第5讲 语篇体裁之说明文结构化整理-2022年高考英语语篇阅读结构化详解

这是一份第5讲 语篇体裁之说明文结构化整理-2022年高考英语语篇阅读结构化详解，共12页。学案主要包含了作业讲解，新课导入，知识点讲解，课堂小结，课后作业等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第五讲 语篇体裁之说明文结构化整理一、作业讲解 二、新课导入之前的讲解我们已经分析解读了应用文中的信息对比，以及记叙文的两种类型文本，如果按全国卷的卷面文本分布来讲，可以说已经覆盖了阅读A、B以及完形填空，那么接下来阅读C篇则是说明文，不管是从词汇还是句法布局上，说明文都较应用文和记叙文有一个难度的提升，所以有效划分说明文的文本结构在解题过程中就至关重要。说明文也有它的文体特征：纵观近几年高考全国卷，说明文的说明对象很有时代气息，它可以是一个全新的科学发现，这种发现的范围可以宽广到生物学、化学、医学等，也可以是对人们“老观念”的一个更新认识。这两种阅读文本，不管哪一个，让读者读完都有耳目一新“涨知识”的感觉。本讲就将对这一文体信息进行结构化解读。 三、知识点讲解1、Inverted Triangle不管是科学新发现也好，还是研究新突破也好，很大一部分都是以新闻体的形式推广到广大读者，而新闻体的表达结构一定是先给出Main idea，再依次进行说明，针对这种表达习惯，我们就得出了一个Inverted Triangle。请看以下文本：People who have red hair and people who are losing their hair could finally get their own emoji（表情符号）. The Emojipedia website has shown new emojis following demands that they should be more diverse. If its ideas are approved, the new emojis could be added in 2018, alongside new characters that have grey, curly or Afro hair.“New styles focus on appearances that aren’t currently supported in the informal skin tone and hair color pairings（组合）used on many cellphones,” showed one page on the website. The page gave Jessica Chastain and Ed Sheeran as examples of people with red hair. Sinead O’Connor and Samuel L Kackson were given as examples of people with no hair or a shaven head.The emojis could be released in 2018 if chosen by the Unicode Consortium which met in January, 2017 following a number of complaints about lack of diversity. “Non-naturally occurring features, such as blue hair and tattoos, are not included in this project,” the website added.At the end of 2016, Apple published its iOS 10.2 software update which included 72 new emojis such as firefighters, astronauts, rockstars and so on. But people who have red hair were notably absent, causing a global protest.A website in Scotland demanding ginger emojis got 20,000 signatures. The main issue is that there is one organization, known as Unicode Consortium, who controls emojis on iPhone.In March, a new list of emojis was published by Emojipedia which might be released later this year. However, the emojis need to be approved by the Unicode Technical Committee before people can use them.In 2015, ginger emojis were published on the Google Play Store for Android. But up until now, the Unicode Consortium has not been willing to give in to ginger campaigners.我们把文本信息放入到Inverted Triangle中去：我们再回过头来看题目：1. Which of the following emojis could be included in 2018? A. Characters with black hair.       B. Characters with white skin. C. Characters with shaven heads.     D. Characters with smiling faces.2. Tattoos are rejected by the Unicode Consortium because ______. A. there is no demand for them       B. people dislike such emojis C. they are out of fashion         D. they are not natural identity3. What is the Unicode Consortium’s attitude to ginger emojis? A. Favorable.    B. Ambiguous.    C. Disapproving.    D. Uncaring.4. What is the best title for the text? A. New Emojis to BE Added in 2018  B. Complaints about the Present Emojis C. Demands for New and Informal Emojis D. Global Protests against the Lack of Diversity【练习1】按Inverted Triangle形式分析下列文本并完成相应题目：The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic udner discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.1.What does the author say about silence in conversations?A. It implies anger.       B. It promotes friendship.C. It is culture-specific.      D. It is content-based.2.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?A. The Chinese.       B. The French.C. The Mexicans.       D. The Russians.3.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?A. Let it continue as the patient pleases.   B. Break it while treating patients.C. Evaluate its harm to patients.    D. Make use of its healing effects.4.What may be the best title for the text?A. Sound and Silence      B.What It Means to Be SilentC.Silence to Native Americans    D.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold2、Features Flower除了上述新闻体的说明文之外，还有一种常见的科学研究报告，主要针对某一新兴产品或研究进行说明和介绍，无非就是围绕该topic的一些特点特色，进行详细表述，而介绍特点在前，后文一定要对该产品的面世或者市场是有有大肯定或期待的，就像是一个静待开放的花骨朵儿，由此我们得出Features Flower。请看下列文本：How fit are your teeth? Are you lazy about brushing them? Never fear: An inventor is on the case. An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush, and it lets you track your performance on your phone. The Kolibree toothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this week. It senses how it is moved and can send the information to an Android phone or iPhone via a Bluetooth wireless connection. The toothbrush will be able to teach you to brush right (don’t forget the insides of the teeth!) and make sure you’re brushing long enough. “It’s kind of like having a dentist actually watch your brushing on a day-to-day basis,” says Thomas Serval, the French inventor. The toothbrush will also be able to talk to other applications on your phone, so developers could, for instance, create a game controlled by your toothbrush. You could score points for beating monsters among your teeth. “We try to make it smart but also fun,” Several says. Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed. The company says the Kolibree will go on sale this summer, for $99 to $199, developing on features. The U.S. is the first target market. Serval says that one day, it’ll be possible to replace the brush on the handle with a brushing unit that also has a camera. The camera can even examine holes in your teeth while you brush. 从文本第一段我们就不难发现，本文段主要介绍一个新发明的产品，an electric toothbrush接下来我们再看题目：1:Which is one of the feature of the Kolibree toothbrush?A．It can sense how users brush their teeth.B．It can track users’ school performance.C．It can detect users’ fear of seeing a dentist.D．It can help users find their phones.2:What can we learn from Serval’s words in Paragraph 3?A．You will find it enjoyable to see a dentist.B．You should see your dentist on a day-to –day basis.C．You can brush with the Kolibree as if guided by a dentist.D．You’d like a dentist to watch you brush your teeth every day.3:Which of the following might make the Kolibree toothbrush fun?A．It can be used to update mobile phones.B．It can be used to play mobile phone gamesC．It can send messages to other usersD．It can talk to its developers.4:What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?A．How Serval found out his kids lied to him.B．Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.C．How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.D．What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush5:What can we infer about Serval’s children?A．They were unwilling to brush their teethB．They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.C．They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head.D．They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home.6:What can we learn about the future development of the Kolibree?A．The brush handle will be removed.B．A mobile phone will be built into it.C．It will be used to fill holes in teethD．It will be able to check users’ teeth【练习2】按Features Flower形式分析下列文本并完成相应题目：E-money, or electronic money, is money that you exchange electronically, as opposed to actual notes and coin. Generally, you conduct e-money or e-currency transactions (交易) over the Internet, or with smart cards that are linked to a bank account. More and more people are also using mobile phones to make such transactions.E-money can be used anytime and anywhere. It is probably the best form of money to use for international transactions, as there are no hassles (麻烦) of currency exchange. It is more reliable, faster than paper checks and drafts (汇票), and has low costs of transactions. Today, with e-money becoming more popular, banks are competing to reduce transfer costs and provide account holders with good deals. If you send someone a check, it will take a few days to clear. But with an online money transaction, the money reaches the other person’s account almost instantly. These transactions can be made after the bank has closed, and even on holidays.When you carry a large amount of money, there is always a chance of it being lost or stolen.E-money is safer than currency in this regard. Every transaction requires you to provide a personal identification number (PIN) for the payment to be completed. Electronic funds transfers can be more secure than cash or check transactions. All you have to do is take some simple precautions to make sure that your card or online account is not misused.Each and every transaction made with electronic money is recorded in the bank’s and the user’s online records. These records have all the essential information about the transaction: the name of the payer, the name of the receiver, and the date, place and time it took place. This makes it more dependable, and users can access their record of transactions at any time of the day.1、How many means of e-money transactions are mentioned in the passage?A. 1　　　　  B. 2　　　　  C. 3　　　　  D. 42、What does a payer have to provide to complete an e-money transaction?A. The receiver’s bank account.   B. The payer’s mobile phone number.C. The name of the receiver.    D. The personal identification number.3、What’s the writer’s purpose of writing this passage?A. To explain how to use e-money.  B. To show how popular e-money is.C. To introduce the advantages of e-money. D. To persuade more people to use e-money.4、How does the author introduce the features of e-money?A. By using statistics. 　　　　　　  B. By making comparisons.C. By giving examples.        D. By listing categories. 四、课堂小结本讲主要针对说明文进行文本结构的解读，首先从说明文的文体特征入手，其次从说明文的文本内容特征入手，分两个方向两种模板进行文本的解读和信息的结构化整理。说明文的词汇可能相比记叙文和应用文难一些，但是结构更清晰明了，作者意图也更明确，所以从结构入手是解读说明文最有效的途径。 五、课后作业适当使用Inverted Triangle 和Features Flower对下列文本进行解读，并完成相应题目：【作业1】A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at the wheel is about to undergo testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could go on sale within 12 months. The system, called driver Alert, aims to reduce deadly road accidents by 20%-40% that are caused by tiredness. Airline pilots can also use it to reduce the 30% of all pilot-error accidents that are related to fatigue.     Driver Alert is based on a computerized wristband. The device, worn by drivers or pilots gives out a sound about every four minutes during a car journey. After each sound the driver must respond by squeezing the steering wheel (方向盘). A sensor in the wristband detects this pressing action and measures the time between the sound and the driver's response.     Tiredness is directly related to a driver's response time. Usually, a watchful driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond, but once that falls to more than 500 milliseconds, it suggests that the driver is getting sleepy.     In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds, showing that the driver should open a window or stop for a rest. If the driver's response continues to slow down, the sounds become more frequent until a nonstop alarm warms that the driver must stop as soon as possible.      The device has been delivered to the department's laboratories for testing. If these tests, scheduled for six months' time, are successful, the markers will bring the product to market within about a year.1. According to the text, Driver Alert ______.A. aims to reduce tiredness-related accidents B. has gone through testing at laboratoriesC. aims to prevent drivers from sleeping D. has been on sale for 12 months2. How should a driver respond to the sounds from Driver Alert?A. By sounding a warning     B. By touching the wristband C. By checking the driving time    D. By pressing the steering wheel3. We can learn from the text that the driver needs to stop for a break when his response time is ______.A. About 400 milliseconds    B. below 500 milliseconds C. over 500 milliseconds     D. about 400 minutes4. When the driver gets sleepy while driving, Driver Alert ______.A. moves more regularly     B. stops working properly C. opens the window for the driver   D. sounds more frequently and loudly【作业2】Your glasses may someday replace your smartphone, and some New Yorkers are ready for the switch. Some in the city can't wait to try them on and use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewear is likely to include." I'd use it if I were hanging out with friends at 3 a. m. and going to the bar and wanted to see what was open," said Walter Choo, 40, of Fort Greene.The smartphone-like glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600, the Times said, possibly including a variation of augmented(增强的) reality, a technology already available on smartphones and tablets (平板电脑) that overlays information onto the screen about one's surroundings. So, for example, if you were walking down a street, indicators would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you." As far as a mainstream consumer product, this just isn't something anybody needs," said Sam Biddle, who writes for Gizmodo.com. " We're accustomed to having one thing in our pocket to do all these things," he added, "and the average consumer isn't gonna be able to afford another device (装置) that's hundreds and hundreds of dollars. "9to5 Google publisher Seth Weintraub, who has been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses since late last year, said he is confident that this type of wearable device will eventually be as common as smartphones."It's just like smartphones 10 years ago," Weintraub said. "A few people started getting emails on their phones, and people thought that was crazy. Same kind of thing. We see people bending their heads to look at their smartphones, and it's unnatural," he said. " There's gonna be improvements to that, and this a step there. " 1:One of the possible functions of the smartphone-like glasses is to ____.A． program the opening hours of a barB． supply you with a picture of the futureC． provide information about your surroundingsD． update the maps and GPS in your smartphones2:The underlined phrase "pop up" in the third paragraph probably means " ____".A．develop rapidly      B．get round quicklyC．appear immediately     D．go over automatically3:According to Sam Biddle, the smartphone-like glasses are ____.A．necessary for teenagers     B．attractive to New YorkersC．available to people worldwide    D．expensive for average consumers4:We can learn from the last two paragraphs that the smartphone-like glasses ____.A．may have a potential market    B．are as common as smartphonesC．are popular among young adults   D．will be improved by a new technology