押全国乙卷第61--70题：语法填空-备战2022年高考英语临考题号押题（全国乙卷）

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押全国卷（乙卷）第61—70题
语 法 填 空

命题特点
以说明文和记叙文为主，有提示词一般为6~7个，主要考套实词（名词、动词、形容词、副词）的派生法和基本用法∶无提示词一般为3～4 个，主要考查虚词（介词、冠词、连词、代词）;考点分布均匀，除了强调句型、倒装句、省略句、情态动词和虚拟语气之外，其他基础和重点语法项目均有考查，基本上每个空考查一个语法项目，但动词、名词等用法较多，可能从不同角度进行考查。
命题规律
从句子结构和语法形式入手，考查句子常识和基础语法∶语篇中的句子结构和常 见的语法形式是命题重点;从词汇的本义、转义和前后缀的变化入手考查构词法，考查对象以实词中的动词、名词、形容词和副词为主。
1．语法填空题型以语篇为载体，在了解文章大意的基础上，考查学生的句法知识、词法知识以及语篇理解能力。
2．句法知识的考查包括谓语动词的时态和语态、主谓一致、 非谓语动词、并列句、定语从句、时间状语从句、名词性从句等。词法知识的考查主要涉及实词的词形变化：如名词的单复数；形容词、副词的比较级、最高级等。语篇理解能力的考查包括文中人称代词的一致；并列连词的恰当运用等。
3．文章长约200个词，设空10个。设空密度科学合理，基本不影响学生对文章大意的理解。设空类型分为两类：一类有提示词(提示词一般为实词，在10个空中约占6～7个)；一类无提示词(此类空格处考查的多为虚词，在10个空中约占3～4个)。
2021年高考真题（全国卷）语法填空知识点统计

2020年高考真题(全国卷)语法填空知识点统计

2019年高考真题(全国卷)语法填空知识点统计


解 题 步 骤
1．通读全文，理清逻辑
速览全文，尤其是文章的首尾句，以快速了解文章大意、把握基本情节及写作意图并确定总体时态。
2．分析成分，避难就易
此过程中，考生可根据以下几点，边读边填写，一定要做到整句整句地去看。
(1)根据固定语法，直接确定答案
无论是固定搭配还是固定句式，都会在文章中找到相应的隐藏提示，这种题可直接锁定答案。
(2)根据句子成分，确定所填词性
确定所填词性，是语法填空做题非常有效的手段之一。如，①作表语(系动词后)、定语(修饰名词)、或补语(表性质状态)时，通常用形容词；
②副词常用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或单独来修饰一句话，作状语；
③作主语或在及物动词、介词后作宾语，前面有形容词修饰时，通常填名词，且要格外注意名词的单复数；如确定出词性不需变化，那很可能是考查该词的意义相反的派生词；
④若句子不缺主语或表语，动词后又不缺宾语，则在名词或代词前填介词；
⑤若空后为形容词最高级或形容词＋单数名词，则基本可确定填冠词；
⑥若名词前没有冠词、形容词性物主代词和不定代词，则很可能填限定词；
⑦如设空处前后均为句子(一般而言，可根据空后有没有实意动词来确定)，则要填关联词。
3．体会语境，攻克难题
少量比较难的问题(主要是关联词或动词的时态和语态)，可根据上下文或整篇语境去仔细体会， 细细琢磨，切忌粗心大意。
4．重读语篇，仔细核实
做完后，应将全文(含自己填写的答案)再仔细审读一遍，确保语意通顺和拼写形式(含大小写)正确。
解 题 技 巧
一、　有提示词类
先看所给词的词性 → 再考虑基本用法和词性转换
(一)　提示词为动词
命题解析
1.动词考查的题目数量：一般有3～5个，且空格处在句中，有提示词。
2．动词考查的类型：作谓语的动词和作非谓语的动词。
(1)谓语动词的考查形式：时态和语态。有时需要考虑主谓一致。
(2)非谓语动词的考查形式：现在分词，过去分词，动词不定式。
(3)非谓语动词的考查频率：作定语>作状语>作表语>作宾语>作主语>作宾语补足语。
答题经验
1. 看到提示词为动词，要明确考查动词的时态、语态还是非谓语动词。
2．看到句子缺少谓语动词，则括号中的动词就是谓语动词。
3．看到句中已有谓语动词，又没有并列连词与括号中的动词并列，则该动词就是非谓语动词。
注意：既不是谓语也不是非谓语时，要考虑词性转换。
考点 　考查谓语动词
[典例]　[2021·全国卷甲]The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It __41__ (build) originally to protect the city 42.in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
分析：第一步：确定填谓语。
分析句子成分可知，空处和“has now been completely restored”作并列谓语。
第二步：考虑时态、语态和主谓一致。
有时间状语“in the Tang dynasty”可知发生在过去，根据主语“it (the Xi'an City Wall)”与动词build之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
自主解答：________
【技法点拨】
若句中没有其他的谓语动词，或者虽已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词，就要考虑时态、语态和主谓一致，偶尔也有考查虚拟语气的情况。
技法1　提示词为动词时， 确定时态的四根据
典例导引
1.[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]You can't help wondering how hard it ________ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
解析：考查时态。 句中有时间状语then, 因此这里说的是当初人们把那些石头放在固定的位置上(即做成石头台阶)很难。
自主解答：________
快捷思维
1.慧眼识别标志词
在题干中，yesterday，tomorrow，always，since，in the past few years，so far等都是判定动词时态常用的标志性时间状语，做题时可以通过寻找时间标志词来判定时态。
典例导引
2.[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and ________ (point) down the river.
解析：考查时态。空处与smiled构成并列谓语，故用一般过去时。
自主解答：________
快捷思维
2.瞻前顾后找并列
表示并列关系的谓语动词往往时态一致，如：and，but，not only ...but also 引导的句子时态相呼应，应该一致。
典例导引
3.[2020·浙江卷7月]This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then，with the rise of science，changes began. New methods ________ (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
解析：考查动词的时态。结合句意可知，New methods与mean是主谓关系，同时结合前两句的时态为一般过去时，故填meant。
自主解答：________
快捷思维
3.通过“语境暗示”解决时态问题
有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下，通过正确理解语境即通过题干中的语境暗示，也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。
典例导引
4.[2021·沈阳监测]This was the first time I ________ (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
解析：此题考查固定句式 “This was the first time that sb.had done sth.”因此，从句用过去完成时。
自主解答：________
快捷思维
4.通过“常用句式”解决时态问题
掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题的快速且行之有效的方式，因此平时要积累并熟记一些常用句式。
【技法点拨】
牢记常见固定句式中的时态
1．was/were doing... when＋一般过去时
2．was/were about to do...when＋一般过去时
3．had (just) done...when＋一般过去时
4．Hardly＋had＋主语＋done...when＋一般过去时
5．No sooner＋had＋主语＋done...when＋一般过去时
6．This/That/It is the＋序数词＋time＋that＋现在完成时
7．This/That/It was the ＋序数词＋time＋that＋过去完成时
8．It is/has been＋时间段＋since＋一般过去时
技法2　提示词为动词时，明确逻辑关系定语态
典例导引
1.[2021·全国甲卷]The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It 61.________ (build) originally to protect the city 62.in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
解析：考查时态语态。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作谓语，与主语it构成动宾关系，故用被动语态；且根据originally可知，此处描述的是过去的情况，故用一般过去时。
自主解答：________
快捷思维
分析句子结构，发现提示词作谓语， 与主语之间是主动关系时， 应考虑用主动语态，若是被动关系， 则考虑用被动语态。
典例导引
2.The books which were written by Zhou Meisen, a famous writer in Jiangsu, ________ (sell) well.
解析：根据句意可知， sell在此处表示事物所具有的特征， 应用主动形式。
自主解答：________
【技法点拨】
分析句子结构， 发现提示词作谓语， 且表示的是主语所具有的特征时， 应考虑用主动形式表示被动意义。
技法3　提示词为动词时， 确定主谓一致的三原则
典例导引
1.[2020·新高考山东卷]Often, only a small part of a museum's collection ________ (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
解析：考查一般现在时和主谓一致。根据时间状语Often可知该句应用一般现在时，设空处为谓语动词，主语为“only a small part of a museum's collection”，是单数形式，故此处用is。
自主解答：________
【技法点拨】
分析句子结构， 发现提示词作谓语， 要考虑语法一致原则确定谓语动词单复数。牢记：
1．可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
2．v.-ing 作主语， 谓语用单数。
典例导引
2.[2021·厦门市质量检测]Walking to work, taking part in an online exercise program or meeting with friends for a walk also ________ (work) to easily get more physical activity.
解析：考查一般现在时和主谓一致。此处描述客观事实，应用一般现在时。并列主语用or连接时，主谓一致遵循“就近原则”。“meeting with friends for a walk”为动名词，所以谓语动词应用第三人称单数。
自主解答：________
【技法点拨】
1.就近原则：由or; either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
2．就远原则：主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，but，except，along with，rather than等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
典例导引
3.The family as well as their dog ________ (trap) on the roof by the flood yesterday.
解析：分析句子结构可知， trap在句中作谓语， 主语是the family, 在此指的是一家人， 根据意义一致原则， 应用复数形式。
自主解答：________
【技法点拨】
分析句子结构，发现提示词作谓语， 主语是集体名词时， 要考虑主谓一致原则确定其单复数。集体名词看作整体时， 谓语用单数形式， 看作个体时， 谓语用复数形式。
参考答案
典例　答案：was built
命题专家授策略
技法1
1．答案：was
2．答案：pointed
3．答案：meant
4．答案：had experienced
技法2
1．答案：was built
2．答案：sells
技法3
1．答案：is
2．答案：works
3．答案：were trapped
考点 　考查非谓语动词
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分，是语法填空的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词，在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考点主要为：动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构、分析句子成分的能力。
如何判断非谓语动词
解题攻略
•第一步：确定是否作非谓语
首先，分析句子结构，所给提示词是动词时， 若句中已有谓语动词， 又不是作并列谓语动词时，则要考虑填非谓语动词。
•第二步：确定作何种非谓语形式
根据所作句子成分， 考虑非谓语动词的形式：
①提示词与逻辑主语表主动关系时常用v.-ing形式；
②提示词与逻辑主语是被动关系时常用v.-ed形式；
③提示词在句中作目的状语和意料之外的结果常用动词不定式。
典例印证
[典例1]　[2021·全国甲卷]It is possible ________ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
分析：第一步：确定是否作非谓语
提示词是动词时，句中已有系动词is, 又不是作并列谓语动词时，则要考虑填非谓语动词。
第二步：确定作何种非谓语形式
根据分析句子成分，空格处为动词不定式作主语， it作形式主语。
自主解答：________
[典例2]　[2020·浙江7月卷]Later，they learned to work with the seasons，planting at the right time and，in dry areas, ________ (make) use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.
分析：第一步：确定是否作非谓语
提示词是动词， 句中已经有谓语动词learned，故此处需用非谓语动词。
第二步：确定作何种非谓语形式
根据分析句子成分， make use of和逻辑主语they之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式(doing)作状语。
自主解答：________
技法1　非谓语动词作主语和表语——成分分析法
典例导引
1.[2021·新乡市三模]________ (map) the distribution of cave species could act as additional evidence for researchers investigating past climate conditions.
2．[2021·江西省红色七校第二次联考]________ (track) down more than 1 billion Chinese citizens is by no means easy.
3．[2019·全国卷Ⅲ]On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take ________ (get) there.
4.[2018·全国卷Ⅲ]I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid 64.looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel ________ (challenge).
5[2021·辽宁省“名校交流”3月联考]Bioprinting may be a relatively new field but the results so far are ________ (encourage).
【技法点拨】
1.如何判断非谓语动词作主语
①句中缺少主语，找到句子的谓语部分，确定应用动词-ing形式还是不定式作主语。
②掌握用动词-ing形式/不定式作主语的句型：
It is/was＋形容词(for/of sb.)＋to do sth.
It is no use/good doing sth.
It's fun doing sth.
It takes sb. some time to do sth.
It's worthwhile to do/doing sth.
2.如何判断非谓语动词作表语
非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。
(1)表示“令人……的”，要用v.-ing形式；
(2)表示 “感到……的”， 要用v.-ed形式。
技法2　非谓语动词作宾语——句型公式法
典例导引
1.[2021·襄阳五中高三5月冲刺]One of the fastest and most effortless approaches to ________ (experience) the area is by riding up the world's tallest outdoor elevator.
2．[2021·全国卷甲]After ________ (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history！
3.[2021·武汉市4月质量检测]We paced around to avoid ________ (get) frostbite (冻伤) as the temperature stayed close to －30 ℃ and our drill batteries became too cold to work.
4．[2021·江西六校联考]The guide dog being denied ________ (board) is just the tip of the iceberg, compared to the various difficulties faced by the country's visually impaired population every day when they leave their home.
5.[2021·全国乙卷]Activities there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim ________ (have) a low impact on the natural environment.
6．[2021·广东省二模]At one point, someone offered ________ (trade) me an alcoholic beverage (饮料) and a golden feathered headdress for my camera.
7．[2019·浙江6月高考]One study in America found that students' grades improved a little after the school introduced uniforms. But some students didn't want ________ (wear) the uniform.
8.[2021·陕西省模拟一]The smoke and the fire and all that stuff started coming. It started burning my eyes and ________ (hurt) my throat, but I was still trying to get him out.
9．[2018·浙江6月高考]I still remember ________ (visit) a friend who'd lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
10．[2021·攀枝花市第二次统考]Most people, at one time or another, have been on the receiving end of a random act of kindness — that moment when a complete stranger stops ________ (offer) aid, generosity or sympathy.
【技法点拨】
1.作介词的宾语用动名词
①介词和带介词to的固定搭配后一定跟动词-ing形式作宾语，
②介词but/except后接不定式作宾语，且前面有实义动词do时，不定式就要省略to。
2.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语
喜欢考虑不避免(enjoy, consider, escape, avoid)
不禁放弃太冒险(cannot help, give up, risk)
感激承认很值得(appreciate, admit, be worth)
介意想象莫推延(mind, imagine, delay, put off)
允许完成是期望(allow, permit, finish, look forward to)
建议继续勤操练(suggest, go on, practise)
致力原谅要坚持(be devoted to, excuse, insist on)
继续成功不错过(keep on, succeed in, miss)
3.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词
三个希望两答应(hope, wish, expect, agree, promise)
两个要求莫拒绝(demand, ask, refuse)
设法学会做决定(manage, learn, decide/determine)
不要假装在选择(pretend, choose/select)
计划提出俩打算(plan, offer, intend, mean)
申请失败负担起(apply, fail, afford)
准备愿望又碰巧(prepare, desire, happen)
4.既可跟动名词作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语但表达含义不同的动词和短语
remember，forget, regret, stop, go on, need, start, begin, try, mean 等。注意它们含义的不同之处。
remember
mean
技法3　非谓语动词作定语——关系分析法
典例导引
1.[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your ________ (ache) legs.
2．[2021·山东省日照市5月校际联考]It's a very ________ (worry) picture of risk and urgent need for action.
3.[2021·银川一中、昆明一中联考]A small bowl ________ (buy) for $35 at a home in Connecticut turned out to be a rare piece of ancient Chinese art.
4．[2021·泰安市高考全真模拟]A video ________ (post)online shows three tourists，two women and a man，are scrawling on the wall of Badaling section of the Great Wall at around 1 pm.
5.[2021·南昌市二模]COVID-19 has the potential ________ (wipe) out different kinds of apes if humans don't take steps to prevent its spread.
6．[2021·山东潍坊二模]Freud was one of the first scientists ________ (make) serious research of the mind. The mind is the collection of activities ________ (base) in the brain that involve how we act, think, feel and reason.
7．[2021·河南省高考适应性练习]As darkness falls, the best place ________ (witness) the city is on the wall, where one can't help but imagine the distant past.
【技法点拨】
1.现在分词作定语
①现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行；
②若表示被动且正在发生的动作用being done 结构；
③表示心理状态的动词-ing形式的形容词，意为“令人……的”。
2.过去分词作定语
① 过去分词作定语表示被动、完成；
②动词-ed形式的形容词，意为“(人)感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look，expression，tears，smile，voice等名词。
3.不定式作定语
①看到由序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词(代词)常用不定式作定语；
②看到由the only，the last，the next等修饰的名词(代词)常用不定式作定语；
③看到被修饰的名词(代词)是ability，attempt，chance, desire，eagerness，potential，reason，right，something，anything，time，way，wish等词时，常用不定式作定语。
技法4　非谓语动词作状语——理清逻辑关系
典例导引
1.[2021·云南师范大学附中适应性考试]Music has no obvious adaptive function, ________ (make) scientists who study music wonder what forces originally gave rise to it.
2．[2021·蚌埠二中高三模拟]Last week, government-run Xinhua News Agency said the country deserved credit for the discoveries, ________ (compare) them to the innovations of ancient China: compass, gunpowder, paper, and printing.
3.[2021·江西省重点中学盟校第一次联考]________ (compare) with today's best supercomputers, Jiuzhang can calculate 100，000 billion times faster.
4．[2021·山东高考模拟卷]________ (follow) by a wedding photographer, the couple made a surprise visit to the hospital before heading to the reception.
5.[2021·江西省九校高三下学期联考]Due to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP), people all over the world are wearing masks ________ (reduce) the risk of infection.
6．He got up early and hurried to the bus station, only ________ (find) the early train had gone.
7．[2019·全国卷Ⅰ]Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ________ (perform) consistently over a large area.
8．[2021·福州一中第四次适应性考试]The young of these birds, at maturity, will likely return to the same habitat ________ (begin) the process of nesting and raising their young.
【技法点拨】
1.现在分词作状语
分析句子成分，句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，常用现在分词形式(doing)：
①作时间、原因、条件、方式， 且与逻辑主语之间是主动关系， 应用现在分词；
②自然而然的结果用现在分词。
2.过去分词作状语
作时间、原因、条件等状语， 且表示被动时， 应用过去分词作状语。
3.不定式作状语
①动词不定式可以用作目的状语；
②only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果；
③形容词或过去分词作表语时，后接不定式作状语。常见词有：happy, lucky, anxious, proud, disappointed, surprised, delighted, foolish, pleased, fortunate等；
④牢记“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋to do”句式，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
技法5　非谓语动词作宾补——牢记固定搭配
典例导引
1.[2020·浙江1月高考]Something significant is happening to the world population — it is aging. The median (中位数的) age of an American in 1950 was 30 — today it is 41 and is expected ________ (increase) to 42 by 2050.
2．[2021·海南中学高三第五次模拟]What the scientists did on Chang'e-5 paid off at last, which inspires more and more Chinese people ________ (devote) themselves to further space research.
3.[2018·天津高考改编]I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ________ (take).
4．[2021·新高考卷Ⅰ]Strange, isn't it? But that's how nature is—always leaving us ________ (astonish).
5.[2020·全国卷Ⅱ]They make great gifts and you see them many times ________ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
6．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign ________ (praise) the filmmakers.
【技法点拨1】
1.不定式作宾语补足语
常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有tell, order, allow, permit, enable, persuade, force, warn, encourage, inspire, expect, advise, remind, teach等。
2.have, leave的固定用法
①have sb./sth. doing sth.“让某人/某物一直做某事”
②have sth. done“让某事被做”
③have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事
3.分词作宾语补足语
①现在分词作宾语补足语表示主动、进行；
②过去分词作宾语补足语表示被动、完成；
常用过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有have, make, get, find, see, notice, watch, hear, feel, want, like等。
【技法点拨2】
若句中已有谓语动词且不是并列谓语时，则所给动词应用非谓语动词形式。一般而言，v.－ing形式表示主动、进行；v.－ed形式表示被动、完成；动词不定式表示目的、将来、具体或一次性的动作。
参考答案
典例1　答案：to walk
典例2　答案：making
命题专家授策略
技法1
1．答案与解析：Mapping　考查动名词。 句意：绘制洞穴物种的分布图可以作为研究人员调查过去气候条件的额外证据。所给词map做动词，含义为“描绘，绘制地图”，在句中做主语，应使用动名词形式，且位于句首。
2．答案与解析：Tracking　句意：追踪10亿多中国公民绝非易事。分析句子结构可知track在句中应用非谓语动词形式，本句缺少主语，故应用动名词短语作主语，句首单词首字母要大写。
3．答案与解析：to get　此处是“It takes (sb.) some time to do sth.”句型，意为“花费(某人)多长时间做某事”。
4．答案与解析：challenged　根据句子结构可知，空格处作系动词feel的表语，主语为he。故要用 challenged，表示“受到挑战的”。
5．答案与解析：encouraging　句意：生物打印可能是一个相对较新的领域，但迄今为止的结果令人鼓舞。根据上文are可知应填形容词encouraging，作表语，表示“令人鼓舞”，修饰物。
技法2
1．答案与解析：experiencing　考查非谓语动词。句意：体验该地区最快最轻松的方法之一就是乘坐世界上最高的户外电梯。根据空前的“approaches to”可知，to是介词，后接动名词。
2．答案与解析：spending　考查非谓语动词。空前的After为介词，后应接动词的­ing形式。
3．答案与解析：getting　句意：由于温度保持在－30 ℃附近并且我们的钻机电池变得太冷而无法工作，因此我们四处走动以避免冻伤。avoid doing“避免做某事“，用动名词作宾语。
4．答案与解析：boarding　deny doing sth.是固定用法， 所以空格处需用动名词作宾语。
5．答案与解析：to have　考查非谓语动词。 aim to do sth. 意为“力求做某事”， 为固定搭配。
6．答案与解析：to trade　考查非谓语动词。句意：有一次，有人提出用一杯酒精饮料和一个金色羽毛头饰换我的相机。offer to do sth.“主动提出做某事”是动词习惯用法，不定式作宾语。
7．答案与解析：to wear　设空处作want的宾语，应用动词不定式，want to do sth.“想要做某事”。
8．答案与解析：hurting　句意：烟、火和所有那些东西开始涌来。它开始灼伤我的眼睛，刺痛我的喉咙，但我仍试图把他弄出来。start doing sth.为固定用法，意为“开始做某事”，空处和burning并列，需填动名词作宾语。
9．答案与解析：visiting　分析句子结构可知，remember作谓语，且空处不作并列谓语，故应填非谓语动词，此处考查remember doing sth.表示“记得做过某事”。故填visiting。
10．答案与解析：to offer　句意：大多数人，曾经都接受过随意的善举——那个时刻，一个完全的陌生人停下来提供帮助、慷慨或同情。stop to do sth.“停下来做某事”，根据句意，空格处用不定式做目的状语。
技法3
1．答案与解析：aching　考查非谓语动词。 本空在句中作定语， ache与中心词legs 是逻辑上的主动关系。故用现在分词aching。
2．答案与解析：worrying　句意：这是一幅非常令人担忧的风险景象，迫切需要采取行动。修饰后文名词picture，应用­ing结尾形容词worrying，作定语。
3．答案与解析：bought　考查非谓语动词。句意：在康涅狄格州的一个家里花35美元买的一个小碗原来是一件罕见的中国古代艺术品。分析句子结构和句意可知，此句已有谓语turned，所以此空用非谓语作空前名词a small bowl的后置定语，且碗是“被买”，所以用过去分词。故填bought。
4．答案与解析：posted　句意：网上发布的一段视频显示，下午1点左右，三名游客(两女一男)正在长城八达岭段的墙上涂鸦。句中有谓语动词show，post“发布”是非谓语作后置定语，post和video是被动关系，用过去分词。
5．答案与解析：to wipe　句意：如果人类不采取措施阻止COVID­19的传播，COVID­19有可能消灭各种类人猿。表示“有可能做某事”为have the potential to do sth.。所以空处为动词不定式作后置定语，修饰potential。
6．答案与解析：to make; based　句意：弗洛伊德是最早对思维进行认真研究的科学家之一。思维是大脑活动的集合，涉及我们的行动，思维，感觉和推理方式。分析句子结构可知，空格处应填非谓语动词。由空前的the first可知，应用动词不定式作定语，故填to make; 第二空格base与activities之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。
7．答案与解析：to witness　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知此处用作定语，因其所修饰的名词前有最高级修饰。所以应用不定式作定语。
技法4
1．答案与解析：making　句意：音乐没有明显的适应功能，这使得研究音乐的科学家们想知道是什么力量最初导致了音乐的产生。分析句子结构可知make在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与上文整个句子构成主动关系。故应用现在分词形式作结果状语。
2．答案与解析：comparing　考查现在分词。句意：上周，官方媒体新华社称，中国的这些发现值得称赞，并将其与古代中国的发明相比较：指南针、火药、造纸和印刷术。动词compare意为“比较”，和谓语动词之间没有连词，且和主语“government­run Xinhua News Agency”构成主动关系。所以应用现在分词作状语。
3．答案与解析：Compared　考查非谓语动词。句意：与当今最好的超级计算机相比，九章的计算速度快了10万亿倍。分析句子可知，句中有谓语动词“calculate”且句中无连词，故应用compare的非谓语动词，compare意为“比较”，动词词性，“compare…with…”意为“把……和……进行比较”，句子主语Jiuzhang与compare之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用compare的过去分词compared在句中作状语，句首单词首字母大写。
4．答案与解析：Followed　分析句子结构可知，句中已经有谓语动词made，逻辑主语the couple与follow之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。
5．答案与解析：to reduce　句意：由于新型冠状病毒肺炎的爆发，世界各地的人们都戴口罩，以降低感染风险。分析句子结构可知reduce在句中应用非谓语动词形式，此处作目的状语应用不定式。
6．答案与解析：to find　find是意料之外的结果。故应用动词不定式作状语。
7．答案与解析：to perform　此处是“主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
8．答案与解析：to begin　考查非谓语动词。句意：这些鸟的幼鸟，在成熟的时候，可能会回到同样的栖息地，开始筑巢和养育它们的幼鸟。设空处作状语，表目的。
技法5
1．答案与解析：to increase　分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语is expected，且空格处不作并列谓语，故此处应用非谓语动词。be expected to do sth.“被期望做某事”是固定用法，不定式作宾语补足语。
2．答案与解析：to devote　句意：科学家们在嫦娥五号上所做的最终得到了回报，它激励着越来越多的中国人致力于进一步的太空研究。结合句意表示“激励某人做某事”可知短语为inspire sb. to do sth.。
3．答案与解析：taken　句意：我需要一个新护照，因此我得照张相片。宾语my photograph与take之间为被动关系，have sth. done“让某事被做”为固定用法，因此用过去分词作宾语补足语。
4．答案与解析：Astonished　非谓语动词。本空在“leave＋复合宾语”结构中作宾补，astonished“吃惊的，惊讶的”，astonishing“令人惊讶的”，根据语境可知，这里指的是使我们惊讶。
5．答案与解析：decorated　句中them指代前句中的orange trees，与decorate之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。
6．答案与解析：praising　a sign作介词with的宾语，sign与praise之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词作宾语补足语。
考点 　考查词性转换
词形转换是高考语法填空的一个重点。在解答语法填空中词形转换的相关题目时，一要根据空处在句中所作的成分确定词性：名词在句中常作主语、宾语、表语或定语等，动词作谓语与非谓语，形容词作表语、定语，副词作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子；二要根据标志词及语境确定比较级；三要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语以及主谓一致原则来确定名词的单复数。
如何判断是否考查词形转换
解题攻略
典例印证
•第一步：确定是否考查词形转换：
提示词为动词， 如果既不是谓语动词， 也不是非谓语动词， 则考虑动词词性转换。
•第二步：确定转换为名词或形容词：
根据句式结构以及空格所缺成分进一步分析，如果作动词或介词的宾语、作主语， 动词常转换为名词； 如果作表语或者定语，动词常转换为形容词。
[典例]　[2021·全国卷乙]It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas — both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the ________ (develop) of the local areas.
分析：第一步：确定是否考查词性转换
提示词为动词，句子有谓语动词allows及并列谓语provides可知，空格处既不是谓语动词， 也不是非谓语动词， 则考虑动词词性转换。
第二步：确定转换为名词或形容词
根据分析句子成分，空格在冠词the之后， 应填名词。
自主解答：________
【命题专家授策略】
技法1　明确提示词为动词的2种词性转换
提示词为动词， 如果既不是谓语动词， 也不是非谓语动词， 则考虑动词词性转换， 讲动词转换为名词或形容词， 根据句式结构以及空格所缺成分进一步分析。
典例导引
1.[2021·潍坊市高考模拟]They use kite photography, geophysical surveys and seismometers (地震仪) to make learning ________ (excite).
2．[2021·陕西省模拟一]Antonio Morgan says that Robinson drove past him fast and just moments later he heard a ________ (frighten) crash.
3．[2021·福建省莆田市高三5月模拟]Chinese weddings are as much about the happy couple as they are about their respective families. The weddings are ________ (impress) affairs that focus on blessings of happiness.
4．[2021·南昌市二模]It was considered safe and ________ (use) eight months later.
5．[2021·襄阳五中高三5月冲刺]Come to Zhangjiajie to enjoy its ________ (amaze) natural scenery and breathtaking Avatar Hallelujah Mountain if you are a fan of Avatar movie！
6．[2021·银川市考前适应性训练一]“The new robotic arms cost no more than 1，000 yuan，” said Chen Xiaoping, ________ (direct) of the Robotics Laboratory at USTC, adding that this gives them an advantage for much wider application.
7．[2021·湖南长郡中学二模]Chinese people are proud of their food. However, when foreigners like Britons think of Chinese food, their ________ (impress) of it is different to what you might think.
8．[2021·山东省泰安市模拟]In the eyes of the Yi people, fire is the symbol of light, which is believed to have the ability to drive away insects and pests and protect the ________ (grow) of crops.
9．[2021·南昌二中、河南省实验中学5月联考]This ________ (achieve) marks that China has reached the first great breakthrough on the path to full-scale quantum computing—a quantum computational advantage, also known as “quantum supremacy”．
【技法点拨】
1.动词转换为形容词：
①-able结尾的形容词
accept→acceptable　 可接受的
adapt→adaptable 能适应的
admire→admirable 可钦佩的
adjust→adjustable 可调节的
afford→affordable 负担的起的
②v.＋ed/ing　　　　 转换为形容词
confuse→confused 感到困惑的
worry→worried 担心的
excite→exciting 令人激动的；令人兴奋的
③v.＋词缀ive转化为形容词
attract→attractive　　 有吸引力的
impress→impressive 给人印象深刻的
instruct→instructive 有教育意义的
④v.＋词缀-ful/less转换为形容词
cheer→cheerful　　　 兴高采烈的
doubt→doubtful 怀疑的
forget→forgetful 健忘的
thank→thankful 感激的
2．动词转换为名词
①v.＋-ion/-tion/-ation/-sion转换为名词，表示“状态或行为”
celebrate→celebration n．庆祝
compete→competition n．比赛
pollute→pollution n．污染
educate→ education n．教育
②v.＋-ment转换为名词，表示“行为或结果”
achieve→achievement n．成就
announce→announcement n．宣布
argue→argument n．争论， 论据
develop→development n．发展
③v.＋-er/-or 转换为名词， 表示“人”
perform→performer n．表演者
settle→settler n．移民者
educate→educator n．教育家
direct→director n．导演
技法2　提示词为名词的词形变化
典例导引
1.[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we ________ (human) are.
2．[2021·太原高三押宝题]But the solar term culture is still useful today to guide people's lives through special foods, cultural ________ (ceremony), gardening and even healthy living tips that correspond with each solar term.
3．[2021·厦门外国语学校适应性考试]About a few ________ (month) ago, a photographer went to take pictures in Litang, a remote place in Sichuan Province, and he accidentally shot a video of Dingzhen.
4．[2021·邯郸市三模]Wild ________ (animal) such as black bears and squirrels like to store their pine nuts in different places as they prepare for the winter.
5.[2021·全国乙卷]Provide ________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.
6．[2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]In the 18th and 19th centuries, ________ (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art.
7．[2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]Judges will choose up to 50 ________ (honor) mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart's final flight.
8．[2021·安徽师大附中5月卷]But are people right to be worried about the ________ (environment) and health effects of releasing such a large amount of contaminated water？
9.[2018·全国卷Ⅰ]To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.
10．[2021·渭南市质量检测]Thanks to a growing network of reserves and community protection actions, pandas are no longer ________ (danger), but the biggest hope for their long-term survival is the Giant Panda National Park which will be open in the coming months.
11.[2021·浙江卷1月]It is calculated by dividing a ________ (person) weight in kg by their height in metres squared, and a BIM of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.
12．[2021·赣州市高三年级摸底]Meanwhile, universities managed to meet the ________ (student)study and leisure needs.
【技法点拨】
1.名词的单复数：
若提示词是可数名词单数，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的复数。若有以下情况考虑名词复数：
①有数词或these, those, several, many, all, both, various, numerous等词修饰时用名词复数形式。
②名词前有one of时用名词复数形式。
③若谓语动词是复数形式，则空处应填名词复数形式。
2.名词转换成形容词
提示词为名词，如果作定语修饰后面的名词，则一般考查名词变形容词。
注意名词变形容词的后缀
①n.＋-able→adj. honor→honorable
②n.＋-al→adj. nature→natural
③n.＋-ful→adj. colour→colourful
④n.＋-en→adj. wood→wooden
⑤n.＋-y→adj. wealth→wealthy
3.名词转换成动词
提示词为名词，如果作谓语或非谓语，则一般考查名词变动词。熟记名词变动词的前缀/后缀
①加前缀en-： courage→encourage vt.鼓励
danger → endanger vt. 危及；使遭到危险
②加后缀-en: strength→strengthen vt.加强
③加后缀-ize: apology →apologize v．道歉
4.填名词的所有格
提示词与其后的名词是所属关系， 应考虑名词的所有格。
①单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加-'s。
②以-s或-es结尾的复数名词，形式为-s'或-es'。
【技法点金】
牢记名词变复数的5种变化形式
(1)一般情况下，在词尾直接加-s: book→books, mouth→mouths, house→houses, girl→girls。
(2)以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词，在词尾加-es: glass→glasses, box→boxes, match→matches, brush→brushes。
(3)以辅音字母＋-y结尾的名词，变y为i再加-es: city→cities, country→countries, party→parties, factory→factories。
(4)以-o结尾的名词常在词尾加-s: radio→radios, zoo→zoos, piano→pianos, kilo→kilos, photo→photos；
加-es的有：hero→heroes, Negro→Negroes, tomato→tomatoes, potato→potatoes。
(5)以-f，-fe结尾的名词
①少数直接加-s: roof→roofs, belief→beliefs。
②一般以-f或-fe结尾的名词，要变f或fe为v再加-es: self→selves, life→lives, thief→thieves, wife→wives, knife→knives, leaf→leaves, shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, half→halves。
温馨提示：注意一些不规则变化的名词复数，如child→children，man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet等。
技法3　提示词为形容词、副词的词形转换3种情况
典例导引
1.[2021·浙江卷1月]But 30 years later, the BMI differences between urban and rural people in many countries had narrowed ________ (sharp).
2．[2021·安庆市二模]In the study, GBS was used to provide a ________ (high) efficient way of demonstrating quantum computational speedup in solving some tasks.
3．[2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]Historical ________ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
4．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]Filled with ________ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
5.[2021·云南省第一次统一检测]“Our task is to organize the Olympic Games and not to cancel the Olympic Games，” he said, adding that the IOC is working day and night to host a safe event. But it's still ________ (clear) how this will happen, with coronavirus cases increasing around the world.
6.[2021·浙江卷1月]This may be due to some disadvantages for people living in the countryside, including ________ (low) levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities.
7．[2020·浙江1月]The first is declining birth rates, which means old generations are large compared to younger generations, and so, on average, the population becomes ________ (old) than before.
8．[2021·贵州省适应性测试]Until he passed away in 1961, Mei had been encouraging the spread of Peking Opera for almost 60 years. This lifelong devotion has made him one of the ________ (great) Peking Opera artists of all time.
9．[2021·厦门市第三次质量检测]The more steps people walked, the ________ (low) their risk of dying was, before leveling off at around 7，500 steps per day.
【技法点拨】
1.形容词、副词的词性转换
①分析句子结构， 发现提示词是形容词且需要改变词性时， 应考虑用派生的副词或名词。
②若空格处作定语、表语则应考虑填形容词形式。
③若空格处修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，则应考虑填副词形式。
④若空格处在介词后，应考虑名词作宾语。
2.形容词、副词添加词缀变反义词
根据句意和前后逻辑关系， 确定句意表否定时，添加否定前缀(un-，im-，dis-等)或否定后缀(-less)变为反义词。
3.形容词、副词转换为比较级、最高级
(1)利用标志词确定比较等级
①题目中有much, far, still, even, rather, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, than等标志性词汇时用比较级。
②设空后有表示范围的标志词in，of，among等时用最高级。
③设空前有one of the，the＋序数词等修饰词时，用最高级。
(2)利用固定句型
“the＋比较级 ...the＋比较级 ...”表示“越……就越……”。
(3)利用隐含信息判断
句中虽没有标志词，但暗含比较级或最高级，也需要用比较级或最高级。
【技法点金】
形容词变副词的特殊规则
以e结尾的一般不去e，直接加-ly
immediate→immediately　brave→bravely　entire→entirely
一些以e结尾的形容词去e加-(l)y
true→truly　simple→simply　gentle→gently　possible→possibly
“辅音字母＋y”结尾，改-y为-i，再加-ly
happy→happily　easy→easily
以-ic结尾，加-ally
economic→economically　basic→basically
技法4　提示词为代词的词形转换
典例导引
1.[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in ________ (I).
2．[2021·蚌埠二中高三模拟]Xinhua's article noted that “Among the four, high-speed rail and online shopping aren't from China, but we bring the inventions to the world's top level with our intelligence and innovation, and make ________ (they) China's calling card.”
3.[2020·新高考卷Ⅰ]As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine ________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
4．[2020·全国卷Ⅰ]Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether ________ (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
5．[2020·北京卷]She recognized ________ (I) potential and showed me that I could write with creativity and showed me that I could write with creativity and enthusiasm.
【技法点拨】
根据所指对象或根据所作成分
提示词为代词，当句子缺少主语、定语、宾语或表语时，一般填代词；
确定填代词之后，再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前文提到的人或物有指代关系。
①分析句子结构， 发现提示词作主语，应考虑人称代词主格(I, we, you, he等)形式。
②分析句子结构， 发现提示词作宾语时，应考虑人称代词宾格(me, us, them等)形式。
③分析句子结构， 发现提示词作定语时，应考虑形容词性物主代词(our, my, your; their; his, her; its等)
④分析句子结构， 发现提示词作动词或介词的宾语， 且和主语是同一人时，应考虑反身代词(myself, yourself, itself等)
【技法点金】
　　人称
类别　　
单数
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
人称代词
主格
I
you
he/she/it
宾格
me
you
him/her/it
物主代词
形容词性
my
your
his/her/its
名词性
mine
yours
his/hers/its
反身代词
myself
yourself
himself/herself/ itself
　　人称
类别　　
单数
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
人称代词
主格
Iwe
you
they
宾格
us
you
them
物主代词
形容词性
our
your
his/her/its
名词性
ours
yours
theirs
反身代词
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
牢记代词的句法功能
1．作主语：人称代词主格(I, we, you, he等)
2．作宾语/表语：人称代词宾格(me, us, him, them, it等)、名词性物主代词(ours, mine, yours, its等)
3．作定语：形容词性物主代词(our, my, your, their等)
4．如果宾语与主语是指同一人，用反身代词(myself, yourself, itself等)
5．填it的情况：作形式主语或形式宾语；指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况。
6．that，those作替代词，用来代替已提到的名词，以避免重复。
【技法点拨】
　当所给提示词虽为动词，但既不是谓语动词又不是非谓语动词时，就要考虑进行词性转换。高考中常考查动词变为名词，偶有变形容词或副词的情况。做题时只需根据其所作句子成分来确定其词性便可做出正确的转换。
参考答案
典例　答案：development
命题专家授策略
技法1
1．答案与解析：exciting　句意：他们使用风筝摄影、地球物理调查和地震仪使学习变得激动人心。此处作learning的宾语补足语形容learning，应用形容词exciting表示“激动人心的”。
2．答案与解析：frightening　句意：安东尼奥·摩根说，罗宾逊从他身边疾驰而过，片刻之后，他听到了可怕的撞击声。空处修饰名词crash，需填形容词作定语，crash指物，需用­ing结尾的形容词。
3．答案与解析：impressive　句中affairs是名词，由形容词修饰，所给词impress是动词，其形容词是impressive，作定语。
4．答案与解析：useful　句意：八个月后，它被认为是安全和有用的。分析可知，空处为形容词做主语补足语，补充说明it，useful意为“有用的”，符合句意。
5．答案与解析：amazing　句意：如果你是《阿凡达》电影的粉丝，那就来张家界欣赏一下这里令人惊叹的自然风光和令人叹为观止的《阿凡达》哈利路亚山吧！根据句意可知，此处amazing 修饰名词scenery。
6．答案与解析：director　句意：陈小平，中国科学技术大学机器人实验室主任补充说，这使它们在更广泛的应用中具有优势。此处用direct的名词形式director作Chen Xiaoping的同位语，意为“主管，负责人”。
7．答案与解析：impression　句意：然而，当像英国人这样的外国人想到中国菜时，他们对中国菜的印象与你可能想到的不同。在形容词性物主代词their后应用名词作主语，名词impression意为“印象”，符合语境，根据is可知用其单数形式。
8．答案与解析：growth　句意：火在彝族人眼中是光的象征，火被认为有驱除害虫和保护农作物生长的能力。空处作宾语，表示“生长”应用名词growth，表抽象概念，不可数。
9．答案与解析：achievement　句意：这一成就标志着中国实现了全面量子计算道路上的第一个重大突破——量子计算优势，也被称为“量子霸权”。空处作主语，表示“成就”应用名词achievement，this修饰可数名词单数。
技法2
1．答案与解析：humans　考查名词单复数。 本空作宾语从句中we的同位语， 故应用名词的复数形式。
2．答案与解析：ceremonies　句意：但节气文化在今天仍然有用，它通过与每个节气相对应的特殊食物、文化仪式、园艺，甚至健康生活技巧来指导人们的生活。ceremony为可数名词，此处表示泛指，且没有冠词限定，需用名词复数形式。
3．答案与解析：months　句意：大约几个月前，一名摄影师去四川偏远的理塘拍照，不小心拍到了丁真的视频。a few修饰可数名词复数形式。
4．答案与解析：animals　句意：黑熊和松鼠等野生动物喜欢把松子存放在不同的地方以备过冬。animal是可数名词，结合语境及“black bears and squirrels”及谓语动词like可知，此处应用复数形式。
5．答案与解析：financial　考查形容词。 空格在名词aid 之前， 应填形容词作定语，financial“财政的”。
6．答案与解析：wealthy　考查词性转换。根据空格后的名词people可知，这里应用形容词wealthy作定语。
7．答案与解析：honorable　考查词性转换。句意：评委将选出最多50名荣誉获奖者，每人将获得一件T恤衫，以纪念埃尔哈特的最后一次飞行。winners为名词，应该用honor的形容词形式honorable来修饰。
8．答案与解析：environmental　句意：但是，人们是否有理由担心排放如此大量的污水会对环境和健康造成影响？修饰后文名词effects应用形容词environmental，作定语。
9．答案与解析：strengthen　考查词性转换。此处to为不定式符号，在句中作目的状语。故填strength的动词形式strengthen。
10．答案与解析：endangered　句意：由于保护区网络和社区保护行动的不断发展，大熊猫不再处于濒危状态，但它们长期生存的最大希望是即将在未来几个月开放的大熊猫国家公园。分析句子可知， are后应接形容词作表语，endanger的形容词为endangered，表示“濒临灭绝的”，符合语境。
11．答案与解析：person's　考查名词所有格。 空前是冠词a, 空后是名词weight, 此处表示“一个人的体重”。故用所给词的所有格形式。
12．答案与解析：students'　句意：同时，大学也设法满足学生的学习和休闲需求。此处是指很多学生，所以应用名词复数。表示“学生的学习和休闲需求”应用名词所有格。
技法3
1．答案与解析：sharply　考查副词。 空格处修饰动词narrowed, 故用副词sharply “急剧地， 大幅度地”。
2．答案与解析：highly　句意：在这项研究中，GBS被用来提供一种高效的方法来证明量子计算在解决一些任务时的加速。修饰后文形容词efficient应用副词highly，表示程度高。
3．答案与解析：accuracy　考查词性转换。根据语境和空前的修饰词historical可知，此处应用名词accuracy作主语。
4．答案与解析：curiosity　考查词性转换。介词with后应使用名词作宾语。
5．答案与解析：unclear　考查形容词反义词。句意：但目前究竟会如何还不清楚，因为冠状病毒病例在世界各地都在增加。根据转折词but可知，前后句意相反，前文讲国际奥委会正在夜以继日地工作，以举办一场安全的赛事，但是究竟会如何还不清楚。
6．答案与解析：lower　考查形容词比较级。 根据后面的“higher”“fewer”可知， 此处也用形容词比较级。故填lower。
7．答案与解析：older　考查形容词的比较级。结合句意及下文的than before可知， 这里意为“比以前更加年老”。故填比较级。
8．答案与解析：greatest　考查形容词的最高级。句意：这一生的奉献使他成为有史以来最伟大的京剧艺术家之一。根据设空前有one of the可断定用形容词最高级。
9．答案与解析：lower　句意：人们走的步数越多，他们的死亡风险就越低，然后以每天7500步的速度平稳下来。“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”意为“越……，就越……”，为固定句式。根据“The more”可知，此处应用比较级。
技法4
1．答案与解析：mine　考查代词。与前面的“it will always stick in the visitor's memory”呼应， 这里表示“It sure sticks in my memory”， 因此本空格填名词性物主代词mine。
2．答案与解析：them　句意：在这四个中，高铁和网络购物并非来自中国，但我们用自己的智慧和创新将这些发明带到了世界顶级水平，并使它们成为中国的名片。在动词make后应用宾格them作宾语。
3．答案与解析：themselves　根据语境可知，主语visitors发出的动作imagine作用于自身，此处应用反身代词形式。故答案为themselves。
4．答案与解析：its　此处表示“它的计划”。故用形容词性物主代词its。
5．答案与解析：my　分析句子结构可知，此处的potential是名词，意为“潜力”，故此处应用形容词性物主代词修饰名词。故填my。
第2讲　无提示词类
先定填哪类词 → 再定填哪个词
如何判断填冠词
解题攻略
•第一步：确定是否填冠词：
首先，分析句子结构，看空格后是否有名词；
•第二步：判断特指还是泛指：
①看空格后有单数可数名词，搭配后表示泛指时，应考虑不定冠词a/an；
②若发现空格后有名词，搭配后表示特指时，应考虑定冠词the；
③看看是否是固定搭配
典例印证
[典例]　[2021·全国卷乙]Due to ________ growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel，various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
分析：第一步：确定填冠词。分析句子成分可知，空处有名词popularity。
第二步：判断特指还是泛指。
考查冠词。名词popularity后有定语，故其前应用定冠词the表特指，the growing popularity of...“……的日益流行”。
自主解答：________
【命题专家授策略】
典例导引
1.[2021·江西省重点中学盟校第一次联考]Chinese scientists have created the world's first light-based quantum (量子) computer, called Jiuzhang. It's ________ breakthrough in the field after Google completed its quantum computer last year.
2．[2020·浙江1月卷]A child born in the US today has ________ very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.
3．[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ] While you're in China，Mount Huangshan is ________ must to visit！
4.[2021·沈阳市质量监测三]After more than 600 years of development, ________ handcraft of Beijing glassware has been passed down to the seventh generation.
5．[2021·银川一中、昆明一中联合模拟卷]A collector of antiques saw the bowl at the sale, paid $35 for the bowl and later emailed information and photos to Sotheby's asking for ________ estimate of its value.
6．[2021·蚌埠二中高三模拟卷]Online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in ________ U．K. in 1979, while the Japanese operated the first modern high-speed rail in 1964.
7．[2021·湖南长郡中学第五次模拟]In old age, Mrs. Johnson became ________ most celebrated of the small excellent group of black women who at midcentury served as mathematicians for the space agency.
8.[2021·全国甲卷]It took us about 3 hours to go all ________ way around the Xi'an City Wall.
9．[2021·西安中学第二次仿真]China is a country with a vast territory. In the great historical continuum (连续体), it has developed ________ large variety of traditional housing with distinctly regional features.
10．[2021·江西省红色七校第二次联考]The data is expected to give ________ full picture of the population. It provides support for making national development policies.
11．[2021·山东省日照市5月联考]Scientists have exposed that around two-fifths of the world's plants are at risk of extinction. A top botanist, Professor Alexandre Antonelli, said, “We are living in ________ age of extinction.”
12．[2021·攀枝花市第二次统考]In a sometimes callous (冷漠的) world where people can be so focused on what they're doing, a random act of kindness can make ________ difference.
【技法点拨】
1.不定冠词a/an
分析句子结构， 发现空格后有单数可数名词，搭配后表示泛指时，应考虑不定冠词a/an。
用不定冠词a/an的常考点：
①泛指一类人与物，表示“一”概念；
②在序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。
2.定冠词the
分析句子结构， 发现空格后有名词，搭配后表示特指时，应考虑定冠词the。
用定冠词the的常考点：
①特指某人或某事；
②用在序数词或最高级前或有only, very, same 等修饰的名词前；
③用在世界上独一无二的东西及某些专有名词前；
④用在乐器名词前；
⑤用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。
3.固定搭配中的冠词
固定搭配或抽象名词具体化的名词前用冠词
(1)定冠词用在固定搭配中，如：
at the same time, on the contrary，
to tell the truth, in the distance, make the most/best of, on the spot等。
(2)不定冠词用在固定搭配中，如：
catch a cold, have a fever,
all of a sudden, as a matter of fact，
as a result, have a gift for，
make a living, give sb. a lift，
have a good knowledge of等。
(3)动词(catch/take/hit等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位。
如何判断填代词
解题攻略
•第一步：确定是否填代词：
首先，分析句子结构，发现句子缺少形式主语或形式宾语时， 应考虑用it；
•第二步：判断是否指代上文中提到的人或物：
分析句子结构， 发现指代上文中所提到的人或物时， 应考虑用相应的代词。
典例印证
[典例]　[2021·广东省模拟二]It was worth it, though. I still have that golden headdress, as ________ reminds me of those unforgettable days.
分析：第一步：确定填代词。分析句子成分可知，空处指代上文中所提到的物。
第二步：判断代词的形式。
句意：但这是值得的。我仍然留着那个金色的头饰，因为它让我想起了那些难忘的日子。分析句子，根据句意可知，此处连词as后应用代词it作主语，指前面的事物that golden headdress。
自主解答：________
【命题专家授策略】
典例导引
1.[2021·南宁市第一次适应性测试]By helping them, I can improve ________ own understanding, and this will be beneficial to my study, she explained.
2．[2021·唐山市三模]After becoming an internet hit, DingZhen served as the local tourism ambassador and filmed “The World of DingZhen” to speak for his hometown. The film soon brought ________ into people's vision.
3．[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]However，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25，000 people were using ________ every day.
4．[2021·南宁市第一次适应性测试]Shi Yan, chief of the Liaoning University of TCM, says he supports international students to participate in such activities, which will help ________ combine knowledge together with culture.
5.[2021·长郡中学第五次适应性考试]But ________ was not only her sex that kept her long marginalized and long unsung.
6．[2021·沈阳市质量监测三]The history of Beijing glassware dates back to the early Ming Dynasty. ________ is said that when people smelted (熔炼) bronze, they discovered that some waste materials could form beautiful colors.
7．[2021·福建省惠安一中模拟]Every new year in the heartland of industrial China thousands upon thousands of motorcyclists brave the weather and hit the road, determined to make ________ home.
8．[2018·浙江6月卷]Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ________ can be to eat out.
【技法点拨】
1.句意清，指代明
无提示词类填空， 当句中缺少主语或宾语时， 一般要填代词， 主要包括不定代词和it。
①如果空格前文出现了单数名词，并且空处作主语，可根据代指的情况用he，she或者it。
②如果空格前文出现了单数名词，并且空处作宾语，可根据代指的情况用him，her或者it。
③如果空格前文出现了复数名词，并且空处作主语，填they。
④如果空格前文出现了复数名词，并且空处作宾语，填them。
2.it的用法
①指代天气、时间、距离等
②代替上文提到过的事物
③分析句子结构， 发现句子缺少形式主语或形式宾语时， 应考虑it。
④it的常用固定句型
·It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他成分
·It＋be＋形容词＋of/for sb.to do sth.
·It is no good/no use/useless/a waste of time doing sth.
·hate/like/enjoy it that ...讨厌/喜欢……
·when it comes to ...当谈到……
·as sb. puts it正如某人所言
·make it成功
如何判断填介词
解题攻略
•第一步：确定是否填介词：
首先，分析句子结构，发现名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时， 其前面一般是填介词。
•第二步：根据句意及固定搭配判断填介词：
分析句子结构， 发现空格放在名词前后时， 应考虑名词与介词的搭配；
分析句子结构， 发现空格放在不及物动词后名词前时， 应考虑动词与介词的搭配；
分析句子结构， 发现空格放在形容词后名词前时， 应考虑形容词与介词的搭配。
典例印证
[典例]　[2021·浙江卷1月]The study found that between 1985 and 2017，average rural BMI increased ________ 2.1 in women and men.
分析：第一步：确定填介词。分析句子成分可知，此处考查动词与介词的搭配。
第二步：判断代词的形式。
句意：研究发现，1985年至2017年，农村地区女性和男性的平均体重指数增加了2.1。此处表示升高的幅度，故用介词by。
自主解答：________
【命题专家授策略】
典例导引
1.[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist ________ earth，Mother Nature.
2．[2020·新高考卷Ⅰ]Museums must compete ________ people's spare time and money with other amusements.
3．[2021·山东省日照市5月校际联考]We would not be able to survive without plants and fungi — all life depends on them. Every time we lose a species, we lose an opportunity ________ humankind.
4.[2021·新乡市三模]Some species live ________ cold, humid caves in the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Balkan Peninsula, forming a narrow band across Europe.
5．[2020·浙江1月高考]This aging of the population is driven ________ two factors.
6．[2021·江西省重点中学盟校联考]With advantages ________ traditional computers, quantum computers have a wide range of applications.
7．[2019·浙江6月]But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer ________ this question is not clear.
8．[2021·安徽省合肥市第三次质量检测]The celebration includes congratulations ________ students, recommending outstanding teachers, the exchange of ideas among teachers, and so on.
9．[2021·厦门双十中学二模]Masterpieces such as Along the River During the Qingming Festival were projected on the roofs, giving visitors a feeling like walking ________ time.
10．[2021·汕头市一模]Within the sleeper carriage, ________ little else to do, people talk or play cards, and soon a small community develops among the passengers.
11．[2019·全国卷Ⅰ]Modern methods ________ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s.
12.[2021·山西太原押宝题]During the Grain Buds period, summer harvest is ________ to begin.
13．[2021·银川一中、昆明一中联考卷]Two experts from Sotheby's confirmed the bowl was from the 1400s when they were able to look at it ________ person.
14．[2021·南昌市二模]Over the last two months, several great apes at the San Diego Zoo have received an experimental animal COVID-19 vaccine (疫苗), because they are most ________ risk and can be easily vaccinated.
15．[2021·厦门市第二次质量检测]In Singapore there's no better place to find Chinese medicines than in Chinatown — a colorful and lively place, rich __________ Chinese culture and history.
16．[2021·大连市二模]The opening of FAST not only offers more observation possibilities to the world's scientific community but also contributes Chinese wisdom ________ building a community of shared future for humanity.
17．[2021·陕西省模拟一]Morgan says that it is time that people stopped standing by and recording on their phones when they see someone ________ trouble.
18．[2021·咸阳市模拟一]The point is to consider your own personal preferences and listen ________ your heart, personal needs and career goals—then you will find the best option for you.
19．[2021·蚌埠市第四次质量检查]According to satellite monitoring results, the increase of vegetation in China accounted ________ 25 percent of the world's total new greenery.
【技法点拨】
1.句意明，辨成分
① 锁定“________＋名词/ 动名词”模式， 且名词或动名词不作主语、表语， 也不作动词的宾语， 此时要考虑填介词。
② 锁定“谓语动词＋________”模式， 大多数情况下需要填介词。
③锁定“形容词＋________＋名词”模式，考虑形容词与介词的搭配。
2.介词多义看语境
(1)表示时间的in, on, at
①in表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等。
②on表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等。
③at表示某个时间点、时刻等。
(2)表示方位的through和across
①through表示“从……的内部穿过”。
②across表示“从……表面穿过”。
(3)表示交通方式的by和on/in
①by后可直接跟涉及交通工具的单数名词，名词前不加冠词。
②on/in后跟交通工具时，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。
(4)表示“用……”的by, in, with
①by指“靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动名词。
②in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前。
③with多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前。
(5)of 表示所属关系，“……的”
“of＋n.”相当于该名词对应的形容词
3.依据句式和搭配填介词
(1)与动词搭配， 如：
remind sb. of sth.　　　 提醒某人某事；
rob sb. of sth. 抢劫某人某物；
go back to/ date from 追溯至；
exchange ... for ... 交换……；
come about 发生；
run out of 用完；
account for 占……比例； 说明……的原因
(2)与名词或代词搭配，如：
by accident 偶然；
in trouble 陷入困境，陷入麻烦；
in spite of 尽管，虽然；
in turn 依次，转而；
in return 作为报答；
at risk 处于危险中；
on board 乘(飞机、船)；
on average 平均
(3)与形容词搭配，如：
be curious about 对……感到好奇；
be proud of 因……而自豪；
be rich in 在……方面丰富
参考答案
语法项目(一)冠词
典例　答案：the
命题专家授策略
1．答案与解析：a　句意：这是继谷歌去年完成量子计算机之后， 这一领域的一个突破。分析句子可知，句中“breakthrough”意为“突破，重大进展”，为可数名词，句中泛指一个突破，故应用不定冠词修饰，breakthrough单词音标的第一个音素为辅音音素。故应用不定冠词a。
2．答案与解析：a　根据下文的chance 可知，这里语意表示“非常实际的一个可能性”，故填不定冠词，表示泛指。
3．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。此处must表示“必须做的事”，为可数名词，通常用单数。a must表示“必须做的一件事”。
4．答案与解析：the　句意：经过600多年的发展，北京玻璃器皿的工艺已经传承到了第七代。此处特指“北京玻璃器皿的工艺品”，所以用定冠词the表示特指。
5．答案与解析：the　句意：一位古董收藏家在拍卖会上看到了这只碗，花了35美元买下了这只碗，后来又通过电子邮件向苏士比拍卖行发送了资料和照片，要求对其价值进行评估。根据句意，这里应该特指这个碗的估价，故填定冠词。
6．答案与解析：the　句意：网上购物是由Michael Aldrich于1979在英国发明和开创的，而日本则在1964运行了第一条现代高速铁路。在“U.K.”前应用定冠词the。
7．答案与解析：the　句意：在晚年，约翰逊夫人是本世纪中叶为数不多的优秀黑人女性中最著名的一位，她们在太空总署担任数学家。设空处后为最高级，故设空处应用定冠词the。
8．答案与解析：the　此题考查固定搭配all the way, 意为“一路上”。
9．答案与解析：a　句意：在伟大的历史发展过程中，中国出现了各种各样具有鲜明的地域特色的传统建筑。a variety of...为固定短语，意为“各种各样的……”，且空格后large的发音以辅音音素开头，所以用a。
10．答案与解析：a　句意：预计这些数据将充分描述人口现状。结合句意表示“充分描述”可知短语为give a full picture of。full首字母的发音为辅音音素。
11．答案与解析：an　句意：我们生活在一个灭绝的时代。结合句意表示“一个……的时代”短语为an age of。
12．答案与解析：a　句意：在一个人们可能非常专注于他们做事情的很无情的世界里，有时候一个随意的善举可能会有很大的影响。make a difference“有作用；有影响”是固定短语。
语法项目(二)代词
典例　答案：it
命题专家授策略
1．答案与解析：my　考查人称代词。本空后面有own，再根据句意，这里填形容词性物主代词，表示“提高我自己对中国文化的了解”。
2．答案与解析：it　考查人称代词。句意：这部电影很快把它带入了人们的视野。此处代指his hometown，所以应用it代指。
3．答案与解析：it　指代前句中的the railway。故填it。
4．答案与解析：them　考查人称代词。句意： 辽宁中医药大学负责人石岩表示，他支持国际学生参加此类活动，这将有助于国际学生将知识与文化结合起来。所以应用them代指。
5．答案与解析：it　考查强调句。句意：但使她长期被边缘化默默无闻的，并不仅仅是她的性别。强调句的结构：it＋is/was＋被强调成分＋that/who＋其他。
6．答案与解析：it　考查it用法。句意：据说，当人们熔炼青铜时，他们发现一些废料可以形成美丽的颜色。固定句型：It is said that...“据说”，其中it是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。
7．答案与解析：it　考查代词。句意：每年新年，在中国工业中心地带，成千上万的摩托车手冒着严寒上路，决心回家。根据句意可知，他们冒着严寒，也一定要回家，make it及时抵达，走完路程。
8．答案与解析：it　考查代词。此处应用it作形式主语，真正的主语是to eat out。
语法项目(三)介词
典例　答案：by
命题专家授策略
1．答案与解析：on　on earth“在世上”。
2．答案与解析：for　根据语境可知，此处表达的是“为了人们的空闲时间和金钱与其他的娱乐活动进行竞争”，compete for“为……竞争”。故应用介词for。
3．答案与解析：for　句意：每当我们失去一个物种，我们就会为人类失去一个机会。for表示“为……”。
4．答案与解析：in　句意：一些种类生活在比利牛斯山脉、阿尔卑斯山脉和巴尔干半岛寒冷潮湿的洞穴中，形成了横跨欧洲的狭长地带。分析句子，空前谓语动词live(居住，生活)，空后是形容词所修辞的名词caves，所以该空需要介词in和后面的caves做live的地点状语。
5．答案与解析：by　空格处位于被动语态的谓语后，用来表示动作的发出者。故填by。
6．答案与解析：over　句意：量子计算机具有传统计算机无法比拟的优势，有着广泛的应用。根据句意可知，句子表示的是“量子计算机的优势超过传统计算机”，故空格处应用over，意为“多于，超过”，介词词性，advantages over意为“优于……”。
7．答案与解析：to　the answer to the question为固定用法，表示“问题的答案”。故填to。
8．答案与解析：from　句意：庆祝活动包括学生的祝贺，推荐优秀的老师，老师之间的思想交流等等。from 表示“来自”。
9．答案与解析：through　句意： “清明上河图”等名作被投射在屋顶上，让游客们有一种穿越时空的感觉。结合句意，through 该处指“在时间中穿过”。
10．答案与解析：with　句意：在卧铺车厢里，人们无事可做，要么聊天，要么打牌，很快在乘客中形成了一个小社区。分析句子，根据句意可知，此处应用介词with接复合宾语，即with＋名词＋不定式结构作状语，with表示伴随、原因、条件等，符合句意。
11．答案与解析：of/for　methods of/for doing sth.做某事的方法，故填of/for。
12．答案与解析：about　句意：小满期间，夏收即将开始。be about to do sth.为固定用法，表示“即将做某事”。
13．答案与解析：in　句意：两位苏士比拍卖行专家表示，当亲眼看到这只瓷碗时确信，这件文物可追溯到14世纪。固定搭配in person“亲自”，符合句意。故填in。
14．答案与解析：at　句意：在过去两个月里，圣地亚哥动物园的几只类人猿接受了COVID­19实验动物疫苗，因为它们面临的风险最大，并且可以很容易地接种疫苗。表示“有风险”为介词短语at risk，在句中作表语。
15．答案与解析：in　句意：在新加坡，没有比唐人街更好的找到中药的地方了，那是一个丰富多彩而充满生机的地方，有着丰富的中国文化和历史。(be) rich in“在……方面丰富”为固定用法。
16．答案与解析：to　句意：FAST的开通不仅为世界科学界提供了更多的观测机会，也为构建人类命运共同体贡献了中国智慧。结合句意表示“贡献……”短语为contribute...to...。
17．答案与解析：in　句意：摩根说，当人们看到有人陷入困境时，是时候停止站在一旁用手机录像。in trouble为固定短语，意为“陷入困境，陷入麻烦”。
18．答案与解析：to　句意：关键是考虑你自己的个人喜好，倾听你的心声，个人需求和职业目标——然后你就会找到最适合你的选择。listen to意为“倾听”，为固定搭配。
19．答案与解析：for　句意：根据卫星监测结果，中国植被的增加量占世界新绿化总量的25%。account for “占……比例”。
并列连词和三大从句
对连接词的考查涉及到并列句和三大从句，是高考语法填空的重点和难点，也是学生的易错点。分析句子成分，牢记从句规则用法是解题的关键。在书面表达中灵活运用三大从句也是吸引阅卷老师的法宝之一。
如何判断填连词
解题攻略
•第一步：如何确定并列连词：
如果两个单词、短语、句子相并列的成分相互之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果关系填并列连词。
•第二步：如何确定引导词：
如果空处引导从句，则首先要看它所引导的是哪一种从句，然后根据引导词的种类和功能来确定填哪一个引导词。
典例印证
[典例]　[2021·新高考全国卷Ⅰ]Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain，still it highlights the whole adventure ________ offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs.
分析：第一步：如何确定并列连词
分析句子结构可知， highlights 与offers 是两个并列谓语。
第二步：如何确定连词
本空连接两个谓语动词(highlights和offers)，表示顺接关系，因此这里填并列连词。
自主解答：________
【命题专家授策略】
技法1　并列连词——关系分析法＋句型法
当空格前后是两个并列成分， 如两个单词、短语、或主谓结构完整的句子等， 而且并列成分相互之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果关系等时， 空格处一般填并列连词and, but, or等。
典例导引
1.[2021·浙江卷1月]In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index (体重指数) across 200 countries，the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier ________ that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.
2．[2020·新高考卷Ⅰ]They kept their collection at home until it got too big ________ until they died，and then it was given to a museum.
3．[2021·安阳市高三二模]It was estimated that about 500 million people ________ one-third of the world's population of that time became infected with this virus.
4．[2021·长春市高三质量监测一]Grandpa Amu insists that he isn't an Internet celebrity (名人) ________ just an ordinary farmer.
5.One day, the cow was eating grass____________it began to rain heavily.
6．Please send us postcards____________we will know where you have visited.
7．[2020·全国卷Ⅱ] Hardly had we arrived at the farm ________ we saw many oranges hanging from the branches.
【技法点拨】
1.关系分析法
分析设空前后单词、短语或分句之间的关系，确定用哪个连词。
①表示并列或递进关系的有：and, both ...and ...两者都， not only ...but (also) ... 不但……而且……等。
②表示选择关系的有：or, either ...or ...或者……或者……； neither...nor...既不……也不……。
③表示转折或对比关系的有：but, while, not ...but ...等。
④表示因果关系的有：so, for等。
2.句型法
①祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句。
②be doing sth. when...正在做某事这时……
be about to do sth. when...正要做某事这时……
had just done sth. when...刚做完某事这时……
hardly...when...一……就……
技法2　定语从句——4步法确定关系词
典例导引
1.[2021·浙江卷1月]BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
2．[2021·天津卷3月]William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from ________ we can learn without repeating them.
3.[2021·山西太原高三押宝题]Because of the great increase in rainfall, rivers are full of water, ________ gives rise to great tasting fish and shrimps.
4．[2021·广东省高考模拟测试二]The Rio Carnival is without doubt something ________ everyone should add to his or her bucket list.
5．[2020·天津卷]________ is described in Paragraph 4, taking a small kid to a half-hour Story Time allows the parent to enjoy quiet reading.
6.[2021·西安中学第二次仿真练习]In 2005, Mao Ge, ________ specialized in architecture, started research into traditional houses.
7．[2021·襄阳五中高三5月冲刺]For those who love nature, Zhangjiajie is a place ________ we must visit.
8．[2020·全国卷Ⅲ]In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.
9.[2021·安徽师大附中5月卷]The Japanese government and Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), the firm ________ runs the site, have emphasized that the main radionuclide (放射性核) remaining is tritium (氚).
10．[2020·天津5月高考]Mr.Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, __________ he gave it to his grandson.
11．[2021·云南师大附中高三热身]Two other letters are from a father to his children in Torquay, ________ the museum believes they may have escaped.
【技法点拨】
第一步：确定是定语从句
分析句子结构，设空处是无提示词， 设空后的句子不完整，且对设空前的某一名词、代词或整个主句起限定作用，就要考虑填定语从句关系词。
第二步：分清限制与非限制
在先行词的后面出现逗号的，是非限制性定语从句。
①that不能引导非限制性定语从句；
②which引导非限制性定语从句可代表主句的全部或部分内容，which意为“这一点”；
③as引导非限制性定语从句，可置于句中或句首，意为“正如”。
第三步：寻找先行词，判断属性(指人还是指物，表时间、地点、还是原因)
①先行词指人：that/who/whom/whose；
②先行词指物：that/which/whose等；
③表时间/地点/原因：when/where/why。
第四步：判断从句中所缺成分，确定关系词
①缺少主语：that/which/who；
②缺少动词的宾语：that/which/who/whom；
③缺少介词的宾语：whom/which；
④缺少定语：whose；
⑤缺少时间、地点或原因状语时，分别用when, where, why。
技法3　名词性从句——搞定名词性从句5方向
设空处无提示词，先确定主句主谓结构，再确定设空处和空后的内容在主句中充当的成分：主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
典例导引
1.[2019·全国卷Ⅰ]The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence ________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
2．[2021·宜春市高三模拟]Tourist destinations in Europe are confident ________ the strong growth of China's winter sports industry will benefit their economies.
3.[2021·陕西省宝鸡市高三联考]But there is some debate over ________ it was NOLA or Mobile, Alabama that had the first Mardi Gras back in the 1700s.
4．[2017·天津高考改编]She asked me ________ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.
5.[2021·新高考卷Ⅰ]Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles' song “The Long and Winding Road”．________ is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.
6．[2020·天津7月高考]The student completed this experiment to make come true ____________ Professor Joseph had said.
7.[2021·厦门市第三次质量检测]However, recent research from Harvard Medical School has shown that, on average, approximately 4，400 steps a day is enough to significantly reduce the risk of death in women. This was ________ it was compared to only walking around 2，700 steps daily.
8．[2021·福州一中第四次适应性考试]Natural bird habitats are most commonly found ________ there is an ample supply of water for drinking, swimming, and bathing.
9.[2021·大连市二模]It is likely ________ FAST will help make many new Nobel-level discoveries.
10．[2021·黔东南州高考模拟]It is warned ________ the pandemic could create a “lost” generation who will be affected by “lifelong” mental illnesses.
【技法点拨】
方向一：从句中不缺句子成分且句意完整
分析句子结构，不缺任何成分且句子意义完整， 考虑that引导同位语从句、表语从句和that引导的宾语从句，此时that没有词义，也不作任何成分。
方向二：从句中不缺句子成分但句意不完整
分析句子结构， 不缺任何成分，且引导词表示是否， 考虑whether引导名词性从句，if可以用于引导宾语从句。
方向三： 从句中缺少主/宾/表语
分析句子结构，缺少主语、宾语、表语：用连接代词what，who, whom, which, whatever等。
方向四： 从句中缺少状语
缺少状语(结合句意判断)：用连接副词where (表地点)，when (表时间)，how (表方式)，why (表原因)等。
方向五：it句型
①It be＋adj.＋主语从句……
②It be＋过去分词＋ that 从句……
③It be＋名词词组(a pity; a surprise; good news) ＋that从句
技法4　状语从句——句意法＋固定句式法
典例导引
1.[2021·贵州省适应性测试]Every day Mei watched them ________ they flew, which helped him to develop the expressive eye movements that were so important to his art.
2．[2019·天津高考改编]Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion ________ he wants their support.
3．[2021·福建省莆田市5月模拟]In China, food deliverymen are always in a rush between traffic regardless of wind or rain. ________ they make our life more convenient, this can come at a cost for them.
4.[2021·全国卷乙]It was not widely accepted as a travel concept ________ the late 1980s.During that time，increasing environmental awareness made it desirable.
5．[2017·北京高考改编]If you don't understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people ________ you figure it out.
6．[2020·浙江1月高考]I was running so fast ________ I bounced off the trunk and landed on my backside.
7．[2021·河南省高考适应性练习]________ or not you agree, the saying does reflect its vital role in the city's evolution(演变).
【技法点拨】
1.句意法确定状语从句引导词
①while/when/as/since引导的时间状语从句
②before/after引导的时间状语从句
③if/unless/once 引导的条件状语从句
④though/although引导的让步状语从句
⑤where引导的地点状语从句
⑥whether...or...引导的让步状语从句
2.固定句式法状语从句引导词
①so/such...that...如此……以至于……
②not...until...直到……才……
③It will/won't be＋一段时间＋before...过了多少时间才/没过多长时间就……
④It is some time(一段时间)＋since...自从……多长时间
⑤whether...or not...无论……还是……，引导让步状语从句
参考答案
典例　答案：and
命题专家授策略
技法1
1．答案与解析：and　考查并列连词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用and连接两个并列的宾语从句，作found的宾语。
2．答案与解析：or　句意：他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给一家博物馆。根据语境可知，前后陈述的是两种可能性，应使用连词or“或者”。
3．答案与解析：or　考查并列连词。此处意为：大约5亿人或者说当时世界人口的三分之一感染了这个病毒。空格前后为选择性并列关系。
4．答案与解析：but　句意：阿木爷爷坚称自己不是网红，只是一个普通的农民。not...but...“不是……而是……”为固定用法。
5．答案与解析：when　句意：一天，奶牛正在吃草，这时突然下起了大雨。be doing sth. when...是固定结构，意为“正在做某事这时……”。
6．答案与解析：and　此题考查“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”句式。
7．答案与解析：when　句意：我们刚到农场，就看见橘子挂满枝头。此题考查“hardly...when...刚……就……”句式。
技法2
1．答案与解析：that/which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是tool，关系词在从句中作主语。故用that/which。
2．答案与解析：which　句意：William Hastie曾提出，历史告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中吸取教训，不必重蹈覆辙。分析句子结构可知，该句为介词提前的定语从句。故填which指代先行词past mistakes。
3．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。句意：由于降雨量的大量增加，河流充满了水，这就产生了美味的鱼和虾。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指代前面的句子，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词which引导。
4．答案与解析：that　句意：毫无疑问，狂欢节是每个人都应该添加到他或她的愿望清单上的东西。分析句子可知，空格处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为不定代词something。故用关系代词that引导从句，在从句中作宾语。
5．答案与解析：As　句意：正如第四段所述，当你安静地坐在角落里看一本好书时，带着你的孩子看半个小时的故事是一种放松。As“正如”符合语境。
6．答案与解析：who　句意：2005年，建筑专业的毛葛开始进行传统建筑方面的研究工作。分析句子结构可知，空格处应填非限制性定语从句的引导词，先行词为Mao Ge，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用who引导定语从句。
7．答案与解析：that/which　句意：张家界是一个我们一定要去的地方。分析句子可知，此句为限定性定语从句，先行词为a place，在从句中作宾语，应用关系代词that或which引导。
8．答案与解析：whose　句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语。故应用关系代词whose。
9．答案与解析：that/which　句意：日本政府和运营该核电站的东京电力公司都强调，剩余的主要放射性核素是氚。此处为定语从句修饰先行词firm，先行词在从句中作主语，指物，故应用关系代词that或which引导。
10．答案与解析：when　句意：史密斯先生持有这幅油画到20世纪90年代初，同年他把它给了他的孙子。空格处引导非限制性定语从句修饰先行词“the early 1990s”， 并在从句中作时间状语。故填when。
11．答案与解析：where　句意：另外两封信是一位父亲写给他在托基的孩子们的，博物馆认为他们可能已经逃到了托基。 ________ the museum believes they may have escaped.是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Torquay，关系词在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。
技法3
1．答案与解析：that　考查同位语从句。本句含有一个同位语从句，解释了名词evidence的具体内容，空格处在从句中不充当成分，也无意义，故填连接词that。
2．答案与解析：that　句意：欧洲旅游目的地对中国的冬季运动产业很有信心，认为中国冬季运动产业的强劲增长对他们的经济有益。此处考查的是句型be confident that...，宾语从句不缺成分，that仅起连接作用，无实义。
3．答案与解析：whether　考查宾语从句。句意：但是，在18世纪的时候，究竟是诺拉还是阿拉巴马州的莫比尔举办了第一次狂欢节，这还存在一些争论。空处引导宾语从句，根据后文“it was NOLA or Mobile”可知为whether...or...，表示“是……还是……”。
4．答案与解析：if/whether　考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，从句结构完整，但句意不完整，故用if或whether表示“是否”。
5．答案与解析：What　考查名词性从句。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，本空引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，意为“……的事物”。本空位于句首，首字母应大写。故填What。
6．答案与解析：what　考查宾语从句。句意：这个学生完成了这个实验，使约瑟夫教授所说的变成了现实。空格处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作said的宾语。故填what。
7．答案与解析：when　句意：这是与每天只走2700步相比的时候。表语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，根据句意可知，此处是指这是与每天只走2700步相比的时候，平均每天大约4400步足以显著降低女性的死亡风险。所以应用when引导表语从句。
8．答案与解析：where　句意：天然的鸟类栖息地最常见的地方是有充足的饮用水，游泳和洗澡的水供应。设空处引导地点状语从句，且在从句中作地点状语。
9．答案与解析：that　句意：FAST很可能会帮助许多新的诺贝尔级别的发现。此处为句型“it be likely that…”，表示“可能……”，it作形式主语，that从句为真正主语。
10．答案与解析：that　句意：有人警告说，大流行病可能造成“迷失的一代”，他们将受到“终生”精神疾病的影响。此处为宾语从句，从句中不缺少成分，句意完整，应用只起连接作用的that。
技法4
1．答案与解析：as/when　句意：每天梅婧都看着它们飞翔，这帮助他发展了富有表现力的眼部运动，这对他的艺术非常重要。as/when引导时间状语从句， 意为“当……时候”， 符合语境。
2．答案与解析：unless　考查状语从句。句意：汤姆很独立，除非他想得到父母的支持，否则他从不征求父母的意见。根据语境可知，这里用从属连词unless引导条件状语从句，表示“除非”。
3．答案与解析：Although/Though/While　句意：虽然他们使我们的生活更方便，但他们要付出很大代价。分析句子可知，设空处引导的是让步状语从句，设空处为引导词。故填Although/Though/While。
4．答案与解析：until　考查特殊句式。句意：直到20世纪80年代末，它才作为一个旅游概念被人们广泛接受。根据句意和句中的not可知，本空填until。not...until...“直到……才……”。
5．答案与解析：until　考查状语从句。句意：如果你不明白某件事情，你可以研究、学习，也可以与其他人谈谈，直到弄明白为止。until引导时间状语从句，表示“直到”。
6．答案与解析：that　考查状语从句。句意：我跑得如此快以至于我撞到树干上被弹回来，仰面朝天摔倒在地上。根据句意可知，空格处及后面的内容为that引导的结果状语从句。故填that。
7．答案与解析：Whether　句意：不管你是否同意，这句话确实反映了它在城市发展中的重要作用。whether...or not...无论……还是……， 符合语境。

Passage 1（2021 •全国乙卷•第61—70题）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact(影响)travel to undisturbed places. It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become 1． (educate)about the areas - both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the 2．(develop)of the local areas.
Ecotourism has 3．(it)origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept 4． the late 1980s. During that time, increasing environmental awareness made it desirable.
Due to 5． growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types 6． trips are now being classified as ecotourism. Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles:
·Minimize the impact of 7．(visit)the place.
·Build respect for and awareness of the environment and cultural practices.
·Provide 8．(finance)aid and other benefits for local peoples.
·Make sure that the tourism provides experiences for both the visitors and the hosts.
Komodo National Park, officially recognized in 1980, is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity.9．(activity)there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)and accommodations aim 10．(have) a low impact on the natural environment.
【答案】
1． educated2．development 3．its4．until5．The
6．of7．visiting8．financial9．Activities10．to have
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。主要讲述生态旅游通常被认为是到原始地区的低影响旅游。但是由于与环境相关的探险旅行越来越受欢迎，各种各样的旅行现在被归类为生态旅游。实际上，生态旅游必须满足一些规定。
1．
考查形容词。句意：这不同于传统的旅游，因为它能让旅行者了解这个地区——无论是地理环境还是文化特色，并且经常为环境保护提供资金，并有利于当地的发展。分析句子成分可知，此处查固定搭配become educated about表示“对……有所了解”。故填educated。
2．
考查名词。句意：这不同于传统的旅游，因为它能让旅行者了解这个地区——无论是地理环境还是文化特色，并且经常为环境保护提供资金，并有利于当地的发展。根据空格前的定冠词the可知，此处填入名词development来做动词benefits的宾语。故填development。
3．
考查代词。句意：生态旅游起源于20世纪70年代的环境运动。根据空格后名词origin可知，此处形容词性物主代词来修饰名词origin。故填its。
4．
考查固定句型。句意：直到20世纪80年代晚期才作为旅游观念被广泛接受。根据句意可知，此处表示“直到20世纪80年代晚期才作为旅游观念被广泛接受”，表示“直到……才……”使用固定句型“not……until……”。故填until。
5．
考查冠词。句意：由于与环境相关的探险旅行越来越受欢迎，各种各样的旅行现在被归类为生态旅游。分析句子结构可知，空格处应填冠词。再结合空格后“growing popularity of environmental-related and adventure travel”可知，此处特指与环境相关的探险旅行越来越受欢迎，所以应填定冠词the。故填the。
6．
考查介词。句意：由于与环境相关的探险旅行越来越受欢迎，各种各样的旅行现在被归类为生态旅游。various types of 为固定搭配表示“各种各样的”，所以空格处应填of。故填of。
7．
考查动名词。句意：最大限度地减少拜访这个地方的影响。根据空格前介词of可知，空格处应填动名词形式来作介词of的宾语。故填visiting。
8．
考查形容词。句意：为当地人民提供财政援助和其他福利。根据空后名词aid可知，空格处应填形容词来修饰名词aid，finance的形容词形式为financial。故填financial。
9．
考查名词。句意：那里的活动从观鲸到徒步旅行并且住宿宗旨是对自然环境影响达到很小。根据谓语动词range可知，空格处应填用可数名词activity的复数形式作主语。故填Activities。
10．
考查非谓语动词。句意：那里的活动从观鲸到徒步旅行并且住宿宗旨是对自然环境影响达到很小。固定短语aim to do译为“旨在，目的是”。故填to have。
Passage 2（2021 •全国甲卷•第61—70题）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It 11． (build) originally to protect the city 12． the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). It is possible 13． (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
We accessed the wall through the South Gate. The wall is 12 meters high and from here you can see streams of people moving inside and outside the City Wall.
After 14． (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what 15． (good) than to ride on a piece of history!
We 16． (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky 17． did the job. It took us about 3 hours to go all 18． way around the Xi'an City Wall. Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and 19． (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their 20． (day) routines.
【答案】
11．was built12．in/during13．to walk14．spending15．better
16．hired17．but18．the19．watchtowers20．daily
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了作者游览西安长城的活动。
11．
考查被动语态。句意：它最初是为了保护唐代的城市而建造的，现在已经完全修复了。分析句子可知，空格处为谓语，动词build和主语之间是被动关系，应用被动语态（be done），根据句意和时间状语the Tang dynasty可知，用一般过去时，谓语动词用过去式，主语it为第三人称单数，主谓一致，故填was built。
12．
考查介词。句意：它最初是为了保护唐代的城市而建造的，现在已经完全修复了。根据句意可知，表示“在某个朝代”可用介词in/during。故填in/during。
13．
考查动词不定式。句意：在观察了城墙上所有的防御设备后，我们决定是时候采取行动了，还有什么比骑在历史上更好的呢。分析句子可知，此处为句型“it +be+adj+to do sth.”，it为形式主语，动词walk的不定式短语作真正主语。故填to walk。
14．
考查动名词。句意：在花了一些时间查看了城墙上所有的防御设备之后，我们决定是时候采取一些行动了，还有什么比骑在历史上更好的呢。分析句子可知，此处After为介词，故spend应用其动名词形式作介词宾语。故填spending。
15．
考查形容词比较级。句意：在花了一些时间查看了城墙上所有的防御设备之后，我们决定是时候采取一些行动了，还有什么比骑在历史上更好的呢。根据后文比较连（介）词than可知，此处应用形容词good的比较级。故填better。
16．
考查时态。句意：我们从南门的租赁处租了自行车。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词，根据上下文可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，谓语动词用过去式。故填hired。
17．
考查连词。句意：我的自行车又旧又摇摇晃晃，但还可以骑。后文did the job和前文My bike was old and shaky之间存在转折关系，故用表示转折的连词but连接。故填but。
18．
考查冠词。句意：我们绕着西安城墙走了大约3个小时。结合句意表示“一直；完全地”可知短语为all the way，故用定冠词the限定名词way。故填the。
19．
考查名词复数。句意：据说你可以在两个小时内完成，但我们在不同的大门和了望台停下来拍照，或者只是看当地人进行他们的日常生活。根据句意以及前文形容词different可知，此处可数名词watchtower是复数概念，应用其复数形式。故填watchtowers。
20．
考查形容词。句意：据说你可以在两个小时内完成，但我们在不同的大门和了望台停下来拍照，或者只是看当地人进行他们的日常生活。修饰后文名词routines应用day的形容词daily，作定语，修饰名词。故填daily。
Passage 3（2021 •全国新高考Ⅰ卷•第61—70题）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song“The Long and Winding Road”. 21．is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 22． (human) are.
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will 23．(undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the 24． (hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it? But that’s how nature is — always leaving us 25．(astonish).
What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it 26． (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 27．offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 28． (ache) legs.
As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory. It sure does in 29．(I).While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is 30． must to visit!
【答案】
21．What22．humans23．undoubtedly24．hotter25．astonished
26．was27．and28．aching29．mine30．a
【分析】
本文属于说明文。文章介绍黄山的三种代表性的事物——云海，温泉以及台阶。
21．
考查主语从句。句意：这次经历的惊人之处在于这世界之外的景色。此处是主语从句，从句缺乏主语，应用what引导，指代“经历的事情”。故填What。
22．
考查名词复数。句意：当你站在黄山山顶看见波涛汹涌般的云海，你会想到我们人类是多么的渺小。human是we的同位语，we为复数，应用human的复数形式。故填humans。
23．
考查副词。句意：它无疑会帮助你恢复精神！修饰动词help，应用副词undoubtedly“毫无疑问地”。故填undoubtedly。
24．
考查形容词比较级。句意：关于黄山温泉让人惊讶的是，气温越低，温泉越暖和。此处是固定结构“the +比较级，the+比较级”，意为“越……，越……”。故填hotter。
25．
考查形容词。句意：但大自然就是这样——总是让我们惊讶。此处是“leave +宾语+宾语补足语”，补充说明宾语us的感受，应用-ed结尾形容词。故填astonished。
26．
考查一般过去时。句意：你不禁会想，对当时的人们来说，把这些石头都安置好有多难。分析句子可知，“how hard it 61 (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place”作wonder的宾语，it是从句的形式主语，不定式为真正主语，谓语动词用单数形式，安置台阶的石头为陈述过去的事情，应用一般过去时。故填was。
27．
考查连词。句意：虽然在上山的路上，这是唯一不自然的事情，但它仍然突出了整个冒险，并且提供了一个你可以坐下来休息你疼痛的双腿的地方。分析句子可知，“highlights the whole adventure”与“offers a place”部分为并列关系，都是作it的谓语，故用并列连词and。
28．
考查形容词。句意：虽然在上山的路上，这是唯一不自然的事情，但它仍然突出了整个冒险，并且提供了一个你可以坐下来休息你疼痛的双腿的地方。分析句子及语境可知，此处应用形容词aching“疼痛的”修饰名词legs，意为“疼痛的双腿”。故填aching。
29．
考查代词。句意：正如歌中所唱，这条漫长而曲折的道路“永远不会消失”，它将永远留在游客的记忆中。对我来说确实如此。根据前一句“it will always stick in the visitor's memory”可知，本句为does指代前一句的stick，本句缺乏宾语，应用名词性物主代词mine指代my memory。故填mine。
30．
考查冠词。句意：当你在中国的时候，黄山是一个你一定要去的地方。must作名词时，意为“绝对必要的事物”，为可数名词，此处泛指“一个必须去的地方”，应用不定冠词，must是以辅音音素开头的词，应用a。故填a。
Passage 4（2021 •全国新高考Ⅱ卷•第61—70题）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
I've always loved the ocean. In the31． (seven) grade,I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage, 32． (think)it is food.
I decided to do something 33． (educate) people about this problem. I held presentations at schools to teach kids about plastic waste. I wanted to reach businesses too. I decided that if I learned of a company34． used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
One day, I saw a commercial for a health-care company. People in the ad were using plastic straws （吸管）. I found the contact information of the company35． emailed its president. I told him how 36． (harm) plastic could be to the environment and asked him to consider using more eco-friendly options. I was so37． (excite) when he wrote back to me.He said he would make sure that the company cut its use of plastic straws in half.
I kept going. Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic, I'd send an email. One of the biggest companies I wrote to 38． (be) Alaska Airlines Paris. A company 39． (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over 40． plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
【答案】
31．seventh32．thinking33．to educate34．which/that35．and
36．harmful37．excited38．was39．representative40．from

【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章作者讲述了自己为了保护海洋，减少塑料垃圾所做出的努力。
31．
考查序数词。句意：七年级的时候，我开始在加州的蒙特利湾水族馆做志愿者。 表示“七年级” 用序数词，所以填seventh。
32．
考查非谓语动词。句意：当我得知许多海洋动物吃塑料垃圾，以为那是食物时，我很难过。分析句子结构，____2____ (think)it is food.用作状语，think与其逻辑主语many sea animals之间是主动关系，用现在分词，所以填thinking。
33．
考查非谓语动词。句意：我决定做一些事情来教育人们这个问题。分析句子结构，____3____ (educate) people about this problem.用作目的状语，用不定式，所以填to educate。
34．
考查定语从句。句意：我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促它减少使用塑料。分析句子结构， ____4____ used a lot of plastic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从句，所以填which或that。
35．
考查连词。句意：我找到了这家公司的联系方式，并给公司总裁发了电子邮件。“found”和“emailed”之间是并列关系，用and连接两个并列的谓语动词，所以填and。
36．
考查形容词。句意：我告诉他塑料对环境的危害，并请他考虑使用更环保的产品。该处为how引导的感叹句，how之后接形容词，所以填harmful。
37．
考查形容词。句意：当他给我回信时，我很兴奋。该空作was之后的表语，用形容词，修饰人，用v+ed形式的形容词，所以填excited。
38．
考查时态和主谓一致。句意：我给写信的最大的公司之一是巴黎阿拉斯加航空公司。 根据定语从句的谓语动词“wrote” 可知这里描述发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时；one of + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数结构中，谓语动词用单数，所以填was。
39．
考查名词。句意：一位公司代表回信告诉我，该航空公司将把每天1200个航班的塑料杯换成纸杯。该空作句子主语，用名词，前面有不定冠词修饰，用名词单数，所以填representative。
40．
考查介词。句意：一位公司代表回信告诉我，该航空公司将把每天1200个航班从塑料杯换成纸杯。 from sth to sth从...到..., 所以填from。
Passage 5（2021 •全国新高考北京卷•第61—70题）
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空．在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Why do we dream？Scientists aren't completely sure,and they have diverse41． (idea)．Dreams might be a side effect of memory making.When you sleep,your brain sorts through everything 42． happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories.As it 43． (connect) things，your brain tums them into a story,and you get a dream．
【答案】
41．ideas42．that43．connects
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章解释了我们为什么会做梦的原因。
41．
考查可数名词的数。句意：科学家们还不能完全确定，他们有不同的想法。diverse“不同的，多种多样的”，形容词作定语，后接可数名词复数；idea想法，可数名词。故填ideas。
42．
考查定语从句。句意：当你睡觉时，你的大脑会整理白天发生的一切，试图将新经历与旧记忆联系起来。分析句子结构可知，空处需用连接词引导定语从句，先行词是不定代词everything，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以此处需用关系代词that引导定语从句。故填that。
43．
考查时态。句意：当它连接事物时，你的大脑将它们变成一个故事，然后你就得到了一个梦。由主句谓语动词tums可知，空处从句的谓语动词需用一般现在时态，主语是第三人称单数it，所以空处谓语动词需用单数。故填connects。
（2021年新高考北京英语高考试题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空．在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Sam is an in-real-life streamer（播主），and he live streams himself just going about his day．While riding his bike home 44． a cold night，he came across a sad-looking elderly woman wandering the streets by herself．The poor woman wasn't able to give him any information about 45． she lived．Sam walked her to a nearby convenience store so that she could 46．（safe） wait for the police to take her home．
【答案】
44．on45．where46．safely
【分析】
本文是记叙文。讲述了生活博主Sam救助一个老妇人的故事。
44．
考查介词。句意：在一个寒冷的夜晚，当他骑着自行车回家时，他遇到了一个看起来悲伤的老妇人独自在街上游荡。表示“在具体的某一天”或“（在具体的某一天的）早上、中午、晚上”等，须用介词on。故填on。
45．
考查宾语从句。句意：这个可怜的老妇人不能说清楚她住在哪里。介词about后是宾语从句，根据句意，此处用where“在哪里；……的地方”符合句意，从句中作地点状语，故填where。
46．
考查副词。句意：山姆带她去了附近的一家便利店，这样她就可以安全地等警察带她回家了。修饰动词wait用副词作状语，故填safely。
（2021年新高考北京英语高考试题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空．在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
There 47．(be) a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years,48．(cause) largely by rising global temperatures,according to a new report from the United Nations. From 2000 to 2019, there were 7,348 major natural disasters around the world,49．(result) in USD 2,970 billion in economic loss．Much of this increase can be due to climate change. The findings show a critical need 50． (invest) in disaster prevention.
【答案】
47．has been48．caused49．resulting50．to invest
【分析】
本文是一篇新闻报道。文章指出过去20年里，极端天气事件的数量急剧增加，这在很大程度上是由全球气温上升造成的，引发重大自然灾害，造成了极大的经济损失，因此人们急需投资于灾害预防。
47．
考查动词时态。句意：根据联合国的一份新报告，过去20年里，极端天气事件的数量急剧增加，这在很大程度上是由全球气温上升造成的。根据时间状语over the past 20 years可知，此处使用现在完成时，a dramatic rise是单数感念，助动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填has been。
48．
考查非谓语动词。句意同上。a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events与cause是逻辑动宾关系，应用过去分词，表被动。故填caused。
49．
考查非谓语动词。句意：2000年至2019年，全球共发生重大自然灾害7348起，造成经济损失2.97万亿美元。7,348 major natural disasters around the world与result是逻辑主谓关系，且表示一种自然的结果，应用现在分词，作结果状语。故填resulting。
50．
考查非谓语动词。句意：研究结果表明，急需投资于灾害预防。根据语境可知，此处表示未来的动作，应用不定式，作后置定语。故填to invest。
Passage 6（2020 •全国Ⅰ卷•第61—70题）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe (探测器) - the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess 1． (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. Landing on the moon’s far side is 2． (extreme) challenging. Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 3． it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. The far side of the moon is of particular 4． (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山)， more so 5． the familiar near side. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 6． (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin. ＂This really excites scientists,＂ Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, ＂because it 7． (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 8． (construct)＂ Data about the moon’s composition, such as how 9． ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether 10． (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
【答案】
1．touched2．extremely3．where4．interest5．than
6．to find7．means8．is constructed9．much10．its
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。中国成为第一个将航天器降落在月球背面的国家，文章主要介绍了中国无人月球探测器嫦娥四号发射的意义。
1．
.考查时态。句意：无人月球探测器嫦娥四号——名字的灵感来源于古代的中国月亮女神——上周在南极艾特肯盆地着陆。此处是句子的谓语，根据时间状语last week可知应使用一般过去时，故填touched。
2．
考查副词。句意：登录月球的背面是极其有挑战性的。空处修饰形容词challenging，应使用extreme的副词形式，故填extremely。
3．
考查定语从句。句意：中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
4．
考查名词。句意：月球背面让科学家尤其感兴趣。根据空前的形容词particular可知，空处应填名词，interest是不可数名词，be of interest to sb.意为“(某物)使某人感兴趣”。故填interest。
5．
考查介词。句意：因为它比熟悉的一面有更多的深环形山。根据空前的比较级more so可知，此处填介词than，表示“比……更”。故填than。
6．
考查非谓语动词。句意：中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。此处表示目的，应使用不定式作目的状语。故填to find。
7．
考查时态和主谓一致。句意：“这真的使科学家们激动，”布朗大学的一位科学家Carle Pieters说：“因为它意味着我们有机会获得月球是如何构造的信息。”根据上文“This really excites scientists”可知，此处也使用一般现在时，主语是it，所以空处谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式means，故填means。
8．
考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意同上。分析句子可知，此处是宾语从句谓语动词，谓语construct与主语the moon之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由上下文可知此处应使用一般现在时，主语the moon是单数，故填is constructed。
9．
考查形容词。句意：关于月亮构成的数据，比如它含有多少水和其他财富，可以帮助中国决定它未来月球基地的计划是否实用。ice是不可数名词，应使用much修饰，故填much。
10．
考查代词。句意同上。根据空后的名词plans可知，此处应使用形容词性物主代词its，故填its。
Passage 7（2020 •全国Ⅱ卷•第61—70题）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Decorating with Plants, Fruits and Flowers for Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year is a 71． (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers 72． (carry) special significance. They represent the earth 73． (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
These are some of the most popular in many parts of the country:
Oranges: Orange trees are more 74． decoration; they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth. They make great gifts and you see them many times 75． (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
Bamboo: Chinese love their “Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and office. 76． (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must. Bamboo plants are associated 77． health, abundance and a happy home. They are easy 78． (care) for and make great presents.
Branches of Plum Blossoms (梅花): The 79． (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations. The plum trees are 80． first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.
【答案】
71．celebration
72．carries
73．coming
74．than
75．decorated
76．Certainly
77．with
78．to care
79．beautiful
80．the
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了用一些植物、水果和鲜花装饰中国新年的寓意。
71．
考查名词。句意：中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。不定冠词a后接名词形式。故填celebration。
72．
考查主谓一致。句意：这就是为什么用植物、水果和鲜花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。这是一个表语从句，从句主语为动名词短语decorating with plants, fruits and flowers，所以谓语动词用单数形式。故填carries。
73．
考查非谓语动词。句意：它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。句中谓语动词为represent，所以这里为非谓语动词。名词earth与come back to之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作后置定语。故填coming。
74．
考查短语。句意：桔子树不仅仅是装饰品；more than不仅仅，不只是。故填than。
75．
考查非谓语动词。句意：它们是很好的礼物，你会经常看到它们装饰着红包和好运的信息。句中them指代前句中的orange trees，与decorate之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填decorated。
76．
考查副词。句意：当然在假期期间，这种植物是绝对必要的事物。介词短语做时间状语，因此只有改变成副词才能复合句子结构，用副词形式做状语。故填Certainly。
77．
考查短语。句意：竹类植物与健康、富足和幸福的家庭联系在一起。be associated with与……相联系。故填with。
78．
考查非谓语动词。句意：它们很容易照顾，也很适合作为礼物。这里考查“be +形容词 + to do”结构。故填to care。
79．
考查形容词。句意：美丽的长枝上覆盖着粉红色的花蕾，做成漂亮的装饰。修饰名词branches，用形容词形式。故填beautiful。
80．
考查冠词。句意：雪还在融化时，梅花是第一个开花的。这里表示特指，所以序数词first前要加定冠词the。故填the。
Passage 8（2020 •全国Ⅲ卷•第61—70题）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
In ancient China lived an artist81． paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud. One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their 82． (fine) work, so that he could choose the best. The artist was sure he would83．(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old nan laughed. The wise old man told him to travel to the Li River～perhaps he could learn a little from the greatest artist in the world.
Filled with 84． (curious), the artist packed his bags and left. 85． he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and 86． (point) down the river. The next morning he hired a boat and set out 87． (find) the well-known painter. As the small boat moved, 88． (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water. He passed milky white waterfalls and mountains in many shades of blue. And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds89． (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist 90． earth, Mother Nature.
【答案】
81．whose
82．finest
83．be chosen
84．curiosity
85．When/As
86．pointed
87．to find
88．gently
89．surrounding
90．On
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。主要记叙了一位画家画画栩栩如生，有一天他将画送给宰相时，这位睿智的老人告诉他去漓江旅行——也许他可以从世界上最伟大的艺术家那里学到一些东西。画家最后发现这位世界上最伟大的艺术家就是大自然母亲。
81．
考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
82．
考查最高级。句意：一天，皇帝想让人给他画一幅肖像，于是他把所有伟大的画家都请来，展示他们最好的作品，以便他挑选最好的。结合句意，皇帝想要画家最好的作品，表示“最好的”此处应用形容词最高级finest。故填finest。
83．
考查动词语态。句意：画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把他的杰作送给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑了。本句中主语he与谓语动词choose构成被动关系，且would后跟动词原形。故填be chosen。
84．
.考查名词。句意：怀着好奇心，艺术家收拾行囊离开了。with为介词，后跟名词curiosity作宾语，表示“好奇心”。故填curiosity。
85．
考查连接词。句意：当他问河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河的下游。本句为时间状语从句，表示“当……时候”，且从句中动词asked为短暂性动作动词，不能用while引导，故应用when或as引导。句首单词首字母要大写。故填When/As。
86．
考查动词时态。句意：当他问河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河的下游。根据上文they smiled and可知此处应用一般过去时。故填pointed。
87．
考查非谓语动词。句意：第二天早上，他租了一条船，出发去找这位著名的画家。结合句意表示“出发去做某事”短语为set out to do sth.，后跟不定式做目的状语。故填to find。
88．
考查副词。句意：当小船缓缓地沿着江面移动时，山在水中的倒影使他说不出话来。此处修饰动词moved应用副词gently作状语，表示“缓缓地”。故填gently。
89．
考查非谓语动词。句意：当他看到雾气从河上升起，山顶上乌云环绕，他不禁流下了眼泪。分析句子结构可知，the soft clouds 69 (surround) the mountain tops是独立主格结构做状语，surround在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语clouds构成主动关系，故应用现在分词。故填surrounding。
90．
考查介词。句意：这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。
Passage 9（2020 •北京高考卷•第61—70题）
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Oliver is a host of a TV programme on food. He says food91．(play) a big role in his life. "My mum was a great cook, and she'd sometimes let me have a try," he said. The first dish Oliver prepared for his family was fried chicken wings. He made it with his mum's help. Oliver says if you're92．(luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them93．you can join in when it's possible.
【答案】
91．plays/has played/is playing/has been playing
92．lucky
93．if/whether
【分析】
本文是记叙文，主要介绍了美食节目主持人奥利弗。
91．
考查时态。句意：他说食物在他的生命中扮演着重要角色。此处表示现在的状态，也可以表示从过去一直到现在延续的状态，所以可以用现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时和现在完成进行时。故填plays/has played/is playing/has been playing。
92．
考查形容词。句意：奥利弗说，如果你足够幸运，身边有一个喜欢烹饪的人。空前有be动词，所以空处填形容词做表语。故填lucky。
93．
考查连词。句意：问他们你是否有可能加入他们。____ you can join in when it's possible.是宾语从句，从句成分完整，但缺“是否”的意思，故填if/whether。
（2020年北京市高考英语试卷）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Single-use plastic bags are used at most a few times before they94．(throw) away. It takes them hundreds of years95．(break) down. Many of these bags end up in the ocean where larger ones can trop sea creatures, such as turtles and dolphins. Over time, the bags fall apart96．countless tiny pieces, and fish can accidentally eat some of them. Now, lots of97．(country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to stop people using them.
【答案】
94．are thrown
95．to break
96．into/to
97．countries
【分析】
这是一篇说明文，介绍了一次性塑料袋的危害，应禁止使用。
94．
考查时态语态。句意：一次性塑料袋在扔掉之前最多使用几次。本文讲的是客观事实，应该用一般现在时，主语they（Single-use plastic bags ）和谓语动词throw之间是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态，且谓语动词用复数形式。故填are thrown。
95．
考查动词不定式。句意：它们用几百年的时间才分解。固定句型It takes sb./sth. +一段时间+ to do sth.（花某人/物多长时间干某事），此处用动词不定式（to do ）作真正主语，It形式主语。故填to break。
96．
考查介词。句意：随着时间的推移，这些袋子分解成成无数的小碎片，鱼可能会不小心吃掉其中一些。固定搭配fall apart into/to...（分崩离析成……），介词into/to可表“进入……之中/变成……”。故填into/to。
97．
考查名词的数。句意：现在，许多国家和地区正在采取行动禁止销售这种袋子，以阻止人们使用。lots of修饰可数名词复数，故填countries。
【点睛】
（2020年北京市高考英语试卷）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A piece of stone98．(find) on a Dutch beach suggests that our extinct human relatives, known as Neanderthals, were cleverer than previously thought. The Neanderthals99．（live）alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens of thousands of years, before dying out about 40, 000 years ago. They were much stronger than modern humans, but it's long been assumed that human ancestors were100．（smart）than the Neanderthals. However, the stone tool made by Neanderthals suggests otherwise.
【答案】
98．found
99．lived/had lived/had been living
100．smarter
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在荷兰海滩上发现的一块石头表明已经灭绝的人类亲戚尼安德特人比我们之前认为的更聪明。
98．
考查非谓语动词。句意：在荷兰海滩上发现的一块石头表明，我们已经灭绝的人类亲戚尼安德特人比我们之前认为的更聪明。句子的谓语为suggests，设空处在句中作非谓语和逻辑主语之间是逻辑的被动关系。故答案为found。
99．
考查动词的时态和语态。句意：尼安德特人与人类祖先一起在欧洲生活了数万年，直到大约4万年前灭绝。设空处在句中作谓语，结合句意，此处是指在灭绝之前一直生活了数万年。设空处的动作发生在灭绝之前，结合时间状语for tens of thousands of years。故应用过去完成时态或者过去完成进行时态；又因动作发生在过去，强调过去发生的动作，也可用一般过去时。故答案为lived/had lived/had been living。
100．
考查形容词的比较级。句意：但长期以来，人们一直认为人类祖先比尼安德特人更聪明。设空处前为were设空处应用形容词，设空处后的than表示比较，应用比较级。故答案为than。
Passage 10（2020 •浙江1月卷•第61—70题）
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Something significant is happening to the world population-it is aging. The median(中位数的)age of an American in 1950101．(be)30-today it is 41 and is expected102．(increase)to 42 by 2050. For Japan, the103．(number)are more striking-22 in 1950, 46 today and 53 in 2050. In 2015, one in 12 people around the world were over 65；by 2050, it will be one in six.
This aging of the population is driven104．two factors. The first is declining birthrates, which means old generations are large105．(compare)to younger generations, and so, on average, the population becomes106．(old)than before. This is107．(particular)true in the US. The second reason is that people are living longer. A child born in the US today has108．very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.
People tend to focus on the first factor. However, greater attention should109．(place)on longevity(长寿). It isn't just that people are, on average, living longer. It's also that they are on average healthier110．more productive for longer. Therefore, they can work for longer, consume more and in general be a boost to the economy.
【答案】
101．was
102．to increase
103．numbers
104．by
105．compared
106．older
107．particularly
108．a
109．be placed
110．and
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。主要说明了世界人口正面临老龄化问题，并分析了其产生的两个原因。
101．考查动词时态。句意：1950年美国人的中年年龄是30岁，今天是41岁，预计到2050年将增加到42岁。结合上文in 1950可知应用一般过去时，且主语为The median age of an American，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数。故填was。
102．考查非谓语动词。句意同上。根据短语be expected to do sth.“被期望做某事”后跟不定式，故填to increase。
103．考查名词的数。句意：对日本来说，这个数字更加惊人——1950年是22岁，今天是46岁，2050年是53岁。number为可数名词表示“数字”，且根据下文are可知主语应用复数形式，故填numbers。
104．考查介词。句意：人口老龄化是由两个因素造成的。表示“由；被”应用介词by。故填by。
105．考查动词时态语态。句意：首先是出生率的下降，这意味着老一代比年轻一代人口多，因此，平均而言，人口比以前老龄化。短语be compared to“与……相比；与某事相提并论”，故填compared。
106．考查形容词比较级。句意同上。根据下文than before可知应用形容词比较级，故填older。
107．考查副词。句意：在美国尤其如此。此处修饰形容词true应用副词，故填particularly。
108．考查冠词。句意：今天在美国出生的孩子有非常现实的机会活到100岁以上，因此需要做出相应的计划。chance为可数名词，此处表示泛指应用不定冠词，且very为辅音音素开头的单词，故填a。
109．考查动词时态语态。句意：然而，更多的关注应放在寿命上。本句中主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，且should后跟动词原形，故填be placed。
110．考查连词。句意：而且，平均而言，他们更健康，更长寿。结合上下文语境可知此处连接上下文两个并列短语应用连词and，故填and。
Passage 11（2019 •全国Ⅰ卷•第61—70题）
The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence __61__ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been __62__ (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000­25,000 polar bears worldwide.
Modern methods __63__ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid­1980s, and are expensive __64__ (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut __65__ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a __66__ (believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by __67__ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are __68__ (high) than they actually are. Of __69__ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six __70__ (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.　　　　　
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了北极熊种群数量越来越少、亟须保护的现状。
61．分析句子结构可知，所填词引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的具体内容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，故用that引导。
62．修饰动词studied应用形容词poor的副词形式poorly。
63．a method of/for doing sth.意为“做某事的方法”。
64．此处是“主语＋be＋adj.＋不定式”结构，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。故应填to_perform。
65．根据句中的时间状语“in recent years”可判断时态用现在完成时，故应填have_reported。
66．根据空格前的不定冠词a可知，此处应填believe的名词形式belief。
67．介词后接动词时，应用其动名词形式。故应填noting。
68．根据空格后的than可知，此处应用high的比较级形式higher。
69．此处特指确认的19个亚种群，故应填the。
70．此处陈述客观事实，时态应用一般现在时；six指代six polar bear subpopulations，谓语动词应用复数。故应填are。
Passage 12（2018 •全国Ⅱ卷•第61—70题）
Diets have changed in China—and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country __61__ (grow)more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over __62__ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
A taste for meat is __63__ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __64__ (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water __65__ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased __66__ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total __67__ (globe) fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government __68__ (start) a soil­testing program__69__ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission (排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. China's approach to protecting its environment while __70__ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.　　　　　　
本文是一篇说明文。全文讲述了中国为保护环境对农作物的种植做了一些调整。
61．since后接时间点，句子要用现在完成时。故应填has_grown。
62．此处特指在过去的25年里。故应填the。
63．此处用副词修饰be动词is。故应填actually。
64．句意：为了改善水质，政府鼓励农民种植玉米，而不是水稻。此处用不定式表示目的。故应填to_improve。
65．根据关键词less可知，应填用于两个事物进行比较的连词。故应填than。
66．谓语动词has decreased后接名词作宾语，故应填pollution。
67．fertilizer consumption是名词短语，应该用形容词修饰。故应填global。
68．根据句中的2005和语境可知，此处描述的是过去的行为，时态应用一般过去时。故应填started。
69．此处为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词program，关系词在从句中作主语成分。故应填that/which。
70．空格处表示正在进行的动作，while后面省略了China_is，在时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致且从句的谓语动词含有be动词的某种形式时，可以省略主语和be动词。故填feeding。
Passage 13（2017 •全国Ⅲ卷•第61—70题）
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh­faced and full of life.Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new A­level course. But unlike her school friends, 16­year­old Sarah is not spending half­term __61__ (rest). Instead, she is earning ￡6,500 a day as __62__ model in New York.
Sarah __63__ (tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year. Her father Peter, 44, wants her to give up school to model full­time. But Sarah, __64__ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants __65__ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her __66__ (educate)．
She has turned down several __67__ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. After school she plans to take a year off to model full­time before going to university to get a degree __68__ engineering or architecture.
Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school __69__ (come) first. I don't want to get too absorbed in modeling. It is __70__ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don't want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can't model any more.”　　　
本文是一篇记叙文。Sarah Thomas不仅是一名学生，还是一位很有潜力的年轻模特，做模特能挣很多钱，所以她的父亲建议她放弃学业，专门从事模特行业，但是她认为自己应该以学业为重，因为她将来不想成为一个在不能当模特时什么也不会做的人。
61．spend time (in)_doing sth. “花……时间做某事”，为固定用法。故应填resting。
62．分析语境可知，Sarah在纽约当了一名模特。model是可数名词，在此处表示泛指，且读音以辅音音素开头，所以要用不定冠词a。
63．根据语境可知，有人已经告诉/告诉过Sarah，她能成为英国新的超模，故可以用现在完成时或一般过去时；又因主语Sarah与tell之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。故应填has_been_told或was_told。
64．空格处引导非限制性定语从句，引导词代替先行词Sarah在从句中作主语成分，且指人，故应用who来引导从句。
65．want to_do sth. “想要做某事”，为固定搭配。故应填to_prove。
66．形容词性物主代词her应该用来修饰名词，故应填education。
67．several “几个”，故其后的名词要用复数形式。故应填invitations。
68．关于某个专业的学位要用介词in。
69．此处为陈述客观事实，故用一般现在时；又因主语为school，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故应填comes。
70．此处应该用副词来修饰fun, 故应填certainly。

Test 1
Ⅲ.语法填空
[2022·广西名校高三大联考摸底试卷]“There is a long, long story 1.________ Tai Chi and me, ” says Jose Gago, a Spanish man who has taught Tai Chi in his hometown for almost 36 years.
Although the first martial arts school 2.________ (found) in 1982 in Ourense, Spain, Jose did not make the trip to China until 1994 3.________ (further) his study of Tai Chi. Since then, he 4.________ (travel) to China over 20 times. For Jose, Tai Chi is not 5.________ (simple) a sport. 6.________ attracts him most is the Taoist philosophy rooted in Tai Chi, of which the main elements consist in the principles of “softness, slowness, balance and rootedness”．
His martial arts school, which provides introductory programs for 7.________ (begin), has approximately 150 students, 8.________ (range) from children under the age of 5 to senior citizens over 70. He has trained thousands of students in Spain, many of 9.________ have won awards in a number of tournaments.
Jose's hometown has hosted a number of free Tai Chi community classes and Tai Chi is acting as an important bridge for 10.________ (culture) exchanges.
语篇类型：记叙文　主题语境：人与社会——人物故事——教太极的西班牙人
【语篇解读】　本文介绍了从事太极拳教学的西班牙人Jose Gago的事迹。
1．答案与解析：between　考查介词。between...and...意为“……和……之间”，符合句意。故填between。
2．答案与解析：was founded　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。结合时间状语in 1982可知，此处应该用一般过去时；又因为主语是the first martial arts school，与所给动词的关系为被动关系，且主语为第三人称单数，故填was founded。
3．答案与解析：to further　考查非谓语动词。此句的谓语是did not make，故此空应用非谓语动词形式；因表示目的，故应用不定式，表示他来中国的目的是“进修”。故填to further。
4．答案与解析：has travel (l) ed　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据上文的“Since then”和下文的“over 20 times”可知，该句的时态应为现在完成时；该句的主语为he，与travel是主动关系，且为第三人称单数，故填has travel(l)ed。
5．答案与解析：simply　考查副词。分析句子结构可知，此空需用副词作状语。故填simply。
6．答案与解析：What　考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为what引导的主语从句，what在从句中作主语，表示“最吸引他的是……”。故填What。
7．答案与解析：beginners　考查词形转换和名词单复数。分析句子结构可知，for后面用名词作宾语，表示“初学者”，又因beginner是可数名词，此处表示不止一个初学者，故填beginners。
8．答案与解析：ranging　考查非谓语动词。谓语动词是has，故此空应用非谓语动词，又因为range与students之间为逻辑上的主动关系，所以此空应用现在分词形式。
9．答案与解析：whom　 考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，逗号后面为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词students，所以由many of whom来引导，whom作介词of的宾语，指代students。
10．答案与解析：cultural　考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用形容词修饰名词exchanges。
Test 2
[2022·湖南名校大联考高三阶段测评三] Waking up at 7 am in the morning, 25­year­old Fan Yupei cleans up, 1.________ (water) flowers in the courtyard and then opens the door of her Jun porcelain production studio.
Life in her hometown of Shenhou is much slower and 2.________ (happy) for Fan, who used to work as a Jun porcelain saleswoman in Beijing for over five years. Jun porcelain was one of 3.________ top five Chinese porcelain styles in the Northern Song Dynasty (960－1127) . It is famous for its change of colors when 4.________ (heat) in kilns(窑). Now the Jun porcelain production technique 5.________ (list) as a state­level intangible cultural heritage (国家级非物质文化遗产)．
Shenhou is where Jun porcelain originated. In recent years, a series of measures has been carried out in Shenhou 6.________ (promote) Jun porcelain production. “There are a lot of tourists going to Shenhou every day. I have the confidence that Jun porcelain will gain greater 7.________ (popular) in the future，” Fan said.
Shenhou is not the only town in Henan that benefits 8.________ the combination of tourism and local culture. About 416 kilometers away from Shenhou, Tianpudawan, a Xin County village, most of 9.________ buildings are in the ancient Chinese style, is also harnessing its cultural. heritage to develop tourism. “I earn 10.________ (rough) 10，000 yuan per month, which is about the same in the past when I worked in the shipbuilding company in South Korea，” a local villager said.
语篇类型：新闻报道　主题语境：人与社会——社会生活——文化与旅游业
【语篇解读】　钧瓷烧制技艺是国家级非物质文化遗产，钧瓷发源地河南神壁镇将当地文化与旅游业结合起来，促进当地经济的发展。另一个地方河南新县的田铺大湾也是受益于旅游业与当地文化的结合。
1．答案与解析：waters　考查动词时态。分析句子结构可知，空处与cleans up和opens并列作谓语，故用一般现在时且谓语动词用单数形式，所以填waters。
2．答案与解析：happier　考查形容词比较级。结合空前的and和语境可知，空处与形容词比较级slower并列，所以填happier。
3．答案与解析：the　考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处特指中国北宋五大钧瓷风格，故用定冠词修饰，所以填the。
4．答案与解析：heated　考查状语从句的省略和被动语态。分析句子结构可知，此处为省略结构，即当状语从句主语和主句主语一致，且状语从句谓语中有be动词时，状语从句的主语和be动词可以省略，又此处表被动意义，补充完整应该是when it is heated，所以填heated。
5．答案与解析：is listed/has been listed　考查动词时态和语态。分析句子结构可知，空处应为句子的谓语，根据时间状语Now可知，时态可用一般现在时或现在完成时，且list和句子主语为被动关系，故用被动语态，所以填is listed/has been listed。
6．答案与解析：to promote　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处为非谓语动词，且此处表示目的，故用动词不定式形式，所以填to promote。
7．答案与解析：popularity　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处应为名词，作宾语，被形容词比较级greater修饰，所以填popularity。
8．答案与解析：from　考查介词。benefit from sth.是固定搭配，表示“得益于某物”，符合语境，所以填from。
9．答案与解析：whose　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作定语，先行词为Tianpudawan，所以填whose。
10．答案与解析：roughly　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处应为副词形式，修饰数词，作状语，结合语境可知应填roughly。
Test 3
[2022·潍坊市高三模拟考试] The UNESCO Global Geopark (地质公园) consists of six local communities, each with their own featured 1.________ (attraction) ranging from mini farms to geological gardens. These communities are looking for ways to develop sustainable geotourism in this rural area.
Very recently, the Geopark acquired an 2.________ (abandon) building and will transform it into a new Geopark Centre 3.________ will not only serve as a community and visitor centre, but also offer a range of services and facilities. It is intended that such services and facilities will contribute to the long term 4.________ (finance) sustainability of the Geopark and create sustainable employment opportunities.
As an outdoor laboratory for local schools, the Geopark focuses on 5.________ fun, interactive, discovery learning style, aiming to build pride in the communities. They also work with universities 6.________ adult education centers covering a wide range of subjects including local geology, archaeology and architecture. The geological garden serves 7.________ (explain) key events in the earth's history (creature evolution, climate change, plate tectonics theory, etc.), and 8.________ (be) a popular picnic spot. They use kite photography, geophysical surveys and seismometers (地震仪) to make learning 9.________ (excite)． The new Geopark Centre 10.________ (annual) provides hands­on learning as well as specialist talks and demonstrations.
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——资源利用——废弃的建筑改造为地质公园中心
【语篇解读】　最近，联合国教科文组织世界地质公园收购了一个废弃的建筑，并将其改造为一个新的地质公园中心，不仅可以用作社区和游客中心，还提供一系列的服务和设施。
1．答案与解析：attractions　考查名词。分析句子结构可知，attraction在表示游览胜地时是可数名词，根据文中的their可判断出此处应用复数形式，故填attractions。
2．答案与解析：abandoned　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处修饰名词building，建筑是被遗弃的，故用过去分词abandoned作定语，表被动。
3．答案与解析：which/that　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，空处为关系代词，修饰a new Geopark Centre，并在从句中充当主语，故填that或which均可。
4．答案与解析：financial　考查词形变换。分析句子结构可知，此处修饰名词sustainability，因此要用形容词financial。
5．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，此处泛指有趣的、交互式的探究型学习风格，且fun首字母发音为辅音，故使用不定冠词a。
6．答案与解析：and　考查连词，分析句子结构可知，此处表示“他们还和大学以及成人教育中心合作”，大学和成人教育中心是并列关系，故使用and。
7．答案与解析：to explain　考查不定式。分析句子结构可知，此处使用serve to do sth.结构，表示目的。
8．答案与解析：is　考查时态。分析句子结构可知，句子中的and连接两个serves的并列谓语且该句的宾语a popular picnic spot为单数，故应使用is。
9．答案与解析：exciting　考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，make sb./sth.＋adj.表示“使某人/某物变得”，文中表示“使学习变得令人兴奋”，故使用exciting。
10．答案与解析：annually　考查副词。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，此处修饰动词provides，因此要用副词，故使用annually。
Test 4
[2022·南昌市高三摸底测试卷]Sometimes, whipping up (匆匆做) a tasty meal feels like the best way to relax, even if it takes a little time 1.________ (prepare). But more than just satisfying your appetite, cooking can literally feel like a therapy (治疗) session.
Therapists are now using cooking courses as 2.________ actual approach to treating depression, anxiety, and other psychological disorders in 3.________ (they) patients. As it turns out, the psychological effect of cooking a meal—whether it's for yourself, or for others—4.________ (be) multifaceted (多方面的). It can provide different people 5.________ different experiences from the comforting sense of being in control to the 6.________ (free) of expressing creativity in the kitchen.
7．________ this task is potentially small, it can give people a sense of power—one that they might not naturally have on their own in their daily lives outside the kitchen. According to a 2016 study 8.________ (publish) in The Journal of Positive Psychology, people who spend time on creative goals live 9.________ (happy) lives than those who don't, and cooking something new or getting out of your comfort zone totally counts as an act of creativity.
So next time you've had an awful day, consider 10.________ (make) this super simple homemade chicken!
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与自我——心理健康——做饭是一种疗法
【语篇解读】　本文主要讲述做饭是一种治疗方法，它可以治疗抑郁症、焦虑症和其他心理疾病。
1．答案与解析：to prepare　考查固定句型。It takes some time to do something是固定句型，意为“花一些时间去做某事”。故填to prepare。
2．答案与解析：an　考查冠词。approach是可数名词的单数形式，因此处表示泛指，故其前应用不定冠词，又因actual的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。
3．答案与解析：their　考查形容词性物主代词。空后的patients是可数名词复数，因此处表示所属关系，故其前应用形容词性物主代词修饰。故填their。
4．答案与解析：is　考查主谓一致和时态。此句的主语是the psychological effect，故此空的谓语动词应用单数；根据语境和上文中的谓语动词are和turns out使用的时态可知，此空也应用一般现在时，表示客观叙述。故填is。
5．答案与解析：with　考查固定搭配。provide...with...是固定短语，意为“为……提供……”。语境表示做饭能为不同的人带来不同的体验。故填with。
6．答案与解析：freedom　考查名词。空前是冠词，空后是介词，故此空应填名词。故填freedom。
7．答案与解析：Though/Although/While　考查让步状语从句。语境表示虽然这项任务可能很小，但它可以给人们一种掌控感。故填Though/Although/While。
8．答案与解析：published　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，第一个分句的谓语动词是live，故此处应用非谓语动词。因publish与study之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用过去分词短语作后置定语。故填published。
9．答案与解析：happier　考查形容词的比较级。lives是名词，结合than可知，此处应用形容词的比较级。语境表示花时间搞创造的人比不花时间搞创造的人生活得更快乐。
10．答案与解析：making　考查非谓语动词。consider doing something是固定短语，意为“考虑做某事”，故用动名词作宾语。
Test 5
[2022·武汉市高三供题]A total of 32 short videos won awards at the finals of the Second Foreigners Short Video Contest in China. The global short video competition 1.________ (highlight) foreigners perspectives (看法) on China saw the submission of more than 400，000 entries from over 100 countries and regions. 2.________ (sponsor) by the China International Publishing Group, the competition had seven categories and accepted submissions between July 2019 and August 2020 on such themes as “my favorite Chinese city”3.________“discovering China from outside its borders”．
A selection of 2，673 videos made it to the final stage, following four rounds of assessment by 18 domestic and overseas professionals from 4.________ (differ) fields, including film and television production as well as 5.________ (communicate). A total of 50 videos, filmed by 42 institutions and individuals from 21 countries and regions, 6.________ (choose) in the final leg of the competition.
Gao Anming, editor­in­chief of the publishing group, 7.________ (praise) the video creators for effectively conveying stories about China to overseas audiences. The participants discovered elements 8.________ can represent characteristics of Chinese culture and helped promote cultural and people­to­people 9.________ (exchange), Gao said. Through the publishing group, the award­winning videos will be covered by seven media companies 10.________ ten languages.
语篇类型：新闻报道　主题语境：人与社会——文化艺术——第二届外国人在中国短视频大赛
【语篇解读】　本文介绍了第二届外国人在中国短视频大赛，该比赛吸引了来自100多个国家和地区的40多万参赛作品，最后有2 673个作品进入决赛。
1．答案与解析：highlighting　考查现在分词。动词saw为谓语，故此处应为非谓语，competition与highlight之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词。
2．答案与解析：Sponsored　考查过去分词。句子的主语the competition与动词sponsor之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词。
3．答案与解析：and　考查连词。根据语境可知，“my favorite Chinese city”与“discovering China from outside its borders”之间为并列关系，故填and。
4．答案与解析：different　考查词形转换。修饰名词fields需要用所给词的形容词形式，故填different。
5．答案与解析：communication　考查词形转换。空前为名词，as well as连接并列成分，故用communication。
6．答案与解析：were chosen　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。由语境判断此处表示发生在过去的动作，且videos与动词choose之间为被动关系，主语为复数形式，所以填were chosen。
7．答案与解析：praised　考查时态。根据语境可知，此处表示发生在过去的动作，故空处用一般过去时。
8．答案与解析：that/which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该空引导定语从句修饰elements并在句中作主语，故填that/which。
9．答案与解析：exchanges　考查名词复数。exchange作“交流”讲时可作可数名词，其前缺少冠词，故用名词复数表示泛指。
10．答案与解析：in　考查介词。表示用某种语言写常用介词in。
Test 6
[2022·安徽省名校联盟高三检测]A fan can drive summer heat away and help bring a cool breeze (微风). Since ancient 1.________ (time), the Chinese fan has been carrying artistic and unique 2.________ (nation) style, and China has always been regarded 3.________ “the kingdom of fans”．
The fan first 4.________ (appear) in China about 3，000 years ago, in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. However, the fan in the early period was used as the symbol of etiquette (礼仪), 5.________ it was called “the fan of honor”．
After the Qin and Han dynasties, the main shapes of fans were square, round and hexagon (六边形). The material 6.________ (use) to make fans was mainly silk. Because the silk fans were often used in the royal court, people called them “court fans”. The person 7.________ held the silk fan always appeared gentle.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the common fans were round fans, feather fans, and some paper fans. The folding fan 8.________ (gradual) became popular after the Song dynasty. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the folding fan was popular in Zhejiang, Suzhou and Sichuan. Then the 9.________ (popular) of writing poems and drawing pictures on the cover of a fan was rising. Afterwards this skill 10.________ (introduce) to Europe and became popular all over the world.
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——社会与文化——中国扇文化
【语篇解读】　本文主要讲述了扇子在中国的起源、发展及其文化内涵。
1．答案与解析：times　考查名词复数。time当“时期，时代，年代，世道”讲时，一般用复数，所以空处需要填times。
2．答案与解析：national　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰后面的名词style，需要用到形容词，所以填national。
3．答案与解析：as　考查介词。此处考查固定搭配be regarded as，意为“被视为/认为……”，所以空处需要填as。
4．答案与解析：appeared　考查谓语动词的时态和语态。分析句子结构可知，appear在句中作谓语，根据时间状语about 3，000 years ago可知，时态为一般过去时；“appear”无被动语态，所以空处需要填appeared。
5．答案与解析：and/so　考查连词。空前空后皆为完整的句子，因此空处需要一个连词，结合句意可知，前后是并列或因果关系，所以空处需要填and/so。
6．答案与解析：used　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，本句的谓语动词是was，所以use在句中是非谓语，且use与主语The material之间构成了逻辑上的动宾关系，所以空处需要填used。
7．答案与解析：who/that　考查关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词为表示人的名词The person，所以空处需要填who/that。
8．答案与解析：gradually　考查词形转换。空处修饰后面的动词became，需要用到副词，所以空处需要填gradually。
9．答案与解析：popularity　考查词形转换。根据空前的the和空后的of可知，空处一般用名词，所以需要用到popular的名词形式popularity。
10．答案与解析：was introduced　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。此处与became并列作本句的谓语，所以时态应该用一般过去时；此处表示这项技术被引入欧洲，应用被动语态；主语this skill为第三人称单数，所以空处需要填was introduced。
Test 7
[2021·临沂市高三二模]Chinese silk is one of China's contributions to the world, and its history stretches back to 3 630 BC. Mainly produced in the south of the Yangtze River Delta, about 150 000 000 tons of silk is produced 1.________ (annual) in China. It accounts 2.________ 78% of the world's silk production. Silk garments were worn by emperors and royalty before, 3.________ were the symbol of status at that time. The methods of silk production 4.________ (consider) such a closely guarded secret that people could be threatened with death whoever revealed it.
Made from the protein fibers of the silkworm cocoon, silk is one of the most delicately woven 5.________ (product) in the world. Silk moths lay around 500 eggs during their lifespan of four to six days. Fed a diet of leaves in a controlled environment, the silkworms grow 6.________ (fast) in weight than before after the eggs hatch. After storing up enough energy, they surround 7.________ (they) with fibers of a white jelly­like substance.
A Qipao is 8.________ unique silk souvenir you might wish to buy. It became popular in Shanghai before World War Ⅱ. Easy to slip on and comfortable 9.________ (wear), Qipao fits well the female Chinese figure and it is a Chinese one­piece dress 10.________ (feature) a high neck, close fit, and straight skirt with a high slit on one or both sides.
Test 8
[2021·德州市第一次练兵考试]The total ticket sales of the Chinese comedy film, Hi, Mom, had topped 4.27 billion yuan by the evening of Tuesday, 1.________ (it) 12th screening day. According to the China Movie Data Information Network, 2.________ (hit) this milestone also meant Hi, Mom will become the fourth 3.________ (high) of the all­time box office chart covering all films ever 4.________ (screen) in China. The top three earners on the chart are the action­adventure film Wolf Warrior 2, Ne Zha, and the sci­fi movie The Wandering Earth. It ranked first in 5.________ audience­satisfaction survey covering all the films released during the week­long Spring Festival holiday.
The film stars Jia Ling as a devoted daughter, who deeply saddened by her mother's death in an accident, 6.________ (find) herself transported back to 1981, 7.________ she meets her mother and attempts to improve the latter's fate by using ideas from the future.
Hi, Mom, which Jia described as a tribute to her real­life mother who passed away 8.________ (tragic) around two decades ago, brought many 9.________ (view) to tears. It also sparked online conversations on the topic of mother­daughter affection, 10.________ people sharing old photos of their own mothers at a young age.
Test 9
[2021·济宁市高三模拟]China speed is amazing the world. While other countries are struggling to make high­speed railway a reality, the China Railway Corporation 1.________ (busy) itself in laying down over 25 000 km of high­speed tracks over the past ten years—accounting for roughly two 2.________ (three) of the world's total length of high­speed rail lines.
Up to now, China has built the largest high­speed rail network worldwide. The 3.________ (impact) go well beyond the railway sector. It also includes changed patterns of urban development, increases in tourism, and growth of regional economy. 4.________ (boost) regional integration and economic growth, plans for high­speed maglev (磁悬浮) lines with trains traveling 5.________ a speed of 600 kph or more are taking shape in more Chinese cities.
“China started operating its first maglev railway more than a decade ago. Nevertheless, for lack of critical technologies at that time, we only concentrated on conventional high­speed rail，” said Sun Zhang, 6.________ is a leading railway specialist. But the research team 7.________ (lead) by him, tried their best to learn advanced technologies from foreign countries and eventually developed our own innovations, greatly 8.________ (transform) our way of life.
There is no denying that all of these achievements make our travel convenient and 9.________ (rely), especially during “Chunyun”， 10.________ annual test on the China's transportation system. Thanks to “China speed”， people can go back home for reunions with families and friends in time.
Test 10
[2021·南京市、盐城市高三二模]Chinese weddings are as much about the happy couples as they are about their respective families. The weddings are 1.________ (impress) affairs that focus on blessings of happiness. The date of the wedding ceremony is chosen not 2.________ chance. Many couples carefully choose a favorable date 3.________ (bring) success to their marriage. The ceremony can last anywhere from four hours to three days, 4.________ depends on how many Chinese wedding traditions are observed.
The Chinese wedding invitation is 5.________ (typical) red with a golden Double Happiness symbol, dates for the wedding and names of the bride and bridegroom 6.________ (include) inside.
While Chinese wedding traditions have modernized and no longer involve a large procession, the journey to pick up the bride 7.________ (be) still a lively affair. It can involve 8.________ use of firecrackers, playings of drums and gongs, or even a lion dance.
Another vital tradition, the Chinese tea ceremony (Jing Cha), 9.________ (perform) at Chinese weddings to show the new couple's respect, gratitude, and 10.________ (appreciate) for their parents' love, support, and effort in raising them. A red tea set with a Double Happiness symbol is used for the tea ceremony.
Test 11
[2021·淄博市高三一模]China's Taijiquan, also known as Tai Chi—a major part of the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and represented by millions of practicers worldwide—1.________ (add) to UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in December, 2020.
UNESCO described it 2.________ a traditional physical practice characterized by relaxed and circular movements. Taijiquan, 3.________ originated during the mid­17th century in Wenxian county in Jiaozuo, Henan Province, is practised throughout the country by people of all ages and ethnic groups. 4.________ (influence) by Taoist and Confucian thought and theories of Chinese medicine, 5.________ practice has developed into several schools or styles named after a clan (家族) or a master's personal surname, such as Chen style or Yang style. They are passed down through clan­based form or the master­apprentice (师徒) model, 6.________ built upon the yin and yang cycle and the cultural understanding of the unity of heaven and humanity.
The successful bid is of great 7.________ (significant) to the promotion of wushu, and 8.________ (especial) Taijiquan, globally. We should work more closely with scientific institution 9.________ (show) the connection between Taijiquan and 10.________ (people) physical and psychological health.
Test 12
[2021·烟台市高考诊断性测试]Busy Colombians living in a city can be pressured. But there is a place for people to relieve stress in Bogota. 1.________ (sit) at the top of Monserrate Hill, east of the city, the place is a protected park for hummingbirds. The area contains a forest that has turned into a peaceful and 2.________ (harmony) world for both people and birds.
With the hummingbirds flying from flower to flower, some people study them through binoculars (双筒镜) and 3.________ (other) take pictures with cameras or phones.
“Sometimes it doesn't seem real because we are close to a city of eight million residents 4.________ generate noise every day，” says Camilo Cantor, a caretaker in the park, whose job is to mix water and sugar and put it in bird feeders along a 300­meter path. “The park is 5.________ (true) a special place, like an oasis (绿洲). It is a place where people can go 6.________ (ease) stress, forget about troubles and get 7.________ break from busy city life，” he added.
Ten years ago, the hill 8.________ (destroy), mercilessly and completely, meaning there were no trees left on it. But workers began to replant local trees and flowers to bring the forest back 9.________ life. Presently, visitors to the park can see over 100 species of birds there.
Hummingbirds can 10.________ (find) only on the American continent and Colombia is home to many different kinds.
Test 13
[2021·东北三校二模]In China, food deliverymen are always in 1.________ rush between traffic regardless of wind or rain. 2.________ they make our life more convenient, this can come at a cost to them. On food delivery service platforms, the time limit is calculated by an algorithm (算法). But it doesn't consider real­life 3.________ (situation), such as red lights and speed limits. For deliverymen, delay means a decrease in pay. So they speed up and often break traffic rules, 4.________ (put) not only their own lives at risk, but also the lives of others. Many people scolded the platforms and asked them to improve the regulations on delivery. 5.________ response, Eleme announced that it would add a button to the app, 6.________ allows customers to extend the time limit. But this created more 7.________ (heat) debate, as some felt the company was distracting attention. The Shanghai Consumer Council commented that the move was not reasonable, adding that the problems should 8.________ (settle) between the companies and their employees. Also, even with the ability 9.________ (allow) more time for delivery, some users felt this would not 10.________ (full) address the problems.
Test 14
[2021·石家庄市质量检测一]The locals jokingly call Munich “the village of a million people”. Although it is Germany's third 1.________ (large) city, Munich is sleepy and quiet for most of the year. However, when it comes to Oktoberfest, it becomes the setting for a giant party, 2.________ (attract) visitors from all over the world.
Lasting 16­18 days and ending 3.________ the first Sunday in October, Oktoberfest started in 1810 as part of a festival to celebrate the 4.________ (marry) of Prince Ludwig. Though the dances and horse races were not repeated, locals liked the beer and food so much that they turned this festival into 5.________ tradition.
During the festival, people gather in the beer hall or huge tents 6.________ (sample) beer from every part of Germany. Over six million litres of beer 7.________ (drink) — enough to fill up 16 swimming pools! Don't forget to try some 8.________ (taste) white sausages, potato soup, or whole roasted chicken when you are enjoying your drink.
While you are there, check out some of Munich's 9.________ (sight). Marienplatz is the city's main square. It dates from 1158 and is 10.________ you will find the city's most beautiful buildings. And be sure to visit Munich's parks, which are some of Europe's best.
Test 7
【文章大意】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国丝绸的起源，适用范围及其产量，并着重介绍了蚕丝的生产过程及旗袍的相关信息。
1．答案与解析：annually　考查词性转换。此处表示在中国每年大约生产150 000 000吨的丝绸。此处应用副词作状语修饰谓语动词“is produced”。故填annually。
2．答案与解析：for　考查介词。固定短语account for意为“(比例)占……”。故填for。
3．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是“Silk garments”，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用which引导该从句。故填which。
4．答案与解析：were considered　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。此处表示丝绸的生产方法被视为是一个严格保守的秘密。分析句子结构可知，主语“The methods of silk production”为复数，谓语动词应用复数形式，且主语“The methods of silk production”与动词consider之间构成被动关系，应用被动语态；根据从句中的谓语动词“could be threatened”和“revealed”可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填were considered。
5．答案与解析：products　考查名词的单复数。one of＋可数名词复数，意为“……之一”。故填products。
6．答案与解析：faster　考查副词的比较等级。此处表示蚕卵孵化之后桑蚕体重增长的速度比之前更快了。根据下文中的“than”可知，此处应用fast的比较级形式。故填faster。
7．答案与解析：themselves　考查代词。此处表示在桑蚕储存足够的能量之后，它们会用一种白色胶状物质的纤维包裹自己。此处应用they的反身代词作动词“surround”的宾语。故填themselves。
8．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。此处泛指“一种独特的丝绸纪念品”，且“unique”是读音以辅音音素开头的单词，应用不定冠词a修饰。故填a。
9．答案与解析：to wear　考查非谓语动词。此处表示丝绸穿起来很舒服，and连接两个并列结构，此处应用动词不定式作后置定语。故填to wear。
10．答案与解析：featuring　考查非谓语动词。此处表示旗袍非常适合中国女性的身材，并且它是中国的连衣裙，以高领，修身，一侧或两侧有牙口的直筒裙为特色。分析句子结构可知，被修饰词“dress”与动词feature之间为主动关系，应用现在分词形式作状语。故填featuring。
Test 8
【文章大意】　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中国喜剧电影《你好，李焕英》的票房、情节、演员贾玲的体会以及观众的反应。
1．答案与解析：its　考查代词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词修饰名词短语“12th screening day”，表示“它放映的第十二天”。故填its。
2．答案与解析：hitting　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用动名词形式作主语。故填hitting。
3．答案与解析：highest　考查形容词的比较等级。此处表示成为史上票房第四高的电影，应用形容词的最高级。故填highest。
4．答案与解析：screened　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用过去分词作定语，修饰前面的名词短语“all films”。故填screened。
5．答案与解析：an　考查冠词。此处泛指“一项观众的满意度调查”，且audience­satisfaction是读音以元音音素开头的单词，应用不定冠词an修饰。故填an。
6．答案与解析：finds　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此处为本句的谓语动词。此处陈述的是客观事实，时态应用一般现在时，且主语“Jia Ling”是第三人称单数，谓语动词应用三单形式。故填finds。
7．答案与解析：when　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是“1981”，从句缺少时间状语，应用when引导该从句。故填when。
8．答案与解析：tragically　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处应用副词修饰动词短语“passed away”。故填tragically。
9．答案与解析：viewers　考查词性转换和名词的单复数。此处表示观众，应用名词形式，且空格前有“many”修饰，应用名词的复数形式viewers。故填viewers。
10．答案与解析：with　考查介词。此处表示这也在网上引发了关于母女感情话题的讨论，人们纷纷分享了自己母亲小时候的老照片。分析句子结构可知，此处应用with的复合结构作伴随状语。故填with。
Test 9
【文章大意】　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中国高铁的发展及其作用。
1．答案与解析：had busied/has been busying　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空格处作句子的谓语；再结合时间状语“over the past ten years”可知，中国铁路公司在过去的十年里铺设了超过25 000千米的高速轨道。这可以理解为过去已经完成的事；也可以理解为迄今为止的十年里，并且可能会“持续”下去，因此时态应用过去完成时或现在完成进行时；且主语“the China Railway Corporation”是可数名词单数，谓语动词也应用单数形式。故填had busied/has been busying。
2．答案与解析：thirds　考查数词。此处指占世界高速铁路线总长度的三分之二。表示分数时，分子用基数词，分母应用序数词；当分子大于一时，分母应用序数词的复数形式。故填thirds。
3．答案与解析：impacts　考查名词的单复数。分析句子结构可知，此处应用名词作主语，且impact为可数名词，再结合后面的谓语动词“go”可知，此处应用名词的复数形式。故填impacts。
4．答案与解析：To boost　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用动词不定式表示目的，表示为了促进区域一体化和经济增长。故填To boost。注意首字母大写。
5．答案与解析：at/with　考查介词。此处表示以600千米每小时的速度，应用介词at或with。故填at/with。
6．答案与解析：who　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是“Sun Zhang”，指人，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导该从句。故填who。
7．答案与解析：led　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构并根据“by”可知，此处应用过去分词作后置定语，修饰名词词组“the research team”。故填led。
8．答案与解析：transforming　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用现在分词作伴随状语。故填transforming。
9．答案与解析：reliable　考查词性转换。根据“and”可知，空格处与上文中的“convenient”构成并列关系，前后词性应保持一致，应用形容词形式。故填reliable。
10．答案与解析：an　考查冠词。此处泛指“中国交通系统的一次年度测试”；且“annual”是读音以元音音素开头的单词，应用不定冠词an修饰。故填an。
Test 10
【文章大意】　本文介绍了中国的婚礼习俗的相关内容，包括婚期、请柬、仪式和敬茶等方面。
1．答案与解析：impressive　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，此处应用形容词修饰名词affairs，意为“让人印象深刻的事情”，故填impressive。
2．答案与解析：by　考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用固定短语by chance，在句子中作状语，意为“婚礼日期的选择不是偶然的”。
3．答案与解析：to bring　考查动词不定式。分析句子结构可知，此处应用动词不定式短语作目的状语，表示许多夫妻仔细斟酌选择婚期，是希望他们的婚姻美满。
4．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词为主句，关系词在从句中作主语，故填which。
5．答案与解析：typically　考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰形容词red，应用副词形式。
6．答案与解析：included　考查独立主格。分析句子结构可知，此处为独立主格结构，在句中作状语，include与其逻辑主语dates...and names...bridegroom为动宾关系，意为“婚期和新娘、新郎的名字被包含在内”，故用过去分词形式。
7．答案与解析：is　考查时态。根据语境并结合本段叙述所使用的时态可知，此句应该使用一般现在时，故填is。
8．答案与解析：the　考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处表特指，应使用定冠词。
9．答案与解析：is performed　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处作谓语。结合本段叙述所使用的时态可知，此处应使用一般现在时，又主语和perform之间为被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语为单数形式，故填is performed。
10．答案与解析：appreciation　考查名词。分析句子结构可知，此处应填名词，与句子中的名词respect及gratitude并列，表示“感激”，故应填appreciation。
语法填空题组练(二)
Test 11
【文章大意】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍太极拳入选了联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表名录及其意义。
1．答案与解析：was added　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空格处在句中作谓语，主语“China's Taijiquan”与动词add构成动宾关系，应用被动语态；且根据时间状语“in December，2020”可知，此处应用一般过去时；主语“China's Taijiquan”是专有名词，作主语时，谓语动词应用三单形式。故填was added。
2．答案与解析：as　考查介词。句意为：联合国教科文组织将其描述为一种以放松和绕圈运动为特点的传统体育训练。describe as为固定搭配，意为“被描述为……”。故填as。
3．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是“Taijiquan”，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用which引导该从句。故填which。
4．答案与解析：Influenced　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用非谓语动词作原因状语，表示因受到道家、儒家(两家)思想和中医理论的影响；且主语“practice”与动词influence是被动关系，应用过去分词作原因状语。故填Influenced。注意首字母大写。
5．答案与解析：the　考查冠词。此处特指太极拳练习，应用定冠词the修饰。故填the。
6．答案与解析：and　考查连词。分析句子结构可知，空格处与前面的“are passed down”是并列谓语，且语义上是顺承关系，应用并列连词and连接。故填and。
7．答案与解析：significance　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空格前有形容词“great”修饰，此处应用名词形式。故填significance。
8．答案与解析：especially　考查词性转换。此处表示入选成功对全球推广武术，特别是太极拳具有重要意义。此处应用副词作状语。故填especially。
9．答案与解析：to show　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to show。
10．答案与解析：people's　考查名词所有格。此处指人们的身心健康，应用名词所有格作定语。故填people's。
Test 12
【文章大意】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了能给忙碌的哥伦比亚人带来宁静的蜂鸟公园过去和现在的情况。
1．答案与解析：Sitting　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空格处应用非谓语动词；动词sit与其逻辑主语“the place”之间构成主动关系，此处应用现在分词作伴随状语。故填Sitting。注意首字母大写。
2．答案与解析：harmonious　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空格处应用形容词修饰名词，和peaceful一起作“world”的定语。故填harmonious。
3．答案与解析：others　考查词性转换。此处指一些人用双筒镜来研究蜂鸟，其他人用相机或手机为它们拍摄照片。分析句子结构可知，空格处作句子的主语，所以此处应用代词。others意为“其他人”，符合句意。故填others。
4．答案与解析：that/who　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是“residents”，指人，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that/who引导该从句。故填that/who。
5．答案与解析：truly　考查词性转换。句意为：这个公园真是个特殊的地方，就像一座绿洲。分析句子结构可知，此处应用副词作状语，修饰系动词“is”。故填truly。
6．答案与解析：to ease　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空格处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to ease。
7．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。此处泛指“得到休息”，且“break”是读音以辅音音素开头的单词，应用不定冠词a修饰。故填a。
8．答案与解析：was destroyed　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，动词destroy与主语“the hill”之间构成被动关系，应用被动语态；根据时间状语“Ten years ago”可知，此处讲述的是过去发生的事情，时态应用一般过去时；且主语“the hill”为第三人称单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填was destroyed。
9．答案与解析：to　考查介词。bring...back to life是固定搭配，意为“使……复活”。故填to。
10．答案与解析：be found　考查动词的语态和情态动词的用法。分析句子结构可知，动词find与主语“Hummingbirds”之间构成被动关系，应用被动语态；且情态动词can后应接动词原形。故填be found。
Test 13
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——社会热点——外卖平台针对骑手的送餐风险推出新举措
【文章大意】　文章介绍了现有的外卖平台计算的运送的时间没有考虑到红灯和车速等现实因素，骑手为了不超时会加速且经常违反交通规则，对骑手和路人造成了风险，因此外卖平台推出延长送餐时限的选项，该举措引起热议。
1．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。此处in a rush为固定搭配，表示“在匆忙中”，故空处填不定冠词a。
2．答案与解析：Although/Though/While　考查连词。此处表示尽管他们让我们的生活更加便利，但是他们可能为此付出代价。分析句子结构可知，空处缺少一个连词引导让步状语从句，故填Although/Though/While。
3．答案与解析：situations　考查名词单复数。此处指的是没有考虑到实际发生的情况，情况不止一种，应用复数。故填situations。
4．答案与解析：putting　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句子的谓语动词是speed up和break，空前没有连词，所以空处应该用非谓语动词，空处和其逻辑主语they之间是主谓关系，应用put的现在分词形式，故填putting。
5．答案与解析：In　考查固定搭配。in response意为“作为回复”，是固定搭配，此处位于句首，故填In。
6．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a button，且空处在从句中作主语，故用关系代词which。
7．答案与解析：heated　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，此处应该用形容词修饰后面的名词debate，此处表示“激烈的争论”，heated意为“激烈的”。故用形容词heated。
8．答案与解析：be settled　考查动词的时态和语态。根据空前的情态动词should可知，空处用动词原形；settle和problems是被动关系，应用被动语态，故填be settled。
9．答案与解析：to allow　考查非谓语动词。此处表示“允许更多配送时间的能力”，the ability to do sth.是固定用法，其中动词不定式作ability的后置定语。故填to allow。
10．答案与解析：fully　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处应该用副词修饰动词address，故用副词fully。
Test 14
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——历史、社会与文化——慕尼黑啤酒节
【文章大意】　本文主要介绍了慕尼黑啤酒节的历史渊源以及节日期间的大概情况。
1．答案与解析：largest　考查形容词最高级。此处表示“它是德国第三大城市”，空处需要用形容词最高级，所以空处需要填largest。
2．答案与解析：attracting　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，本句的谓语动词是becomes，空处在句中为非谓语动词，与其逻辑主语party之间为主谓关系，所以空处需要填attracting。
3．答案与解析：on　考查介词。表示具体某一天前面需要用到介词on，所以空处需要填on。
4．答案与解析：marriage　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，此处形成了“the...of...”结构，空处所在位置一般为名词形式，所以空处需要填marriage。
5．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰可数名词tradition，表泛指，且tradition的发音以辅音音素开头，所以空处需要填a。
6．答案与解析：to sample　考查动词不定式。分析句子结构和语境可知，此处表示“人们聚集在啤酒大厅和大帐篷里品尝来自德国各地的啤酒”，应用动词不定式短语作目的状语，所以空处需要填to sample。
7．答案与解析：are drunk　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处作谓语；结合语境和本段叙述所使用的时态可知，此处需要用到一般现在时；“啤酒被喝”表被动；主语Over six million litres of beer为复数形式，所以空处需要填are drunk。
8．答案与解析：tasty　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰后面的名词，需要用到形容词形式，所以空处需要填tasty。
9．答案与解析：sights　考查名词单复数。sight作“名胜、风景”之意时用复数形式，所以空处需要填sights。
10．答案与解析：where　考查表语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处引导表语从句，结合句意“它(Marienplatz)可以追溯到1158年，在这里你可以找到这个城市最漂亮的建筑物”可知，空处需要填where。

Test 1
[2022·武汉部分学校高三质量检测] Stage schools often act as agencies to supply children with stages and television work. More worthy of the name “stage school” are those few schools 1.________ children enjoy the time with training for the theatre and general education.
A visit to such schools will leave you in no doubt that the children enjoy 2.________ (them). After all, what lively children wouldn't settle for spending only half the day doing ordinary schoolwork, 3.________ acting, singing or dancing their way through the other half of the day?
Then of course it is time for the children 4.________ (make) a name and make a little money in some big shows. Some stage schools give their children too much 5.________ (profession) work at such a young age. But the law keeps a very tight hold on the amount they can do. Those under the age of 13 6.________ (limit) to 40 days in a year; those over 13 to 80 days.
The schools admit that not all children will be successful in the profession for which they are being trained. So what happens 7.________ those who don't make it? While all the 8.________ (lead) schools say they place great 9.________ (important) on children's getting good study results, the facts seem to suggest this 10.________ (be) not always the case.
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——学校教育——戏剧表演学校
【语篇解读】　本文主要讲述了戏剧表演学校的性质、学生在校接受的教育、在校的相关要求和发展前景。
1．答案与解析：where　考查关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为表示地点的名词schools，所以空处在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
2．答案与解析：themselves　考查代词。此处考查固定表达enjoy oneself，意为“玩得愉快”，前面是children，因此空处填themselves。
3．答案与解析：and　考查连词。分析句子结构可知，前面说only half the day，后面说the other half day，为并列关系，所以空处需要填and。
4．答案与解析：to make　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此句是固定搭配it is time for sb. to do sth.，所以空处应该填to make。
5．答案与解析：professional　考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，此处修饰后面的名词work，需要用到形容词；所以空处需要填professional。
6．答案与解析：are limited　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，limit在句中作谓语；结合语境可知，本句时态应用一般现在时，且主语和谓语是被动关系，需要用被动语态；主语Those under the age of 13为复数，所以空处需要填are limited。
7．答案与解析：to　考查介词。考查固定表达happen to，意为“发生，遇到”，所以空处需要填to。
8．答案与解析：leading　考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，此处修饰后面的名词schools，需要用到形容词，所以空处需要填leading。
9．答案与解析：importance　考查名词。此处考查固定表达place sth. on，意为“以某种态度对待(或看待)”，所以空处需要填importance。
10．答案与解析：is　考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，be在句中作从句的谓语；结合语境可知，时态应用一般现在时；主语this为第三人称单数，所以空处需要填is。
Test 2
[2022·成都市高三摸底测试]In 2020, Huang Xuhua 1.________ (present) with China's top scientific honor, the State Preeminent Science and Technology Award as one of the chief designers for China's first generation of nuclear submarines (潜艇). Huang was also one of the eight leading figures 2.________ received the Medal of the Republic in 2019 for their contributions 3.________ the nation.
After completing an engineering degree in shipbuilding from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1949, Huang joined China's first nuclear submarine project. During the hardest time, China was unable to get any foreign 4.________ (assist) since it was under a technology blockade (封锁) from other countries. 5.________ (face) with various difficulties, Huang and his team worked out millions of data with abacuses and slipsticks (算盘和计算尺). 6.________ (eventual) they managed to develop the first nuclear submarine in China, thus 7.________ (make) China the fifth country to own nuclear submarines in the world.
For 8.________ (decade), his work remained a top secret. He maintained little contact with his parents. “Given the job I did, I had to make family ties less of a priority，” Huang recalled. He has worked on the development of nuclear submarines, 9.________ (lead) his team to carry out research, worked on the development of a series of key models, and trained 10.________ large number of outstanding scientific and technological talents.
【语篇解读】　本文主要讲述了“中国核潜艇之父”黄旭华获得国家最高科学技术奖及其生平与贡献。
1．答案与解析：was presented　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，该空在句中作谓语；根据时间状语“In 2020”可知，本句时态为一般过去时；结合语境“黄旭华被授予国家最高科学技术奖”可知，应用动词的被动形式；主语Huang Xuhua为第三人称单数，所以空处需要填was presented。
2．答案与解析：who/that　考查关系词。分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为表示人的名词“figures”，关系词在从句中作主语，所以空处需要填who/that。
3．答案与解析：to　考查介词。contribution后常跟to，意为“对……的贡献”，所以空处需要填to。
4．答案与解析：assistance　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，foreign是一个形容词，后面需要跟名词，所以空处需要填assistance。
5．答案与解析：Faced　考查非谓语动词。此处考查be faced with结构，该空作状语，所以需要填Faced。
6．答案与解析：Eventually　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰整个句子，所以空处需要填eventual的副词形式Eventually。
7．答案与解析：making　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，managed在句中作谓语，所以该空在句子中为非谓语动词，再根据语境可知，此处应用现在分词表自然而然的结果，所以填making。
8．答案与解析：decades　考查名词复数。此处考查固定表达for decades，意为“几十年来”，所以空处需要填decades。
9．答案与解析：led　考查谓语动词的形式。分析句子结构可知，本空与空后的worked和trained并列，所以需要用到led。
10．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。此处考查固定表达a number of，意为“大量的”，所以空处需要填a。
Test 3
[2022·青岛市高中检测]Xi'an, or Chang'an as it was called for many centuries, has been a built­up urban area for over 3，000 years, and once 1.________ (serve) as the capital of 13 dynasties. It is home 2.________ many immovable cultural heritages, three of 3.________ are on the UNESCO's The World Heritage List.
These days, the city has made 4.________ (effect) exploration in building modernity while preserving historical legacy (遗产). A recent piece of news 5.________ (announce) by Shaanxi's cultural relic authority caused nationwide attention, that a ruin of an ancient capital dating back to Qin Dynasty was unearthed during the construction of the Xi'an Metro Line 5. In order to protect the ruin, the metro line may have to change 6.________ (it) route.
7．________ (face) the heavy and important task of protecting cultural relics while promoting urban construction, Xi'an made active 8.________ (attempt). Rails of the metro system are built 15 to 20 meters underground in order to protect the ancient tombs which are 9.________ (usual) buried in the layer within 5 meters from the surface level. Besides, the metro constructors have also painted the walls inside the stations with historical stories, presenting 10.________ visual feast for citizens.
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——社会与文化——文化遗产保护
【语篇解读】　西安作为十三朝古都，拥有很多文化遗产。为保护这些遗产，西安的地铁线路甚至改道，并且建于深15～20米的地下层，有效地保护了西安的古墓。
1．答案与解析：served　考查动词的时态。serve as是固定短语，意为“为……工作，供职”。此处是指十三朝古都，故应用一般过去时。故填served。
2．答案与解析：to　考查固定搭配。be home to是固定搭配，意为“是……的家园”。故填to。
3．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该空引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词heritages，在句中作介词of的宾语，故填which。
4．答案与解析：effective　考查形容词。exploration是名词，故其前应用形容词修饰。故填effective。
5．答案与解析：announced　考查非谓语动词。此句谓语动词是caused，故此空应用非谓语动词。因与news之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用过去分词形式。故填announced。
6．答案与解析：its　考查形容词性物主代词。route是名词，故其前应用形容词性物主代词修饰。故填its。
7．答案与解析：Facing　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，该句谓语动词是made，故此空应用非谓语动词；因与句子的主语Xi'an之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故应用现在分词短语作状语。故填Facing。
8．答案与解析：attempts　考查名词单复数。attempt作“尝试，努力”讲时是可数名词，其前无冠词，故应用复数形式attempts。
9．答案与解析：usually　考查副词。修饰动词，应用副词作状语。故填usually。
10．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。feast是可数名词，此处以单数形式出现，故其前应用冠词。故填a。
Test 4
[2022·湖南省名校联合体高三联考试题]
Sweet Art—Sugar Painting
In and around China's southwestern Sichuan Province, one can often find folk artists producing sugar paintings with liquid sugar along the streets and in the parks.
According to some academic studies, sugar painting originated from the Ming Dynasty when sugar animals and figures 1.________ (make) in moulds (模具) as part of a sacrifice in religious ceremonies. In the Qing Dynasty, sugar painting gained more 2.________ (popular)． The production techniques were upgraded and the patterns became more various, most of 3.________ stood for good luck such as the fish, dragon and monkey. Afterward, the folk artists in Sichuan 4.________ (develop) this art by adding techniques of the Chinese shadow puppet and Chinese paper cutting. The moulds were also replaced 5.________ a small bronze spoon. As time passed by, the contemporary form of sugar painting has 6.________ (gradual) evolved.
Although the number of sugar painters has decreased, due to its unique charm, a certain number of artists are making efforts 7.________ (preserve) it by offering classes, holding relevant 8.________ (activity) such as sugar painting contests and applying for the National Non­Material Cultural Heritage.
Nowadays, this art is getting support again from the general public 9.________ it has already been listed as Provincial Non­Material Culture Heritage by the Sichuan Provincial Government. Moreover, the sugar painting artists have gained 10.________(increase) recognition.
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——优秀传统文化——糖画
【语篇解读】　本文主要讲述了糖画起源于明朝，经过历代手艺人的努力，糖画现已被列为四川省非物质文化遗产。更重要的是，糖画艺术家得到了更多的认可。
1．答案与解析：were made　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，make在句中作从句的谓语动词。结合时间状语the Ming Dynasty可知，时态需要用到一般过去时；主语和make之间为逻辑上的动宾关系；主语animals and figures为复数，所以空处应填were made。
2．答案与解析：popularity　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，该空作gained的宾语，需要用到名词，所以空处应填popularity。
3．答案与解析：which　考查关系词。分析句子结构可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为表示物的名词patterns，所以空处应填which。
4．答案与解析：developed　考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子结构可知，develop在句中作谓语动词。结合语境可知，时态需要用到一般过去时；又因为主语和谓语动词之间构成主动关系，所以空处需要填developed。
5．答案与解析：with/by　考查介词。此处考查固定搭配be replaced with/by sth. ，意为“被……替代”，所以空处需要填with/by。
6．答案与解析：gradually　考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰谓语，需要用到副词，所以应填gradually。
7．答案与解析：to preserve　考查非谓语动词。此处考查固定搭配make efforts to do sth.，意为“努力做某事”，所以空处应填to preserve。
8．答案与解析：activities　考查名词复数。根据空后列举的活动可知，此空需填名词的复数形式。
9．答案与解析：and　考查连词。分析句子结构可知，前后句之间是并列关系，所以空处应填and。
10．答案与解析：increasing　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，此处修饰后面的名词recognition，需要用到形容词，所以应填increasing。
Test 5
[2022·贵州省适应性测试]Born in 1894, Mei Lanfang 1.________ (bring) up in a family of Peking opera and Kunqu opera performers. 2.________ the age of eight, he started training in Peking opera on a daily basis. When he was 17, he kept a flock of pigeons (鸽子) and trained them 3.________ (fly) high. Every day Mei watched them 4.________ they flew, which helped him to develop the expressive eye movements that were so important to his art. His hard work and dedication made him a 5.________ (lead) artist in Peking opera.
Mei was also an innovator (创新者). In addition to new stage designs and singing styles, his innovations in wearing make­up and costume design allowed for more vivid images of female characters. This contributed greatly to the 6.________ (develop) of Peking opera. Mei created and 7.________ (perform) over 200 plays, making his contributions to the singing styles, speaking lines, dance, music, costumes and wearing make­up and 8.________ (gradual) forming his unique and creative style, 9.________ is called “Mei School”. Until he passed away in 1961, Mei had been encouraging the spread of Peking opera for almost 60 years. This lifelong devotion has made him one of the 10.________ (great) Peking opera artists of all time.
语篇类型：记叙文　主题语境：人与自我——人物故事——梅兰芳先生和京剧
【语篇解读】　本文主要概括性地讲述了京剧表演艺术大家梅兰芳先生的成才之路及其在京剧方面的创新和贡献。
1．答案与解析：was brought　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此处作本句的谓语。根据语境可知，此处表述过去发生的事，需要用一般过去时；Mei Lanfang和bring up(抚养，养育)之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；主语Mei Lanfang为单数，所以空处需要填was brought。
2．答案与解析：At　考查介词。at the age of为固定表达，意为“在……岁的时候”，所以空处需要填At。
3．答案与解析：to fly　考查动词不定式。train sth. to do sth.为固定表达，意为“训练……做某事”，所以空处需要填to fly。
4．答案与解析：as/when　考查连词。此处表示每天当鸽子飞翔的时候，梅兰芳都会观察它们，空处引导时间状语从句，所以空处需要填as/when，表示“当……时”。
5．答案与解析：leading　考查词形转换。分析句子结构可知，空处需要用形容词修饰后面的名词artist，表示“一个一流的艺术家”，所以空处需要填leading“一流的”。
6．答案与解析：development　考查词形转换。空处位于the和of中间，需要用名词，此处表示“京剧的发展”，所以空处需要填development。
7．答案与解析：performed　考查谓语动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，空处与空前的动词created并列，同作本句的谓语，所以空处需要填performed。
8．答案与解析：gradually　考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰后面的现在分词forming，需要用副词，所以空处需要填gradually。
9．答案与解析：which　考查关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为表示物的名词his unique and creative style，关系词指代先行词在从句中作主语，所以空处需要填which。
10．答案与解析：greatest　考查形容词最高级。根据空前的the和空后表示范围的介词词组of all time(有史以来)综合判断可知，此处表示“使他成为有史以来最杰出的京剧艺术家之一”，表最高级的含义，空处需要用形容词最高级，所以空处需要填greatest。
Test 6
[2022·太原市二模]A concrete bookstore in Wisdom Bay Sci­tech Innovation Park in Shanghai is the first 3D­printed bookstore in China. It opened 1.________ the public in March, 2021. The bookstore consists of three parts, one of 2.________ is the area of about 30 square meters, 3.________ (accommodate) at most 15 people inside at a time.
Different from simple works such as a 3D­printed flower basin, the bookstore is 4.________ innovative attempt in the architecture field. Besides saving time, the 3D­printed architecture is 5.________ (cheap) in comparison with buildings using conventional 6.________ (technique) as well. In addition, 7.________ (it) use of fiber concrete is unique, which strengthens the earthquake 8.________ (resist). Experts say it is as safe as any traditional concrete construction 9.________ (base) on the experimental data.
Up to now, many similar researches on 3D­printed concrete technology 10.________ (conduct) in France, Switzerland and Russia. But China's researches and achievements in this field are among the best in the world.
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——科学与技术——3D打印的建筑
【语篇解读】　本文通过描述中国首家3D打印的建筑——上海智慧湾科创园的一家书店引出文章主题：3D打印建筑的介绍、3D打印建筑的技术特点、强度以及在全球的使用情况等。
1．答案与解析：to　考查介词。该句意为“它(该书店)于2021年3月向公众开放”。故填to。
2．答案与解析：which　考查关系词。分析该句结构可知，空处引导定语从句，指代空前的three parts作介词of的宾语，故用which。这里说的是书店由三个部分组成，其中一个面积约30平方米，最多可同时容纳15人。
3．答案与解析：accommodating　考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，空处作主句的伴随状语，主语The bookstore和动词accommodate是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词accommodating。
4．答案与解析：an　考查冠词。该处泛指“一次创新的尝试”，故用不定冠词，且innovative的发音以元音音素开头，故用an。
5．答案与解析：cheaper　考查形容词比较级。根据该句中的“in comparison with”可知，除了节省时间，3D打印建筑也比使用传统技术的建筑更便宜。故用cheap的比较级cheaper。
6．答案与解析：techniques　考查名词单复数。technique为可数名词，根据常识可知，传统技术有多种，故用该名词的复数形式。
7．答案与解析：its　考查代词。空格在名词之前，因此填形容词性物主代词its，表示“它的”使用。
8．答案与解析：resistance　考查名词。冠词后接名词，根据the可知，该处用名词形式。
9．答案与解析：based　考查非谓语动词。该句意为：专家表示，根据实验数据，它和任何传统的混凝土建筑一样安全。此处表示“根据……，基于……”，应用be based on结构，故填based。
10．答案与解析：have been conducted　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语“Up to now”可知，该句用现在完成时；主语many similar researches和谓语动词conduct之间为被动关系，故用被动语态；且主语为名词复数，故填have been conducted。该句意为：到目前为止，法国、瑞士、俄罗斯等国家已经开展了许多类似的3D打印混凝土技术研究。
Test 7
[2021·成都市高三第二次诊断]The Book of Songs, also known as Shi Jing, is the oldest existing 1.________ (collect) of Chinese poetry. Three years ago, when Chinese musician Fang Jinlong read Shi Jing, he was interested in the stories told through the poems. Because he couldn't 2.________ (full) understand the ancient Chinese language 3.________ (use) in the poems, he turned to experts whose elaboration further attracted him to explore the poems.
Then he decided to portray the poems with musical language by inviting composer Ma Jiuyue 4.________ (create) an album. Titled Music and the Book of Songs, the album was released on Jan. 18, 5.________ (feature) 10 original songs composed by Ma. They 6.________ (perform) by Fang and won great popularity.
The 10 songs are based on 10 poems from Shi Jing, including Qiong Yao, which conveys gratitude to people who are eager to help others; Swallows, which 7.________ (send) farewell messages to friends and Jia Yu, which portrays the scenes of a joyful banquet.
“Young people gave warm feedback about traditional Chinese music 8.________ they had watched my performance. It inspired me to create more works for them, which helps popularize traditional Chinese music，” says Fang.
“The 10 pieces sound 9.________ (enjoy) and easy. For the listeners, it's a fresh way to comprehend poems from Shi Jing，” says Ma. “We spent three years working on 10.________ project. There are so many meanings in the poems and we want to display them as deep as possible with music，” Ma says. “It's our mutual goal to have traditional Chinese music reach a wider audience.”
Test 8
[2021·泰安市高三二轮检测]We live in a rural area of the San Francisco Bay Area. Most of what we see is beauty and nature. One of the exceptions to the beauty is the litter that some people throw out of their windows as they 1.________ (drive) on the rural roads. One of the few drawbacks to living in the wild is that public services, such as litter collection, are less available 2.________ they are closer to the city.
A helping ritual (习惯) that I practice 3.________ (regular) with my two children is picking up litter in our surrounding area. We've become so accustomed to 4.________ (do) this that my daughters will often say to me 5.________ sweet voices, “There's some litter, Daddy, stop the car！” And if we have time, we will often pull over and pick it up. It may seem strange, but we actually enjoy it. We pick up litter in 6.________ (park), on sidewalks, practically anywhere. Once I even saw a complete stranger picking up litter close to 7.________ we live. He smiled at me and 8.________ (say), “I saw you doing it, and it seemed like a good idea.”
Picking up litter is only one of an endless supply of possible helping rituals. You might like holding a door open for people or 9.________ (visit) lonely elderly people in nursing homes. Think of something that seems effortless yet 10.________ (help). It's fun, personally rewarding, and sets a good example. Everyone wins.
Test 9
[2021·山东省实验中学一模]The official Sina Weibo 1.________ (announce) on Feb. 2nd that Chinese vlogger Li Ziqi set a new Guinness World Record for “most subscribers for a Chinese language channel on YouTube” by going from 11.4 million subscribers in July 2.________ 14.1 million at the end of January, 2020.
The news 3.________ (view) more than 400 million times so far on Sina Weibo. Chinese netizens quickly reacted to her new record, congratulating the vlogger and expressing 4.________ hope that she can produce more brilliant videos to advocate Chinese culture around the world.
In 2017, Li uploaded her first video on YouTube 5.________ was about how to make a dress using the skins of grapes. The poetic idyllic life and profound traditional Chinese culture in Li Ziqi's videos are 6.________ (attract) to fans from all over the world. Her videos are slow­paced and the scenery is very beautiful. Showing Chinese culture such as cooking delicious food, making traditional Chinese 7.________ (handcraft) and living an idyllic rural life in China to the world 8.________ (be) her video focus.
Experts say she successfully teaches people all over the globe 9.________ (appreciate) Chinese culture and the Chinese culture 10.________ (convey) in her videos is going further abroad.
Test 10
[2021·武汉市三月质量检测]Chinese characters date back to ancient times, with a history of at least several thousand years. It is agreed that hanzi began 1.________ simple pictures, images that the ancient Chinese people drew, painted, and carved 2.________ (describe) nature and their lives.
The 3.________ (old) symbols recognizable as Chinese characters are those found on ancient animal bones. These 3000­year­old symbols, jiaguwen, 4.________ (carve) on turtle shells or bones of animals, and can give us insight into 5.________ the ancient Chinese saw the world around them and into their great creativity.
When you first look at Chinese characters, you will most 6.________ (like) feel that they are very complicated. About 80% of Chinese characters are composed of smaller 7.________ (part), which are combined in many different ways to form tens of thousands of hanzi. Fortunately you need to know only about two or three thousand characters for use in 8.________ (day) life.
Chinese characters and Chinese culture are inseparably linked. China's writing system forms 9.________ strong bridge linking the Chinese people and culture of the present with 10.________ (that) of the past. As China takes its place in the international community, many international students are studying Chinese and are coming to appreciate China's impressive culture.
Test 11
[2021·河南、广东、湖北、湖南部分学校3月联考] A textbook exchange is a business that buys and sells college textbooks. Textbooks can represent 1.________ significant part of a student's education budget. By purchasing used textbooks or selling unneeded books to a textbook exchange, students can 2.________ (great) reduce their expenses.
Traditionally, university bookstores were the only sources for 3.________ (require) textbooks. The success of bookstores 4.________ buy and sell used books inspired some businesses 5.________ (copy) the process for textbooks. A textbook exchange will purchase textbooks from students who have completed courses and no longer need the materials. This means the business can resell the used books at a price much lower than their original cost. This is very 6.________ (benefit) to students who are struggling to meet their school fees and living expenses.
Ever since it first appeared, the textbook exchange 7.________ (increase) the options for students. Now used textbooks 8.________ (deliver) almost anywhere through any standard delivery service. This means students are not limited 9.________ the books available at their local university bookstores. They can compare 10.________ (price) on a national or even international level and choose the most reasonably priced editions. This changes the supply­and­demand economic factors that create high prices for most textbooks.
Test 12
[2021·南昌市一模]Rarely has a sports team in China received praise and 1.________ (admire) as enthusiastically as the Chinese women's volleyball team. It has a great effect 2.________ Chinese people from all walks of life.
Director Peter China's film Leap shines a spotlight on the struggles of several generations of the Chinese team in their attempts 3.________ (achieve) glory for their country. Chan brought out into the open the difficulties behind production. For example, the crew built 4.________ volleyball training base in Beijing by taking apart and moving the original 5.________ (wood) floor from the base in order to recreate the original atmosphere. “The floor still shows the blood, tear and sweat 6.________ (leave) by the women's volleyball team members back in the 1980s，” Chan noted.
“The people love the Chinese women's volleyball team, not only because you 7.________ (win) the championship, but also because you have displayed the spirit of putting the motherland first, through unity, cooperation, tenacity and never giving up.” The spirit 8.________ (praise) by President Xi Jinping, 9.________ greeted Team China at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on September 30.
10．________ (sure), that spirit will live on.
Test 13
[2021·广东六校联盟高三第二次联考]

Tencent's WeChat introduced new emojis to its 1.________ (exist) emoji set on Wednesday. 2.________ new emojis include a face with rolling eyes, a “let me see” face, 3.________ that is sighing, a cracked smiling face and so on.
The “let me see” emoji, 4.________ features a face with a peeking eye, has become a hot topic among net users 5.________ it resembles Prince Yongqi in the hit TV drama Princess Huanzhu.
The top five most popular emojis used by WeChat users in 2019 6.________ (be) “facepalm, grin, chuckle, thumb­up and rose”， according to a report released by Tencent's WeChat in January.
For users born in the 2000s, their favorite WeChat emoji would probably be the widely used “facepalm”. Most post­90s WeChat users are late 7.________ (rise) compared with other groups, and the emoji “face with tears of joy” rules their online social life. For users born in the 1980s, their reading taste 8.________ (change) little over the last three years, as they still stick to news on national affairs. And a “toothy grin” is their emoji of the year. WeChat users born in the 1970s are an 9.________ (optimism) group, who like to use the “smiling face with a hand 10.________ a mouth” emoji and are keen on browsing WeChat Moments.
Test 14
[2021·威海市高三一轮检测]Fiber may not be the sexiest nutrient (营养素) to talk about, but it's one of the best things you can eat for your health. Dietary fiber is resistant to digestion and absorption by humans and it 1.________ (find) in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts and seeds. Researches have 2.________ (consistent) shown that people 3.________ eat high­fiber diets have a lower risk for sorts of diseases, like cancer and 4.________ can be easier for them to manage their weight.
Eating more fiber is 5.________ helpful tool for weight loss because it helps you feel full and 6.________ (satisfy) after eating. Dietary fiber slows down digestion and absorption of food, giving your stomach enough time 7.________ (communicate) with your brain that you are full and it's time to stop eating. Fiber also helps stabilize our appetite and promotes fat burning instead of fat storage. Another win for weight 8.________ (manage): fiber has zero calories. Since fiber is a nondigestible carbohydrate, we can't break it down for fuel. Fiber also sticks to fats and other sources of calories from food, 9.________ (decrease) your overall calorie intake from other massive nutrients.
Many evidences show that high­fiber diets are associated with a lower body weight and 10.________ (little) body fat. So if you want to lose weight or keep it off, eat more fiber.
Test 15
[2021·4月苏北新高考适应性考试]It's never been so important to spend time outside, 1.________ that's because it's the only place to experience different scenes or for the mental and physical good provided by fresh air and exercise. It's not always easy to be 2.________ (motivate), which, however, is where nature collecting can help.
Start by looking 3.________ (closely) at the flowers in your garden or trees on your street than ever before. How many species or unusual features can you spot? Pick up a fallen leaf or examine a pretty flower. Allow yourself time 4.________ (stop), breathe, switch on your sensory antenna (触角) and connect with the bigger picture. Make 5.________ extra effort to look, listen, smell things, touch things and taste things. When you form new habits, why not set yourself the challenge of collecting and identifying 100 natural 6.________ (treasure) over the seasons, 7.________ (use) some relevant knowledge?
When it 8.________ (come) to displaying your finds, there are many methods to explore, from container displays, and pressed flower art 9.________ other works of art. You can also take photos or make drawings of live animals, rare plants or other items, 10.________ you think need to stay in the wild, such as seashells and pebbles (鹅卵石) on the beach. Make it personal and, above all, enjoy yourself!
Test 16
[2021·青岛市5月统一检测] Craig Foster was diving in bitterly cold waters off the southern Africa 1.________ he saw her—an octopus (章鱼) hiding under a shelter of shells and stones. Deeply 2.________ (attract), he began following this incredibly shy creature, trying to prove he wasn't a predator (捕食者) by staying very still in her 3.________ (present). And then, after 26 days of crazy pursuing, she reached out and touched him.
“The octopus trusted me and allowed me 4.________ (step) into her secret world, showing me many behaviors 5.________ were completely new to science，” Foster says.
Foster 6.________ (spend) the last ten years diving in the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of South Africa. He began this daily diving as a way of dealing with a depression that had left him raw and disconnected. Immersing (沉浸) 7.________ (he) in this underwater world has calmed his mind. Over the past few years, other animals have reached out to make contact, including otters, whales, and even sharks,8.________ nothing has compared to his “once­in­a­lifetime” bond with the octopus, he says.
Foster says the greatest lesson she taught him is that humans are part 9.________ the natural world around us, and not 10.________ (simple) visitors. “Your own role and place in the natural world is the most precious gift we have been given.”
Test 17
[2021·山西名校高三阶段性测评] China's first artificial intelligence (AI) textbook for high school students 1.________ (bring) out in 2018, following a plan by central government 2.________ (include) AI courses in primary and secondary school.
The nine­chapter textbook, 3.________ (name) “Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence”， was written by outstanding 4.________ (scholar) from well­known schools nationwide, under the joint efforts by the research center for MOOC at East China Normal University and the AI startup SenseTime. It includes the history of AI and how the technology can be applied in areas such as facial recognition, auto driving and public security.
“The textbook focuses not only on the basics of AI, but on the 5.________ (practice) use of AI in daily life，” said Chen Yukun, a professor at East China Normal University, 6.________ is also a contributor to the book.
Up till now, about 40 high schools across the country 7.________ (undertake) the task of being the first group of AI high education pilot program 8.________ introducing the textbook in the curriculum. “The AI sector is facing a talent shortage 9.________ (global). The publication of the book is 10.________ breakthrough as it takes AI technology out of the ‘ivory tower’ and makes it part of high school learning，” said Lin Dahua, a professor at The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Test 18
[2021·泰安市高三一轮检测] Eating a big breakfast could help you burn double calories than if you eat a larger meal at dinner.
Researchers at Lübeck University found filling up in the morning 1.________ (boost) a metabolism (代谢) process known as diet­induced thermogenesis (饮食生热效应). DIT refers to the number of calories the body expends to heat the body and digest food. It was shown to be twice as high for those 2.________ ate more at breakfast than at dinner. The findings published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 3.________(base) on a laboratory experiment of 16 men. The study adds to increasing evidence that the best way of losing weight is to eat your 4.________ (large) meal in the morning—and your smallest in the evening.
Dr. Richter said, “Eating more at breakfast instead of dinner could prevent obesity 5.________ high blood sugar. Both obesity and high blood sugar can lead to illnesses 6.________ (include) cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.”
DIT can differ depending on a 7.________ (person) mealtime and is 8.________ (general) slower in the evening and at night. Dr. Richter said, “We recommend patients with obesity as well as 9.________ (health) people eat a large breakfast rather than a large dinner 10.________ (reduce) body weight and prevent metabolic diseases.”
Test 7
语篇类型：记叙文　主题语境：人与社会——历史，社会与文化——《音乐·诗经》
【文章大意】　诗经是中国现存最古老的诗歌总集。国乐大师方锦龙邀请作曲家马久越一起创作专辑《音乐·诗经》，用音乐的语言来描绘这些诗歌，向更多的人展示了古典文化之美。
1．答案与解析：collection　考查名词。形容词修饰名词，根据空前的existing可知空处应为名词形式，故填collection。
2．答案与解析：fully　考查词形转换。空处修饰动词understand，应用副词形式，故填fully。
3．答案与解析：used　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处是非谓语动词，use和其逻辑主语Chinese language是动宾关系，应用过去分词作后置定语，故填used。
4．答案与解析：to create　考查非谓语动词。invite sb. to do sth.为固定用法，意为“邀请某人做某事”，故填to create。
5．答案与解析：featuring　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处是非谓语动词，和其逻辑主语the album是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词featuring。
6．答案与解析：were performed　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据空后的won可知，本句时态为一般过去时，此处表示“它们被方锦龙演奏”，应用被动语态，且结合They可知应填were performed。
7．答案与解析：sends　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据空前的conveys和空后的portrays可知，此处谓语动词用一般现在时，先行词为Swallows，表单数概念，which指代先行词在从句中作主语，所以此处用动词的第三人称单数，故填sends。
8．答案与解析：after　考查连词。根据语境“年轻人看到我的表演之后对中国传统音乐有了热烈的反馈”可知，应用连词after。
9．答案与解析：enjoyable　考查形容词。根据前面的系动词sound可知，这里用形容词构成系表结构，故填enjoyable。
10．答案与解析：the　考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处特指上文提到的《音乐·诗经》，故填定冠词the。
Test 8
【文章大意】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者住在旧金山的郊区，为了让周围的环境看起来美观，与孩子们一起养成了捡垃圾的好习惯，以此来说明做一些看起来毫不费力却有帮助的事情很有趣，对自己也有益，并且可以为他人树立好的榜样。
1．答案与解析：are driving　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处表示当他们开车行驶在乡间小路上时。根据主语“they”可知，此处谓语动词应用复数形式；且此处讲述的是正在发生的事情，时态应用一般现在时。故填are driving。
2．答案与解析：than　考查连词。根据空格前的“less available”可知，此处应用than表示比较。故填than。
3．答案与解析：regularly　考查词性转换。此处应用副词修饰动词“practice”。故填regularly。
4．答案与解析：doing　考查非谓语动词。become accustomed to doing sth.意为“习惯于做某事”。故填doing。
5．答案与解析：in　考查介词。in a．..voice为固定搭配，意为“用……的声音”。故填in。
6．答案与解析：parks　考查名词的单复数。park为可数名词，且其前无冠词修饰，此处应用其复数形式表示泛指。故填parks。
7．答案与解析：where　考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，且从句中缺少地点状语，应用where引导该从句。故填where。
8．答案与解析：said　考查动词的时态。根据空格前的“and”可知，空格处与“smiled”作并列谓语，时态应与“smiled”保持一致，因此时态应用一般过去时。故填said。
9．答案与解析：visiting　考查非谓语动词。根据空格前的“or”可知，空格处与“holding”并列作动词“like”的宾语，应用动名词形式。故填visiting。
10．答案与解析：helpful　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空格处与空格前的“effortless”一起作系动词“seems”的表语，应用形容词。故填helpful。
Test 9
【文章大意】　本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了中国短视频博主李子柒所获得的荣誉及他对传播中国传统文化所做出的贡献。
1．答案与解析：announced　考查动词的时态。根据时间状语“on Feb. 2nd”可知，此处讲述的是过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故填announced。
2．答案与解析：to　考查介词。from...to...为固定搭配，意为“从……到……”。故填to。
3．答案与解析：has been viewed　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空格处为此句谓语，且动词view与主语“The news”之间构成被动关系，应用被动语态；主语“The news”为单数，谓语动词也应用三单形式；根据时间状语“so far”可知，应用现在完成时。故填has been viewed。
4．答案与解析：the　考查冠词。此处特指中国网民的希望，希望她能创作出更多精彩的视频，应用定冠词the修饰。故填the。
5．答案与解析：that　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是video，指物，且有序数词first修饰，并在从句中作主语，应用that引导该从句。故填that。
6．答案与解析：attractive　考查词性转换。此处应用形容词作系动词“are”的表语。故填attractive。
7．答案与解析：handcrafts　考查名词的单复数。handcraft为可数名词，此处指中国传统的工艺品，表类别，应用可数名词复数形式。故填handcrafts。
8．答案与解析：is　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空格处为此句谓语，且讲述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；主语“Showing Chinese culture”为动名词短语，谓语动词应用三单形式。故填is。
9．答案与解析：to appreciate　考查非谓语动词。teach sb. to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“教某人做某事”。故填to appreciate。
10．答案与解析：conveyed　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空格处应用非谓语动词，且动词convey与其逻辑主语“the Chinese culture”之间构成被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语，表被动。故填conveyed。
Test 10
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——文化发展——汉字的发展历史
【文章大意】　文章主要介绍了汉字的发展历史。
1．答案与解析：as　考查介词。人们一致认为，汉字最初只是一些简单的图画和图像。短语begin as意思是“起初是”。
2．答案与解析：to describe　考查动词不定式。根据句子的结构来分析，that从句的主语是the ancient Chinese people，谓语是drew, painted和carved；而此空要用动词不定式作状语，表示目的。
3．答案与解析：oldest　考查形容词最高级。句意：最古老的可认出的汉字的符号是在古老的动物骨头上发现的。根据句子的意思及空前的The可知，此处要用形容词最高级，表示“最古老的”。
4．答案与解析：were carved　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。这些3000年前的符号——甲骨文——被刻在龟壳或动物的骨头上。显然句子的主语These 3000­year­old symbols为复数，且与谓语动词carve是被动的关系，同时此处描述发生在过去的事情，所以要用一般过去时的被动语态。注意jiaguwen作These 3000­year­old symbols的同位语。
5．答案与解析：how　考查连词。这些符号可以让我们深入了解古代中国人怎样看待周围的世界以及他们伟大的创造力。此处表示方式，要用how。
6．答案与解析：likely　考查副词。根据句子的结构来判断，此处要用副词形式作状语。句意：当你第一次看到汉字时，你很可能会觉得它们非常复杂。
7．答案与解析：parts　考查名词复数形式。后面的which are combined...hanzi是一个非限制性定语从句，由其中的are可知，先行词要用parts。
8．答案与解析：daily　考查形容词。根据句子的结构来判断，此处要用形容词修饰名词life。短语in daily life意思是“在日常的生活中”。
9．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。此处泛指“一座坚实的桥梁”，且strong的发音以辅音音素开头，所以要用不定冠词a。
10．答案与解析：those　考查代词。句意：中国的书写系统是将现在和过去的中国人和文化连接起来的一座坚实的桥梁。根据句子的结构来判断，此空要用代词代替前面的the Chinese people and culture，指代复数概念，所以要用those。
Test 11
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——学习——购买二手书的好处
【文章大意】　文章介绍了通过购买二手教科书或出售不必要的书籍，学生可以大大减少他们的费用。
1．答案与解析：a'考查冠词。此处表示泛指，应使用不定冠词。significant以辅音音素开头，故使用不定冠词a。
2．答案与解析：greatly'考查副词。此处修饰动词reduce，故使用great的副词形式greatly。
3．答案与解析：required'考查非谓语动词。句意：传统上，大学书店是所需教科书的唯一来源。动词require与名词textbooks构成被动关系，应使用过去分词作前置定语，故填required。
4．答案与解析：that/which'考查定语从句。先行词bookstores指物，从句中缺主语，故使用关系代词that或which。
5．答案与解析：to copy'考查非谓语动词。inspire... to do sth.意为“激励……做某事”，其中不定式作宾语补足语。
6．答案与解析：beneficial'考查形容词。作表语，表示“对……有益处”，使用benefit的形容词形式，故填beneficial。
7．答案与解析：has increased'考查动词的时态。根据信息词Ever since可确定此处使用现在完成时。
8．答案与解析：are delivered/are being delivered'考查动词的时态和语态。句意：现在使用过的教科书几乎可以通过任何标准的递送服务被送到任何地方。句子主语used textbooks与动词deliver构成被动关系，故使用被动语态。根据时间状语Now可知，谓语动词可使用一般现在时表示一种客观情况，也可使用现在进行时表示动作正在进行，故答案为are delivered/are being delivered。
9．答案与解析：to'考查介词。be limited to为固定搭配，意为“被限制在……上；限于……”。
10．答案与解析：prices'考查名词的数。此处表示比较价格，故使用price的复数形式prices，表示不同的价格。
Test 12
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——社会生活——中国女排的精神
【文章大意】　中国女排能获得全国人民的热烈的赞扬和赞赏，不仅因为她们赢了几次锦标赛，而且也因为她们的精神。本文还介绍了关于中国女排的电影《夺冠》的相关内容。
1．答案与解析：admiration　考查名词。分析该句结构可知，空处作宾语，和名词praise并列，故用名词形式。该句意为：在中国，很少有一个运动队能像中国女子排球队那样受到热烈的称赞和赞赏。
2．答案与解析：on　考查固定搭配。have an effect on为固定搭配，意为“对……有影响”。
3．答案与解析：to achieve　考查动词不定式。attempt to do sth.为固定搭配，故用动词不定式。
4．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。volleyball training base在文中第一次出现，根据语境可知，该处泛指一处排球训练基地，又volleyball的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
5．答案与解析：wooden　考查形容词。形容词修饰名词，空处修饰名词floor，表示“木质的地板”，故用wooden。
6．答案与解析：left　考查过去分词。句中已有谓语动词shows，根据该句中的“by the women's volleyball team members back in the 1980s”可知，“the blood，tear and sweat”和动词leave之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词形式。
7．答案与解析：have won　考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“you have displayed”可知，此处也应用现在完成时，故填have won。
8．答案与解析：was praised　考查时态和语态。根据该句中的by President Xi Jinping可知，主语the spirit和动词praise之间为被动关系，故用被动语态；该句陈述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
9．答案与解析：who　考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词President Xi Jinping，关系词在从句中作主语，故用who引导该定语从句。
10．答案与解析：Surely　考查副词。空处修饰整个句子，故用副词Surely。
Test 13
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——社会生活——微信表情符号
【文章大意】　文章主要介绍了微信新增的表情符号、2019年最受欢迎的五个微信表情符号及不同年龄人群爱用的微信表情符号。
1．答案与解析：existing　考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，此空作定语，修饰名词词组emoji set，表示“它现有的一套表情符号”，故用形容词existing“现有的”。
2．答案与解析：The　考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处特指上文中出现的new emojis，因此用定冠词The。
3．答案与解析：one　考查代词。分析句子结构并根据该句中的“a face”“a...face”和语境可知，此处表示“一张正在叹气的脸”，故用不定代词one指代a face。
4．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为关系代词，指代空前的The “let me see” emoji，表示物，引导非限制性定语从句，故用which。
5．答案与解析：because/as　考查连词。根据语境可知，空处前后是因果关系，前果后因，表示这个表情符号之所以在网民中成为一个热门话题，是因为它与风靡一时的电视剧《还珠格格》中五阿哥的表情相似，故填because/as，表示“因为”。
6．答案与解析：were　考查时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此句主语为The top five most popular emojis，为复数形式，谓语动词应用复数形式；又时间状语为in 2019，此处应该使用一般过去时。
7．答案与解析：risers　考查名词。此处表示大多数90后微信用户是晚起床的人，又句子主语为Most post­90s WeChat users，表复数概念，故此处应该为名词的复数形式risers，表示“起床的人”。
8．答案与解析：has changed　考查时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处作主句的谓语，句中的时间状语为over the last three years，此处应该用现在完成时，且主语为their reading taste，谓语应用单数形式，故填has changed。
9．答案与解析：optimistic　考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，此处应为形容词，修饰名词group。
10．答案与解析：over　考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表示“用手捂住嘴的笑脸”表情符号，故填over“(部分或全部覆盖)在……上面”。
Test 14
【文章大意】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了膳食纤维对人体健康的重要性。
1．答案与解析：is found　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处讲述的是客观事实，时态应用一般现在时；且主语“it”指代Dietary fiber，与动词find之间构成被动关系，应用被动语态；又因主语“it”是第三人称单数，谓语动词应用三单形式。故填is found。
2．答案与解析：consistently　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处应用副词修饰动词“shown”。故填consistently。
3．答案与解析：who/that　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是people，指人，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用who/that引导该从句。故填who/that。
4．答案与解析：it　考查固定句式。it is/was＋adj.＋for sb.＋to do sth.为固定句式，意为“对于某人来说，做某事是……的”。故填it。
5．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。此处泛指“一个有用的工具”；且helpful是读音以辅音音素开头的单词，应用不定冠词a修饰。故填a。
6．答案与解析：satisfied　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处应用修饰人的­ed形式的形容词作系动词feel的表语，意为“感到满意的”。故填satisfied。
7．答案与解析：to communicate　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to communicate。
8．答案与解析：management　考查词性转换。固定搭配weight management意为“体重管理”，在此处作for的宾语。故填management。
9．答案与解析：decreasing　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，逻辑主语“Fiber”与动词decrease之间是主动关系，此处应用decrease的现在分词形式作结果状语。故填decreasing。
10．答案与解析：less　考查形容词的比较等级。分析句子结构可知，此处应用形容词修饰名词短语“body fat”，且与空格前的“lower”并列，因此应用little的比较级形式。故填less。
Test 15
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与自我——日常生活——停下脚步，享受自然
【文章大意】　花时间去户外从未如此重要过；在户外，你才能体验不同的场景，或者通过呼吸新鲜空气和锻炼身体来获得身心上的好处，以此激发我们对生活的积极性。本文介绍了去户外感受自然的种种方式。
1．答案与解析：whether　考查固定搭配。根据下文“or for the mental and physical good”中的or可知，此处提到了两种花时间去户外的原因，表示不论是因为户外是唯一可以体验不同场景的地方还是为了新鲜空气和锻炼给身心带来的益处，所以应用固定搭配whether...or...“不论……还是……”。故填whether。
2．答案与解析：motivated　考查词形转换。分析句子结构，空前是be，空处用形容词构成系表结构，表示“积极的，主动的”。故填motivated。
3．答案与解析：more closely　考查副词的比较级。根据后面比较级的标志词than可知，这里应用比较级，表示比以往更仔细地，故填more closely。
4．答案与解析：to stop　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用不定式作目的状语。故填to stop。
5．答案与解析：an/some　考查限定词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰后面的名词，effort既可作可数名词，亦可作不可数名词，作可数名词时因extra的发音以元音音素开头，故用an；作不可数名词时则用some修饰。故填an/some。
6．答案与解析：treasures　考查名词复数。根据空前的“100”可知，空处应用名词的复数形式。故填treasures。
7．答案与解析：using　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此句中已有谓语set，空处是非谓语动词，与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，用现在分词故填using。
8．答案与解析：comes　考查固定用法。此处考查固定用法when it comes to doing sth.“当涉及做某事时”。故填comes。
9．答案与解析：to　考查介词。根据空前的“from container displays”可知，此处表示从容器展、压花艺术到其他艺术品，from...to...“从……到……”为固定搭配。故填to。
10．答案与解析：which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为other items，关系词在从句中作主语。故填which。
Test 16
【文章大意】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一位潜水者和章鱼的故事。
1．答案与解析：when　考查状语从句。此处表示当Craig Foster在非洲南部冰冷刺骨的海域潜水时看到了一条章鱼。when意为“当……的时候”，在此处引导时间状语从句。故填when。
2．答案与解析：attracted　考查非谓语动词。此处是省略了主语he和be动词was的原因状语，且he与attract构成逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词。故填attracted。
3．答案与解析：presence　考查词性转换。固定搭配in one's presence意为“当着某人的面”。故填presence。
4．答案与解析：to step　考查非谓语动词。固定搭配allow sb. to do sth.意为“允许某人做某事”。故填to step。
5．答案与解析：that/which　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是“behaviors”，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用that或which引导该从句。故填that/which。
6．答案与解析：has spent/has been spending　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处表示Foster在过去的10年里(一直)在南非西海岸的太平洋海域潜水。根据语境和“the last ten years”可知，此处应用现在完成时或现在完成进行时；且主语“Foster”为第三人称单数，谓语动词应用三单形式。故填has spent/has been spending。
7．答案与解析：himself　考查代词。此处表示把他自己沉浸在海底世界中，应用反身代词。故填himself。
8．答案与解析：but　考查连词。此处表示在过去的几年里，有其他动物前来接触他，包括水獭、鲸鱼甚至是鲨鱼，但没有什么能比得上他与章鱼千载难逢的亲密关系。前后句构成转折关系，应用but连接。故填but。
9．答案与解析：of　考查介词。固定搭配part of意为“……的一部分”。故填of。
10．答案与解析：simply　考查词性转换。此处表示人类是周围自然世界的一部分，而不只是参观者。simple意为“简单的”；simply意为“只，仅仅”。故填simply。
Test 17
语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与社会——人工智能——中国第一本高中生人工智能教材
【文章大意】　中国第一本为高中生编写的人工智能教材在2018年出版。本文介绍了与此教材相关的信息。
1．答案与解析：was brought　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。bring sth. out意为“生产……，出版……”，此处表示书被出版，为被动语态，又时间状语为in 2018，因此应该使用一般过去时的被动语态形式，又主语“China's first artifical intelligence (AI) textbook”为单数，故填was brought。
2．答案与解析：to include　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，此处为不定式作定语，修饰名词plan。
3．答案与解析：named　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处为分词短语作定语，修饰The nine­chapter textbook，又name与The nine­chapter textbook为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用其过去分词形式named。
4．答案与解析：scholars　考查名词的单复数。scholar“学者”为可数名词，其前无限定词修饰，应用其复数形式。
5．答案与解析：practical　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处应为形容词，修饰名词use。
6．答案与解析：who　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词指人，故填who。
7．答案与解析：have undertaken　考查时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此处应为句子的谓语，由该句中的Up till now可判断此处应该为现在完成时；又主语为复数形式，故可知答案。
8．答案与解析：by　考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表示“通过”，表方式，故用by。
9．答案与解析：globally　考查副词。分析句子结构可知，此处作状语，应为副词。
10．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。breakthrough为可数名词，根据语境可知，此处表示“这本书的出版是一次突破”，表泛指，应用不定冠词修饰，又breakthrough的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
Test 18
【文章大意】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了早餐吃得丰盛比晚餐吃得丰盛更有益处。
1．答案与解析：boosts　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处指早餐吃饱会促进代谢过程，属于客观事实，应用一般现在时；且动名词“filling up”作主语，谓语动词应用单数形式。故填boosts。
2．答案与解析：who/that　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是“those”，指人，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用who或that引导该从句。故填who/that。
3．答案与解析：were based　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，主语“The findings”和动词base之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；且本句描述的是过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时；且主语“The findings”是复数，谓语动词应用复数形式。故填were based。
4．答案与解析：largest　考查形容词的比较等级。根据空格后的“and”和“smallest”可知，此处应用形容词large的最高级与“smallest”相对应。故填largest。
5．答案与解析：and　考查连词。此处指早餐吃得多可以防止肥胖和高血糖。“obesity”与“high blood sugar”是并列关系，应用并列连词and连接。故填and。
6．答案与解析：including　考查非谓语动词或词性转换。分析句子结构可知，“illnesses”和include之间是主动关系，应用include的现在分词作后置定语；此处也可以把including看作介词，其后接名词或代词(included放在名词或代词后)。故填including。
7．答案与解析：person's　考查名词所有格。分析句子结构可知，“mealtime”和person之间是所属关系，所以应用person的所有格形式。故填person's。
8．答案与解析：generally　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处应用副词修饰形容词“slower”。故填generally。
9．答案与解析：healthy　考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处应用形容词修饰名词“people”。故填healthy。
10．答案与解析：to reduce　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to reduce。