专题02：议论文写作+能力综合练-2022年高考二轮复习能力提升精品讲义15讲（上海）

     议论文写作篇+综合练              四级词汇词义例句anchor  ['æŋkə]n. 锚；节目主持人vt. 抛锚；使固定；主持节目Viewers saw him anchoring a five-minute summary of regional news.The ship anchored along the shore. anticipate  [æn'tɪsɪpeɪt]vt. 预期，期待The schedule isn’t final, but we don’t anticipate many changes. apparatus [ˌæpəˈreɪtəs]n. 装置，设备；仪器Astronauts have special breathing apparatus. applicable  ['æplɪkəbl]adj. 适用的；合适的What is a reasonable standard for one family is not applicable for another.approximately[ə'prɒksɪmətlɪ]adv. 大约，近似地The yolk contains all the fat and approximately half of the protein of the egg. arbitrary  ['ɑːbɪt(rə)rɪ]adj. 任意的；武断的；专制的This is an arbitrary decision. assembly  [ə'semblɪ]n. 组装，装配；集会；议会The U.S. Constitution guarantees free speech, freedom of assembly and equal protection.Last week, he worked on the assembly of an explosive device. attain  [ə'teɪn]v.〔经过努力〕得到，获得More women are attaining positions of power.attribute  [əˈtrɪbjuːt]n. 属性；特质vt. 归属；把…归于What attributes should a good manager possess? Women tend to attribute their success to external causes such as luck. aural  [ˈɔːrəl]adj. 听觉的He became famous as an inventor of astonishing visual and aural effects. auxiliary [ɔːɡˈzɪljərɪ]n. 助动词；辅助者；附属机构adj. 辅助的；副的；后备的an auxiliary nurse 助理护士auxiliary equipment 备用设备aviation [eɪvɪ'eɪʃ(ə)n]n. 航空；飞行术；飞机制造业the aviation industryaxe [æks]n. 斧  vt. 削减；用斧砍Community projects are being axed by social services departments. axis ['æksɪs]n. 轴；轴线The Earth rotates on an axis between the north and south poles.ample  ['æmp(ə)l]adj. 丰富的；充足的There is ample evidence that climate patterns are changing.  议论文, 也称论说文, 是就某一观点或概念进行论证并得出合理结论的一种文体, 考查学生的语言水平和逻辑思维能力。命题的方式主要有：提纲式(给出汉语提示, 要求学生论证)、图表式(给出图片或图表,要求学生先描写再分析论证)、情景式(给出情景, 要求学生描述分析)等。论说文在结构上是由论点、论据和结论组成, 通常由引言段、中心段和结论段构成, 中心段可以由一至多个推展段组成。引言段(Opening paragraph)说出文中的要点、核心问题—推展段(中心段/正文部分Body paragraphs)              围绕主题开展叙述、讨论—结论段(结尾部分Concluding paragraph)              对全文的总结和概括。论说文的类型通常有：观点对比型、问题解决型、道理/观点论证型、说明利弊型等, 各类型的论证方式有相异之处, 每一种类型都有相对固定的论证方式及句型。 （一）观点对比型此题型是通过就同一事件比较两个不同甚至对立的观点, 或就同一问题比较两种不同的选择方法来阐明自己的观点或选择的方法。1. 写作结构指导引入部分   陈述观点1部分 陈述观点2部分  “我的观点”部分  结论    2. 常用句型引入部分：. has become a heated topic among people today. Opinions vary from person to person.. Nowadays, people are divided on the question about whether .... The issue of whether ... or not ... has been widely argued/debated currently.. ... is a common occurrence in our daily life, but different people hold different attitudes towards it. 陈述观点1部分：. Some people suggest / think / maintain / hold the opinion that .... Some people prefer to think that .. .. Those who advocate / are in favor of ... believe that .... Those who criticize / object to / oppose ... maintain that ... 陈述观点2部分：. However / Nevertheless / Yet, other people hold a different point of view. They insist that .... On the contrary / In contrast, there are still many people who do not agree, and they claim/argue/believe that .... On the other hand, not everyone shares the opinion. “我的观点”部分：. For my part /As to me /As far as I am concerned, I’d like to agree to the former / latter opinion.. From my point of view, I am in favor of ... / I am on the side of .... In my opinion, both sides are partly right / there is some truth in both sides.. To me / In case of me, I prefer .. . / the former opinion is more attractive in that ... 结论部分In summary / Consequently / In conclusion / To sum up / All in all / In brief / In short ... 3. 模拟演练你对中学生穿校服的情况进行调查之后, 写一份调查报告。 * 多数学生赞成：可避免攀比; 有利于学校管理; * 有人反对：设计单调; 不利于个性发展; * 谈谈你的看法。Recently I’ve conducted a survey concerning students’ school uniforms. People are divided into two sides on this question as the advantages and disadvantages of the issue are both obvious.Those who advocate the practice argue that as a tradition, wearing a uniform surely has some merits. To begin with, wearing the same clothes can avoid the comparing phenomenon, thus shaping students’ psychology in a healthy way. Besides, the school can also benefit from the convenience that uniforms bring in school management. In the meanwhile, those holding the opposite view maintain that the disadvantages of school uniforms can’t be ignored. The dull design and color of school uniforms makes students tired of wearing them all year round.As to me, I hold that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. In the first place, the materials which some school uniforms are made of are often far from comfortable, which may cause physical suffering to students. To plus, the dull design and color is likely to have an adverse influence on the development of students’ taste of beauty. Last but not least, wearing school uniforms restricts students’ freedom and may act as a barrier to the development of their personalities. As a result, it may lead to, to be exaggerated, their lack of creativity.To put in a nutshell, we should relieve students of wearing school uniforms and let them have more space to develop themselves. （二） 问题解决型此题型是先指出某一问题或现象, 然后提出解决方法。此类型的论说文重心在解决问题上, 但有时题目中也要求对问题产生的原因或引起的严重后果做相应的描述, 所以审题时, 要注意弄清作文段落间的合理比例。1. 写作结构指导问题陈述   分析(原因/后果)  问题解决   结论(期望/展望)  2. 常用句型问题陈述.  Recently/Nowadays, ... has become a serious problem we have to face.. ... the phenomenon ...has aroused the public’s concern.. There is no denying that ... has become a serious concern among people.分析(原因/后果). There are several reasons for the problem.. There are a variety of factors contributing to the phenomenon.问题解决. People have figured out many ways to solve the problem.. It is high time that we should figure / figured out ways to deal with the problem.结论(期望/展望). With the joint efforts, I am confident that .... As long as we ..., we will resolve the problem eventually. 3. 模拟演练根据所给信息写一篇关于Junk Message的短文：目前垃圾短信泛滥, 给人们的生活带来困扰, 分析这种现象产生的原因, 谈谈如何解决这个问题。Junk messages are in the air. People are caught up in a constant rustle with them — you delete while they arrive. How unpleasant!Reasons for such inconvenience vary. Some may be caused by business battles where companies take advantage of leaked personal information and use text messages as a way of advertising while others may result from evil thoughts, including teasing ones or even blackmailing ones. Still others are perhaps due to ineffective administration or technological failures. Whatever the causes, they must be removed.The most direct solution is to turn to phone producers who may equipped each phone with a message filter so as to automatically abandon those junk messages. But it may not be the most far-reaching solution. To handle the problem thoroughly we may first set up a supervising network to detect the spread of junk messages. Secondly, laws for punishment shall follow to fight against these behaviors. Meanwhile, our personal information must get better protection to avoid being aimed at as potential customers. And finally, the public should be educated to respect others by stopping the spread of junk messages.Anti-junk-message war can be demanding, but it will be worth the efforts to free people from the constant assault presented by these unwelcomed visitors. （三）道理/观点论证型此题型是要求针对某一道理(通常以格言的形式出现)或某个概念进行解释, 然后结合生活实例进行论证, 最后得出结论。1. 写作结构指导引述格言/道理，并揭示含义或分析原因举例或用事实论证结论2. 常用句型 引出并解择格言. As the saying goes, “...” I think there is some truth in it.. There is an old proverb, “...” It is the experience of .... There is a widespread proverb, “...”例证 / 事实论证. Take ... for example.. To see this more clearly, let’s take ... as an illustration.. A case in point is .... There is abundant evidence to support.. The latest survey / studies conducted by ... indicates / reveals / shows / demonstrates that ...结论. From what have been discussed above, we may come to / draw / reach the conclusion that .... In a word / In summary / In conclusion / In brief / In short / To sum up .... Taking all the factors into account, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that ... 3. 模拟演练 常言道：”活到老, 学到老”, 请结合实例谈谈你的感悟。There is an old saying which goes “it’s never too old to learn”. It holds the everlasting value in the field of learning by realizing the simple but important truth that one’s age is never an obstacle to study.Chinese well-known scholar, Zhu Guangqian, sets us a good example. He established a good reputation for his academic achievements in aesthetics. In his sixties, he decided to start learning Russian from the very beginning. Considering his age, his family and friends tried to persuade him to give it up and suggested he should simply enjoy his life as an accomplished and respected scholar. However, the determined scholar ignored all these voices and carried out his plan. Several years later, he could not only talk in Russian fluently but also translate Russian works. What a miracle!So well did Zhu Guangqian demonstrate the amazing initiative in the pursuit of knowledge that every one of us young people should follow him. From his experience, I understand this saying more deeply. For a never-satisfied soul, his pursuit of knowledge will last all through his life and only the irresistible power of death can prevent him from going on. Learning is an attitude to life. It should be self-conscious action rather than an obligation to improve oneself. However old we are, once we have the determination, we are sure to make further steps in self-cultivation through learning.There is no end to knowledge. There is no end to learning. The immense sea of knowledge is stretching her hands and waiting for us to explore. As we live, we shall learn. （四）说明利弊型此题型是要求针对某一事物或现象从正反两面分析其优缺点, 然后表明作者对该事物或现象的看法。1. 写作结构指导描述某事物或现象陈述该事物或现象的优缺点表明我的态度或看法2. 常用句型陈述该事物或现象的优点. There are several advantages in ... The first / biggest advantage is that .... The advantages of ...can be listed as follows. First ...Besides .... ... is playing an increasingly important role in people’s life. For one thing, ... For another, ...陈述该事物或现象的缺点. However, ... just like anything else, has its negative side as well.. In the meanwhile, we cannot ignore the disadvantages of .... However, the negative aspects of ... are also apparent / evident / obvious. To begin with, ... To  make matters worse, ... Worst of all, .... In spite of / Despite the advantages / beneficial sides, it has its comprehensive disadvantages /  side effects.表明个人态度或看法(利大于弊). As to me, I think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages .... As far as I am concerned, I hold that ... has more advantages than disadvantages.. Personally, I think what is more important is its positive side. 3. 模拟演练手机已成为人们生活中不可缺少的交流工具, 谈谈手机给中学生在学习和生活中带来的优缺点。As the life standard becomes higher and higher, mobile phones play an essential part in our own daily life now. Not only the adults but also many middle school students use them frequently.There is no doubt that mobile phones have their advantages. As a communication tool, mobile phones connect people conveniently. We can use mobile phones to call or send text messages to each other, keeping in touch with the outside world. On the other hand, mobile phones also have disadvantages. Some students are keen on playing games and others spend too much time on sending short messages. By doing so, both time and money are wasted and even our sleep and studies are harmed.As far as I am concerned, using mobile phones is quite necessary in some way, especially for those boarding school students. Acting as a strong link between parents and us, mobile phones bring us lots of convenience. What’s more, mobile phones can also help to promote friendship and provide us with a way to communicate with our peers or friends. With the smart phones, we students can access much more information, becoming more efficient in our studies and staying open-minded in this information age.All in all, everything has two sides. Whether mobile phones will do us good or harm all depends on how we use them. If we have a right attitude towards them and use them properly, mobile phones are our good servants.Directions： Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.学校学生广播台正在酝酿改版，拟从现有的三个栏目（科学技术、兴趣爱好、文学艺术） 中去除一个，并从三个备选栏目（旅行、环保、健身）中挑选一个纳入该电台节目。假设你是该校学生李华，给校广播台长写一封电子邮件，表达你的观点。邮件须包括以下内容：   你建议去除的栏目及去除的理由；   你建议增加的栏目及增加的理由。 Dear Director,Learning that our English Radio Station is being reformed and one of the three columns is to be replaced by a new one, I'm writing this e-mail to share with you my opinions. Needless to say, the columns will definitely be designed according to students' interest and exert positive effects on their study and life.    Compared to hobbies, I hold the view that the value of the columns concerning technology and literary arts is more important. The main factor is that it is of great significance to keep acquainted with the advanced technology and to cultivate students’ mind of literature. Consequently, not only can more knowledge of the current science and technology broaden students’ horizons but also improve their quality of life after school. In addition, it is widely acknowledged that the progress in acquiring literary cultures contributes to enriching students’ cultural life, which in turn is beneficial to one's study and the establishment of philosophy of life.    Furthermore, the environmental protection should be taken into account in the school English Radio Station. There is no denying that environmental pollution is a serious problem in China, even in the whole world, such as the haze in recent years. Thus it is a necessity for the students to be aware of this problem, which can also make a great difference to students’ sense of responsibility.    What has been mentioned above is my personal ideas. Here I am in the hope that my advice will add a brilliant touch to the improved version of our school English Radio Station.                                                                           Yours sincerely,Li HuaGrammar and VocabularyDirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Apply Pay is simple to use and works with the card you already have on the devices (21) __________ you use every day. And because your card details are never shared when you use Apple Pay—in fact, they aren’t stored on your device at all—using Apple Pay on your i-Phone, Apple Watch, or iPad is the safer and (22) __________ (private) way to pay. Now paying in stores happens in one natural motion—there’s no need to open an app or even wake up your display (23) ________  ________ the innovative Near Field Communication (NFC) antenna(天线) in iPhone 6 and iPhone 6s. To pay, just hold your iPhone near the contactless reader with your finger on Touch ID. Or you (24) __________ double-click the Home button when your iPhone is locked to access Wallet and quickly make your purchases. Your card number is never stored on your device, and when you make a payment, your debit or credit card numbers won’t be sent to the merchant. Apple Pay assigns (25) __________ unique number for each purchase, so your payments stay private and secure. Available since October 20, 2014, Apple Pay is designed to allow iPhone 6, 6s, 6 Plus and 6s Plus users in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and China (26) __________(make) payments for goods and services with their iPhones in retail stores through an NFC chip (27) __________ (build) into their iPhones. With the Apple Watch, Apple Pay is also extended to the iPhone 5, iPhone 5c, and iPhone 5s. To keep transactions secure, Apple uses a method known as “tokenization,” (28) __________ (prevent) actual credit card numbers from being sent over the air. Apple also secures payments using Touch ID on compatible iPhones and continual skin contact on the Apple Watch.Apple is aiming to replace the wallet with Apply Pay, and the one-step payment process helps people no longer dig through a purse or wallet to find credit cards. As it is built on existing NFC technology, Apple Pay will work (29) __________ NFC-based contactless payments (30) __________ (accept).21. which/that； 22. more private； 23. thanks to; 24. can; 25. a;26. to make; 27. built; 28. preventing; 29. where/wherever; 30. are acceptedDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. abundant  B. achievable  C. astonishing   D. exactly   E. inspirationF. pocketed  G. potential   H. promising    I. respectively  J. stimulation K. thrilled The 88th Academy Awards once again ___31___ people around the world, including the Chinese, who were excited about Leonardo DiCaprio’s winning the Best Actor award. But the annual ceremony also put Chinese filmmakers in an awkward position, as no Chinese films have ever ___32___ a golden trophy. The hard truth leaves people wondering when the nation, which is already the world’s second largest film market, will earn a place in the renowned award ceremony’s spotlight. The circumstance for domestic artists is similar to that of Chinese writers and scientists before Mo Yan and Tu Youyou won a Nobel Prize in 2012 and 2015 ___33___. Just as Chinese people become accustomed to seeing their fellow citizens taking home Nobel Prizes, it is time for them to see that winning an Oscar is also ___34___. As the Chinese film market continues to grow at ___35___ speed—statistics showed that Chinese cinemas took a record 6.87 billion yuan in ticket sales in February 2016, with the monthly box office overtaking that of North America for the first time—it also attracts ___36___ capital from home and abroad, which will most likely tempt more talent into film. This will help boost creativity and quality, two major weak spots of the majority of homegrown movies. In addition, there has been a growing awareness of how much of Chinese culture has yet to be tapped. Chinese culture has already provided a rich source of ___37___ for Hollywood productions. The Kung Fu Panda films are outstanding examples; the original and its first sequel are among the highest-grossing animated films ever. It is commonly believed that China doesn’t lack sources of inspiration. As long as Chinese filmmakers, armed with latest filmmaking technologies, improve their storytelling skill, they could see their ___38___ released. Also worth nothing is that China now has a ___39___ younger generation of filmmakers. With more professional and international training compared with their predecessors, they are better equipped to make breakthroughs. No one can predict when ___40___ a homegrown film may stun the world, but there is good reason to be optimistic. Patience is gold for domestic filmmakers.31-40 KFIBC AEGHD Reading Comprehension Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Is Email Stressing You Out? Few people would disagree that email makes our lives easier. But ___41___ email can cause problems. Answering all those emails and processing all that information can ___42___ the brain, causing stress. So says the Future Work Centre, a business based in London. This company carries out ___43___ research on people's experiences in their workplaces. Dr. Richard MacKinnon at the center was the lead author of a report on messaging habits. He calls email a double-edged sword: Emails provide a useful way to communicate, but they could add to ___44___ in the mind, causing stress. Come rain or shine, some office workers are under pressure to read and answer emails all day long. Psychologists are concerned about the pressure that workers bring on themselves.  Dr. Richard MacKinnon says that ___45___ email can be a valuable, time-saving communication tool, it can also be a source of stress and even ___46___ for many of us. He adds that the stress ___47___ come from the number of emails you get but result from when and how you deal with them. According to the study, leaving email on all day and never signing off, ___48___ reading and answering emails early in the day and late at night, are what makes email ___49___. Dr. MacKinnon says both bad email habits are ___50___ to higher levels of stress in office workers. The report gives several suggestions on ___51___ email stress.※ Use email with a plan. Do not just react to endless email ___52___. If you use an email application, or app, on your device, close it down when you want to be left alone.※ If you need to communicate with a co-worker, call or better still walk to their office and talk about it.※ Be careful with the "reply all" option. ___53___, if you are accepting an invitation to attend training, just write back to those who need to know. Trust me. Other workers on that mailing list will thank you instead of being angry with you.※ And accept the fact that if a matter is ___54___ employers will call you about it. Email is certainly not going anywhere. So, it is important to take ___55___ of your emails and not the other way around.A. cancelling   B. misunderstanding  C. misusing  D. reusingA. overload   B. overlook    C. relax   D. slowerA. psychological  B. physical    C. practical  D. logicalA. imagination   B. confusion    C. tension  D. hesitationA. if     B. while     C. since   D. becauseA. disease   B. anger     C. sadness  D. tirednessA. almost    B. partly     C. hardly   D. absolutelyA. apart from   B. instead of    C. other than  D. along withA. stressful   B. painful     C. forgetful  D. helpfulA. compared   B. linked     C. opposed  D. addedA. building   B. protecting    C. changing  D. avoidingA. information   B. addresses    C. alerts   D. tipsA. However   B. For example   C. In fact   D. ThereforeA. urgent    B. interesting    C. attractive  D. significantA. notice    B. care     C. control   D. place41-55 CAACB BCDAB DCBAC