people.
50. Not                  (impress) with the quality of your goods, I will certainly not advise others to buy them．

1. Encouraged 2. Approaching
3.Traveling/Travelling 4. Looking
5. keeping 6. to complete
7. causing 8. questioned
9. borrowed 10. to buy
11. Seen 12. affected
13. To complete 14. leading
15. sending 16. Bitten
17. Reminded 18. Given
19. to look 20. killing
21. compared 22. to find
23. Throwing 24. allowed
25. blown 26. To complete
27. studying 28. To raise
29. reminding 30. Imported
31. Living 32. watching
33. To control 34. caused
35. To lower 36. designed
37. To gain 38. reserved
39. considered 40. hoping
41. holding 42. To make
43. To save 44. challenged
45. Offered 46. making
47. used 48. caused
49. read 50. impressed