专题10：词汇填空+能力综合练-2022年高考二轮复习能力提升精品讲义15讲（上海）

第十讲 词汇填空篇+综合练 词汇拓展专题精选实战演练能力提升练词汇拓展四级词汇专题突破十一选十考点（2017上海春考）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Why Your Password May Not Be As Safe As It SeemsDoes “qaz2ws” strike you as a nice safe password? What about "adgimptw"? An analysis has found them to be among the passwords that are most ____31_____ used, which of course means they are not secure at all.When ten million passwords were leaked to the internet, they appeared to ____32_____ that attempts by internet security experts to make us improve our password strength had been successful, even, in the specific case of the leaked passwords, they were also completely pointless.While many of the passwords were still single words, such as “password”, there was also a clear attempt by many to make them harder to ____33_____. The problem was that people seemed to do so in the same way.“Users are becoming slightly more ____34_____ of what makes a password strong,” explained WP Engine, an internet company that performed the analysis. “For instance, adding a number or two at the end of a text phrase. That makes it better, right?”But ____35_____ no. They found that almost half a million passwords did this—and in 20 per cent of those all people did was put the number "1" at the end.Perhaps this is why some companies are now trying to move gradually beyond passwords. Yahoo! is giving users the option to associate their mobile phone with an account, and have a single use password texted to it each time they want to ____36_____ on.Although the service is voluntary, Dylan Casey, an executive at Yahoo!, said that it was “the first step to ____37_____ passwords”. He said it was a(n) ____38_____ that it was increasingly hard for people to remember all the passwords they had. “I don’t think we, as an industry, have done a good enough job of putting ourselves in the shoes of the people using our products,” he said.It would certainly be a more sensible strategy than some people’s improving upon “password” by using “wasspord” or tran5p053d numb3r5f0r13tt3r5.“We are, for the most part, predictably ____39_____ when it comes to choosing passwords, despite a decade of warnings from password strength checkers during sign-ups”, said WP Engine, “We love taking a(n)____40_____ , and so do password cracker.”CDFEB IGAKJ（2018上海春考）Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both ___31___ and well-fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the ___32___ of our culture.Castles were ___33___ built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror ___34___ through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English ___35___. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both ___36___ and defensive roles in military operations.Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom. That is to say, the lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they ___37___ and pay tribute to the lord. They would ___38___ disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites ___39___ the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants' lives and served as a daily ___40___ of the lord's strength.31-40: DBFKH ECAGI（2018上海秋考）Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. Some Very “American” Words Come from ChineseMany of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin. Let’s start to learn them.kowtowThe English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems weak. It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means "knock your head." It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to ___31___ – such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. Britain's Lord George Macartney refused to "kau tau" to the Qianlong Emperor. Soon after, the English word "kowtow" was born. In 1793, Britain's King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to ___32___ a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his ___33___ to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.It is not surprising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.gung-hoAnother borrowed word that came about through ___34___ between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters "gōng" and "hé" together mean "work together, cooperate." The original term -- gōngyè hézuòshè -- means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development. Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine Corps observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was impressed, saying "...all the soldiers ___35___ themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over." He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had ___36___. In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II. The men were often called the "Gung Ho Battalion." From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan throughout the Marine Corps. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.typhoonIn English, a typhoon is a very powerful and ___37___ storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the English language were in India and were called "touffons" or "tufans." The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon. Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means "great wind." The word's ___38___ to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word – typhoon – was influenced by the Cantonese but ___39___ to make it appear more Greek.The American” words are meaningful and vivid, ___40___ them from their history.JGDCA KEIHB实战演练2018年曹阳二中高三月考Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. A friend of mine, in response to a conversation we were having about the injustices of life ,asked me the question, “Who said life was going to be fair, or that it was even meant to be fair?” Her question was a good one, which reminded me of something I (21)______(teach) as a youngster :life isn’t fair. It’s a disappointment, but it’s absolutely true .One of the mistakes many of us make is that we feel sorry for ourselves, or for others ,(22)______(think) that life should be fair, or that someday it will be .It’s not and it won’t. One of the nice things about surrendering (屈从)to the fact that life isn’t fair is (23)______ it keeps us from feeling sorry for ourselves by encouraging us to do (24)______ we can with what we have . Surrendering to this fact also keeps (25)_____ from feeling sorry for others because we are reminded that everyone is dealt a different hand ; everyone has unique strengths and problems in the process of growing up, facing the reality and making decisions; and everyone has those times (26)______ they feel unfairly treated. The fact that life isn’t fair doesn’t mean we shouldn’t do everything (27)______ our power to improve our own lives or the world as a whole. On the contrary , it suggests that we should .When we don’t recognize or admit that life isn’t fair ,we tend to feel pity for others and for ourselves .Pity ,of course ,is a self-defeating emotion that does nothing except (28)______(make) everyone feel worse. When we do recognize that life isn’t fair, however ,we feel sympathy for others and for ourselves. And sympathy is a heartfelt emotion that (29)______(deliver) loving-kindness to everyone it touches .The next time you find yourself (30)______(absorb) in the injustices of the world, try reminding yourself of this very basic fact .You may be surprised that it can make you out of self-pity and into helpful action.21 was taught 22 thinking 23 that 24what 25 us 26 where 27. in 28 to make 29 delivers 30 absorbed能力提升练（一）Grammar and VocabularyDirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Apply Pay is simple to use and works with the card you already have on the devices (21) __________ you use every day. And because your card details are never shared when you use Apple Pay—in fact, they aren’t stored on your device at all—using Apple Pay on your i-Phone, Apple Watch, or iPad is the safer and (22) __________ (private) way to pay. Now paying in stores happens in one natural motion—there’s no need to open an app or even wake up your display (23) ________ ________ the innovative Near Field Communication (NFC) antenna(天线) in iPhone 6 and iPhone 6s. To pay, just hold your iPhone near the contactless reader with your finger on Touch ID. Or you (24) __________ double-click the Home button when your iPhone is locked to access Wallet and quickly make your purchases. Your card number is never stored on your device, and when you make a payment, your debit or credit card numbers won’t be sent to the merchant. Apple Pay assigns (25) __________ unique number for each purchase, so your payments stay private and secure. Available since October 20, 2014, Apple Pay is designed to allow iPhone 6, 6s, 6 Plus and 6s Plus users in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and China (26) __________(make) payments for goods and services with their iPhones in retail stores through an NFC chip (27) __________ (build) into their iPhones. With the Apple Watch, Apple Pay is also extended to the iPhone 5, iPhone 5c, and iPhone 5s. To keep transactions secure, Apple uses a method known as “tokenization,” (28) __________ (prevent) actual credit card numbers from being sent over the air. Apple also secures payments using Touch ID on compatible iPhones and continual skin contact on the Apple Watch.Apple is aiming to replace the wallet with Apply Pay, and the one-step payment process helps people no longer dig through a purse or wallet to find credit cards. As it is built on existing NFC technology, Apple Pay will work (29) __________ NFC-based contactless payments (30) __________ (accept).21. which/that； 22. more private； 23. thanks to; 24. can; 25. a;26. to make; 27. built; 28. preventing; 29. where/wherever; 30. are acceptedDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. The 88th Academy Awards once again ___31___ people around the world, including the Chinese, who were excited about Leonardo DiCaprio’s winning the Best Actor award. But the annual ceremony also put Chinese filmmakers in an awkward position, as no Chinese films have ever ___32___ a golden trophy. The hard truth leaves people wondering when the nation, which is already the world’s second largest film market, will earn a place in the renowned award ceremony’s spotlight. The circumstance for domestic artists is similar to that of Chinese writers and scientists before Mo Yan and Tu Youyou won a Nobel Prize in 2012 and 2015 ___33___. Just as Chinese people become accustomed to seeing their fellow citizens taking home Nobel Prizes, it is time for them to see that winning an Oscar is also ___34___. As the Chinese film market continues to grow at ___35___ speed—statistics showed that Chinese cinemas took a record 6.87 billion yuan in ticket sales in February 2016, with the monthly box office overtaking that of North America for the first time—it also attracts ___36___ capital from home and abroad, which will most likely tempt more talent into film. This will help boost creativity and quality, two major weak spots of the majority of homegrown movies. In addition, there has been a growing awareness of how much of Chinese culture has yet to be tapped. Chinese culture has already provided a rich source of ___37___ for Hollywood productions. The Kung Fu Panda films are outstanding examples; the original and its first sequel are among the highest-grossing animated films ever. It is commonly believed that China doesn’t lack sources of inspiration. As long as Chinese filmmakers, armed with latest filmmaking technologies, improve their storytelling skill, they could see their ___38___ released. Also worth nothing is that China now has a ___39___ younger generation of filmmakers. With more professional and international training compared with their predecessors, they are better equipped to make breakthroughs. No one can predict when ___40___ a homegrown film may stun the world, but there is good reason to be optimistic. Patience is gold for domestic filmmakers.31-40 KFIBC AEGHD（二）Reading Comprehension Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Is Email Stressing You Out? Few people would disagree that email makes our lives easier. But ___41___ email can cause problems. Answering all those emails and processing all that information can ___42___ the brain, causing stress. So says the Future Work Centre, a business based in London. This company carries out ___43___ research on people's experiences in their workplaces. Dr. Richard MacKinnon at the center was the lead author of a report on messaging habits. He calls email a double-edged sword: Emails provide a useful way to communicate, but they could add to ___44___ in the mind, causing stress. Come rain or shine, some office workers are under pressure to read and answer emails all day long. Psychologists are concerned about the pressure that workers bring on themselves. Dr. Richard MacKinnon says that ___45___ email can be a valuable, time-saving communication tool, it can also be a source of stress and even ___46___ for many of us. He adds that the stress ___47___ come from the number of emails you get but result from when and how you deal with them. According to the study, leaving email on all day and never signing off, ___48___ reading and answering emails early in the day and late at night, are what makes email ___49___. Dr. MacKinnon says both bad email habits are ___50___ to higher levels of stress in office workers. The report gives several suggestions on ___51___ email stress.※ Use email with a plan. Do not just react to endless email ___52___. If you use an email application, or app, on your device, close it down when you want to be left alone.※ If you need to communicate with a co-worker, call or better still walk to their office and talk about it.※ Be careful with the "reply all" option. ___53___, if you are accepting an invitation to attend training, just write back to those who need to know. Trust me. Other workers on that mailing list will thank you instead of being angry with you.※ And accept the fact that if a matter is ___54___ employers will call you about it. Email is certainly not going anywhere. So, it is important to take ___55___ of your emails and not the other way around.A. cancelling B. misunderstanding C. misusing D. reusingA. overload B. overlook C. relax D. slowerA. psychological B. physical C. practical D. logicalA. imagination B. confusion C. tension D. hesitationA. if B. while C. since D. becauseA. disease B. anger C. sadness D. tirednessA. almost B. partly C. hardly D. absolutelyA. apart from B. instead of C. other than D. along withA. stressful B. painful C. forgetful D. helpfulA. compared B. linked C. opposed D. addedA. building B. protecting C. changing D. avoidingA. information B. addresses C. alerts D. tipsA. However B. For example C. In fact D. ThereforeA. urgent B. interesting C. attractive D. significantA. notice B. care C. control D. place41-55 CAACB BCDAB DCBAC（三）阅读Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.（2018宝山一模）For many in the general public and the engineering community alike, the potential implications of additive manufacturing (AM) have excited the imagination. Popularly known as 3-D printing, the emerging class of technologies has been regarded as both a revolution in production and an opportunity for dramatic environmental advance Yet while the technological capabilities of additive manufacturing processes are studied extensively, a deep understanding of their environmental implications is still lacking.A new special issue of Yale's Journal of Industrial Ecology presents the cutting-edge research on this emerging field, providing important insights into its environmental, energy, and health impacts.Though sometimes described in the public field as similar to an inkjet printer for making objects, additive manufacturing is primarily used as a production process in industry and contains a diverse set of technologies. What they share is the ability to produce products and parts based on digital information by adding layers of materials one after the other rather than, as in traditional manufacturing, removing materials -- thus the label "additive.""The research in this issue shows that it is too early to label 3-D printing as the path to sustainable manufacturing," said Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology and co-author of the lead editorial. "We need to know much more about the material footprints, energy consumption in production, process emissions, and especially the linking devices and adjustments between the various stages in the production process." Additive manufacturing is sometimes seen as inherently environmentally preferable to traditional manufacturing because of its potential for local production -- by consumers, merchants and hobbyists -- and because it is thought to allow zero-waste manufacturing. Research in this issue, however, indicates that the environmental performance is very sensitive to the pattern of usage and composition of the machinery and the materials used. "This special issue demonstrates the capability of industrial ecology to reveal important and often overlooked aspects of new technologies," said Indy Burke, Dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. "If we are to realize the environmental potential of 3-D printing, we need to know where the challenges and the advantages lie."The special issue contains:life cycle assessments (LCA) of AM processes and productsinvestigations of the process energy consumption of AM technologiesstudies of operator exposure to printer emissions and dangerous materialsexamination of the sustainability benefits derived from the complex figure of parts enabled by the technologyanalysis of supply-chain issues arising from the use of the technology 63. The word “additive” in the passage refers to _____.A. the substance added in small amounts for a special purposeB. the additional technological capabilities of manufacturing processes C. the digital way to produce products by adding serial layers of materials D. the traditional way to produce products by removing materials 64. The contents listed in the special issue mentioned at the end of this passage focus on ______.A. the studies of additive manufacturing and sustainability B. a diverse set of technologies of additive manufacturing C. the comparison between additive and traditional manufacturingD. the experiments conducted by Journal of Industrial Ecology 65. Which of the following can be inferred about the researchers’ viewpoint from the passage?A. 3-D printing is viewed as a revolution in production. B. 3-D printing is regarded as a kind of sustainable manufacturing. C. AM makes a harmful impact on environment, energy, and health. D. The challenges and advantages of AM need further studies.66. The passage mainly discusses _____. A. investigations of the 3-D printing process B. the environmental implications of 3-D printing C. studies of 3-D printing emissions and materials D. assessments of additive manufacturing processes答案：63—66 CADB（四）概要写作Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Although students have spent considerable time and energy in school in preparation for the workplace, many recent graduates say that they struggle with the shift from classroom to career world and have difficulty adjusting to life on the job. Writer and editor Joseph Lewis suggests one reason why this is the case. He believes that most of our school experiences—from childhood through university—are fairly predictable, while life in the working world is far more uncertain. In school, for example, the pattern stays more or less the same from year to year. In the workplace, however, constant change is the norm, and one has to adapt quickly. Another problem that graduates entering the workforce encounter is that they are unprepared to think analytically. In school, many students including those in college spend a lot of time memorizing facts and repeating what they “learned” on tests. But in the workplace employees “are often expected to think critically and make decisions about their work, not just follow a supervisor’s instructions.” Finally, many recent graduates say that one of the biggest difficulties they face is adapting to teamwork on the job. In the workplace, employees must regularly interact with others and are often dependent on their co-workers for their success. Knowing how to participate effectively in teamwork—and deal with problems when they arise—is extremely important, and yet, it is also something many students don’t get quite exposed to in a school setting. How can we better prepare young adults for the workplace? Recent graduates, looking back on their educational experience, have some advice. Many think that all students should be required to do an internship (实习) while they are in school. Volunteering part time at a company, hospital, or government organization, for example, can help one gain experience and learn skills needed to succeed in the real world. Pairing this kind of practical work experience with classroom instruction, say the graduates, will help prepare students for the realities of the workplace and make the transition from school to career world less stressful. (for reference): University graduates find it hard to adjust to life in workplace(要点1). Firstly, constant change or uncertainty in the working world is a great obstacle(要点2). Besides, they are not prepared for critical thinking and decision-making(要点3). Last, they haven’t been exposed to teamwork before/they don’t know how to cooperate with/interact with others(要点4). Combining/Paring internship experience with classroom instruction may help them adapt to career world more smoothly.(要点5)（五）翻译希望人人都能在会上各抒己见。(express)你给贫困地区儿童捐了这么大一笔钱，又不求回报，真慷慨！(It)尽管困难重重，他丰富的工作经验和出色的心理素质最终使他能胜任主编的这个职位，这令他欣喜若狂。(Despite, qualify)只有当他们经历了这场激烈的比赛并险胜对手，同学们才坚信他们在经典文学中投入的时间越多，他们的收获就会越多。(Only, convince)1. (3分) Everyone is expected to / express himself/express his or her opinion / at the meeting.2. (3分) It is generous of you to donate / such a large sum of money to children in poor areas / and ask for nothing in return.3. (4分) Despite many difficulties, / his rich working experience and excellent/outstanding psychological quality / finally qualified him for the position of chief editor / ,which made him wild with joy.4. (5分) Only when they experienced the fierce competition / and narrowly beat/defeated the opponents/rivals / were they firmly convinced that / the more time they committed/devoted to classic literature, / the more harvest they would have. 词义例句discard  [dɪ'skɑːd]vt. 抛弃；放弃；丢弃Read the manufacturer's guidelines before discarding the box. discharge  [dɪs'tʃɑːdʒ]n/v准许离开；出院；退伍；排放Hospitals now tend to discharge patients earlier than in the past. The resulting salty water will be discharged at sea.disclose  [dɪs'kləʊz]vt. 公开；揭露Some companies have already voluntarily disclosed similar information. discriminate  [dɪ'skrɪmɪneɪt]v. 歧视；区别；辨别They believe the law discriminates against women. He is incapable of discriminating between a good idea and a terrible one.disguise  [dɪs'gaɪz]vt. 掩饰；假装；隐瞒n. 伪装；假装She disguised herself as a man so she could fight on the battlefield. You'll have to travel in disguise.disgust [dɪs'gʌst]n. 厌恶，嫌恶vt. 使厌恶,使反感；使恶心He spoke of his disgust at the incident. Many parents claimed to be disgusted by the amount of violence in the film. disrupt  [dɪs'rʌpt]vt. 破坏；扰乱Climate change could disrupt the agricultural economy. disposal  [dɪ'spəʊz(ə)l]n. 处理；支配；清理at sb’s disposal任某人支配Only through a holistic system of trash disposal can this problem be fully solved. Do you have this information at your disposal? dispose [dɪ'spəʊz]v. 处理；处置；安排They dispose of the city's waste in the sea. You have no idea how much it takes to dispose batteries.dispute  [dɪ'spjuːt; 'dɪspjuːt]v. 争论，质疑n. 辩论；争吵；纠纷The firm is involved in a legal dispute with a rival company.The main facts of the book have never been disputed. distinction  [dɪ'stɪŋkʃən]n. 区别，差别；卓越There are obvious distinctions between the two wine-making areas.Lewis emerges as a composer of distinction and sensitivity. distress [dɪ'stres]n. 悲痛；忧虑；危难；贫困v. 使忧虑，使不安Luke’s behaviour caused his parents great distress.The dream had distressed her greatly. diverse  [daɪ'vɜːs]adj. 不同的；各种各样的The building houses a wide and diverse variety of antiques. dock  [dɒk]n. 码头；船坞A crowd was waiting at the dock to greet them.词性考察考点分析做题技巧名词1、主要考察名词作主语和宾语2、注意名词也可作前置定语1、先判断方框单词的词性词义，注意一词多性和一词多义。2、精读第一句，掌握文章主题。3、根据语法知识确定被填入空格词的词性，缩小范围。4、根据文章理解确定答案。5、仔细检查，最终敲定答案。动词do/does形式：1、句子缺少一个谓语动词，可根据“谓语动词数=连词数+1”规则判断2、注意三单和动词及物不及物doing形式：1、可能是动名词、现在分词和进行时态2、动名词主要考察作主语、宾语3、现在分词主要考察作表语、定语、状语、宾补，注意分词短语作后置定语情况done形式：1、可能是谓语动词过去式、被动语态及过去分词2、若空格前有be动词，要根据句意判断是被动还是表状态的过去分词3、过去分词主要考察作表语、定语、状语、宾补，注意分词短语作后置定语情况，注意单个过去分词作后置定语的情况，如：left，saved，remained，gained等形容词单个形容词作前置定语，形容词短语作后置定语副词句子结构完整时用副词，位置可放句首，句中，句末A. acknowledgement B. actually C. commonly D. confirm E. consciousF. crack G. eliminate H. independent I. log J. shortcut K. unimaginativeA.address B. fascination C.governed D. imposing E.offensive F.originally G.overlooking H. rebellion I.reminder J. randomly K.swept A.committed  B. compared  C. contact  D. delegation  E. destructiveF. humble G. negotiate  H. respelled  I. similar  J. superiors  K. witnessedA. abundant B. achievable C. astonishing D. exactly E. inspirationF. pocketed G. potential H. promising I. respectively J. stimulation K. thrilled